J O HN S HO PKI N S U N I VE RS I T Y
S T U DI E S
IN
H I S T O RI C A L
PO L I T I C A L S C I E N C E
AN D
U n d e r th e Directi on
De partme n ts
of
of
th e
History, Politi cal E con omy,
an d
Political Scie n ce
THE CA N A DIA N RECI PROCITY TREA TY
O F 1 854
BY
'
C HARL E S C
TAN S I LL , PH D
.
.
Pr ofes sor
of
.
A me rican His tory, A me rican U n iversity,
Washin g ton
,
D
.
C
.
A
B LTI MO RE
THE JO HN S HO PKIN S PRE SS
1
9m
THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 0 F BALTIMORE.
Ame rican
wi th
Qua t ly
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Philology Edit d by C
W
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w H C mm T F A
Vol m XL III in progr
86 p
8
Am ioan Jo rnal of P ychiatry E N B
and A M B n ” E di tor Q
Om
W E a
with th coop ration of M
P M U TAR D D M R m
Q art rl y
v ol m (F r gn p o t ag fifty c nt )
J M M m C M CAM ELL C K
rt rly 8
Vol m II in pro gr
85
v ol m (For ign po tag fif ty c nt )
miti ch n Sprachwi
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A
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Johns H opkins Unive rs ity Circular includin g th Pre i d nt Re p ort Ann ual Re giste r and
M e dical D partm nt Catalogu S v n ti m a y ar 8 v $ 1 pe y ar
Edi te d by E F Bu ormn n Fiv
Johns H opkins Unive rsity S tu dies on E d ucation 8v
n umb r hav app are d
E di ted by E B M A m ws 8
hn s H o pkin s Univ r ity Stu die s in G eolo gy
The
numbe r hav b n publi hed
hr
Und r the dir ction
Johns H opkin s Univers ity S tu die in H i tori cal and Political S ci nc
of th D partm nt of H is tory P oliti cal E conomy an d P olitical S ence 8 v Vol m
XL i n progre
8 5 pe v ol um
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Re ports of the M arylan d Ge ological S urv y E B M A TH E W E ditor
Re print of Econo mic Tracts J H H OLLAN D
E ditor Fourth se ri in p paration
Te rr strial M agn ti m and Atmo ph ric El ctricity L A B A UER E ditor uarte ly 8
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A U E P E A E Co m a
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Tu n E
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THE CANADI AN RECI PROCITY TREATY OF 1 85 4
J O HN S HO PKI N S U N I VE RS I T Y
S T U DI E S
IN
HI S T O R I C
PO L I T I C
AL AN D
Un d e
De part ment s
of
r th e
Dire cti on
of
SCIEN C E
AL
the
Hi s tor y Political
Political S cience
,
Ec on omy ,
an d
THE CA N A DI A N RE CI PRO CITY TREA TY
O F 1 8 54
BY
C HA RL E S C
Profe ss or
of
TA N S I LL , PH D
.
.
.
A meri can Hi story, A meri can U n i v ers i ty,
W ashi n gton
,
D
.
C
.
A I
B LT M O RE
THE J O HN S HO P KI N S PRE S S
1
92 2
CO N T E N T S
PAGE
P re f ace
C hap te r
vi i
I
.
R ep eal o f the En gli s h Co rn L a w s
an d Cana d ian B u s ine ss D ep ress i on
T he B e ginnin g s o f the R eci p r ocit y M ov e
T he
9
.
C hap ter
II
.
ment
C hap ter I I I
A ppen d ice s
.
T he
Concl u s i on of the R eci p r ocity T reaty
I
7
54
82
PRE F AC E
T he pre s ent s t u d y i s the d e v el op ment o f a p a p er p re s ente d
in the A merican H i st o rical S eminar y John s H opk in s U n i
v e r s it y in the s p ring o f 1 9 1 8 an d it w ill c on s tit ute on e o f the
cha p ter s in the a u th o r s f o rthc oming Li f e o f W illiam L earne d
M arc y I t w a s at the s ugge sti on o f D r John H Latan é
that the p re s en t w riter u n dert ook to w rite a comp rehen s i v e
b i og rap h y of W illiam L M arc y on e o f A merica s g reat s ec
r e tar ies o f s tate
an d one w h os e influ ence u p on A merican
f o rei gn p olic y ha s n ot b een f u ll y app reciate d
T he p ub lic archi v e s in C ana d a an d in the U nite d S tate s
ha v e b een care f u ll y ex amine d an d it i s the a u th or s b elie f
that thi s mon og rap h on the C ana d ian R eci p rocit y T r eat y o f
1 8 54 i s the fi r s t s e ri o u s atte mp t to p re s ent thi s i mp o rtant
s ubj ect f r om a cl os e s t u d y o f the o ri ginal s o u rce s
T he a u th or i s p artic u larl y in d eb te d to D r John H Late me
un der w h os e in s p i rati on thi s mon og ra p h w a s s tarte d an d to
wh o s e s ugge s ti v e critici s m it o w e s an y merit s that it po s
se sse s an d to P ro f e sso r C harle s S S perry an d M r s E d ith
M arcy S p erry o f B ou l d er Col ora d o who were k in d en ou gh
I w i s h also to
to gi v e me acce ss to the M arc y man u s cri p t s
ex p re ss my in d eb t e d ne ss to D r John M V incent H on A r
th u r G D ought y D r A d am S ho rtt D r John C F it z p atric k
H on W illiam A A s h b rook an d to my w i f e H e le n C
T an s ill
C H A RL E S C T A N SI LL
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vii
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THE CAN ADI AN RE C I PRO C I TY T RE AT Y
O F 1 8 54
CHAPT ER
TH E
R E P EA L
I
CANA D I AN
T H E E N G L I S H COR N LA W S AND
OF
B U S I N E SS DE P RE SS I O N
The R eciprocity Treaty concluded between the United
States and B ri ti sh North America was the result of some
eight years contin uous agitation on the pa rt o f the Govern
ment of Canada To the colonial officials it appeared as the
means o f e s caping impending economic ruin and from the
moment o f th e repeal o f the Corn Laws in 1 8 46 they made
s ystematic e ff orts to induce the Government o f the United
State s to enter into some so rt of reciprocal arrangemen t
whereby the raw materials o f each country would be a d
mitte d within the boundarie s of the other free of duty The
economic organi z ation o f Canada at thi s time made the ques
ti on o f a reciproca l arrangement with the Un ited States
doubly important
I n 1 8 1 7 the construction o f the E rie Canal was begun
and thi s seemed to fi re the imaginations o f Canadian e n
tr e pr e n e u r s with rega rd to the possibilities o f Canadian in
land waterways Work was immediately started on s everal
proj ect s and withi n a few years a series of short canals along
the St Law rence R iver was open to navigation The La
chine Canal admitted shipping as early as 1 8 2 5 ; the Well and
Canal in 1 8 33 ; the Co rnwall Canal in 1 8 43 ; the B eauharn ois
Canal in 1 84 5 and the Williamsburg Canals in
’
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Ameri ca (T oronto
Provin ce s (T o r o n to
pp 1 66 1 74 ; M J P atton Canada
vol
pp 5 1 2 5 1 4
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-
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9
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an d
I ts
C ANA D I AN RE C I P RO C IT Y T RE A T Y
1 0
OF
1
[ 1 90
854
Thes e canal s it was believed would enable the St Law
rence R iver to be t he great channel for the forwarding to
E uro pe o f the p roducts of the interior of the continent and
this confidence o f the Canadians as to the su periority o f
thei r route over that of the E rie Canal became quite wide
spread According to the author o f a p amphlet published
“
at St Catherines in 1 8 32 : W e possess in Canada an un
doubted an d pre eminent supe riority in controlling and di
r e ctin g the productive industry o f the W estern territorie s
”2
The master key of the Lake re gion is not theirs
By the year 1 84 6 the short canals along the St Law rence
R iver were mostly completed and the pros pect o f diverting
a large portion o f the E rie Canal trade s eemed particularly
bright I n 1 84 5 the quantity o f produce brought by the St
Law rence to the city o f M ontreal was gi ven as follows :
Pork
barrels ; beef 72 3 barrels ; lard 46o keg s ; flour
barrel s ; wheat
bushels ; other g rain
”
bushels
The produce brought to New Y ork by the E rie
Canal was estimated at : Pork
barrel s ; beef
barrels ; lard
pounds ; flour
barrels ;
”3
The
wheat
bushels ; corn
bushels
eno rm ously g reater volume o f trade carried by the E rie
Canal was a subj ect o f active interest to the Canadians who
now believed that the superio rity of thei r route was about to
become mani fest
I n thi s connection the F ree Trade Associati on o f M on
treal published a circular which confidently p redicted the
ultimate diversion of the greater p ortion of the E rie Canal
“
Thi s wa s inevitable becau s e
tr afli c to the M ontreal route
the cheape st conveyance to the sea board and to the manu
f act u r in g di s t ricts o f New E nglan d mu s t win the Pri z e
The cheapening o f the means o f transit i s the great obj ect to
be ob tained ; and our best practical authorities are o f opin
.
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Q uoted in D A MacGibbon R ailway R ate s and the Canadian
R ailway Commi s s ion (N Y
p 5
1. R H Bon n ca tle C nada and the Canadi an s in 1 8 6
n
o
L
ndo
s
a
4
(
y
pp 289 2 90
2
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1
91 ]
REPEA L
OF
E N G LI S H C OR N LA W S
1 1
ion that the St Lawrence will be made the chea pe s t route
as s oon as our chain o f inland improvements is rendered
complete
This picture may appear too flattering to those
who have not inve stigated the subj ect ; but to such we say
examination will convince them that with the St Law rence
as a highway and Portland a s an outlet to the sea we shall
be enabled success fully to s truggle for the mighty trade o f
the West and bid defi ance to competition on the more arti
”4
fi c ial route o f the E rie Canal
The authors o f thi s intere sting circular however did not
keep in mind the influ e nce o f two important factor s with
rega rd to the eventual s uperiority o f the St Lawrence route
The New Y ork route wa s f ree f rom the di fficultie s and
dangers o f navigation that were encountered in the St Law
rence and in the Gul f and thu s had the advantage o f lower
5
tran s atlan t ic f reight and in s urance rates
Also the rapidly
increa sing volume o f t rade along the St Law rence route was
due in no small measure to the adventitiou s aid derived from
the B riti sh Navigation Laws The repeal o f colonial pre fer
ence duties woul d deal a severe blow to Canadian e x port
trade and pa rticularly to that export trade that had sprung
up S ince the Parliamenta r y regulation o f 1 8 43 which ad
m itte d all wheat cleared f rom Canadian ports whether grown
in Canada o r in the United States at a fi xed duty o f one
6
shilling a quarter
Thi s practice of colonial p re ference duties dates as far
back as the O ld Subsidy o f 1 660 which fi xed such low
duties on certain im p orted colonial products as to give them
’
a vi rtual monopoly o f the E nglish ma rket
The preference
“
”
gi ven to thes e s o called enumerated articles was from
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pp 2 90 2 92
5
C D onl e vy T he St Lawrence a s a Great Commercial H ighway
p 2 3 ; M acGibbon p 1 9
6
B e rnard H ollan d The Fall o f Prot ectio n (London
pp
4
1 bid
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1 2 0 —1 2 2
7
6
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3
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L B ee r O rigi n s o f the B r iti sh Col on ial Sy stem (N
ch ap iv ; O ld Colon ial Sys tem (N Y
vol i pp
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Y
1 28
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,
C A NA D I AN RE C I PRO C I T Y T RE A T Y
1 2
OF
[ 1 92
854
1
time to time e x tended to other colonial commod ities so that
by 1 84 0 there were more than eighty articles o f commerce
}
thu s protected
I n t he Peel tariff o f 1 84 2 the princi p le o f
colonial pre ference was even furthe r extended The ta riff
s chedule o f that year contained some 8 2
5 items and upon no
less than 375 of them differential duties were levi ed in favor
9
o f colonial products
I n 1 844 however there w as a distinct relaxation o f the
p referential s ystem By the customs act o f that year the
du t ies on foreign wool were repealed and the p r e ference
1 0
hitherto allowed colonial co ff ee was greatly reduced
B ut
it was n ot until 1 84 6 that the preferential system received
the s evere shock that foretold its destruction By the act of
1 8 2 8 a duty o f on e shilling per quarter was imposed on i m
ports o f foreign cereals when the p rice stood at 73 shillings
o r above and this duty rose as the p rice o f gr ain fell thus
reaching 34 s 8d when the price sank to 5 2 5
Colonial grain however was given a s pecial pre ference
under the act o f 1 8 2 8 a duty o f 5 s per quarter being i m
posed when the p rice fell below
and only the purely
nominal charge o f 6d per quarter when the price rose above
675
Thus when the price of grain in E ngland stood at
Canadian grain could freely enter at but
while
Ameri can or foreign grain was r eally exclud ed by the e x ce s
“
s ive duty o f 34 s 8 d
Peel s corn law o f 1 842 revised the import dutie s on im
ported grain so that the rea fter colonial wheat was admitted
at uni form duties o f 1 5 when price s stood at or above
and 5 5 when prices fell below 5 5 5 O n foreign g r ain the
duties were revised downwards When the price o f grain
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L Schuyler
B riti sh I mperial P re ference in P olitical
Scien ce Q uarterly Sept 1 9 1 7 p 432
H olland pp 1 0 4 1 0 5 ; H an sard third seri e s vol 63 pp 5 1 3 5 4 1
542 5 49 ; 5 and 6 V ictoria c 4 7
1 0
7 and 8 V ictoria c 1 6 ; H an sard third s erie s vol 74 pp 1 2 7 1
0
R
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1 2 73, 1 2 7 4. 1 2 79 . 1 2 80
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60 ;
o Ge o
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IV c
H olland pp
the E ngli sh Corn Law s pp 1 35
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1 36
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I CI I O I SO I I ,
‘
'
H i st ory
1
93]
RE P EA L
E N G LI S H C OR N
OF
LA
ws
1
3
varied fro m 735 to
then a s liding s cale of dutie s rang
ing from 1 5 to
S hould apply ; when the price fell below
the duty remained constant at
I n the following year 1 843 an additional p re ference was
granted to Canadian wheat and flour E ver since 1 8 3 1
wheat grown in the United States had been permitted to
1 8
enter Canada free o f duty and this practice had led to the
importation of con s iderable quantities of American wheat
whi ch was then ground into flou r and shipped to E ngland
to be a dmitted at the colonial pre ferential duty
Under the terms o f the law o f 1 843 the Canadian Par
li ame n t agreed to pass a meas ure whereby a duty o f 35 a
quarter would be levied on all American g rain crossing thei r
frontier The B ritish Gove rnment then promised that all
grai n clea red from Canadian port s whether native grown
o r imported f rom the United States would be admitted at a
fi x ed duty o f 1 5 i nstead o f at the exi sting rate which ac
cording to E ngli s h p rices varied f rom 1 5 to
The main purpose O f this act o f 1 84 3 was further to e n
courage the milling intere sts o f Canada and to favor the
elaborate canal sy stem that was rapidly nearing completion
I n both these particulars the measure was a pronounced
success E ven be fore the pas sage o f the Act o f 1 843 the
traffic upon the St Lawrence wa s doubling every four
1 5
years and according to a competent authority
there is
no question that the waterway s ystem o f Canada at this time
procured a remarkable degree O f prosperity to a large and
”1 “
important element in commercial li fe of the country
The milling interest received a similar favorable impetus
hun
F rom O ctobe r 1 0 1 84 3 to January 5 1 846
d red weight O f wheat flour manu factured in Canada was
impo rted into the United Kin g dom and thi s figure i s espe
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5 V ictoria c 1 4 April 2 9 1 842 ; Schuyle r pp 44 1 442 ; Adam
Shortt Canada and I ts P rovince s vol v pp 1 90 1 93
1 3
H olland pp 1 1 8 1 1 9 ; Shortt vol v pp 1 95 1 97
1 4 H ol l and
pp 1 20 1 2 1 ; H an s ard th ird se r ie s vol 67 pp 1 3 1 9
1 32 0 ; N i chol s on pp 1 36 1 37
1 5
Sheridan H ogan Canada p 2 4
J
1 " M
p 13
acGibbon
1 2
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1
C A NAD I AN RE C I P RO C IT Y T RE A T Y
4
OF
1
[ 1 94
854
i gnificant when we consider that the imports of flour
from foreign countries and from other B riti s h colonies dur
ing t he peri od Ap ril 2 9 1 842 to J anuary 5 1 8 4 6 amounted
1 7
only to
hundred weight
But t hese benefits were o f short duration I n the autumn
of 1 84 5 it became only too evident that the destruction O f the
potato crop in I reland meant impending famine Peel a
deeply relig i ou s man interp reted the I rish mi s fortune
to be an expression o f divine di s p leasure agai n s t the Corn
Laws and thi s fact added to his g rowing convicti on in favor
o f thei r repeal meant the overthrow o f the whole p rotective
1 8
sy s tem
O n January 2 7 I 8 46 Peel began his notable fi ght
for the repeal o f the Corn La ws and on June 2 6th o f that year
1 9
a bill embodying his propo s al became law
Colonial g r ain
was to receive a pre ference until F ebruary 1 84 9 a fter which
date al l importation s o f oat s barley an d wh eat wherever
20
grown were to pay only a nominal duty of 1 5 per quarter
B ut thi s wa s not all O n the s ame day a tari ff act which
materially reduced the preferential duties on colonial timber
received the royal assent Since the peri od O f the Napole
on i c W ar s the preferential dutie s in favor O f colonial timber
had been hig h I n 1 8 1 3 foreign timbe r pai d a duty O f 65 5
per load 5 0 cubic feet ) but in 1 8 2 1 thi s impost was lowered
21
to
while colonial timber pai d a mere 1 0 5 per load
Under the tari ff Of 1 84 2 the duty on foreign timbe r was
reduced to 2 5 s and at the s ame time the duty on colonial
timber was practically aboli shed— a s mall charge of 1 5 pe r
”
2
load be ing exacted
Thi s di ff erential duty o f 2 4 5 in favor of colonial timber
was lowered to on e o f 1 4 s by the tariff of 1 8 46 and in the
ciall y s
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P arliamentary P aper s s e ss 1 846 vol 44 N o 1 30 p 9
1 3
H olland pp 2 43 2 46 ; N icho l son (N Y
pp 1 31 1 35 ;
W Cunnin gh am The R i se and D ecli n e o f the F ree T rade Move
m ent (N Y
pp 60 —66
1
9 and I O V ictori a c 2 2 ; Ch a s S P arker Sir R ob ert P eel
pp 5 83—60 9 ; George M T revelyan Li fe o f J ohn
(Lo ndon
B ri ght (N Y
chap s iv v vi
20
H ol lan d pp 2 5 6 2 58 ; Sho rtt vo l v pp 2 1 4 2 1 5
’1
Schuyler p 448
22
5 an d 6 V icto r ia c 47 table a c las s V
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C A NAD I AN RE C IP RO C IT Y T RE ATY
6
OF
1
[
854
1
96
su ff er any serious depre s sion because of American competi
ti on an d he hoped that there might be a reduction in the
cost o f forwarding grain from the interior to the St Law
26
rence ports
W ith the Canadian canals already pushed to the limit in
a spi rited competition with the superio r American route it
took the s anguine temperament o f the colonial secretary to
conceive that they could lower trans portation charges with a
decrea s ing volume o f trade Be s ides M r Glad s tone seemed
unaware o f the fact that with regard to the grain trade it
was not America but E urope that Canada had to fear
I n F ebruary 1 84 6 the full details of Peel s p rogram for
the repeal of the Corn Laws becam e known in Canada The
lumbermen merchant s millers and shipping men were par
ticular ly a ff ected by the new measures and inasmuch as
they dominated the board s of tr ade in the impo rtant port s
o f the colony it was but natu r al that the s e bod i e s should
send prompt p rotests to the colonial sec r etary again s t the r e
27
laxation o f the colonial s ystem
O n F ebruary 2 5 1 8 46
the B oard o f Trade of Q uebe c drew up its memorial o f p ro
te s t and one month later the B oard o f Trade o f Montreal
took S imilar action At Toronto the members of t he B oa rd
were e spe cially intere s ted in the fate of the canal s y s tem
a fter the repeal o f colonial preference and M r George S
W orkm an President o f the Board o f Trade proph e sied that
“
now that the di ff erential duty i n our favor in the mother
country is about to be remov e d we s hall find that the trade
”
in W e st ern State s produce will leave o u r wa t ers altogether
I ndeed in view of the fact that million s had been s pent in
the con s t ruction o f the canal s ystem and that the decrea s ing
volume o f trade would bring ever s maller t ransportati on
toll s i t wa s no more than plain j ustice for the mother
country t o make to Canada
a present of the public
” 28
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I bid 1 2 3
2"
P orritt pp 5 4 5 7
28
H an s ard third s erie s vol
26
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86,
pp
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5 5 5— 5 5 6
.
CHAPT ER I I
BE G I N
N I N GS
T H E R E C I PROC I TY MO VE M E N T
OF
O n May 1 2 1 846 the Canadia n H ouse o f Assembly ag reed
to an a ddress to the Q ueen i n which Her M aj esty was r e
quested to be gin neg oti ations f or reci p rocal a r ran gements
between Canada an d the United States and the movement
‘
which ended in the R eci p rocity Treaty o f 1 8 54 was started
O n June 3 1 846 Gladstone re p lied to Cathcart s despatch
o f May 1 3th which had enclosed the
Address of the Cana
”
di an Parliament and after indicating to the Govern or Ge n
eral that the case o f Austr alia showed cl early that colonial
p ros perity did not depend upon a p rotecti ve system he r e
ma rked that the questi on of a re ciprocity t re aty betwe e n
Canada an d the United States had bee n ca re fully considered
“
an d that Her Maj esty will rea dily ca use directi ons to be
given to her minister at Washington to avail him sel f o f the
earliest suitable O p portunity to p ress the important subj ect
”2
on the notice O f the Governm e nt
This p r omi se o f the B ritish Government was strictly ad
hered to and on June 1 8 1 846 Lord Aberdeen sent in str uc
“
tions to M r Pakenham at Washington to brin g this mat
ter under the consideration of the United States Gove r nment
whenever you may consider the time favorable for p ressing
on thei r attention a subj ect o f s uch deep interest and i m
”3
po rtance bot h to Canada and to the United States
These inst ructions to Pakenham reached Wa shin gton on
July 8 1 84 6 fi ve days a fter the p assage o f the Wa lker ta r iff
‘
bill by the House o f R epresen tatives
This measure was
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Canadian Ar chiv e s Ser i e s G 1 2 5
2
I bid 1 2 5
3
Glad s tone to Cath ca rt J une 2 7 1 846 Ca n adi an Archive s Serie s
G 1 2 5 N o 94
*
Edward Stanwoo d Ame r ic an T a ri ff Controver si e s in the 1 9th
Ce n tu ry (B o sto n
pp 77—8 1
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x7
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C ANAD I AN RE C I P RO C IT Y T RE A TY
8
OF
1
[ 1 98
85 4
then sent to the Sena t e where a prot racted an d acri monious
deba t e ensued Pakenham was well aware o f the strong
oppos i tion of the W higs to the W alker ta ri ff bill and he
there fore believed that the moment was not propitiou s for
the propo sal of a reciprocity arrangement between Can ada
and the United State s I f s uch a mea s ure were introduced
“
”
he was a fraid that it might awaken enough hostility to
de feat the pending tari ff bill I f the bill was passed by bo t h
Houses o f Congre s s then there was s ome hope fo r a reci
procity convention but i f the bill should be rej ected it would
be evi dent that no proposition which I might have made in
pursuance o f your Lordship s late inst ructions
would
”6
have had a chance o f succeeding be fore Congress
The Walker Tari ff Bill pas s ed the Senate on July 2 8 th
with a single am e ndment which was promptly concurred in
by the House and on July 30 1 846 the President signed the
act This g ave Pakenham some hope that a r eciprocity
treaty be tween Canada and the United States might be n e
gotiate d ; s o in the autumn o f that year he j ourneyed to
Canada to ascertain the s entiment there and to procure a list
“
o f the particular articles which by the respective Ta ri ff s
were subj ected to a higher rate of duty on importation into
the United States fro m Canada than on importation into
”
Canada from the United States
This list was prepared
by the Canadian I nspector General o f Public Accounts and
finally reached Paken ham at Washingt on on December 2 0
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Pakenham lost no time in p resenting M r R obe rt Walker
then S ecretary of the Treas ury with a co p y o f this list to
gether with a memo randum ex p ressing the desire o f Her
Maj esty s Government to e ff ect a reciprocity ag reement be
tween British North America and the United States Copies
O f this memorandum were also p laced in the hands of Sen
ator Dix o f New Y ork who was known to be fav orable to
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,
“Grey
to Cathcart enclo si ng Pake n ham s letter o f July 1 3 1 846
to the Colon i al Secretar y Canadi an Archive s Se rie s G 1 2 5 N o 1 4
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B E G I N N I N GS
99]
OF
TH E
R E C IP RO C IT Y M OVE M E N T
1
9
some measure o f this nature Walker himsel f p ro fessed to
be in favor o f reci p rocity with Can ada but such wa s the
pres s o f business du ring the late short session occasion ed
”
“
p ri nci pally by the war with Mexico that nothing was done
As soon as Congress convened in Decembe r 1 8 47 the
B ritish minister again pres sed the matte r upon the attention
o f M r Walker the Secretary o f the Treasury His arg u
ments in favor o f reciproci ty were soon forti fi ed by the r e pr e
se n tation s o f M r Hamilton M erritt on e o f the most in flu
e n tial men in the Niaga ra Di strict
and an authority with
regard to the trade relations between Canada an d the United
States Lord E lgi n the new Go vern or Ge neral of Canada
had been quick to reali z e the abilities o f M r M erritt and in
the early part o f 1 84 8 Merritt was sent to the United States
to convince or persuade both house s o f Con gress to ag ree
to a reciprocity conventi on I mmediately u p on the a rrival
of M r
Mer ritt in Washin gton M r Cram p ton the B riti sh
minister introduced hi m to B uchan an M r Walk er and the
“
leading members o f Congress whose support i n carrying
”
through the measure we j udged to be most important
Mr M erritt also appeared be fo r e the Committee of Com
merce O f both hou s e s o f Congress and acco rding to M r
Crampton he succeeded in relieving these wary le gi slators
“
apprehensions they may have had relative to the
o f any
ill e ff ect s that a treaty of rec i p rocity might have upon Amer
’
i can markets
M r Josep h Grinnell chai rman o f the Com
mittee on Commerce o f the H ouse o f R epresentatives drew
up a bill p roviding for the free admissi on into the United
States and Canada of articles that were grown or p roduced
in the respective countries
O n Ap ril 2 8 1 848 M r Grinnell enclosed a copy o f this
p ro po sed bill in a letter to R obert J Walker Secreta ry of the
Treasu ry and the Secretary s advice u p on this whole ques
tion of reci p rocity was requested M r Walker s re p ly o f
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Gr ey to E lgi n J un e 22 1 847 Can adian Arch iv es Se ri e s G 1 28
I n st ru ction s N o 9 1
Grey to E lgin J u n e 9 1 848 Can adian Archive s S e ri e s G 1 3 1
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C A NAD IA N
20
RE C IP RO C I T Y T RE ATY
OF
1
[2 0 0
85 4
May 1 1 84 8 was highly favo rable He believed that ve r y
great advantages would accrue to the United States under
such an arrangement and he predicted a g reat diversion o f
“
”
Canadian t rade to American channels
I ndeed he oh
se rve s under such a system as this as the p roducts of Can
ada might increa s e from time to time nearly the whole sur
plus exported abroad would be car ried u pon our rivers rail
roads and canals
increas ing o ur tonn ag e and invi gor
”8
ati ng nearly every branch o f A merican indust r y
Three days late r May 4 1 84 8 M r Grinnell f rom the
House Committee on Commerce reported hi s bill for the
admission into the United States free o f duty of certain
“
s pecified articles of the
growth or production o f Can ada
upon the condition that the like articles o f the g ro wth or
p roduction O f the United States are admitted into Canada
”9
f ree o f duty
A fter an extended consideration o f some
two months the House on July 1 2 th passed the bill without
l o
a recorded vote
O n July 2 0 1 848 M r Dix f rom the
Senate Committee on Commerce reported the Grinnell bi ll
with certain verbal amendments and asked for its imme d iate
con s iderati on Upon the motion o f M r Davis o f M as sa
chus e tt s
however the bill was laid u po n the table and no
further notice was given to the bill during that session
O n July 5 1 848 Lord Grey the colonial s ecretary w rote
to the Commi ttee o f the Privy Council for T rade and r e
quested advice as to whether the Committee wo ul d p ermit
the Canadian Parliament to r egulate the colonial tari ff so
as to meet the reductions in the pendin g recip rocity bill in
the House o f R e p resentatives The Committee p rom p tly
“
replied that inasmuch as the questions involved in it bear
mo r e upon the wel fare o f Canada than o f Great Britain they
recommend it to be left e ntirely to the decisio n o f the Provin
”1 ‘
cial Legislature
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Con g I s t s e s s H
Cong Globe soth Co n g
w I bid p 92 3
1 1 Gr
ey to E lgi n A ug 1 0
°
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N o 64 pp 1 2 1 3
May 4 1 848 p 72 3
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848
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Can adi an Archives S er i es G
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32
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20 1
B
E
G
I
N N I N GS
3
’
OF
RE C IPR O C I T Y M OVE M E N T
TH E
2 1
B ut the Grinnell bill had really a very slender chance o f
pa ssin g through both hou s es o f Cong ress O n Decembe r
1 8 1 848 shortly a fter the o pe ning o f the second session o f
the 3oth Congre s s Senator Dix o f New Y ork gave notice
that on the following day he would ask that the Senate
immediately consid er the pending bill p roviding for reci
1 2
p rocity with Canada
B ut the Senate was in n o hurry to
discuss the merits o f the Grinnell bill s o on the following
1 3
day the motion o f M r Di x was tabled
and it was n ot
until January 8 1 84 9 that the measure was debated in the
Senate O n this occasi on M r Di x made a strong ap p eal
”
for closer trade relations with Canada
The bill he ex
“
plained provides for freedom o f intercourse and exchan ge
betw een the United State s and Canada in relati on to certain
enumerated articles which a re the g rowth or production o f
either o f the two countries
The countries themselve s
are not essentially di ff erent in climate or soil at the points o f
contact but as we retu rn from the f rontier the advantage in
both respects i s on o ur si de The provi sions o f the bill
the re fore are n ot likely to violate the policy o f this Govern
ment in regard to o ur intercourse with foreign count rie s
generally while the ma rked di ff erence in the social rela
ti ons between the two countries which will nec e ssarily r e
sult from making the te rms of exchang e equal as thi s bill
”1 ‘
proposes must be advantageou s to both
M r Dix was immediately answered by M r Pearce o f
Ma ryland who declared that the admission o f free wheat
into the United States from Canada would usher in a pe riod
of gener al free trade in that article to the great detrimen t
M any o f our treaties with forei gn
o f Ame ri can agriculture
“
countries con tained a most favored nation clause and
thi s woul d mea n that any concessions extended to Canada
i n this r egard w ould have to be extende d to all the n ati ons
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1 4
1 bid p 1 82
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C ANA D I AN RE C IP RO C I T Y T RE A TY
22
OF
1
[
8 54
20 2
“5
signatory to treaties containing this clause
Other obj e c
tions raised against the bill were that it would con fuse the
revenue system o f the United States ; that there was no pro
vision for reciprocity in ma n u factures ; and that the bill
1 6
would m ainly benefit the No rthe r n transportation agencies
O n January 2 3 1 849 Senator Dix made his last e ff ort in
favor o f the bill He endeavored to quiet the fears of the
a gricultural interests by stressing the fact that f or some years
past there had been a heavy balance o f t rade against B ritish
North America
O ur entire impo rts from the B riti sh
“
North American colonies in
he observed
w ere of
the value o f about two millions of dollars O f this amount
more than nine hundred thousand dollars consisted o f gold
and silver and more than eleve n hundred thousand includ
ing specie were f ree o f duty The rem aining nine hundred
thous an d dolla rs are to be divided between Canada Nova
Scotia and N e w B runswick ; and f r om the nature o f the
article s it i s mani fest that the quantity received fro m Can
The year
ada was but a small porti on o f the amount
1 8 4 7 gives nea rly the same aggregate result
Notwithstanding this small import f rom the B ri tish
North American colonies our commercial intercourse with
is as ben eficial for its extent as that with an y
them
portion o f the world W e sent into them i n 1 84 7 products
o f the value o f nearly eight m illions
O ur im po rts di
r e ctly from tho s e colonies the same year were o f the value
”1 "
o f about two millions and a qua rter
B ut M r Dix s a rguments failed to convince a maj ority
O f the Senate 5 0
for a second time the bill failed to pass
the upper house of Congre s s I n the meantime the Can
adi an Government had not been i dle Late in the session
o f 1 8 46 a bill was introduced in the B riti sh House of Com
mons to empower the Q ueen to give her a s s ent to acts of the
colonial legislatures reducing or rep ealing p rotecti ve duties
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I bid p 1 83
1 6
I bid pp 1 84 1 86
1 7
I bid pp 32 7 332
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C ANADI AN
24
R E C IPR O C ITY TREA TY
OF
1
[2 0 4
8 54
e ff ect all the articles to which it relates wi ll be a d mitted
duty free from all countries whether the p roduce O f the
” ’2
Uni ted States or not
The failure of the Grinnell bill to pass the Senate was a
s ource of deep disappointm ent both to the B ritish and to
O n M arch 5 1 849 Cramp ton
the Canadian Governments
wrote to Palmerston and re p orted the failure o f the reci
procity bill in Congress He ex plained the un favorable
attitude evinced by the Senate towards the question o f
reciprocal arrangemen ts with Canada by asserting that the
members f rom the South always vi ewed every measure in
which the North was interested with evi dent hosti lity The
defeat of the Grinnell bill he there fore ascribed to a cabal
“
of Southern senators whose O ppositi on was based solely
on the gr ound of its bei n g one in which the No rthern States
” 2’
o f the Uni on were generally anxious to concu r
Some weeks later March 2 2 1 849 Cram p ton wrote a
long letter to John M Clayton the Ameri can Secretary o f
State in which he r eco unted the history o f the attem pt s
made by the Canadian Gove r nmen t to interest the United
State s in the subj ect of reciprocity The m any advantages
that w ould accrue to the United States under a system of
free exchang e O f raw p roducts were care fully rehears ed an d
the wish was expres s ed that the question would agai n r e
“
ce ive the
most seri ous considerati on o f the United States
” 2‘
Go vern ment
The Canadi a n Governm e nt despite the reb uff s O f the
United States Con gr es s was still ho p e ful of e ff ecti ng s ome
sort o f a working agreemen t with the United States With
this idea in mind the Canadian Provincial Parliamen t pass e d
an act April 2 5 1 849 which p rovided for the free a dmi s
sion into Ca nada o f certain raw product s o f the Un ite d
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Canadi an A rchiv es Ser i es G 1 32 N o 30 3
23
Gr ey to E lgi n Mar ch 3 1 1 849 Can a di an
’2
1
33 . N o 35 4
2* I
3 st Con g
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A r chives
E x Doc N O 64, P 3
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S e ries G
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205
B EG I N N I N GS
]
OF
RE C IP RO C IT Y M O VE M E N T
TH E
25
States whenever similar articles the p roduce O f Canada
26
sho uld be admitted into the Uni ted States free O f duty
O n June 2 5 1 849 M r Crampton addressed another note
to Mr Clayton on the subj ect o f reciprocity with Canada
in which he enclosed a memo randum O f Wil liam Hamilton
Merritt who had been sent down by Lord E lgin to facilitate
the passage O f the rec ip r ocity bill through Congre s s A c
cording to M r Merri tt a reciprocity arrangement between
Canada and the United States would be mutually a d van
tage ou s and
would insure to farmers on both s ides o f the
boun da ry all the natural advantages both r outes posse s s and
at all times and for everyt hing they grow the highest p rices
” 2"
whether in E urope or America
B ut Canada he r e
marked was fast growing weary O i her role o f rej ected S up
pliant She had made several advances in the di rection o f
recipr ocity but these had not been met by the United States
and now the Canadian Gover n ment was abo ut to request
Great B ritain to e x ten d a pre ference to Canadian grain i m
ported into the United Kin g dom unless the United State s
was willing to en ter into a reci p rocal arrangement with her
northern neighbo r
I n M r Crampton s note o f March 2 2 1 8 49 there was
contained a suggestion that the questi on o f reciprocity might
be s ettled by the negotiation o f a reciprocity treaty between
Great B ritain and the Unite d State s This mode O f p ro
ce d u re might succeed where the p lan o f Con g ressional action
had apparently failed M r Clayton in acknowledging M r
Crampton s not e o f June 2 5 th and the enclosed memoran
dum o f M r Merritt took occasion to discuss these tw o
methods O f sec uring reciprocity
The method of proceeding by way o f a treaty was not
favo rably regarded by either the Presi dent or by M r Clayt on
To both O f them it appeared that a ta ri ff made by a treaty
requiri n g on ly the consent o f the President and Senate
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Vi cto ria
2°
3 I s t Con g
25 1
2
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c.
P rovincial Statut e s of Canada
H Ex Do c N o 64 p 8
se ss
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C ANAD I AN RE C IP RO C IT Y T RE ATY
26
OF
1
[
206
8 54
would be liable to Obj ections a ri sing out of the p rovi sions
which no Ameri can statesman
O f the federal con stitution
“
”
could safely di s regard
no
The Pre s ident there fore had
hesitati on in d eciding that any attempt to car ry it out by
his intervention through the medium of a treaty would be
” 2’
Thi s meant that the only way that
utterly impracticable
commercial reciprocity between the two countries could be
ar range d was through legislative action and inasmuch as the
reciprocity bill had twice failed to pas s the Senate there was
scant hope that s uch an arrangement could be put in opera
tion for s ome years
I n the meantime condi tion s in Canada were fast growing
de sperate the ever increa sing unre st being cau sed by both
political and economic factor s F rom 1 8 4 2 to 1 84 5 Lord
Metcal fe had s erved as Governor General o f Canada and
due to his personal influence a Conservative or Tory min
is tr y was in control o f the provincial parliam e nt
But the
re s toration O f the Whig party to power in E nglan d meant
the ove r throw o f the To ry party in the colonies and in
1 8 4 7 Lord E lgin came to Canada as the new Governor Gen
!8
eral
I n the following year at the p rovincial election s
the Tory party suff e r ed a c ru shi n g de f e at and a strong
Coalition mini st ry under the j oint leader s hip o f La fontaine
29
an d Bal dwin wa s fo rmed
The re s ult of the provincial e lections was a s ore blow to
the To ry party which had long regarded itsel f a s the only
loyal party in Canada and the los s of political patronage
made thei r chagrin all the keener A plau s ible e x planati on
for thei r defeat seemed necessary and when it app e a red that
the Coaliti on government had won every F rench Canadian
s eat the Tories had no diffi culty in deciding that the direful
30
re s ult had been e ff ected through F rench machinati ons
It
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I bid p 33
28
T heodore W alrond Letter s and Journal s o f J ame s E ighth Ear l
o f E lgi n (Lo ndon
pp 31 33
2’
C D Allin and Ge o rge M Jo n e s An nexati on P r efe re nti al
T rad e and R ecip rocity (London
pp 4 5
30
I bid pp 5 6
27
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20
B EG I N N I N G S
7]
T HE REC I PRO C I TY MOVE M E N T
OF
27
wa s but natural there fore that the relations between the
,
,
two pa rties s hould become increasingly bitter ; and when the
Coalition ministry introduced the famous R ebellion Lo s ses
”
B ill which provi ded compensation to those w hose prope rty
ha d been illegally de s troyed in the R ebellion o f 1 8 37 the
31
resentment o f the To ry party knew no bound s
I n M on
treal this hatred O f the Coalition ministry r eached a focal
point several o f the newspapers O penly p reaching di s loya l ty
32
and civil wa r
O ther Tory o rgan s advocated annexation
to the United States rather than be trodden upon by F rench
”
licentiousness
A con s ide r able part of this agitation had for its p ur po s e
“
”
the de feat o f the R ebellion Los s es Bill and when it was
accepted by the p r ovincial parliament in Ap ril 1 8 49 the
To ries were be s ide thems elves with rage O n the a fternoon
o f April 2 5 1 8 49 Lord E lgi n d rove to the House of Par
li ame n t to give the royal assent to the bill and afte r he had
completed the accustomed formality he prepared to return
to his country s eat at M onkland s
B ut no s ooner did he
leave the Pa liament House than he wa s beset by a howling
m ob that pelted him with rotten eggs and s tones He man
aged to reach M onkland s w ithout se rio us inj ury but the
mob in Montreal e x acted vica rious sati s faction by burning
the Parliament House to the ground and w recking the r e s
idence o f M La fontaine the leader o f the Coalition Go vern
ment F ive days later Ap r il 3oth when Lord E lgi n drove
f rom M onklan d s to Go vernment House in Montreal he was
again greeted with a shower o f mis s iles one large stone
33
st r iking him full on the che s t
B ut the To r ies did not represent the only di s a ff ected ele
ments in Canada The repeal o f colonial p reference had
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George M Wr ong T he
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44
Ear l
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Of
Elgi n (London
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pp
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40
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Allin an d Jone s pp 5 6
33
W alrond pp 70 86 ; W rong pp 45 5 1 ; Si r John George B ouri
t Lord E lgin (T o ronto
pp 72 —75 ; Montrea l P ilot April
33
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C A N A D I AN
28
R E C I PRO C IT Y T REA TY
OF
1
[
85 4
20
8
threatened the wh ole economi c s tructure of Canada and
business O f all kinds was at a stand s till I n 1 848 Lord E lgin
“
w rote to the Colonial Secretary that property in mo s t o f
the Canadian towns and more especially in the capital has
fallen fi fty per cent in value within the la st three yea rs
Th ree fourth s o f the commercial men are bank rupt owing
” 3‘
to free trade
I n the following year conditions were no
better and on June 1 5 1 849 E lgi n wrote to Grey that s ome
arrangement with the United States was vitally nece s sa ry
and that he viewed with apprehension the e ff ect which i s
likely to be produced in Canada by a continued refu s al on
the part O f the Uni ted State s to accede to the terms o f reci
procity which have been propo s ed unle s s Great B ritain s hall
adopt s ome a rrangement whereby the Canadian farmer may
be compensated for the lo s s to which he is subj ect by the
tax levi ed on his p roduce when imported for consumption
”3
into the United State s
E lgi n then remarked that a gen
eral business depression still e x i s ted and that unle s s some
thing was s oon done to ameliorate conditions he greatl y
fea red that ere long a combination o f a very seriou s char
” 3“
acter will be formed again st the truest interest o f E ngland
E lgin s despatch O f July 2 1 8 49 s how s deep concern over
the failure O f the reciprocity bill in the United State s Sen ate
and he express es the hope that Her Maj e sty s Go vernment
“
will try to negotiate a recip rocity a rrangement at the
”
earliest practicable period
The discontent in Cana da n e
ce ssitate s s ome co mmercial arrangement with the United
States and it is his fi rm conviction that s uch an arrange
“
ment would go farther to promote the p rospe rity of the
Colony and to p roduce political contentment than any boon
” 87
which it i s in Great B ritain s power to grant
The repeal o f the colonial pre ference on gr ain and flour
had proved d isastrou s to the milling and t ran sportation in
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W alrond p 70
8 5 E lg n to Grey
Canadian Archive s Seri e s G
i
3 6 Canadian A rchive s
Se rie s G N O 69
'7 I bid
N o 88
34
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N O 69
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209
B E G I N N I N GS
]
te r es ts o f
M OVE M E N T
RE C IP RO C IT Y
TH E
OF
2
9
Canada and thi s despite M r Gladstone s con fi
dent predictions to the contrary Lord Grey in his review
o f the Colonial Policy O f Lord John R us s ell s Admin i stra
”
tion tre nchantly Observes that either the Act o f 1 843
under which the milling interests received such considerable
encouragement o r the repealing act o f 1 846 was grievously
”
wrong and that the action o f the Government in this mat
“
ter brought upon the Province a f r ightful amount o f loss
to in dividuals and a great de rangement O f the Colonial fi
” 33
n anc e s
This arraignment o f the policy o f the B ritish Government
with regard to the repeal O f the colonial p reference on grain
and flour is clearly substantiated by the fi gures given in the
Parliamentary papers deal ing with colonial export s The
impo rts o f wheat into the United Kingdom f rom the B rit
i sh Poss e ssions out O f E urope (mainly Canada ) for the
years 1 84 0 1 847 are gi ven as follows i n qua rters :
2 2 1 37 3
The im
po rt s from foreign countries during the same period were :
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82 0 .
O n J une 2 6 1 846 the acts reducing the
colonial p reference on grai n went into e ff ect and a decrease
i n colonial importations was soon noticeable The im p orts
o f colonial grain in quarters f o r the years 1 84 7— 1 8 4
9 were
as follow s :
and
The imports O f
foreign grain for these same yea rs were :
1
71 ;
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398 ;
39
-
The sharp decline i n the imports o f colonial grain into the
Uni ted Ki n gdom and the large increase o f importations o f
fo r ei gn grai n a fter 1 846 are si gnificant and concl usively
show how great was the repressing e ff e ct O f the repeal o f
colonial p re ference When we consider the fi gures with
refe r ence to the flour trade the extent o f the dam ag e to the
colonial export trade i s even more apparent F rom 1 840 to
,
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Gr ey (Lon d on
p 22 1
'9 P arliame n ta ry P ap e r s 1
90 5 vol
'3
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72 ,
Cd
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2 394,
p
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1
35
.
C ANAD I A N R EC I PRO C I TY TRE A TY
3O
OF
[2 1 0
854
1
t he importation s o f colonial flour as measured in hun
dred weights are as follows :
The importations o f foreign flour for the s ame peri od were :
I n 1 84 3 Parliament pas s ed
an act admitting colonial wheat into the United Kingd om
at a fi x ed duty payable upo n the quantity o f wheat used in
its manu facture
A me nican wheat ground int o flour in
Canadian mills was accounted a manu factured product O f
Canada and was a dmitted at the s ame rate that was levied
upon flour ground f rom colonial wheat Thi s conce s sion
naturally proved a great boon to the milling interests O f
Canada and the ex p ort s of flour to the United Kingdom
quickly increased in volume F or the years 1 84 3 to 1 8 46
the imports O f flour from the B riti s h Poss ession s out of
E urope (mainly Canad a ) into the United Ki ngdom were
The
a s follow s : (cwt )
imports O f forei gn flour duri ng the same pe riod were : 1 0 0
1
843
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2 90
;
I n 1 84 6 Parliament provided f or a reduction o f the
colonial pre ference on flour and a fter F ebruary 1 1 849
41
The resul t o f
even this pre ference was to be abandoned
this legi s lation i s reflected in the imports of colonial flour
from 1 84 7 1 849 The actual imports were
1 41 ;
The i mpetus given to the foreign
import trade during the s e year s i s s how n as follow s :
I t i s evident from the s e figure s
91 7 ;
that the grain and flour t rade O f Canada really s uff ered
grievou s inj ury by the repeal O f colonial preference and
the zeal o f the Canadian Government in pushing recip rocity
with the United S t ate s can be well unders tood
A s a re s ul t o f Lord E lgi n s numerous des patches s etti ng
forth the de spera t e state O f a ff ai rs in Canada the B ritish
Go vernment finally be s tirred itsel f an d in the autumn o f
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V ictoria c 2 3
P ar li amentary P aper s 1 90 5
9
an
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C ANAD I AN RE C IP RO C IT Y TRE A TY
32
OF
1
8 54
[
2 1 2
R iver and of cert ai n o f the St Law rence canals and fur
the r mo r e woul d forego its right under the 2 d article O f the
Treaty o f June 1 5 1 8 46 to navigate the Columbia Rive r“
Si r Hen ry Lytton B ul wer arrived in Wa s hington in Janu
ary 1 8 5 0 and on the 2 2 n d o f that month he addressed a long
letter to M r Clayton on the subj ect O f reciprocity He
remarked that it was his understanding that at one time M r
Clayt on was rather d ispo s ed in favor o f a general t reaty
O f reciprocity be tween the United States and our North
American Colonie s on the basis O f a free interchang e o f the
natural products o f the United States and our North Amer
”
ic an possession s
His Gove rnment had therefore given
him authority to treat with M r Clayton i f he S hould fi nd
him O f Opinion that a negotiati on of this kind was l ikely
”
to have a p rompt and succe s s ful termination
I f however
the negotiation for such a treaty w oul d s imply mean a long
”
discus s ion without doing anything he thought it would be
” ‘5
“
better to leave the Canada bill unencumbered
O n January 2 9 1 8 5 0 a bill was reported to the Ho use o f
“
R epresentative s from the Committee on Commerce
to
admit certain articles o f the growth and p roduction O f Can
ada into the United States f ree o f duty upon the c ondition
that the like article s O f the growth o r pr oduction o f the
”
United States be admitted into Canada free O f duty
This
bill was then recommitted to the Committee on Commerce
“
with a vi ew to provide therein for the free navi gation o f
the river St Law rence and to assimilate the s ame to the bill
”
now pending before the Senate
The Committee how
ever was not di s po sed to introduce int o the bill any condi
tion whatever in rega rd to the free navigati on o f the river
i f it can be secured by the treaty power o f the Government
and they are led to believe that it i s in your power to Obtain
”
a full and satis factory as s urance to this e ff e ct at this time
O n March 1 5 1 8 5 0 R obe rt M M cL an e Chairman o f the
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‘5
J ohn M Clayto n P ape r s M S Libr ary
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‘4
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of
Congre s s vol viii
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2 1
B EG I N N I N G S
3]
OF
TH E RE C IP RO C IT Y MOVE M E N T
33
House Committee on Commerce wrote to M r Clayton and
a fter recounting the history o f the pending reciprocity bill
he inquired whether it would be pos s ible fo r the Secretary
O f State to
comm unicate to the Co mmi ttee as surances
that the free navigation o f the St Law rence woul d be ten
dered to the citizens of the United States upon terms satis
factory to the Go vernment of the United States upon the
”
pas sag e o f the bill in question
Upon the receipt O f thi s letter from the Chai rman o f the
Hou s e Committee on Commerce Clayton on March 2 6
1 8 50
wrote to Si r Henry Lytton B ulwer an d reque sted an
official note on the subj ect of M r M cL an e s inquiry O n
the following day Si r Henry replied to M r Clayton s note
and with regard to the navigation O f the St Lawrence he
“
in formed the Secretary o f State that he felt no he s itation
in stating that the instructions with which I came to the
Uni t ed State s warrant me
in as su ring you that should
a bill corresponding to that which ha s received the sanction
O f the legislature in Canada be pa s sed by the le gi slature o f
the United States and receive the sanction of the P re s i dent
Her Maj esty s Go vernment will be ready to re spond to any
applicati on which the United State s Government may addre s s
to it o n the subj ect
by at once con s enting to open the
navigati on of the St Law rence and o f the canals thereto
adj oi ning
to the shipping and citizen s o f the United
” ‘7
States
O n April 4 1 8 50 Grey w rote to E lgin and enclos ed cor
respondence from Sir Hen ry B ulwer relative to the Senate
bill on reciprocity which included a clause p rovi ding for the
free navigation o f the St Law rence R iver I mmediately
a fter receiving Sir Henry B ulwer s despatch regarding the
Senate bill Grey instruct ed the F oreign Office that the free
“
navigation o f the St Law rence s hould in a pinch be con
ceded to American citizen s but i f possible this p e rmis s ion
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p 36
*3
3 i st
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N O 64,
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34 35
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C ANA D I AN RE C I PRO C I T Y TR EA TY
34
OF
1
[2 1 4
854
ould be w it hheld
O ne O f the enclo s ed le t ters was a com
m u n ication o f March 2 1 8 5 0 from Si r Hen ry B ulwer i n
w hich he Observed it wa s well known in the United State s
that England would concede t he free navigati on o f the St
Lawrence be fore S he would j eopardize the pa s s age O f the
“9
reciprocity bill s pend i ng in Congre s s
I t wa s Si r Henry
Bulwer s op i nion that the free navigation o f the St Law
rence would have to be granted and t hat it sh ould be ma d e
the subj ect of a spec i al convention and thu s leave the reci
procity bill s unencumbered with any s uch provi s ion H ow
ever in a letter o f April 1 6 1 8 5 0 to Lord Palmerston he
confi de s that Stephen A Dougla s who had charge o f the
Senate bill was very loa t h to omit the clau s e rela t ing to the
St Law rence and B ulwer s ugge s t s tha t Dougla s s O h
“
th
s tin acy was cau s ed by hi s de s ire to Obtain for him s el f
” °
credit fo r the mea s ure
O n May 7 1 8 5 0 Pre s ident Taylor tran s mit t ed to the
Ho us e O f R epre s en t ative s t he corre s pondence between the
Department o f State and the B r i ti sh legation relative to
reciprocity with Canada and he took occ as ion to s ubmit the
“
whole question to the con s ideration o f Congre s s and e s
pe cially whether the conce ss ion propo s ed by Great B ritain
”5
i s an equivalent for t he reciprocity de s ired by her
On
May 1 6t h a bill providing for rec i procal t rade with Canada
wa s di s cu ss ed i n the Hou s e and was referred to the Com
The whole
mittee O f the whole O n the State o f the Un i on
que s tion of recip rocity was t hen allowed to S lumber fo r
s ome month s
Several reason s accounted f o r thi s O ur
relation s wi t h E ngland were becoming dec i dedly strained be
”
cau se o f the Greytown A ff air and the s ummer o f 1 8 5 0
was largely taken up with negotiat i o n s leading to the Cla y
"8
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B ulwer to P almer s ton Canadian A r chive s Serie s G
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Con g I st s e ss H E x Do c N O 64
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B EG I N N I N GS
5]
TH E
OF
RE C IP RO C I T Y M O V E M E N T
t on B ulwer Treaty which adj u s t ed the s e di ff erences Al s o
the he alth o f Si r Hen ry B ulwer was none too good the
Clayton paper s being filled with note s f rom Sir Henry e x
cu s i n g on account of illness hi s ability to keep certain i m
5 3
‘
portant appointment s with Clayton
B ut mo s t O f all there wa s mani fe st in Congre s s a strong
ho s tility to any s cheme of rec i procity wh ich was regard e d
by p rotectioni s t s as a dangerous conce s sion to the advocate s
O f f ree trade
I n the House o f R epre sentative s the ques
tion was not seriou s ly c on s idered a fter May 1 8 5 0 and in
the Senate de spite t he eff orts of M r Dougla s a s imilar fate
attended all e ff orts to s ecure action on the b i ll M r E wing
o f O hi o was pa rticularly oppo s ed to the bill f o r in hi s Opin
ion it was f raught with the utmo s t mi s chief to all the inter
” “
O n September 2 1 1 8 5 0 M r Doug
e st s O f the country
las for the la s t time during the fir s t s e ss ion O f the thirty
“
fi r s t Congre ss asked the Senate to take U p the bill on the
”
subj ect o f reciprocity but in view O f the strong Oppo s ition
to the mea s ure he withdrew hi s reque st and the que stion o f
reciprocity wa s again pos t poned to await the deci s ion o f a
“
later Congres s
During the ne x t se ssion O f Congress the reciprocity bill
failed to make much progre s s O n Decembe r 1 0 1 8 5 0 M r
Harri s O f I llinoi s introduced into the Hou s e a bill providing
for reciprocity i n t rade between the United State s and Can
ada and for the f ree navigation O f the canal s and waters of
Canada by American ve s sel s The bill was read a fi r st and
second time by title and then referred to the Commi ttee on
Commerce 6 The Canadian Government now realized that
it would be e x pedient to have re s ident in W a s hington s ome
pers on o f influence who could indicate to the Congre ss ional
Committee s on Commerce the man y advantage s of r e cipr ocitv
with Canada Lord E lgi n therefore s elected F ranci s Hincks
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Cl ayton P aper s Library
5 ‘ C ong Globe
3 1 5 t Con g
5 5 I bid
5 0 I bid
p 22
2 d se s s
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Congre ss vol
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C ANA D I AN RE C IP RO C IT Y TRE A TY
36
OF
[2 1 6
854
1
I n spector General O f Canada t o undertake th i s importa nt
mis s ion and on January 6 1 8 5 1 Hincks addre s s ed a lengthy
and closely rea s oned communication to R M M cLan e
Chai rman O f the House Committee on Commerce Hincks
pointed out how Canada had repealed the differential duties
in favo r O f B ritish manufacture with the re s ult that the
duties collected at the port o f Toronto had risen from $30
0 0 0 in 1 8 46 to nearly
in 1 8 5 0 Thi s increa s e he
attributed m ai n ly to the American trade which has sprung
” ‘7
up since the removal O f the di ff e rential duties
He al s o
adverted to the fact that until very recently the Maritime
Province s o f Nova Scotia N e w B runswick Prince E dward
“
I s land an d New foundland had been among the best cus
”
to me r s of the United States for brea d s tu ff s
Hereto fo r e
there had been i n operation in the s e p rovinces a tari ff i mpos
ing duties o n flour rangi ng from twenty fi ve cents to s eventy
fi ve cents per barrel but within the pa s t year arrangements
had been eff ec ted by Canada with three o f these province s
for a free interchange o f thei r natural productions and Mr
“
Hincks was convinced that a very large trade will be di
verted to tho s e province s from the city O f New Y ork unless
”53
M r Hincks then
the present rest rictions be removed
concluded his memorial by threatening retaliation should the
United States continue its dilatory policy relative to reci
p rocity with Canada Canada would reenact the di ff erential
dutie s in favor o f B ritish manufactures and by closing the
Canadian canal s to American s hipping she would i nflict a
“
”
mo st s erious inj ury upon the trade o f Chicago Cleve
land and other lake ports
B ut the th reat s o f Hincks p roved unavailing O n F ebru
ary 2 8 1 8 5 1 the question of reciprocity with Canada was
di s cu s s ed in the House O f R epre s entatives for the la st time
during the second se s sion O f the thirty fi r st Congre ss and
no favorable action was taken M r M cL an e Chairman O f
the Committee on Commerce spoke strongly in favor O f a
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86
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B EG I N N I N GS
OF
T HE RE C IP RO C IT Y M OVE M E N T
37
commercial a rrangement with Canada He dilated upon the
increa se in t rade between the Uni t ed States and Canada s ince
the repeal by the Canadian Government Of the pre ferential
duties in favor O f E ngli s h manu facture s an d he introduced
a bill making the duration O f any recipr ocity arrangement
dependent upon the continuance o f thi s e quali i y o f treatment
by the Canadian Governm ent o f the manufactures of Great
9
B ri tain and the United S t a t e s
M r M cLan e s arguments
however were no more persuasive than those o f M r Hinck s
s o the que s tion wa s left un s ett led
I n the Senate the s ubj ect Of reciprocity received even less
con s ideration than in the Hou s e O n January 9 1 8 5 1 M r
Douglas a sked permi s sion to pro p ose the prior orders o f the
day for the p urpo s e O f taking u p the bill provid i ng f o r the
free navigation O f the St Lawrence R iver and for reciprocal
”
trade with Canada
Hi s Obj ect in making the motion was
simply that it may be made the special order for some future
”
day
The motion o f M r Douglas was ag reed to and the
reciprocity bill was made the special order O f the day for
Tuesday January 2 1
But the proceeding s O f that
day were tak en up with the consideration o f amendments to
the ru les of the Senate and no further notice was given to
"1
the que stion o f reci p rocity
The failure o f Congre s s to pa s s a reciprocity measure was
a grievous disa p pointment to the Canadian Government O n
M arch 2 0 1 8 5 1 Sir Henry B ulwer wrote to Daniel Web ster
Secreta ry O f State under Pre s ident F illmore an d alluded
“
to the dis sati s faction t hat has been p roduced th roughout
B ri ti s h North America s ince it has been known that no bill
has pa ss ed the United Sta t es Legi slature replying to the
friendly di s posi t ion which ha s long been mani fe sted by the
”
B riti s h provinces in North America
The Canadians e s
pe cially believed that their application for an interchange O f
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Cong Globe 3 1 5 i Con g
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C A NA D I AN RE C I P RO C I T Y T RE ATY
38
OF
1
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8 54
2 1
8
“
agricul t ural product s had failed O f s ucce s s becau s e they
have generou sly and without stipulations conceded m any
commercial advantage s which it was in their power to bestow
”
upon t he trade of thi s count ry
Therefore they were of
t he Opinion that thei r only mode O f ob taining adequate at
t ention i s to replace them selve s in the s itua t ion in which they
” “2
were previous t o making the a fore s ai d conce s s ion s
B ulwer greatly deprecated the spi rit O f retaliation that was
fa st growing s tronger in Canada and he inqui red whether
W eb s ter would be di spo s ed to en t er into a negotiation em
bracing a con s ideration of the variou s commercial advantage s
a ff ecting t he trade and i ntercours e wi t h the B ritish No r th
American province s which have been an d could be e x tend e d
by the B riti s h Government and by the B riti s h North Amer
ican p rovince s them s elve s to the United State s and als o wi t h
re spect to the advantage s of a like kind which could be con
” 3
ferred by the United State s on the a fore s aid p rovinces
O n March 2 9 1 8 5 1 W S De r ri ck ch i e f clerk Depart
ment o f State replied to Sir Henry B ulwer s note of the day
previous and in formed h i m that by the di rection O f M r
W eb ster the corre s pondence from the B ri t i s h Legat i on had
“ Some
been re ferred to the Pre s ident for con sideration
five wee k s later June 7 1 8 5 1 Lord E lgin de s patched a s hort
note to Si r Henry B ulwer in which he indicated the growing
di s sati s faction in Canada with re ference to the dilato ry pol
icy o f the United State s Unle ss s ome s piri t O f compromi s e
or conciliation s hould s oon mani fe st it s el f it was more than
l i kely that mea s ures of retaliat i on on t he part of Canada
would be promp t ly pre ss ed and th e s e under four pos s ible
heads :
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The clo s ing o f the Canadian canal s
The impo s itio n O f dutie s O f 2 0 per cent on imports
2
f rom the United State s
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3 3 I bid
pp 8 3—8 4
M I bid
p 89
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C A NAD I AN RE C IP RO C I TY T REA TY
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[2 2 0
854
1
the treaty o f 1 78 3 but the libe rty to take and cu re fi sh on the
B riti s h coa sts was s eriously cu rt ai led and was pe rmitted only
within specified limit s M oreover the interp retation O f the
word i ng o f the treaty of 1 8 1 8 soon led to serious diffi culties
According to article s o f the treaty the Ame rican fi shermen
could no longer take dry o r cure fish within th ree ma rine
mile s O f the coa st s bays creeks or harbor s of His B ritan
” “9
nic Maj esty s Dominions in Ameri ca
except within lim
its and a controvers y at once aro s e as to the exact meaning
“
”
O f the term bays
The B riti s h authorities claime d that
the term included all bays whatever thei r e x tent and Amer
ican fi s hing ves s els were seized even in such a wi de body of
70
water as the Bay O f F undy
This re striction threatened enorm ous inj ury to the Amer
ican fi shing indu s try Cod fi shin g i s deep se a fishing an d
can be profitably pur s ued only during ce r tain s easons I n
view o f this contingency it had been the practice o f Ame
ican fi shermen in the slack sea s ons to enter the bays an d in
lets O i Nova Scotia Cape B reton and P rince E dward I s
land and fish for herring and mackerel A s it happened
the schools of herring and mackerel were generally found
wi t hin the three mile limit s o venture s ome Yankee skippers
were wont not only to sail within the bays but al s o boldly to
pur s ue thei r calling within the three mile limit of the B riti s h
North Americ an coast s Thi s in turn led to very grave
“
consequences for in time o f storm the American fishin g
vessels were obliged to pl ace them s elves in di ffi cult and dan
gerons positions to avoid detection I n 1 8 5 1 over 1 0 0 ve s
sels were driven a s hore on Prince E dward I sland in a gale
and over 30 0 lives were lo st The fleet braved the storm
rather than run for port and thus con fes s their in fraction
"1
of the B ri ti sh rights
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U nite d State s T reatie s in For ce compi le d by H L B ryan
p 220
(W ashington
70
J B Moore D ige s t o f I nte rn ati onal Law v ol i pp 783 787
71
A rthur H arvey T he R ecipr ocity T reaty (Q uebe c
p 15n ;
32 d Co n g I st s e ss S D oc 1 1 2 pt I pp 39 —4 1
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T H E R E C IP RO C I T Y M OVE M E N T
OF
41
I n thi s same year June 2 1 1 8 5 1 the p re s ident o f the ex
e cu tive council o f Canada and the secretary o f Nova Scotia
signed an agreement to cooperate in protecting the fisheries
f rom Y ankee incursion s With this en d in view the two
province s agreed to provi de either a steamer or two or more
s ailing ves s e ls to crui s e in the Gul f o f St Law rence or along
72
the coa st s O f Labrador
R epeated reques ts were now made
to the B ritish Gove rnment to render S imilar a s s i stance and
finally on May 2 7 1 8 5 2 Lord Pakin gton announced to Lord
E lgi n that it was the intentio n o f Her M aj e sty s Government
“
de s patch as s oon as possible a s mall naval force o f
to
s tea mer s
to en force the convention O f
o r other ves s els
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O n July 5 1 8 5 2 M r Crampton the B riti s h minister at
Wa s hingt on despatched a note to M r Webster advising him
“
that Her Maj e s ty s Government had deci ded to s tation O ff
New B runswick Nova Scotia Pri nce E dwa rd s I sland and
in the Gul f o f St Lawrence s uch a force O f small sailing
ve s sels an d s teamers as s hall be deemed sufficient to prevent
7‘
Upon the receipt
the in fraction o f the treaty (o f
o f thi s news Pres ident F illmore at once ordered Co mmodore
“
Perry to p roceed to the fi s hi ng ground s on the coa sts of
the B riti sh posse ss ions in North America fo r the purpo s e of
p rotecting the rights o f American fishermen under the con
7‘
ve n tion o f the 2 oth of O ctober
The B riti s h Government however was de s i rous o f avoid
ing any possible colli s ions between the a rmed forces o f the
two countrie s as the instructions to Admi ral Sir Ge orge
Seymour clearly reveal I n enforcing the convention o f
1 8 1 8 the O ffi cers employed in Her Maj e sty s s e rvice
shoul d
be enj oined to avoid all unnecessary inter ference with the
vessels O f friendly powers an d all har s hne s s in the per form
”
ance o f thei r duty
The conce s sion to the United States
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S Ex Doc N O 2 2 pp 436—437
Se ri e s G 1 4 1 N O 32
H E x Doc N o 1 20 pp 1 0 7 1 0 8
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C A NA D I AN RE C I P RO C I T Y T RE ATY
42
OF
[
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22 2
fi s hermen in 1 8 4 5 t o fi sh i n the Bay o f F undy s hould be con
s i d e r e d a s s till in force and even though Ameri cans land and
dry the i r ne t s and cure fi sh o n Magdalen I s land s yet t hey
” 6
S hould not be pract i cally interfered w ith
O n O c t ober 1 9 1 8 5 2 Pakin gt on enclo s ed in hi s in str uc
tion s to Lord E lg i n an i ntere sting report by the law Offi cer s
o f the crown on certain question s propounded by V ice A d
miral Seymour
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the naval o ff i cer s o f the Crown need a Commi ss ion fro m the
g ove rnment o f the Colon ie s before s eizin g A m erican ve ss el s !
To thi s the law O ffi cer s an s wered N o
Can American fi shermen land in the harbo r s of N ew Br un sk ick
Cape B reton an d P rince E dward I sl and on Sunday merely
for purpo s e s o f amu sement ! W ith r e gard to thi s que ry it
was an s wered t hat the A merican ve s sel s could n ot be s eized
but mi ght be compelled to depart
Can A merican fi shermen a t Magd ale n I s land s who inter fere
with the ri g hts o f B ri ti s h fi shermen in that vicinity be s eized !
T he law o ffi cer s advi s ed s eizure only after d ue warning be
given the A merican s to depart
Can America n ve ss el s enter harbo r s in N ova Scotia in calm
weathe r an d then without buying wood o r water s ai l ou t again
w ithout seizur e ! I n thi s ca s e it was advi s ed that the Ameri
can ve ss el s merely be compelle d to depart
I f American ve s s el s enter the three mile limit along the coa s t s of
B riti sh N orth Amer i ca and then flee beyond it can B riti s h
revenu e cutter s pur sue and s eize them ! T o thi s la s t inqui ry
the law Offi c er s an s wered in the affi rmative but with the ad
monitio n that thi s right o f s eizu re be” adopted only in very
clea r ca s e s and with extreme cautio n 7 7
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F rom the early part O f the year 1 8 5 2 until the s ign i ng o f
the reciprocity treaty on June 5 1 8 54 the que s tion of the
fi s herie s was con s t an t ly as s ociated with that O f commerc i a l
reciprocity and i n Congress a more favorable a t t i tu d e t o
ward s a convent i on that would s ettle the s e t wo embarra s s i n g
que s tion s began to mani fe st it s el f M r Hinck s the I n s pe c
tor General o f Canada was qui te an x i ou s to accelerate th i s
fr i endly d i s po s ition o n the part o f Congre ss and in a mem
o r an d u m s ent by Lord E lgin to P akin gt o n on F ebruary 2 0
he recommended that pen ding the decision o f the
1 8 52
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B EG I N N I N G S
3]
T HE RE C IP RO C I T Y MOVE M E N T
OF
43
que stion o f rec i procit y the navigation o f the St Lawrence
78
R iver be conceded to American bottom s
B ut in hi s in
M ay 1 4 1 8 5 2 Pakin gt on enclo s e d
s tr uction s to Lord E lgi n
the deci s ion o f the F oreign O ffice not t o permit the navigation
o f the St Lawrence R iver by American s hipping until t he
”
United States gran t ed some equivalent for it
Hinck s ho we ve r was not dismayed at thi s rebuff I n a
later memorandum to Pakin gton he Once more adverted to
the advi sability o f opening the St Lawrence to American
shipping and Observ ed that it would be a me as ure o f grea t
”
popularity in Canada
Also it would vastly help the Cana
dian canal s and be the mean s o f securing the principal pa rt
o f the trade in bread stu ff s and provi s ions for the s upply o f
the fisherie s and timber regi on in the Maritime Province s
now monopoli zed by the United States I n reply the F or
‘
e ign O fli ce remarked that in the previou s yea r Hinck s had
been oppo s ed to granting the navigation O f the St La w
rence to American bot t om s without s ome s ub s tantial equiv
0
ale n t and that the F oreign O ffice was s till o f that Opinion
As we have already s een in the s pring o f 1 8 5 2 the colony
o f Nova Scotia made provision for the maintenance o f four
armed cruiser s in her territo rial waters with instruction s to
s eize American vessels violating the treaty of 1 8 1 8 and Can
ada New foundland and Prince E dward I slan d decided t o
cooperate with her in a j oint de f en s ive armament This to
gether with the announcement on the part O f the B ritish Go v
e rn me n t that it would station
Nova
O ff New B run s wick
Scotia Prince E dward I sland and in the Gul f o f St Law
rence s uch a force O f s mall s ailin g ves s els and s teamers a s
s hall be deemed su ffi cient to prevent the in fraction o f t he
”
treaty created a considerable stir o f e x citement in W a sh
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l gi n , J une 30 , 1 8 5 2 ,
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N O 40
31
x D oc N o
32 d Con g , 2 d s e s s , S
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w rote to M r
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Canadia n Ar chive s G
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C ANAD I AN RE C IP RO C I T Y T RE A TY
44
OF
[2 2 4
85 4
1
Crampton inviting him to repai r at once to Boston to discuss
the whole question o f reci p rocity and exp ressing the ho pe
that the seizure o f American vessels would be delayed until
82
after thei r con ference upon the subj ect
O ne week later
July 2 5 M r W ebster made a speech at M ar shfi e ld Massa
chus ett s relati ve to the fisheries during the cour s e of which
he signific antly remarked :
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T h e fi shermen s hall be prote cted in all th eir rights of pro pe r ty
u se a Marbleh e ad phr as e
T
o
an d in all the ir right s o f occupatio n
“
”
th ey sh all be pr otected hook and line and bob and s inker
Th i s sudden interruption O f the pur suit s o f our citizen s which have
been carried on more than th irty year s without interruption or mo
l e s ta tio n can hardly be j u s tified by any pri nciple or con s iderati on
whatev e r
I t i s n ot to be expected that the U nited State s will
s ubmit th e i r right s to be adj udicated upon in th e pe tty t ribunal s o f
th e pr ovin ces ; o r that we shall allow ou r ve ss el s to be seized on by
co n stable s or other petty oflice r s an d condemn e d by the municipal
court s o f Q uebec and N e w fou n dland
N ew B run swick o r Can ada
N O n o no I 8 3
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This questi on O f the fisherie s and the related subj ect of
reciprocity were n ow lengthily debated in the Sen ate New s
had arrived that the naval force sent by Great B ritain alone
amounted to 1 3 ship s one a 74 gun frigate this being in ad
dition to the four vessels provi ded by the Britis h North
84
American provinces
I t was apparent to Senator Hamlin
that thi s formi dable fleet was much la rger than was n e ce s sar v
to en force the convention o f 1 8 1 8 : I t is said that reciproca l
trade between the United State s and the B ritish colonies i s
thus to be en forced I f s uch be the Obj ect
I will only
say i n my opinion the wrong mode has been adopted to se
” 35
cure the end desired
Senator Davi s of Massachusetts also believed that the
action o f Great B ritain with regard to the protection O f fi sh
erie s was done with an ulterior motive
This whole mat
ter he was sure could be explained as a stroke o f policy
I t may be a dan gerous step to be taken by the B riti s h Go v
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Crampton to Si r Al ex an de r B an n erman J uly 20 1 85 2 Can adian
Archive s G 2 94
"
32 d Con g 2 d s e s s S E x D oc N O 2 2 pp 444 445
‘
(i ori g Globe 32 d Con g I st s e s s App p 90 2
85 I t
j i cl
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B EG I N N I N G S
ern
T H E R E C IP RO C IT Y M OVE M E N T
OF
45
men t and the colonies may be play
ing a game which will
,
”
not advance materially the interest they have in V iew
“
However i f Great Britain wants a wa r undoubtedly she
” 8°
can have it
To Senato r R usk o f Texas it s eemed that the conduct
o f Great B ritain in this business should be met prom p tly on
ou r side
I t i s s upposed by some Senators to be desi gn ed to
bring about an enactment fo r reciprocity O f trade on ou r part
with the B ritish colonies I f that be so I will never give a
vote fo r s uch a m
easure under such circum stances no mat
te r what may be the consequences I will never yield to any
threats made by the B riti s h Government and cannon will be
” 87
found to be the last available argument that could be used
M r Pratt of Maryland was n ot so impres s ed with the
argument that Great B ritain s p olicy with regard to the pro
te cti o n of the fisheries was merely a stroke of policy
I t ap
r
to
him
that
the
B
ritish
Government
had
purposely
a
d
e
e
p
adopted an uncom p romising attitude and thi s might well
me an war He thought that the people o f the United States
“
I
s hould not be lulled into security about thi s matter
think there is great danger o f colli s ion with Great B ritain in
regard to thi s subj ect
I have n o doubt that the n e ce s
s ary steps have already been taken to p rovide a suffi cient
naval force to protect ou r s eamen in what our Government
has proclaimed to be thei r ri ghts ; and when the naval force
o f thi s country goes there I do not se e how a collision i s to
” 8
be avoided
I t was evident that with the Senate in this frame o f mind
there was litt le hope o f any favorable action with regard to
a commercial a rrangement with Canada B ut Hincks the
I n s pector General did not at once appreciate thi s fact and in
a memorandum enclo s ed in a despatch from Lord E lgin to
Pakin gt on September 4 1 8 5 2 he still argues for comm ercial
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8 ' Cong Glob
e 32 d Co n g
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C ANA D I AN RE C I P RO C I T Y TR E A TY
46
OF
1
854
[2 2 6
conce ss i on s to the United S t ates I n hi s opinion f ree com
me r ci al intercour s e between Canada an d the neighboring
s tate s would be mutually advantageou s to the inhabitants o f
“
the two countries and he believed that the commerci al
marine O f both s hould be perm i tted to navigate freely the
R ivers and Canal s flowing through the B ri t i sh and Uni t ed
”
Sta t e s territorie s
With thi s Obj ect in view Canada had
repealed all di ff erential duties on manufacture s and had
granted the ve s sel s of the United State s the free u se O f her
canal s despite the fact that the Government O f the United
State s had not met the s e conce ss ions in a like s pi rit Hinck s
thereupon Ob s erved that when the Presi dent s late message
to Congre s s recommending reciprocity wa s published it
would have been good policy O n t he part of the B riti s h Gov
e rn men t to Open the St Law rence R iver to American ship
”
“
ping
The adoption o f s uch a liberal policy he believed
would have tended very much to allay the i rritation which
has been cau s ed by the s t ep s neces sarily and wisely adopted
” 8"
for the protection O f the B ritish F i sherie s
A s the s ummer O f 1 8 5 2 progr essed however and it be
came apparent that Congre ss would do nothing more than
merely di s cus s the question o f reciprocity with Canada
Hinck s became quite re stive and the tone o f his memoranda
underwent a radical change I n a de spatch f rom Lord E l
gin to Pakin gt on September 2 3 1 8 5 2 there i s a new mem
o r an d u m from Hinck s which clearly reveal s hi s changed atti
tude He would now have Canada adopt tari ff mea s ure s
favoring importation s through the St Lawrence (t hat i s
B riti s h ) and al s o would charge American S hipping pas sing
through only the W elland Canal the same toll s as i f they
pas s ed through the entire Canadian canal s y s tem He was
oppo s ed however to any thought o f clo sing the Canadian
canal s to American s hipping for S uch a mea s ure would be
” 9°
inj urious to the revenue
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Canadian Archive s G
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C A NADIA N RE C I PR O C I T Y T RE A TY
’
48
OF
1
[
854
22
8
States and the B ritish North American colonies relative to
the fisheries and Observed as follow s :
,
I t was at fi r st appr ehended that an i n c r ea s ed n aval force had bee n
ordered (by Great B ritai n ) to the fi shing gr ound s to car ry i n to eff ect
the B riti s h i n terpretation o f the provi s ion s in the conv en ti o n o f
1 8 1 8 i n referen ce to the tr ue intent o f whi ch th e two Go vernm en t s
diff e r I t was soo n di sc overe d tha t s uch was not the de s i gn o f
G re at B ritai n an d s ati s f acto ry expl an ation s o f the real O bj ect s o f
the mea sur e hav e be en giv en bo th here an d in London
T he se
circum stance s
have led me to think the moment favorable for a
re con s id e ration o f the e n ti r e s ubj ect O f the fi sherie s o n the coa st s
of the B riti sh P rovi n c e s
A wil lingne s s to m ee t us in som e ar
r an g ement o f thi s kin d i s under s too d to ex i s t on the par t O f Great
B ritain wi th a de s ir e on he r pa rt to include in one comp r ehen s ive
s ettlem e n t as well thi s subj ect as the commercial inter co ur s e bet wee n
the U n i te d S tat e s an d the B riti s h P rovin ce s
I f it i s foun d p rae
ti cabl e to c ome to an agreem en t mutually ac ceptabl e to the two
pa rtie s co n venti on s may be co n clud e d in the co ur se o f the p res ent
winter ”
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Congress did not appear to be in any great hurry to con
sider measures lookin g towa rds reciprocity with Canada and
it was not until February 5 1 8 5 3 that M r Davis o f Mass a
chu se tt s introduced in the Senate a bill having that end in
“
“
V iew
According to this bill it was p rovided that when
ever the President O f the United S tates shall receive satis
factory evidence that the fishermen and fishing vessels of the
United States are admitted to the common rights and p rivi
leges O f B riti s h subj ects resident in tho s e p rovinces to fi sh
in the waters thereo f an d adj acent thereto together with the
right o f curing and preparing f or the market the p roceeds of
such fi s heries both upon the water and the land then he
shall issue his p roclamation autho rizing the fishermen and
fi shing ve s sels o f s ai d provinces to enj oy like privileges in
the waters O f the United States together with the p rivil ege
of entering the ports o f entry in the United States and mak
ing sale of fi sh and the proceeds of the fi sheries u p on the
paym e nt of the same duties which are required by law o f
the fi s hing ve s sels and thei r cargoes belonging to the United
” 9‘
State s
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Me ss age s and P a pe r s o f the P re s idents vol v pp 1 63 1 64
9 ‘ Cong Gl obe
32 d Con g 2 d se s s vol 2 6 p 5 1 4 ; se e S B ill
9" 2 d C
2 d s e ss
on g
5 B ill 60 9
3
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B EGI N N I N GS
]
229
OF
TH E
R E C IP RO C IT Y M OVE M E N T
O n F ebrua ry 1 2 1 8 5 3 this bill wa s reported and a s trong
fight at once a ro s e as to the consti tutionality of the measure
M r Davi s anti cipated but little opposition to the passage of
the bill He believed that no Senato r could have any Oh
”
j ect ion to it at all and he was de s irou s O f having it s p eedily
96
passed and sen t to the House
B ut it very soon developed
that M r Mallory o f F lori da had very seriou s Obj ection s to
the bill and wa s prepared to dispute its passage H e had
a p roper regard not only for the pecunia ry intere s t O f the
va s t capital embarked in our northern fisherie s but for the
s afety o f our fi s hermen and the mainten ance o f the f rien dly
relations which exi sted between us an d the B ritish N orth
”
American Provinces
He wi s hed however to remind the
“
Senate that there are other and higher con s i derations ia
volved in this bill— consi derations far above all pecunia ry
”
interes t
To him it was apparent that the p roposed bill con
”
tain e d the mo s t patent
political here s y
F rom whence did
the General Government derive the right to cede to a forei gn
power the property o f the States in thei r fi s heri es ! B y what
authority did the F ederal Government p retend to admit
foreign ves s els and crew s not only within the waters and
j uri sdiction o f a state to take fi sh which belong exclusively
to a state but to legi s late them on the land and within the
” 97
body o f the county O f a State !
M r Bayard O f Delaware immediately supported M r
Mallory in his defense o f States R ights and propo s ed an
amendment which had been sugges ted to him by M r Ham
lin o f Maine The substance o f thi s amendment was that
the pending bill should be 5 0 modified that the reciprocal fi sh
ing rights under discussion s hould not exten d below the 4oth
98
parallel o f north latitude
B ut even this compromi s e coul d
not influence a maj ority O f the Senate to favor a reci p rocal
arrangement with Canada so the measure failed to pass
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Cong Globe 32 d C on g
’1 I bid
p 95 3
9 ' I bid
pp 956 9 5 7
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C A NA D I AN RE C IPRO C IT Y TR E A TY
50
OF
1
[2 30
85 4
I n the Hou s e o f R epresentatives the bill p r ovi din g for
reciprocity suffered a similar fate O n F ebruary 1 1 1 8 5 3
M r Seymour of New Y ork introduced a bill p roviding that
whenever the Government o f Great B ritain agreed to ex
ten d to the citizens O f the United States the right to take
and cure fish o f every kind in the Gul f o f St Lawrence and
o n the coas t s o f New foundland Nova Scotia Ca p e Breton
New B runswick and Prince E dward I s land together with
the right to navi gate the St Law rence and St John rivers
and the Canadi an system o f canals then the Presi dent o f the
United States should issue a p roclamation admitting into the
United States free Of duty certain enumerated articles being
O f the growth
p roduction or manu facture O f the B ritish
North American provinces At the s ame time the B riti sh
No rth American province s were to reciprocate by admitting
”
free o f duty an identical list of enumerated articles
I t is significant that M r Seymour s bill m akes no mention
o f ext ending to the citizens O f the B riti s h North American
p rovince s any fishing right s in Ame rican waters M r F ul
ler O f M aine at once hastened to attack the proposed bill o f
M r Seymour on the ground that it would operate particu
lar ly in favor o f the manu facturing intere st the cities and
M r F uller then introduced a bill which was
p ractically identical with the bill introduced in the Senate bv
M r Davis I t simply provided that whenever the fishermen
and fi shing vessels o f the United States were admitted to the
common rights O f B ritish s ubj ects in the B riti s h North
American provinces then the P residen t should issue a proc
lamation authorizing the fi shermen and fishing ves s els of the
sai d provinces to enj oy like privilege s in the waters o f the
1 01
I t was worthy of note that there was not
United States
one word about reciprocity in enumerated a rticle s o f pro
duction
As a matter O f fact neither o f the two bills had ve r v much
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I bid vol 2 6 pp 5 67 5 68 ; H B ill 360
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Con g Glob e 32 d Con g 2 d 5 8 5 5 P 777
1 01
32 d C on g 2 d se ss H Re s N 0 361
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B EG I N N I N G S
]
OF
RE C IP RO C I T Y M OV E M E N T
TH E
51
’
S how O f passing throug h Congress M r Seymour s meas
ure aroused the fears o f the protectionists while the bill in
tr od uce d by M r F uller was in direct conflict with the doc
trine o f States R ights s o dea r to the heart o f the Southern
delegation A s a re s ult there was no serious attem p t to
enact any kin d o f rec iprocity leg islation durin g that sessi on
1 02
Thus the question was p ostponed until the
o f Congre s s
new administration under President Pierce took Offi ce and
therea fter the whole a ffai r passe d out of the hands of Con
gress and was hand led by the new and vigorous Secreta r y o f
State William L Marcy
When M r Marcy entered upon his Official duties on M arch
8 1 8 5 3 o ur relations with the B ritish North American prov
“
in ce s were each day gr owin g more strained the
fishe ries
”
question bein g the most disturbing factor As already
de scribe d in the s p ring an d s ummer of 1 8 5 2 the B ritish
Govern ment decided to coop erate with the colonial govern
ments in protecting the in s hore fi sheries and a d elicate s itu
ation a ro s e O n Aug ust 7 1 8 5 2 M r Abbott Law rence
the American m i n i ster to the Court o f St James had an
interview with the E arl of Malmesbury relative to the vio
lation o f American ri ghts Malm e sbury assured Law rence
that there was no special animus behind the action o f the
B ritish Go vernment in as s isting the colonies to patrol thei r
“
coasts and that there was not the slig htest intention to
give offence either to the Government or to the people O f the
”
United States
Lawrence was certain that the B riti sh
“
”
Government felt that they had committed an error in
orde ring a large naval force to colonial waters without gi v
ing a reasonable notice to the United States and he believed
that t hey were willing to do everything i n thei r power to
allay
The de s i re to placate the Govern ment O f the United
States is clearly illustrated in the instructions o f Lord Mal
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Cong Globe 32 d Con g
1 03
33d Con g s pe cial s e ss
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8 5 3 pp
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Doc N o 3
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54
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C AN AD I AN RE C IP R O C IT Y T RE A TY
52
OF
1
[
8 54
2 32
M r Cram p
me s bu r y to M r Crampton Au gust 1 0 1 8 5 2
ton was in structed to as s ure M r W ebster and throug h him
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the President o f the United S tates
that her Maj esty s
Government continues to feel the same anxiety that has long
been felt in this country for the maintenance O f the best r e
lation s between the two governments an d it will be to them
a source o f sincere sati s faction i f the attention which has
thus been drawn to the subj ect o f the fisheries should lead
to an adj u stment by amicable negotiations upon a more
s atis factory footing than at present O f the system O f com
me r cial intercourse between the United States an d her Maj
”
e sty s Nort h American colonial possessions
M r W ebs ter who as Secretary o f State had conducted
the fishery negotiation s was fast failing in health an d on
July 2 6 1 8 5 2 he w rote to President F illmore relative to t e
si gni ng his Offi ce at once beca use o f his inability to stand
“6
another summer in Washington
Pre s ident F illmore how
ever ea rne stly desired Webs ter to re main in offi ce an d in
timated that he need visit W ashington only when his health
1 °7
might permit
B ut the end was much closer than any
E arly in O ctober M r Webster was con
o n e had dreamed
1 08
fin e d to his be d and on the 2 4th O f the month he died
Hi s illne s s and death naturally delayed any settlement o f
the fi sherie s question and it was not until Dece mber 4
that the new Secretary o f State M r E dward E ver
1 852
ett wrote to M r I ngersoll the American charge d aff aires
at London with rega rd to both the fisheries and to commer
M r E verett expre s sed the sati s facti on O f
c ial reciprocity
the government O f the United State s at the paci fi c attitude
adopted by the B ritis h Govern ment and re marked as fol
“
lows : Some p rogress was made by M r Webs ter be fore
his death i n pre p arati on to negoti ate w ith M r C r am p ton
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1 “ I bid
pp 680 —70 5
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B EG I N N I N GS
]
2 33
OF
T H E R E C IP RO C IT Y MOV E M E N T
53
on the fisheries and on the subj ect wh ich the colonies and
Great B ritai n are desi rous o f connecting with it— I mean
commercial reciprocity be tween the United State s and the
B ritish p rovinces The Pre s ident i s still desi rou s that thi s
negotiation s hould proceed and it will be taken up as soon
as possible
He is however o f Opinion as the two sub
j e cts have no natural or necessa r y conne x ion that it will
n ot be advi s able to endeavor to include them bo th in on e
”
treaty
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32 d
Con g
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p ia l s e ss S
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E x Doc
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pp
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9
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CHAPT ER I I I
TH E
CO N C L U S I O N
TH E R E C I P ROC I TY TREA TY
OF
Dur i ng the last two months o f the F illmore administra
tion nothing was d one relative to eff ecting a settl e ment o f
either the fi s heries o r the reciprocity question O n March
8 1 8 5 3 W illiam L Marcy entered upon the duties of Sec
1
r e tar y o f State in the cabinet o f President P i erce
and im
mediately began an earne st consideration o f these two ques
tions which were each day becoming more im p ortant The
new administration was determined to p rotect as fa r as pos
sible the rights of Ameri can fisherm e n and in the early
part O f July 1 8 5 3 James C Dobbin Secretary o f the Navy
is s ued orders to concentrate a smal l naval force at Ports
mouth New Hampshire The purpo s e o f such a con cen
protection to such o f our citizens as
t r ation was to a ff ord
”
a re there engaged in the fisherie s and Commodore W B
2
Shubrick was placed in command
The following in structions to Shubrick dated July 1 4
1 8 5 3 were significant
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R epo s i n g confidence in your j udgment pruden ce an d patrioti s m
the N avy De pa rtm ent s end s you on a mi ssio n i n volvin g the d i s
charge o i delicate and re spon si ble duti e s he ar in g at o n c e on the pr o
tection o f right s an d th e pre se rvation o f peace
I n formation has
r e ach e d the Government of the Un ited State s that her B ritan ni c
Maj e sty s Go vernment has s tati on e d 0 3 N e w B r un s wi ck N ov a
Scotia in the Gul f o f St Lawr ence an d at oth er p oints al on g the
coa s t o f B riti s h American po sse s s io n s a con s id er ab l e for ce o f war
s teamer s and s ailing ve s s el s
un der the com mand o f Si r Ge o rge
Seymour full y a rm ed an d m an ned ; th at thi s array o f n aval strength
i s allege d to be de s ti n ed fo r s e rv ice in p r ot e cting the right s o f B rit
ish s ubj ect s and pr ev entin g t he app r ehended e n cr oachments o f
“
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American citizen s upon the fi s hing ground s r e se rv ed to Gr eat
B ritain by the convention o f 1 8 1 8 as interpreted by her Maj e s ty s
Governme n t ; that a large cla s s o f e n t er pri s ing an d wo rthy citiz en s
in the N ew E nglan d State s have become apprehen s ive that there is
l
s3d Con g I st s e s s H E x Doc N o 2 1 pp 2 —3
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C AN A D I A N RE C IP RO CI TY T RE A TY
56
OF
[
8 54
1
2 36
diaries i s pre s ented here for the first ti me Because o f
evi dent value the record will be given in full
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Be rkeley Spring s V a Aug 1 1 853
T hi s day I re sumed n egotiati on s with Mr Cr am pton the B riti sh
M ini ster on a T reaty co nc e rn i n g the Fi s herie s o n the Coas t s o f the
B riti sh N A pr ovin ce s an d a re cip rocal free T rad e betwe en the U
S and he r B M N A P rovince s W e had be fo re us sketche s o f a
conv en tion emb racing the s e s ubj e ct s T he con fe r e n ce was o pen e d
by r e ad ing o v er an d compa ri n g the two sketche s ; on e prepar ed by
Mr Ev e r e tt an d M r F illmore and the o th er by the B Gov t I n
the B r it i s h pr ofe t there was thi s clau s e in t he fi r s t a rti cle : pr ovid e d
tha t in occupyi n g an d us i n g the s hore etc Am F i shermen s ho uld
”
not i nter fere with t he ope r a ti on s o f B rit Fi sh e rmen which was
obj e cted to as too indefinite and difficult i e s mi ght a ri s e in“ the con
s t ructi on o f it
I propo s e to s ub stitute the follow in g : Or with
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B r i tis h F is he r me n i n the f r e e an d pe aceabl e us e of any por t of said
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coas ts i n the ir occupan cy f or the s ame pu r posle
After s om e d i scu s s ion on th e s ubj e ct the alte ration seemed to meet
with the a ss ent o f M r Cr am pton
The se cond article gi ve s to B riti s h i s he r m en the sam e right to
fi h, e tc , on the coa st s O f the U S with li be rty to com e , e tc , on our
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fior
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T he third articl e relate s to reciproc al free tr ade b et wee n the U
S an d the B N A P rovince s in the n atur al p r od uction s of ea ch
T her e is i n it an enumeration o f the products e tc to which thi s
arti cl e applie s T he great d imculty in n egoti ating the T re aty has
be en to agr e e upo n the li s t o f product s
Mr Cr ampto n urg es the in s e rtion on the li s t of the foll owi n g
a rti cle s vi z : Coal M e tals S kin s pe lts an d tails to wh ich I have
obj ected
Coal I n som e r e s p e c ts the admi ss io n o f N Scotia coal int o the
U S free o f duty wou l d be advan tageou s I t is bitumi no us— much
m or e so tha n any yet di scovered in th e U S an d is there fo re p r e
fer red by the manu facturers o f g as to an y ki n d o f coal fou n d in
Larg e inter e st daily and rapidly in cr ea s
an y pa rt o f th e U S A
ing would be be nefited by retain ing thi s article on the s chedul e On
the othe r hand it i s apprehended that th e states on the Atlan ti c in
whi ch co al abound s an d e s pe cially bitum inou s coal will be opp os ed
to rem ovin g th e duty upo n the coal impor te d from N ova Scotia
I t is believ e d that P enn sylvan ia (the greate s t coa l state in the
U nion ) wi ll n o t be mu ch oppo sed to thi s feature in the tr ea ty for
two r ea so n s : F ir st it has not much bitumi n ou s coal the only ki n d
which come s in com pe tition with that of N ova Scotia i n ou r market
The free introducti on o f coal i n to the B N
o n the Atlantic border
A P rovin ce s particularly Can ada would create a goo d d e man d for
the an th ra ci te coal o f that s tate The demand for that kind o f coal
in Can ada n o w con s iderable i s r apidly i ncrea sing and will s oon be
very gr eat ; the prin cipal s ource o f s upply i s in P enn sylvania I n
balancing the amount of advan tage and di sadvan tage I have no
doubt that so far as P e nn sylvan ia i s conce rn ed the fo rm e r would
greatly preponderate over the latter but with M ar ylan d an d V ir
ginia I fear an o ppo s it e r esult an d fro m the se stat e s the re woul d
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2
C O N CL U S I O N
37]
T H E RE C IP RO C IT Y T REA T Y
OF
57
probably be strenuou s obj ection s to th e admi s s ion o f N 8 coal duty
free I have been told th e Cumberland coal i s pre ferable f or the
u s e o f s team ve s s el s an d mu ch o f it i s now u s ed by the B (riti s h )
s teamer s
B e fore the treaty is clo s ed it will be proper to g et more
accurate in formation as to thi s fact
Augu s t 2 d I met Mr C a g ain an d w e s pent about two hour s in
general di s cu ssion s o n the variou s provi s ion s o f the T re aty par
ticular ly o n the li s t o f article s to be in s erted o n the free li s t
We
agreed to in s e r t s everal new one s in it L a r d
Ri ce etc To the s e
(except Su g ar un r e fi n e d ) M r C did n o t make an y o bj ection but
1 do n o t be l ieve he wi ll admit an y of the m until he learn s the view s
o f the home government
I lea r ned from him in thi s interview that he had written to Ld
Cl ar endon fo r in s truction s on the propo s ition s whi ch I had pre
v ious ly s ubmitted to him viz : to exempt the coas t s o f F lorida from
the privilege o f B subj ect s to fi sh o n ou r Co as t s an d to extend the
prov is ion s o f the T reaty to the P acific Coa st I t is evident that Mr
C do e s not s e e any s eriou s obj e ction s but will not as s ent to the s e
propo s iti on s un ti l he is in s tr ucted to do so H e i s d aily expecting
a reply to his communi cati o n to th e hom e governm ent
I n thi s inte rv iew Mr C read to m e (in confidence ) hi s in s truction s
fro m Ld John R u s s ell I t doe s not appe ar from them that an y
po i n t we obj ect to i s made a s in e qua n on but he i s di rected to in
s i s t upon retaining coal on the li s t an d to gettin g th e bounty to our
F i sh ermen removed and the regi s try o f B built ve ss el s when they
becom e th e pro perty o f Am erican Citizen s
T he s e are in t ruth the only ob stacle s to the immediate conclu s ion
o f th e T reaty— th e Coal
Regi s try and B oun ty On thi s day he
hand e d to m e a long pri nted pape r being a communication from the
B oard o f T rade com me n ting much at large on the p r ovi s ion s o f the
p ro j et o f thi s treaty an d pre s en ting other matter s in re g ard to com
me rce be twe en th es e two coun trie s w ith a view to have s ome o f
th em intr odu ce d int o thi s treaty
T hi s comm uni catio n went fully into o ur commercial relation s
wi th G B A fter o u r inte rv i e w I read i t carefully and pre pared
my s el f to remark o n it at ou r next m eeting
W edne s day 3d Augu s t I met Mr C at 1 ! o clock at o u r room
whe re we re sum ed ou r confer ence s I o bj ected to em bracing the
n e w matt er s contained i n the pr in te d i n s truction s into thi s n e go ti a
tion and Mr C seem ed to be w illing to pa s s t hem by W e then d i s
cu s s ed the article s on the li s t and add e d s everal to them— to wit
To the s e Mr C di d not
L a r d Rice S ton e U n wr oug ht M ar ble etc
m ake any obj ection but as he had no spe ci fi c in s truction s i n re g ard
to them he did n ot explicitly agree to their i n s ertion : but to s u g a r
u n r efi n e d h e s trenu ou s ly obj e cted o n two ground s : I s t s u g ar was an
ar ticle o n which the colonie s levied an im po st duty and if admitt e d
free from the U S they would be obliged to give up that duty
T hi s would be a change in thi s financial sy st em to which they could
n o t co n s ent
2 d it would be imp os s ible to di s tingui s h between s ugar
o f Ameri can growth an d that whi ch was imported into the U S and
ta ken the nce to the P rovince s an d entere d as a product o f the U
State s T he di s cu ssion o f the s e matte rs con s umed ou r interview
on the 3d o f Au gu s t The meetin g arrange d for the 4th o f Au g s t
was de fe r red unti l the next day M r I D An d rew s having ar rived
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CA N A DI A N RE C IP RO C I T Y T RE A T Y
58
OF
1
[2 38
85 4
on the eveni n g o f the 3d I spent m ost o f the 4th with him and in
e x amnu n g
do cument s and stati stics which he with Great labor
p repared 5
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I n the early part o f August 1 8 5 3 Marcy returned to
Wa shington an d at once w rote to E dward E verett who
under the F illmore administration had immediately preceded
him a s S e cretary o f State and requested his advice with
rega rd to the pending reciprocity negotiations with Great
B ritain Marcy was particularly intere s ted in the attitude
o f Great B ritain relative to the admission o f B ritish b uilt
s hips to American regi s try and the payment by the govern
ment o f the United States o f bountie s to American fi sher
men I n hi s answering letter E verett not only di scu s se s
tho s e t wo important que stions but also the exten s ion by
Great B ritain to American citizen s o f the libe rty to take
fi sh along the coasts o f B riti s h Northwe st Ameri ca and
the pos s ible danger s o f including coal i n the free list o f the
treaty Under date o f Augu s t 1 sth he wrote :
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hink o n gene r al principle s it would be highly expedi ent to pro
vide for fi shi n g r ecipro city o n the P aci fi c ; but how it w ould be ar
on i mme d ia te i n te r es ts
I h av e n o kn owledge We sh all fill up so
much fa ste r than the y will in B riti sh P acifi c America that the ad
v an tage can hardly fai l to be on our s ide W e s h all s en d te n fi she r
men to their water s for on e th ey will se n d to o urs
F lorida i s w ar mly oppose d to h avin g the r ecip roci exten d to her
coa s t s and I p re s um e it i s quit e d e s i rable to exem pt em if po ss ible
I t can not be o f any g reat importan ce to the B r iti sh i f you let Cramp
ton u n der stand — what I am told i s the cas e— th at the oppo s i tion
grow s o ut o f j ealou s ie s con n ected with Slave ry an d n o t from an y
wi sh to contract thei r e n j oyme n t o f recipro cal fi s hi n g privilege s
he will n ot I think obj ect to the exempti on
N o w with r e spe ct to the point s o n which you ar e at i ss ue
I do
not th ink yo u can g iv e way on the s ubj ect o f Regi st ry I was at
fir s t di s po s ed to ri sk it an d got s ome opini o n s from pra ctica l m en
at the la s t in favor o f it ; but on fu rther inqui ry I was sati s fied
that the Shipping int ere st woul d n ot s tan d it I mean the ship build
ing intere st I believ e they unde rrat e their capacity to compe te with
the P rovinc e s but th ese ar e thi n g s that can not be force d I wrote
a private letter to Lo rd Abe rd ee n tel l ing him that it was at pre s ent
o ut of t he que s ti on to admit thei r ve s s el s t o regi s try
Wi th re gard to the B oun ty I am un de r the impre ssio n th at it is
of very l ittle con sequ ence O ur deputy colle ctor h ere l as t autumn
(who under s tood the subj e ct thoroughly ) told me that it did n ot
pay fo r the trouble o f havi ng the pape r s m ade out and in m an y
ca s e s was not claimed by the partie s entitled to it
Mar cy M S D iary pp 1 1 2
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2 39
C O N CL U S I O N
TH E RE C IP RO C IT Y T REA T Y
OF
59
With rega rd to Co al I think our P enn a an d V irgin i a f r ie n d s
s tand in thei r o wn light in r ef us ing to admit it int o the f r ee li s t
Certainly the P enn sylvanian s do fo r the P rovin c e coa l i s a diff e r en t
a ff ai r from the P enna an th r a cit e an d u se d f or di ff e r en t p urp os e s
We s h all very s oo n s e nd mor e c oal i n to upp e r Can ad a tha n we im
port from N ova Scoti a
M impre ssi o n i s at pre s en t that you may wi th out d an ge r gi ve
u p e bo untie s though I re s e rv e the r ight o f changi n g thi s opi n ion
T he s ubj ect was not di s cu ss ed be t ween Crampto n an d me T h at i f
you cannot help it yo u may give way on coal though thi s will co s t
vote s from P enna an d V irginia wh en the con ve n ti on and the law to
execute i t are be fore Congre s s ; an d that you can n o t admit th e ir
s hi p s to r e g i s try
Cram pton w ill t ell you i f you do n o t that they
will be obliged to t ak e from u s the regi st r y w e now enj oy with
the m ; but I doubt i f the y would and I d o n ot think o u r s hi pbuilder s
would ca re much i f t hey did B ut f e w o f o ur ve ss el s thu s fa r have
been s old in E ngland 6
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Marcy was evidently imp ress ed by the coun s el o f E verett
1 8 5 3 he addressed a note to M r Cramp
s o on September I
ton and enclosed a p r oj e t o f a treaty which d ealt only with
reciprocal fi shing rights commercial reciprocity and the
navigation by American citizens o f the St Lawrence river
and the Canadi an canal s There was no mention o f either
the que s tion o f regi stry or o f bountie s I n article on e o f
the B r iti s h p r oj e t which ha d been di s cussed in the Augu st
c o n ference s at B erkeley Sp ring s there was a clau s e that
rea d : Provided that in occupying and using the shore the
American fi s hermen should not interfere with the opera
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tion s o f B ri t i sh fi s hermen
I n article one o f the p r oj e t
I 8 5 3 thi s clau s e was
s ubmitted by Marcy on September I
amended s o a s to read : Provided that i n so doing they do
o r with
n o t interfere wi t h the right s o f private property
B riti s h fi shermen in the peaceable u s e o f any part O f said
”
coast in thei r occupancy
I n all previous p r oj e ts the is
land O i New foundland had been omitt ed with reference to
the l i berty of American citizen s t o catch and cure fi s h I n
a rti cle one o f the p r oj e t O f Septembe r I 1 8 5 3 New found
land was e x pressly included in the enumerati on of the B rit
i s h provinces along the coa st s o f which American s were to
enj oy fi shing libe rties
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E verett
to
Marcy Aug
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5,
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85 3
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Mar cy P a pe r s M S vol xli
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C A N A DI A N RE C IP RO C IT Y T R EA T Y
60
OF
I
[
85 4
2 40
A rticle two o f the p r oj e t of September I st is merely an
e x p res s ion o f both Marcy s and E verett s views as to the
e x pediency o f e x empting the coast s o f F lo ri da from any
recip rocal fishing privilege s provi ded for under the treaty
“
According to thi s article
B ritish subj ect s s hall have in
common with the ci t izen s O f the U S the liberty to take
fi s h o f every kind except shellfi s h on the coa s t and shore s
nd
o f the U S
s
a
e
x
cept
the
coa
t
of
the
State
O
f
F
lo
rida
s
(
the adj acent i sland s )
and in the bays harbo r s and
creek s o f the U S and o f the sai d i sland s without being
restrict ed to any distance f rom the s hore ; with permi s s ion
to land upon the coa st s o f the U S and of the island s a fore
sai d (except the coast O f F lorida and the adj acent isl an d s )
”7
for the purpo s e O f d r ying thei r net s and curing their fish
A rticle three i s al s o an embodiment of one of M arcy s
i dea s that was app roved by E verett Accordi ng to it the
ci t izens and s ubj ect s O f the high contracting partie s shall
enj oy the liberty o f taking and curing fi sh along the coa st s
o f the Pacific O cean and in th e bay s harbors and creeks
o f the said posse s s ion s ; and on the coa s ts and shores O f the
adj acent i sland s belonging to either party without being
”
re stri cted to any di stance f rom the shores
W ith r e ard to the free list the p r oj e t o f Septembe r I st
contained many new and important feature s F ir s t o f all
m anufacture s o f every kind and books were e x cluded
Then in deference to Southern intere s ts ri ce tar pitch and
tu rpentine were added F urs were included a s a conce s sion
to the province s f o r which Marcy believed some equivalent
should be O ff ered B ut ne x t to manufacture s the mo st i m
portant omi s s ion from the f ree l i s t was coal Marcy was
fearful that i f it were admitted duty free not only Pe n n syl
vania but also V i rginia and Maryland would s t i r up so
much Oppo s ition t hat the treaty woul d never p ass the Sen
ate A s an inducement to the B ritish province s to agree to
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8 73, pt
2,
pp
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C O NCL U S I O N
]
RE C IP RO C IT Y T REA T Y
TH E
OF
61
thi s omi s sion Marcy failed to include in the free list either
8
lea f tobacco or un refined s ugar
President Pierce appeared to take s p eci al interest in p ush
ing the s e recip rocity negotiation s to a s uccess ful conclusion
s o in the early pa rt of September
I 8 5 3 I s rael D Andrew s
was appointed s pecial agent for the United States Govern
“
ment to visit the North American colonies f or the p ur
pose O f obtaining
all the in fo rmation in your power
relating to T ra de an d Commerce and the p resent state o f
political feeling in the colonies and the exact state O f their
9
Some
relation s with Great B ritain and thi s country
years previous ly Andrews had been employed by the Trea s
ury Department to make a repo rt on the trade commerce
”
and res ources o f the B ritish North American colonies
an d in December 1 8 5 0 it was completed I t is quite volu
minou s s ome 775 pages in length and is a ve ritable store
1 0
house o f in fo rmation
Andrews therefore was the logical man to appoint as
special agent and Marcy who was well acquainted with his
capabilities knew him to be much more than a mere com
piler O f statistics According to his offi cial instructions
“
dated September 1 2 1 8 5 3 his dutie s were important an d
“
”
delicate and requi red the e x erc i s e O f discretion vigi
”
lance and constant application
The in s tructions read :
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You are aware that a proj ect of a T reaty has been quite recently
prepared by me an d s ubmitted to the B riti s h Gove r nment with a
brie f de s patch which i s a s you know the fi r s t o ff er ever made in
thi s form o n thi s que s tion and whe ther accepted o r not will un
doubtedly form the ba s i s o f a pe rmanent T reaty
Y our po s ition as an offi cer o f thi s Gove r nment re s idi n g for s ev
e ral year s in the Colonie s and your acquaintance with the principal
Colonial O ffi cer s and
with Colonial T rade
will it is bel ieved
aid you in carryin g out the view s o f the D epa rtment and enable
you to repo r t on tho se matter s in which the Governm e nt fee ls a
lively intere s t
T he Government i s aware that the Colonie s ar e n ot agree d nor
united o n the que s tion o f R eciproca l T rade an d the Fi sherie s and
3 I bid
p 2 96
9 Marcy to I
D Andrew s Sept 1 2 1 85 3 P ierce P ap ers M S vol
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[2 42
854
that a treaty w hich would be s ati s f actory to Ca n ada might not be
acceptable to the lower Colonie s particularly N ew B run swick and
N ova Scotia
T he Gove r nment is not unmind ful o f the nece s s ity of hav in g thi s
T reaty acceptab le as fa r as po s s ible to all the Colonie s bein g de
s i r o u s that thi s the fir st treaty made wi th Great B ritain with e ntire
re fe re n ce to the Colonie s should h av e the e ff ect o f s ettling the vari
ou s confl icting que s tion s n o w at i s su e betw e en the Colonie s and thi s
count ry and not o nly increa s ing the commercial intercour s e mutually
advantageou s but to s timulate and extend an increa s e d regard and
intere s t f or thi s country an d i ts in stitution s
Althou gh the feeling s and s ympathie s o f a people s ometime s fol
lo w in the s am e ch annel a s its t r ade an d commerce and while it
wo u l d be grati fying to se e s u ch a re s ult in t hi s i n stanc e you are fully
aware o f the circum s tan ce s atte n di n g the early s ettlement o f the
c o lonie s thei r pa s t relati on s with Great B ritai n and the exertion s
o f the power to in fluence the pub l ic feeling there with the v ie w o f
having alway s a perm anent co n t rol o ver the local concern s an d po
litical O pi nion s o f the col on ie s
Y o u w i l l there fore in a proper manner con fer with the mo s t in
flu en tial m en in the colo n ie s to exp r e s s the intere st thi s Go vernment
has in their advan cem en t an d its wi s h to tighten the bond s which
unite the two co untri e s 1 1
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Although the B ritish Govern ment now had a copy o f
M arcy s p r oj e t O f a treaty yet they s eemed in no hurry to
conclude a treaty R elations with R u s s ia were growing
more strained every day and the impending war appe ared
1 2
to ab s orb most of the atten t ion o f the B riti s h Government
A nother important rea s on why the conclu s ion O f a treaty of
reciprocity was delayed was on account Of the habitudes of
t he B riti s h mini ster John C Crampton Crampton though
”
personally a ff able was constitutionally indolent on e who
preferred his own ea se to be stirring himsel f actively even on
matter s o f moment to his coun try Lord R edesdale who
knew him well gives the following characterization :
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T he truth is that h e was a B ohem ian o f the B ohemi an s a man
to whom the donn in g o f a fine coat and a star was little sho rt of
t ort ure I kne w hi m wel l fo r he was a contemporary o f my
father s in the s ervice an d there were few days when he was o n
leave in London— o n which he di d n ot kno ck at o ur d oo r H e had
all the gi ft s o f the I ri sh ra con teu r an d hi s s torie s were e n han ced
by th e charm o f a mu si cal s pe aki n g voice —a great han d some leo
nine figure with his s ilver h ai r and be ard who s e adve n t we always
hailed with j oy
W ith us an d ve ry f ew oth er fri end s he would
1
Mar cy to I D An drew s Sept I 2 1 8 5 3 P i erce P aper s M 5
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B E Schmitt Di plomatic P r elim inarie s o f the Crimean War
the American H i s torical R eview O ct 1 9 1 9 pp 36 67
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C A N A DI A N RE C IP RO C IT Y T R EA T Y
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[2 44
85 4
instruction s are vigorou s and to t he point and owing to their
Obvious importance they are quoted in full :
,
neg otiation s for the F i s herie s and reciprocity o f trade wi th
the B riti sh N orth American Co lonie s has been s u spe n ded for more
than five mo n th s in con s equence o f the delay o n the part o f the
B riti sh Government to act upo n the proj et o f a treaty which I sub
mi tte d to Mr Crampton early in September la s t I t was s uppo s ed
u n til lately that th i s delay was owing to th e time required by Great
B r itain to a scertain the v iew s o f the s everal province s o n th e sub
j e ct but I n o w have rea son to believe that the H ome Government
has but very recent ly taken any s tep s to become acquainted with
t he se view s an d that it has finall y without much re ference to the
wi she s o f the province s declined o ur ove r tu r e s un le s s we will yield
almo st every point o f di fference which aro s e in the pro g re ss o f the
ne gotiation W i thin a few day s pa s t Mr Crampton r ead to me part
O f a de s patch from Lord Clarendon f rom which I in fer that there
i s no de sire o n t he part o f the H om e G overnm e nt to conclude the
propo s ed T reaty T he de spatch s tated that the P rovince s were n o w
pro sperou s and much le s s solicitou s than they “had been
for
r e cipr o
”
“
”
cal free trade with the U S I t in s i st ed that coal and metal s
s hall be in s erted in t he li st o f free article s
T he propo s it ion s to
g rant to our citiz e n s the free u se o f the R ive r St J ohn — to except
the coa s t o f Florida fro m the u se o f B riti sh Fi she r m en and to ope n
the B riti s h coa s t o f the P acific to o u r F i s hermen in common with
tho s e o f Great B ritain are all pe rem ptorily o verruled and with no
r ea s on a s signed t he refor except a s to the lat ter and the rea s on as
s ign ed f o r overrulin g that propo s it ion i s that the r i g ht to fi sh about
V ancouver s I s land had been grant ed to the H ud s on s B ay Compan y
N o t much was s ai d in the d e s patch in r elation to the s urrender o f
the B ounty upon the co d fi she ry but the admi s s io n o f Colonial built
ve ss el s to free r eg i st ration in the U S wh en they become the prop
e r ty o f o u r citizen s wa s much in s i sted o n
T he lan gua g e o f the de s patch conveyed clearly to my min d the im
pre s s ion that the re gi s tration o f Colonial built ve s s el s was regarded
as a s in e q u a n on
I f thi s be s o then the negoti at ion mu s t fail fo r
that po int cann ot be yield ed
Lord E l g in the Governor Genera l o f Canada i s I believe yet in
E n g land an d Mr H inck s the I n spector General fo r that P rovince
has recent ly s ai led f o r En gland and expect s to be ab sent about three
month s M r H inck s has hereto fore bee n much con sulted o n the
s ubj e ct o f the T r e aty and great con s ide ration has been g iv en to his
opinion I under s tand that he i s s till h ope ful o f the s ucce s s o f the
ne goti ation H e probably under s tan d s as well as any other indi
vidual the v ie w s and w i sh e s o f the s everal P rovince s ; and it i s
barely po s s ible that he may exert a favorable influence upo n the
H ome Government in thi s mat ter But as there i s however a prob
ability that no T reaty will be conclude d it is proper to con s ider what
in thi s event will be the con d ition o f thin g s on the fi shing g round s
in the approaching s ea s on T he citize n s o f the U S ha vin g enj oyed
the undi sturbed an d unque stioned right to fi sh in the lar g e and open
bay s alo ng the coa st o f the B riti s h N o rt h American P rovince s for
nearly a quarter o f a century after the conclu s ion o f the convention
O f 1 8 1 8 thi s Governme nt wi ll not yield to the more recent con strue
The
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C O N CL U S I O N
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TH E R E C IP RO C IT Y T REA T Y
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65
tion o f it whereby they are excluded from t he s e bay s it will main
tain the contemporaneou s practical con stru ction g iven to that com
pact by both partie s N o t un til wi thin t e n o r twelve year s was any
que stion rai s ed as to t he ri g hts of our fi s he rmen to re s ort to and
ta ke fi s h i n the s e bay s Shou l d Great B ritain pe r s i s t in he r rece nt
con s truction o f that Conventio n an d attempt to prevent o u r fi she r
men f rom taking fi s h i n the O pen bay s a collis ion can hardly be
prevented T he United State s will clai m for thei r fi she rmen thi s
right an d feel boun d to maintain it at any hazard
The Co nv ention o f 1 8 1 8 exclude s the citizen s o f the U S from
th e i n s ho re fi s herie s
tha t i s fr om tak in g fi s h from within a
marine league of the B r iti s h shore s ; but it cannot be expe cted that
they wi ll in all in stance s re spe ct t hi s bou n dary T hi s bu s in e s s o f
fi shing ha s v ery much chan g ed o f late year s When the Conventi o n
o f 1 8 1 8 was entered into the taking o f cod was t he all import an t
branch o f the fi sherie s ; but now it i s s upe r seded in point of im por
tance by the macke rel and herri ng fi s hery More ve s sel s are fitted
out in the U S fo r tak in g mack ere l and herrin g s which ar e m o stly
caught i n sho r e th an for cod fi shing O ur fi s hermen when they
fall in with s hoal s o f them will n ot r es i s t the temptation o f follow
in g them within the s ho re limit fixed by the Conventi on o f 1 8 1 8
T hough the r i g ht o f Great B ritain to keep the m beyond the l imit
can not be que stioned force alone can e ff e ct the o bj e ct O wing to
the g r eat e xt en t o f c oa s t quite a number o f arm ed ve s s el s w ill be
r equire d for thi s se rvi ce
D i s pute s will con stan t ly ari s e as to the true line o f excl us ion
E mbarra s si ng que stio n s o f thi s kin d have already ar i sen and pro
Such
d uce d unplea s an t di s cu s s ion s between the two Government s
ca se s wi ll prove a con s tant s ource o f irritation an d controver sy an d
may di s turb their peaceful r elat ion s
For the la st two year s great pain s have been take n to inculcate a
s pirit o f forbe a r ance o n both si de s
O n the part o f o ur fi s hermen
a di spo s ition was manife s ted la s t year t o g o on their fi shing trip s
prepared to m aintain th ei r rights as they under s tood them by force
o f arm s ; but by the interpo s ition o f the Governmen t accomp anied
with the a s surance that ne g otiation s were on foot by whi ch their
right s would probably be ext ended and that any co lli sio n would be
s ure to de feat that obj ect the y were prevent ed from car ryin g o u t
their de s i g n Wh en s uch an inducement can n o lon g er be pre s ente d
to them the re will be re a son to apprehend a le ss cautiou s an d pru
dent cour s e o n their part T hey will b ring the que s ti on o f their
ri g ht to fi sh in the ope n bay s to a dire ct i s sue
A s s oon as it i s a s certained that the diffi cultie s in rel ation to the
fi sherie s cannot be arranged by negotiation thi s Government will
prepare to s u s tain our fi shermen in the a s se rtio n o f all their ri ght s
on the coa st s o f the B riti sh P rovince s ; an d th es e right s are regarde d
here to be mo re exten s ive th an tho s e conceded to them by Great
B ri t or the P rovince s
T he P re s ide nt ex pects that you wi ll avail your se l f O f any p r ope r
occa s ion that may O ffer t o impre ss upon H er B ritannic Maj e s ty s
Mini s ter s the impo rtance o f having all di sputed que s tion s as to the
F i s he r ie s adj u sted as well as other matter s I f the negotiation s
fo r a treaty s hould fail the B riti sh Gove rnment should con s ent to
abandon he r preten sion to ex clude ou r fi shermen from the ope n bay s
along the coa st of he r N o rth Americ an P rovince s
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RE C IP RO C I T Y T R EA T Y
cA N A DI A N
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[2 46
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T he U
in ca se o f a failure to m ake a permanent arran g ement
o n th i s s ub j ect would find n o d i ffi cul ty in ente ri n g into a t emporary
i n s ub stance s uch a s yo u s ugg e s ted to Lord Clarendon
on e
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The na t ure O f the s e instruction s clearly ind i cate s how se r
io u sly Marcy regarded the s ituation and a privat e letter t o
B uchanan On the following day M arch 1 2 1 8 54 i s o f the
“
”
s ame tenor
The fi s hery negotiation
Ob s erve s M arcy
“
look s dubiou s I f the negotiation f all s through and E ngland
in s i st s on e x clu d ing us from the Open Bay s there will be
”1 "
trouble
B uchanan however was not s o fearful o f any conflict be
tween the Un i ted States and E ngland I n a let t er to Marcy
Ma rch 3 1 1 8 5 4 he d i s mi s se s s uch a con t ingency as quite u n
“
”
likely
They cannot a fford he confide s t o go to war
wi t h u s I n the presen t condi t ion o f E ngland which I have
”
not time to e x pla i n i t would be ruinou s t o them
Then
with reference to Crampton : W ithout any but the mo s t kind
and even fr i endly feeling toward s M r Crampton I can not
think he i s the proper man to represent hi s country in t he
United State s He i s compa rati vely unknown at home and
his family are without influence in thi s ari s t ocra t ic country
The American paper s have stated that he i s about to leave
and s hould thi s p rove t o be true I S hall e n
o u r country
d e av or to have the right kind o f a mini ster appointed in hi s
place I am convinced t hat from motive s o f intere st i f no t
from higher motive s the B ri t i s h Government and people are
earne s tly de s irou s to be On good t erms with the United
State s and Lord Clarendon ha s de s ired another po stpone
ment of ou r con ference s until ne x t wee k on account o f hi s
dutie s in Parliament thi s week on the war que stion s I shall
” 8
t hen give him another plain talk about t he F isherie s
I n t he meantime M r I s rael D Andrew s who had been
commi s s ioned a s s pecial agent O f the United S t a t e s in Sep
tember 1 8 5 3 for t he purpo s e O f influencing the Canadian
Mari t ime Province s in favor o f a treaty wa s no t having the
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Marcy P aper s M S v ol xlviii
I bid P rivate lette r book 1 85 3
3
Marcy P aper s M S v o l xlix
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C O N CL U S I O N
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2 47
RE C I P RO C I T Y T R EA T Y
TH E
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67
“9
greate st s ucces s at t end his e ff ort s
O n April 3 1 8 5 4 in a
de s patch to Marcy he s ugge sted that s ome few t hou s and s o f
dollar s be placed to hi s accoun t in order that he might s ilence
Oppo s ition and promote a more favorable attitude towards
t he propo s ed reciprocity treaty Marcy however was n ot
enthu s iastic as to the employment o f s uch mean s and in hi s
in s truc t ion s dated Ap ril 1 0 1 8 5 4 he ou t lined hi s Obj ection s
as follow s :
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I have j u s t re ceived you r confiden t ial de spatch o f the 3d in s tant
written at St John s N B Th e pro spect therein pre s ent ed o f a
s ucce s s ful clo s e to the F i s he ry ne go tiation i s g loomy indeed
and I
a m n o t ho pe ful o f improvin g it in the way yo u propo s e
I have
alway s been di stru stful o f attemp t s to chan g e the public opinion o f
an y community by s uch mean s a s yo u refe r to
I n o rde r to have a
letter reach you at t he time yo u s u gge s t I mu st s end it o ff be fore I
can con s ult wi th the P re s ident Should i t be deemed proper to u s e
the mean s you intima te it cannot be d one at thi s time T he con
tin gent fund i s now reduced to about
hardly s u fficient to
meet the ordinary and inevit ab le dr aft s upon it for the current year
whi ch will end on the la st d ay O f next J une I n an ticipation o f a
deficiency I have a sked an additi on to it O f
in the D eficien cy
B ill but that has n ot pa ss ed an d there ar e s e riou s appreh e n s ion s
that it will n ot pas s Congr e s s
9 It
was in the province o f N ova Sc ot ia tha t Andrew s had to
face his mo s t d ifli cult problem T he le ader s in that province we re
foreve r fearful that the B riti s h Government was likely to gi ve
g en erou s conce s sion s to American fi she rmen wi thout exactin g com
m e n s urate commercial privile g e s T hroughout the ye ar 1 8 5 2 they
continu ed their activitie s and in Se pt e mbe r 1 85 2 the ci ti zen s o f
H
alifax
adopted
re
from
be
g
innin
g
to e n d
s olut ion s which
showed
“
a s pi rit o f deep ho stility to the U S and a determination to be
s ati sfied with n o term s o f accommo dation which would be ent er
”
fain ed by o u r g overnment
The lan gu age o f t he 9 th re s olution is
“
typical : R e s olved that while more than on e hal f o f the s eacoa s t
o f th e republi c [i e the U S ] bo und s s lave s tate s who s e labor in g
popu la tion cannot be t ru sted upo n the s e a the coa s t s o f B r iti s h
America inc lude a fronta g e upon the ocean greater than the whol e
Atlantic s eaboard o f the U n ited State s The riche s t fi s herie s in the
world s u r round the s e coa s ts Coal which the American s mu s t bring
with them s hould they provoke ho s tili tie s abo und s at the mo s t
convenient point s T wo million s o f adventurou s and indu s tri ou s
people already inhabit the s e province s and the c iti zen s o f H ali fax
would indeed deplo re the deliberate sacrifice o f their intere st s by
any weak con ce s sion s to a po we r which ever secon d s the e fforts o f
a s tut e dipl omacy by appeal s t o th e an g ry pa s si on s th e full force
o f which has be en twice on B riti s h America within the memory o f
thi s generation and in a j u s t ”cau s e with th e ai d o f the mother
country could be br oken again (32 d Con g 2 d s e s s H Ex Doc
N o 2 3 pp 45 0
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C A N A DI A N RE C I P RO C IT Y T RE A T Y
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[2 4 8
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1
I s hall lay your communication be fore the P re s ident f or his view s
upon the s ubj ect and as s oon a s a scert ai ned wi ll addre ss you again
at H ali fax
I f Great B ritain i s determined not to act otherwi se than the wi s he s
and caprice o f each Colony i ndica te it i s hardly to be expected that
anything can be done I f I had known that s uch was to be her
r ule o f conduct I s hould have d is pair e d o f succe ss fro m th e be
ginnin g W e ca nnot purcha s e by conce ss ion all that ea ch Colony
may demand 2 0
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B ut President Pierce was evi dently more inter este d in
bri n ging to a s ucce s s ful conclu s ion the reciprocity n ego tia
tions than Marcy had imagined fo r on April 1 sth Marcy
sent f resh in st ructions to Andrew s in which the sugge s tion s
of the s pecial agent are specifically adopted an d a special
fund placed to his account The instructi ons are very i m
portant and are partially reproduced as follows :
,
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I have laid be fore the P re s ident your confidential let ter to m e o f
the 3 I st ultimo I n con s ideration o f the v ery great importance o f
the matter in which you are engaged h e d eem s it to be his duty to
us e all p rope r mean s at hi s di s po s al to bring it to a s ucce s s fu l co n
el us i on Y our draft s on the d epa ntrn e n t provid e d they do n o t
alto ge ther exceed
will be paid Y ou will be o f cour s e r e
quired to account in the o rdinary way o r to him confidentially fo r
the expenditure o f the s um you may thu s receive
Since you le ft thi s place I have had s everal conver s ation s with
Cram pton relative to the pe ndin g negotiation Th e conditi on o f
political a ff air s in E urope has made the Gov t o f Grea t B ritain n u
u sually an xiou s to avoid diffi culti e s with the U S W e s hould prob
ably be able to make a sati s factory a r rangem e n t wit h the home
government were it not for the e mbarra s s men t s thrown in the way
by the P rovince s T he ho me governm e nt i s ve ry much di s po s ed
to defer in thi s matter to their wi she s
H owever anxiou s it i s to
e s cape appreh e nded diffi cultie s w ith the U S it i s not le s s an xiou s
to avoi d d ifli cultie s with it s N o rt h A merican po s s e ss ion s M r
C rampt on has in formed me that he now has much more en larged
power s in re gard t o the negotiat ion than he ha d heretofore had
and I have no doubt t hat he is fully autho r ized to yield any or even
all po int s o f di fference provided he s hall be s ati s fie d that the P rov
i n ce s will appr ove or acquie sce in what he m ay do
I t is evident
a s we have all alon g fore s e en t hat the ob s tacle s t o be overcome are
pre s ented by the Colonie s I t is with the m w e are to labor in orde r
to remove the s e ob stacle s I am under the impre s s ion that hithe rto
Mr Crampton ha s n ot and d oe s not now favor a meet ing o f de le
gate s from the Colon ie s in t hi s city I am not quite s ure that he
approve s o f s uch a meeting at th e City o f N ew Y ork H e s poke o f
eff ort s to be ma de by him to in duce the pr ovince s to a cquie sce in a
pr o pe r ar r an g e m e n t but did n ot di sclo s e very di stinctly the mod e in
wh i ch i t wa s to be done
‘0
Marcy P aper s M S vol xlix
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C O NCL U S I O N
}
2 49
OF
TH E RE C IPRO C I T Y T RE A T Y
69
H e remarked to me that he had stated to his government that the
r egi s tration o f co lonial built ve s se l s was in hi s j u d gm ent the mo s t
s eriou s and p erhap s the on ly d iffi cu lty— but the m ann er i n which he
allud ed to t hat left it doubt ful whether the other po int s would be
yielded to o r by u s
I ho pe f o r much goo d from you r pre s ence and e ff ort s in the prov
Wh ateve r i s don e mu st be done promptly for the fi s her y
i n ce s
I
se a s on will s oo n come and with it the apprehended difficulti e s
re g ret the circum st ance s which have produced so much delay Lo st
tim e mu s t be made up i f po ss ible by promp tn e ss an d di ligence
I ex pe ct you will keep me well advi s ed o f your moveme n t s and
doin g s I t may be nece s s ary for m e to communicat e with you and
that I may d o so you mu st de s i gnat e the place s at which my letter s
21
t
u
will be mo s t likely o reach yo
,
,
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—
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.
A fter receiving this authorization Andrews quickly made
the mo s t of hi s o p portunitie s and in a s hort while e x pended
a la rge part o f the
place d to hi s credit By the lat
ter part of Ap ril he had e x pended
which he item
i z e d as follow s :
,
.
fol lowing s um s nece ss arily expende d
at H ali fax and
ot he r place s on t he public s e rvice and f o r which it was impr acti
cable to procure voucher s
P aid to confidential agent s for special s ervice s
P o s ta g e s tele g raph s me ss age s
F or four agent s who se s ervice s were n ece s s ary to aecom
pli sh s pe cial obj e ct s o f an im po rtant and delicate char
F
or
the
,
,
.
,
,
D in ne r pa rtie s coach hire and othe r e xtraordinary expen s e s
o f a li ke character which I was called upon a s a matter
o f cour s e to defray
P aid to per s on s in public depart ment s for s tati stical and
othe r in fo rmation e s s ential t o the fulfillment o f my in
,
,
s tr uction s
Confi d ential age nts in the coun tr y di s trict s
P ai d at variou s time s and diff erent partie s in the fi s hi n g
di st rict s
P aid for procuring v aluable and nece ss ary in forma tion
from P ublic depa r tment s
30 0
00
Some of these items are quite intere s ting and especially
dinner partie s coach hi re and other
so is the one entitled
”
extraordinary expen se s
Andrews mu st have bee n con
v i n ce d that Pre s ident Pierce wa s particularly intere s ted in
the s ucce s s o f the reciprocity treaty f or thi s was only a be
ginning and he very s oon p assed far beyond the paltry five
,
,
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,
,
31
I bid
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CA N A DI A N RE C IP RO C I T Y T RE A T Y
70
OF
1
[
854
2 50
t housand dollar s that had been p laced to his credit for extra
ordinary e x pen s e s
The ne x t e x pen s e accoun t that he rendered is both large
and long and is given here in full :
.
,
the following expenditure s made by him a s per accompany
ing voucher s
N o 1 W H N e e d ha m Fredericton I s t May 1 85 4 F o r
£2 1 0 paid to him for certain purpo se s o f a govern
m e nt and le g i s lative character
F o r ex
2 M
H P e r le y St John s May 1 3 1 8 5 4
pen s e s o f tele g raphi c me s s a g e s s ent by Mr A
F o r thi s
1 85 4
G F u lle r H ali fax April 2 2
3 E
amount expended by him (and for which he fur
n i s he d
Mr Andrew s with a r eceipt ) on s ubj ect s
a ffectin g the intere s t s o f the U State s in thi s Col
o n y which were di s bur s e d in a private manner f or
the following purpo s e s
T o the Sun and other paper s for publi shing editorial
a rtic le s
T o cont ributor s for preparing article s
To s ecret a g ent s f o r s pecial s ervice s
For po sta ge s and tele g raphic me s s ag e s
P re s ent s to variou s part ie s coach hire d inner
partie s etc
T o per s on s in public department s ex pedition money etc
T o a ctive per son s in Country di s trict s
T o i nfluent ial pe r s on s in F i s hin g Di strict s
P rocuring early in form atio n from public depa r t
m ents
Con t ribution to E lection E xpen s e s f o r Gov t Can
F
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d i d at e , et c
4 Ge or g e Cog g s we ll
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.
St Joh n s D ec 2 1 1 85 3 F o r
travelin g t o H ali fax and back 5 60 m ile s on gov
e rnme nt bu s ine s s o f private character
F o r s ervice s
J P K e ef e e Montrea l D ec 3 1 8 5 3
and expen s e s o f a j ourne y to Q uebec to s e e the
H o n M R o s s the A ttorney Gen eral o f Canada an d
Mr T aché Commi s s ione r o f P ublic W ork s to take
certain s tep s in relatio n to the F i s herie s in the Gul f
o f St Lawrence and in N ova Scoti a
F or s ervice s
Ge or g e N H i ll H alifax Apr 1 8 1 854
at N ova Scotia a bout fi s herie s
Wm M a e kay St John s May 1 0 1 8 5 4 O n account
of s ervice s an d to be expended
W ill iam N obl e H ali fax A pr 2 1 1 8 5 4 E xpen s e s o f
s pe c i al me s s enger s to
P rince E dward I s land and
Ne wfoun dland with de s patche s
Robin s on (9 Tho mps on St J ohn May 1 8 1 8 5 4 F o r
s undrie s
N ational H otel W as hingt on B oard and P arlor
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TRE AT Y
A NAD I A N RE C IP RO C I T Y
C
72
OF
1
[2 5 2
8 54
T hi s state o f feeling was prod uced by the former indi fferen ce and
inaction of th i s Government by the conduct of M r H inck s by a
more j u s t appreciation o f the valu e and im po rtan ce of their fi sherie s
and by the ineff icien t and by no me an s politic cour s e O f Mr Cramp
.
,
,
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ton
.
I have already fully e xpl ained thi s po int in my de spatch o f May
1 3 to the S e c retary o f St at e
The nece ss ity o f having unanimity among st all the Colonie s thi s
Government will no d oubt appreciate
D urin g the progre s s o f the n egotiation s I had uni formly m ain
intimate relati on s w ith Mr H inck s (who during a g reat
tain e d m
part o f the time wa s at the head o f the Canadi an Government ) and
other influential p er s on s in the Colonie s an d wh e n I met M r H in
N ew York in February o n his way to En gland i t was at my sug
ge st ion ar ran g ed that either M r Crampt on should h av e fre s h in
s tr u ction s o r that Lord E lgin s hould retu r n from Eng lan d with full
power to make a T reaty I t was a conditio n o f that arrangement
that I should undertake th e m anagement o f matter s in th e Lower
Colonie s which Mr H inck s con fe ss ed were be yond the power of
either him s elf o r M r Crampton
O n my retu r n from N ew Y ork I in formed the Secretary o f St ate
e d my co n vi ct ion s tha t the negotiation s woul d
of all“I had done s tat
”
now be succe ss ful but t hat I requir e d fund s to overcome the
energ etic an d ri s ing oppo s ition in the Lower o r Atlan tic Co lonie s
N o matte r what opinion s ma y be e nterta ined n ow o f the wi s dom
o f my managemen t I unhe s itatingly declare that th e E xpenditu re
s aved the T reaty s o far a s the Lower Colonie s and the lower part
o f Canada had t he power to oppo s e it
Lord Cl arendon con si dered
thi s oppo s ition so formidable that he refu sed to go on unle ss that
oppo s ition was wi thdrawn
I have a sked in my s tateme n t only for what I have expende d or
am liable f o r T hat amount cannot be reduced e xcept at my los s
and it i s for the Go vernment to d ecide (as I wi sh t hem to decide
quite independent o f indi vidua l claim s ) i f the small s um s a ske d for
bear any com pari son to the re sult s obtai n ed
I f it were prope r o r pra cti cable I s houl d feel no he s itati on in ap
plying to Congre s s for thi s an d e ven lar g er s um s to defray the n e c
e s sary expen se s o f the R e ci p rocity T reaty
T he sum o f T hree thou s and D olla r s will i f requir ed be the sub
j e ct o f per s onal explan ation to the P re s ident or Secretary o f State
T he circum stan ce s under whi ch it was appli ed are o f s o de licat e a
nature that I do not conceive it j udiciou s to make any explanati on
even in thi s confidential communication
I have u sed name s fre ely an d have expre ss ed my view s frankly
w ith the convicti on that it is all in strict confi dence and that whether
my s tatement s an d explanation are received o r rej ected all will be
de stroyed by order o f the P re s ident
I hav e nothin g to s ay o f four or fi ve ye ar s s ervice s nor of per
s onal s acr i fice s I have made to have th i s mea s ure carr i ed
I f in the form of pay or reimbur s ement s o f E xpen s e s o r an y other
ho n o I a le mode I am made anything like nearly whole I s hall be
s ati sfi e g
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C O N CL U S I O N
253
TH E R E C IP RO C IT Y T R E A T Y
OF
73
I t i s fortunate that this itemized li st o f expendi tures and
“
the accomp anying remark s o f M r And rew s were not de
”
stroyed in compliance with hi s reque st I n the Depart
m en t o f State at Washington the Andrew s papers are not
open to investigator s and up to thi s time no one ha s sus
pec te d that the government o f the United States wa s s o
greatly interested in the success of the reciprocity treaty that
it s ent a s pecial agent to the Lower Province s with thou s and s
of dollars to his cr e dit to p romote a friendly attitude to
wa rd s such a convention Some item s arrest particular at
tention F o r instance number one read s : W H Needham
F redericton May I 1 8 5 4 for 2 1 0 i pai d by him f or certain
purpo s es o f a Gove rnment and Legi slative character $8 40
Previou s to this payment M r Needham had presented
”
resolutions adverse to a surrender of the fisheri es
A fter
“
”
thi s disbursement which was absolutely nece s s ary M r
Needham s Oppo s ition evaporated and he became an earne st
“
supporter o f the treaty I n New foundland the Govern
”
ment an d its party w ere opposed to any arrangement 5 0 the
s um o f
was di stributed there in va riou s ways for
23
wa s spent in
propag anda purpo s e s
At Hali fax
“
the following m anner : To the Sun and other papers for
publi s hing editorial articles ; to cont ributors for p reparing
coach hire dinner
a rtiqle s ; p resents to va rious pa r ti e s
”
parties ; to influential person s in F ishing Di strict s etc
I t is not di fficult to perceive from these significant items
and the above explanations o f M r Andrews that on e o f the
main rea s on s fo r the final succe s s o f the reciprocity n e gotia
tions w as the liberal expenditure of money by the special
agent o f the United States An d this money moreover was
e x pended in such a confidential manner that vouchers coul d
n ot be procured an d forwarded to the State Department for
examination E ver since 1 8 5 4 it has been in s inuated by cer
tai n American w rite rs that the reciprocity treaty was
“
float e d
throug h the American Congress
on cham
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23
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I bid May
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85 4
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C A NADI AN RE C I PRO C I T Y T RE AT Y
74
OF
1
[
8 54
2 54
I n t he light o f the above e x penditure s such a
charge appear s to come with peculiar ill grace from Amer
ican hi s torian s
Throughout the mon t h of April and the early part of
May Andrew s wa s indefatigable in hi s e ff ort s to mould
publ i c Opinion in the Lower Province s in favor o f the
trea t y O n May 4 1 8 5 4 he s ent the following despatch
to Ma rcy from S t Jo hn s New B runswick :
,
-
.
,
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,
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’
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,
I have thi s moment returned from F redericton a g ain to which City
I hurrie d over l and to be there be fore the le g i s lature adj ourned
After s everal interview s with the Governor and the leadin g men
o f th e Council it was not deemed to be advi s able to have a public
di s cu ss ion at thi s time as it mi ght probably increa s e the opp o s ition
on th e N orth E a stern Coa s t s
T he Governor will however appo int delegate s and will if po s s ible
appo int tho s e favorabl e to a s et tlement notwith standin g i t was de
bated ia Council t he other day and decided not to s end delegate s
I t i s con s idere d j udicial to keep the ma tter as quiet as po s s ible for
the pre sent as a new election f o r A s s emblym en will t ake place in a
few week s
T he Governor S ir E dmund H ead i s a very able man and i s in
the confidence o f the leading s tate smen of En gland
H e has private new s from Lo rd Elgi n who will arrive in N ew
Y ork about the 1 8th in s tant and who will it i s s uppo s ed brin g fre sh
i n s truction s on the colonial que s tion s and it i s n o t improbable he
may go to Wa s hington to s e e yo u and the P re s ident O n thi s po int
Sir E dmund is n ot fully advi s ed
T here w ill n o t be any crui s er s fit ted out by thi s P rovince I had
a very particul ar con ver s ati on with the Governor o n thi s matter 2
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5
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O n May 2 6 1 8 54 Marcy received hi s last despatch f rom
Andrews relative to the reciprocity nego t iation s
Lord
Elgin wa s already on his way to t he United States to m ake
a final e ff ort to conclude s ome kind of a reciprocal conve m
t ion and it is apparent from the despatch o f Andrews that
he was largely in s trumental in influencing the B riti sh Gov
e rn me n t to s elect E lgin for the importan t mi s s ion
The
de spatch i s more brie f than u s ual and s imply recou nt s the
preparation s being made by the deleg ates from the Lower
Province s to leave for New Y ork where they were to con
,
,
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,
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,
24
“
Frederick E H ayn e s T he R eciprocity T reaty W ith Canada
in P ubli cation s o f A merican E conomic A s sociati on vol
N o 6 pp 1 7 1 8
Marcy P aper s M S vol I
.
of
.
VI I ,
25
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C O N CL US I O N
OF
RE C I P RO C IT Y T RE A T Y
TH E
sult wi t h Lord E lgin and M r Crampton W ri t ing from
E a s tport Maine May 1 9 1 8 5 4 M r Andrew s remark s as
follows :
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
I wa s ted a few day s up the l ine f o r the action o f the council and
the n got a tele g raph from the P rovincial Secretary and met Mr
Chandler at St John s W e came t o gether to thi s place Mr
Chandler g oe s o n in the boat his colleague s will follo w by the next
st eamer
T he other dele g ate s are g ettin g ready to move Lo rd E l
gin and Mr Cram pt o n may wi sh to go o n independent o f the dele
gate s N othi ng s ati s factory can be done unle s s the Colonie s are
con s ulted
W hen I met Mr H inck s in N ew Y ork in F ebruary I told h im
that either Lo rd Elgin o r Mr Crampton s hould have authority to
se ttle the matter and I wrote to him e very mail until April ur g in g
him t o call on Lord Clare ndon with Lord E lgin
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28
.
W hen Lord E lgin s ailed f rom E ngland for America in
t he s pring o f 1 8 5 4 it was na t urally s uppo s ed that he had
been commi s s ioned to bring to a succe s s ful conclu s ion the
reciprocity negotiations that had been dragging thei r weary
length through long un fru i tful year s B uchanan imme
d iate ly a s s umed that E lgi n was sailing to accompli s h thi s
s pecific purpo s e
but according to B uchanan s following
despatch Clarendon expre s sly denied thi s :
,
.
,
’
,
,
I met Lo rd Clarendon at a party a few evenin g s ag o and a sked
him i f it wa s true t hat the y had s ent Lord E l g in o n a mi s s i o n to
W a s hin g ton to s ettle the F i shery que s tion explaining my hO pe that
the repo rt in t he new s pa pe r s was wel l found ed
H e s aid H i s Lord
s hip would vi s it W a s hington
as a per s on well acquainted with the
intere s t s o f the P rovin ce s and their relation s wit h the U nited State s
and be tru sted good mi ght ari s e from thi s vi s it ; but from his co n
ve r s ation I doubt wh ethe r Lord E l g i n has any s pecific in s truction s
or authority upon the s ubj ect unle s s po ss ibly it may be to conclude
I
s om e temporary arran g ement s uch as that s u gg e st ed by my s elf
am confirmed in thi s impre s s ion by a c onve r sation with the Marqui s
o f Lan s downe ye s terday at my o wn hou s e Still g reat go o d may
ari se from Lord E l gi n s vi s it s imply becau s e he i s a man o f rank
o f reputation and o f influence in thi s country who s e advi ce would
go far to s u s tain the Min i stry in any cour s e of conduct o n the sub
j e ct which he would recommend Sir He nry B ulwer I know i s
anxiou s to s e ttle the fi s he r y que s ti on almo s t o n any fair term s ; and
,
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,
Mr J W Chandler accompanied Lord E l g in t o W a sh
N ova
in gton as the offi cial repre s entative O f N ew B run s wick
Scotia alone o f the P rovince s was not repre s ented in Lo rd E l g in s
See S ir F ranci s H inck s R emini scence s (Montreal
pp
s uite
23
I bid
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’
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2 33— 2 36
.
.
C A NADI A N RE C IP RO C IT Y TRE A T Y
76
OF
1
[2 5 6
854
have been plea s ed to ob se rv e in what very stron g and favorable
term s both he and Lady B ulwer on all occa s ion s s pe ak o f th e U nited
State s 7
I
,
2
.
”
“
Lord Clarendon later on in s i sted most s trenuously
“
that he had definitely in formed Buchanan o f the nature
and character o f Lord E lgin s mi s s ion be fore his depar
”
ture for America 8 and on June 2 7th in the House of
Lords he declared that the return o f Lord E lgin to Canada
”
“
”
a ff orded an opportunity which could not be neglected
and that that was the reason he had been given inst ructions
to j ourney to Wa s hin gton and e ffect a settlement of the
29
reciprocity and fi shery que s tions
Lord E l gin an d hi s s uite arrived in Washin gton on May
z 6th four days pri or to the pa s sage o f the famous Kan s as
Nebra ska Bill Party stri fe was at its highest pitch and it
was generally believed that no reci procity convention could
pass through Congress at that session B ut there was really
much more unanimity o f thought relative to reciprocity
with Canada than anyone imagi ned The fi s hing intere sts
w ere s oli dly in favor o f it and the South had been deferred
to by placing on the free list such important articles as
rice pitch tar tu rpentine an d unmanufactured tobacco
Besides the South was somewhat apprehensive of the
strength of the anne x ationist movement in Canada Thi s
movement showed a rapid decline a fter
but this fact
was n ot readily appreciated by Southern Senators an d mem
ber s o f Congre s s who began to experience real fears that
unless Canadian disc ontent was allayed through the Opera
tion of a reciprocity treaty with the United State s anne x a
tion might result This would of cours e give a very s ub
s tan tial increase in political strength to the F ree Soil Pa rt
y
and s uch a contingency must by all mean s be averted A c
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2
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Let ter s of J ame s B uchanan to Wi l l iam L Marcy 1 85 4 Marcy
P ape r s M S spec i al volum e
3"
B
uchanan to Marcy June 1 3
Marc P ape r 5 M S vol 1
2°
H an s ard (London
vol 1 34 p
3°
in
ll
and Jone s Annexation P re ferential T rade an d R eci
A
pp 35 3 35 4
pr o cxty (T oronto
27
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C O NCL U S I O N
]
2 57
TRE AT Y
T H E RE C IP RO C IT Y
OF
77
cording to the recollection in 1 865 o f Senator Collamer o f
Ve rmont it was precisely because o f this fear that the South
supported the treaty and he a s serted that Senator Toomb s
”
of Georgia admitted as much
I remember well
de
“
clar e d Senator Collamer
that on on e occasion here a fter
the making o f the treaty an d soon a fter I had the honor of a
s eat in this body when this question came up collaterally I
plainly stated that that was the motive with which that treaty
had been made ; that it ha d been made with a view to quiet
the people o f Canada and prevent thei r anne x ation to the
North which m
ight disturb the balance o f power o f ou r
southern friends and M r Toombs then sitting on the othe r
side of the Chamber bowed very low to me and s ai d we
31
have got the treaty ; they have been qui eted
Notwithstanding the fact that Lord E lgin and his s uite
arrived in the mid s t o f intense political excitement they i m
mediately attracted considerable attenti on F ortunately the
progress o f Lo rd E lgi n s mission i s fully i f s omewhat flam
boyan tly d e s cribed by E lgin s p rivate s ecretary Laurence
O li phant who pos s essed an unusual facility o f e x pre s sion
and in his endeavor alway s to be intere s ting he often gro s sly
e x aggerated what he saw B ut even with these limi tation s
and qualification s his account has s ome value Undeniably
it has sparkle and movement I n his memoir he says :
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I t was at the h ei ght o f the s ea so n when we were at Wa shingt on
and o ur arrival imparted a new impetu s to the fe stivitie s an d gave
ri s e to t he taunt a fter
the
treaty
was concluded by tho s e who were
”
“
o ppo sed to it that it had be en floated through on champagn e
W ithout alto g ethe r admi tting thi s there can be no doubt that in the
hand s o f a skill ful diplomati s t that be vera g e i s not without its v alve
Looking through an old j ournal I fin d the followin g specimen entry
Go t away from the F rench M ini st er j u s t in time to dre ss for
di nner at the P re s ident s More s enator s and politic s and cham
pagne and H ard Shell s an d So ft Shell s I muc h prefe r the marine
s o ft s hell crab
with which I here made acquaintance for t he fir s t
ti me to the political on e T hen with a s ele ct party o f senator s all
o f whom w ere oppo sed in p rinciple to the treaty to Go vern or A s
where we imbi be d more Champ agn e and s wore ete rnal friend s hip
carefully avoided the burnin g que stion and li stened to storie s good
ba d and indi ff ere nt ti ll 2 A M when a fte r twelve hour s o f in ce s
”
s ant e ntertainment we went home to bed thoroughly e xhau s ted
'1 C ng Globe
— 1 86
2
1
s
86
8
t
h
Con
d
se
s
o
s
g
4
5 pt 1 pp 2 1 0 2 30
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C A NADI AN RE C I PRO C I T Y T RE A T Y
78
OF
1
[2 5 8
854
Meantime to my inexperienced mind n o pro g re s s was bein g
made in my m i s s ion Lord E lg in had announced i ts obj ection o n
his arrival to the pre s iden t and the s ecretary o f s tate and had be e n
informed by them t hat it was quite hopele s s to think that any such
treaty a s he propo s ed could be carried throu gh with the oppo s iti o n
that exi s ted to it on the part o f the D emoc rat s who had a maj ority
in the Senate without the ratification o f which body n o treaty could
be con clude d H is lord s hip was partly a s sured however that if he
could overcome thi s oppo s ition he woul d find no d ifli cu lty On the
part o f the Government At la st a fter s everal day s o f u n in te r
I beg an to pe rceive what we were drivin g at T o
r u pte d fe s tivity
make
quite
s ure I s aid o n e day to my chief :
”
“
I
find
all
my
mo
s t intimate friend s are democrati c s enator s
”
“
So do I he replied dryly and indeed hi s popularity amon g
them at the end o f a week had becom e unbo unded and the be s t evi
dence o f it wa s t hat they cea sed to feel any re s traint in his company
and o ften exhibited trait s o f W e s tern manner s unhampered by co n
Lo rd E l g in s faculty o f brilliant repartee and
v e n tio n al trammel s
racy an e cdote e spec ially deli ghted them and on e evening after a
g rand dinner he wa s pe r suaded to accompan y a g roup o f s enat or s
to the hou s e o f a po pular an d very influential politici an there to
prolong the entertainment in to the s mal l hour s O ur ho st at who s e
door we knocked at midni ght was in bed but much t hunderin g at it
at len gth arou s ed him and he him s el f opened to u s appearin g in
nothin g but a very”s hort night s hirt
Al l right boy s he s aid at once divinin g the obj ect o f o ur vi s it ;
”
Y o u g o in and I ll g o down and g et the drink
and without s top
pin g to array him s el f more comple tely he di s appeared into the nether
regi on s shortly returnin g with his ar ms fi lle d with bottle s o f Cham
pa g ne on the top o f which were two lar g e hi mps o f ice
He
was a dear old gentleman s omewhat o f the Lincoln type and
evidently a great character an d many were the anecdote s told about
hi m in hi s own pre s en ce all bearin g te s timony to hi s g oo d ne s s o f
heart and readine ss o f w it
A t la s t afte r we had been receiving the ho s pitalitie s at W a s h
in gton f o r about ten day s Lord E l g in announced to M r Marcy that
i f the Government were prepared to adhere to their promi se to con
cl u d e a treaty o f reciprocity with Can ada he could a s s ure the pre s i
dent that he would find a m aj ority o f the senate in i ts favor includ
Ing
s everal
prom inent D emocrat s Mr Marcy could scarcely
beli eve hi s ear s and was so much taken aback that I somewhat
doubted the d e s ire to make the treaty which he so st ron gly ex
pre s s ed o n the occa s ion o f Lord E l g in s fir s t interview with him
F o r the next three day s I was as bu s ily en g a g ed in work a s I had
been for the previou s te n at play ; but the m att er had to be put
throu g h with a ru s h a s Lord E l g in wa s due at the s eat o f hi s Go v
e r n m en t
I will venture to quote the de s cription I wrote at the
t i me o f the s i gn in g o f the treaty and ask the reader to m ake allow
ance f o r the s tyle o f mock heroic s and attribute it to the exuberance
o f youth
“
I t was in the dead o f night during the la st five minute s o f the
sth o f June and the fir s t five minute s o f the 6th o f the month afore
sai d
i
that
four
indiv
dual
ob
erved
eated
in
a
s mi g ht have been
s
s
,
s pac ou s chamber li g hted by s ix wax candle s and an A rgand lamp
i
T hei r face s were expre s s ive o f deep and earne st thou ght not un
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A NADI AN RE C IP RO C IT Y
80
C
T RE AT Y
OF
1
[
854
2 60
”
“
law givi n g e ffect to the treaty and thi s action w as fol
low e d by Prince E dward I sland O ctober 7 1 8 54 ; New
B runswick November 3 1 8 54 ; and Nova Scotia Decem
ber 1 3
O n M ay 1 6 1 8 5 5 a fter news of thi s favor
able action on the part of the p rovinci al legi slatures was
made known to the United States Government President
Pierce is s ued a p roclamation formally putting into full eff ect
37
the provisions o f the treaty
O n J uly 7 1 8 5 5 the legis
latur e o f New fo undland passed the legi s lation nec e ssary to
38
put the treaty into effec t and on December 1 2 1 8 5 5 Pre s
ident Pierce issued an additional proclamation extendi n g to
”
New fo undlan d the full benefit s o f the treaty
The treaty a s finally drawn up and rati fi ed s eem e d to re
move every cause for fri ction between the United States
‘0
and the B riti s h North American p rovinces
The fishing
intere sts of the Unite d States were especially favo red by the
liberty to take fish within the three mile limit along the
coa sts of B ritish North America while the correspondi ng
conce s sion o f reciprocal liberties to B riti s h subj ects along the
eastern s ea coas t s and S hore s o f the United States was but
s eldom availed o f by the inhabitant s of B ritish North Amer
41
ica
The American C itizens had n o w the right to navigate
the river St Lawrence and the canal s in Canada subj e ct onl y
“
to the same tolls and other asse s s ments as now or may
”
herea fter be e x acted o f Her Maj esty s subj ects
Not only
this but the lumbering interest was favored by the clau s e
providing that no e x port duty o r other duty S hall be levied
on lumber o r timber o f any kind cut on that po rti on of the
Amer ican territory in the State of Maine watered by the
river St John and its tributaries and floated down that river
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;: 32i
1
8
87
tis h
an d Foreign State P aper s (London
vol xlv pp
,
.
I bid pp 884—88 5
3
I bid pp 88 3 88 4
3
U S Stat L vol xi pp 790 79 1
40
N o rth American R eview vol lxxiv pp 1 76 1 9 1
‘1
Jo s eph H owe The R e ciprocity T reaty (H am ilton
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10
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O N CL U S I ON
OF
C
TH E RE C IP RO C I T Y T RE A T Y
81
to the s ea when the s ame is shipped to the U S fro m the
” ‘2
P rovince o f New B run s wick
B esides the somewhat doubtful conce s s ion to B riti s h sub
h
to
fi
s
along the eastern sea coaSts o f the United States
t
s
ec
j
no rt h o f the 36th parallel o f north latitude the further lib
e r ty of the f ree navi gation of Lak e M ichigan was e x tended
and a f ree market for C ertain o f the provincial produ cts was
’
This last conces s ion was really the only valua ble
o fle re d
one granted to the inhabitants o f B ritish North Ameri ca
and it was to balance this that the B ritish Government ac
ceded to the American desi res for gr eater fi shing liberties
for the navigation o f the St Law rence river and the Can
adi an canals and for f ree lumber on the St John river
Economically it appeared as though the United States and
the Provinces were complementary the o n e producing the
raw products the other the m anufactured articles I t i s true
that no mention of manu factured goods was made in the
treaty o f re ciprocity but at that ti me the Cana d ian tari ff was
moderate and it had been strongly inti mated by the B riti sh
minister at W ashington on June 2 4 1 8 5 1 that although it
would be di fficult to provide expressly for a recip rocity in
manufactured good s yet American manu facturers need have
no fear f o r the Canadian Government would always hol d to
”
‘3
a mo s t liberal commercial policy
I t was hardly anti
ci pate d by even the bitterest opponents o f the treaty that in
the sho r t space o f fi ve years a strong spi rit o f protection ism
s hould arise in Canada which inevitably led to the discrim
i n ator y tari ff s o f 1 8 5 8 and
an d eventually to the ah
rogati on o f the treaty itsel f
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‘3
R ept o f Comm
.
pp
.
20
-
21
“ 32 d
.
,
32 d
Cong
,
e
2 d s ss
.
,
1
85 2 —1 85 3,
H R ept N o
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4,
.
Con g I st s e s s 5 E x Doc N o 1 p 89
4 ‘ E dward P orritt
S ixty Y ear s o f P rotection in Canada
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x90 7. PP
.
I 25
"
I
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1
846
APP E ND I X A
PRO J E T
OF
TRE A T Y
The Government of the United States being equally de
siro n s with Her Maj e s ty the Q ueen o f Great B ritain to avoid
further misunderstanding between thei r respective citizens
and subj ects in regard to the e x tent o f the right o f fishing
on the coasts o f B ritish North America s ecured to each by
the first article of a convention between the United States and
Her B ritannic Maj esty s governm e nt signed at London on
the 2 oth of O ctober 1 8 1 8 ; and being al s o desi rous to regu
late the commerce and n avigaf ion between their respective
territorie s an d people and more especially between Her Maj
e sty s po s se s s ions in North America and the United States
in s uch manner as to render the s ame reciprocally beneficial
and sati s factory have re s pectively named plenipotentiaries
& c &c who have agreed upon the following articles :
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A r ti cle I
I t is agreed by the high contracting partie s that in addi
tion to the liberty secured to American fi shermen by the
above named convention o f O ctober 2 0 1 8 1 8 of taking
curi ng and drying fi sh o n certain coa sts o f the B riti sh North
American Colonie s therein defined the inhabitants o f the
United State s s hall have in common with the subj ects of
Her Britannic Maj e s ty the liberty to take fi sh o f every kind
except S hell fi s h on the s ea coast s and s hores and in the
bay s harbors and creek s o f Canada New B run s wick Nova
Scotia New foundland Prince E dward I s land and o f the
s everal islands thereunto adj acent
without being re stricted
to any di s tance from the S hore with permission to land upon
the coa s t an d shore s o f tho s e colonie s and the i slands thereo f
and al s o upon the Magdalen I s land s for the pu rpose o f dry
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82
]
2 63
PR
OJ ECT
TRE AT Y
OF
83
ing their nets an d curing their fi sh ; p rovi ded that in s o doing
they do not interfere with the right s of private property o r
with B ri t ish fi s hermen in the pe aceable u se of any part of
s aid coa s t in thei r occupancy for the same purpose
I t is understood that the abo ve mentioned liberty shall
not extend to the right o f fi shing i n the estuarie s and river s
hereinafter de s ignated ; that i s to say
which right i s reserved exclusively for British fishermen
,
.
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,
.
A r ticle I I
I t is agreed by the high con tracting pa rties that B ritish
subj ects shall have in common with the citizens o f the United
States the liberty to tak e fi sh o f every kind except S hell
fi s h O n the s e a coa st s and shores o f the United States (ex
cept the coast s o f the State o f F lorida and the adj acent is
land s ) and on the S hores o f the several islan ds belonging
thereto and in the bays harbo r s and creeks o f the United
States and o f the said i s land s w ithout being restricted to
any distance from the s hore ; with permission to lan d upon
the coast s O f the United States an d o f the i slands a foresaid
f
or
e
x
cept
the
coa
s t o f F lori da an d the adj acent i slands )
(
the purpose o f drying their nets an d curing their fi sh ; pr o
v id e d that in so doing they do n ot interfere with the right s
o f private prope rty or with the fi shermen o f the United States
in the use of any part o f the s ai d coa st s in thei r occupation
for the same purpose
I t i s understood that the above mentioned liberty shall n ot
extend to the right o f fi shing in the rivers and estuari es o f
the United State s hereinafter designated ; that i s to say
which right i s reserved exclu sively fo r American fishermen
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A r ticle I I I
I t i s agreed that the reciprocal rights and p rivileges
gr anted to the citizens and subj ects o f the high contracting
parties in the two foregoing articles (fir st and second ) shall
,
A N AD I A N RE C IP RO C I T Y
84
C
T RE A T Y
or
1
[
854
2 64
to the full e x tent therein conceded be enj oyed by them r e
dry and cure fi s h o f any kind except
s pecti ve ly to take
shell fi s h on the s e a coa sts and shores ; on the continental
territories and po ss e s sion s o f ei t her party ; on the coasts of
the Pacific O cean and in the bays harbors and creeks o f
the said territories an d possessions ; and on the coasts and
shores o f the adj acent i s lands belonging to either party
without being re s tricted to any distance f rom the shores
,
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A r ticle I V
I t is agreed that the a rticles enumerated i n the schedule
hereunto anne x ed being the growth and p roduce o f the
a fore said B ritish Colonies or o f the United States s hall be
a dmitted into each country respectively free O f duty
,
,
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,
S che d u le
Grain flour and breadstu ffs of all kinds
Animal s o f all kind s
F resh s moked and salted meats
Cotton wool seed s vegetables
Undried f ruits d ried fruits
F ish o f all kinds
Poul try
Hides furs skins or tail s undressed
Stone and marble in its crude or unw rought state
B utter cheese tallow
Lard horns manures
O res o f metals o f all kinds
Pitch tar turpentine ashes
Timber and lumber o f all kinds : round hewed and sawed ;
manufactured in whole or i n p art
F i rewood
Plants shrub s and trees
Pelt s wool
F ish oil
R ice broom corn bark
Gypsum ground or unground
Hewn or wrought burr stones
Dye stu ff s
F lax hemp and tow unmanu factured
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]
PR
O J E CT
TRE A T Y
OF
85
A r ti cle V
I t i s agreed that t he citizen s an d inhabitants of the Uni t ed
States S hall have the right to navigate the river Saint Law
rence an d the canal s in Canada used as the mean s o f com
mun icatin g with the great lake s and the Atlan t ic O cean with
their ve s s els boats and c rafts a s fully and f reely as the s ub
j e cts o f Her B ritannic Maj esty s ubj ect only to the same
tolls and other assessments as n ow are o r may hereafter be
e x acted o f Her Maj e sty s said subj ects ; it being understood
however that the B riti sh government retains the ri ght of
on giving due notice th er e o f to
s usp e nding thi s p rivilege
the Go vernment o f the United States
I t is furthe r agreed that i f at an y t ime the B ritish govern
ment should e x erci s e the sai d re s erved right the Go vern ment
o f the United State s s hall have the right of s uspending i f it
t hink fit the operation s O f Article IV of the pre s ent treaty
for s o long a s the s uspension o f the f ree navigation o f the
Saint Lawrence o r the canal s may continue
I t i s also agreed that the citizens and inhabitants O f t he
United States s hall have the right to the free nav i gat i on of
the river Saint John in the provi nce o f New B run s wick a s
fully and freely as the s ubj ect s o f Her B ritannic Maj esty
and that no e x port duty or any other duty shall be levi ed on
lumber o r timber o f any kind cut on that portion o f the
American territory in the State of Maine and watered by
the ri ver Saint John and its t ributaries and floated d own
that river to the s ea when t he same i s shipped to the United
State s f rom the province o f New B run s wick
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A r ti cle VI
The present treaty shall take e ff ect whenever the laws t e
qui red to carry it into operation shall have been pas sed by
the I mperi al Pa rliament o f Great B ritain and the B ritish
provincial a s sembli es on the one hand and by the Congre s s
o f the United States on t he other ; and s hall be binding onl y
,
86
C AN ADI A N RE C IP RO C IT Y TR E AT Y
OF
1
[2 66
854
so long as said laws whether now e x i sting or hereinafter to
be enacted shall remain in force ; and whenever the I mpe rial
Parliament or the provincial a s semblies on the on e hand and
the Congre s s o f the United States on the other S hall r e
peal s aid laws or either o f them this treaty shall cea se to be
binding on the other party E ither pa rty may however
after the e x piration of s even years terminate the s aid treaty
by gi ving to the other on e year s notice of its intention to
have the same terminated and become inoperative
,
,
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’
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C A N A DI A N R E C IPRO C IT Y T RE A T Y
88
OF
1
[2 68
8 54
by the above men tioned Convention o f O ctober 2 0 1 8 1 8 of
taking curing and d rying fi sh on certain Coas ts o f the B rit
i sh Nort h American Colonie s therein defined the in habi
tant s o f the United State s shall have in common with the
s ubj e ct s of Her B ritannic Maj esty the liberty to take fi sh of
every kind e x cept shell fi sh on the se a coast s and shores and
in t he bays harbor s and creeks of Canada New B runswick
Nova Scotia Prince E dward s I s land and o f the several
I sland s thereunto adj acent without being re stricted to an y
di stance from the s hore ; with permi s sion to land upon the
coasts an d s hore s of tho s e Colonie s and the I slan d s thereo f
and al s o upon the Magdalen I sland for the purpo s e of dry
ing their net s and curing their fish ; provide d that in s o doing
they do not interfere with the right s o f private pro pe rty or
B riti sh fi shermen in the peaceable u s e of any part of the
sai d coa st in their occupancy for the s ame purpo s e
I t i s under s tood that the above mentioned liberty appli e s
s olely to the s e a fishery and that the s almon and s had fi sh
eries and all fi s herie s in river s an d the mouth s o f river s are
hereby re served exclusively for B riti s h fishermen
And it i s further agreed that in order to p revent or settle
any dispute s a s to the place s to which the re s ervation o f ex
e lu s ive righ t to B riti s h fi s hermen contained in this Arti cle
and that of fi shermen o f the United States contained in the
next succeed in g Article apply each of the High Contracti ng
Parties on the application of either to the other s hall within
s ix months therea fter
appoint a Commi s sioner The s aid
Commi s sioner s before proceeding to any busine s s s h al l make
and s ubsc ribe a solemn declaration that they w ill impartially
and ca refully e x am i ne and decide to the best o f thei r j udg
ment and accord i ng to j u s tice and equity without fea r
favor or aff ection to their own country upon all s uch pl ace s
as are intended to be re s erved an d excluded from the com
mon l i be rty of fi shing under thi s and the next succeeding
A rticle ; and s uch declaration s hall be entered on the record
of t hei r proceeding s The Commi s sioner s shall name s ome
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2 69
RE C IPR O C IT Y T RE A TY
]
89
thi rd person to act a s an Arbitrator or Umpi re in any case
or cas es on which they may themselves di ff er in op inion I f
they should not be able to agree upon the nam
e o f such thi rd
person they shall each name a person and it shall be deter
mined by lot which o f the two per s ons so nam ed shall be the
Arbitrator or Umpi re in cases o f difference o r disagreement
between the Commi s sioner s The per s on s o to be chosen to
be Arbitrator o r Umpire s hall be fore p roceeding to act a s
s uch in any case
make and s ubscribe a solemn declaration
in a form s imilar to that which shall already have been made
an d s ubscribed by the Commissioners which s hall be entered
on the record o f thei r proceed ings I n the event o f the
death absen ce or incapacity o f either o f the Commi s s ioner s
o r o f the Arbitrator or Umpire or o f thei r o r hi s omitt ing
declining or ceasing to act as s uch Commi ss ioner Arbitrator
or Umpi re another and di ff erent pers on shall be appointed
or named as a fo r e said and s hall make and subscribe such
de claration as a fore said
Such Commi ss ioner s shall proceed to e x amine the Coa s t s
o f the North Ame ric an Provinces and o f the United States
embraced within the provi s ion s o f the fi rst an d s econd Ar
ticl e s o f thi s treaty and shall d esignate the place s re s erved
by the sai d A rticles from the common rights o f fi shing
therein
The decision o f the Commi s sioners and o f the Arbitrator
or Umpi re shall be given i n w riti ng in each ca se an d shall
be s i gned by them re spectively
The High Contracting Parti e s hereby solemnly engage to
consider the deci s ion o f the Commissioner s conj ointly o r
o f the A rbitrato r o r Umpi re as the ca s e may be as absolutely
final and con clusive in each ca s e decided u pon by them or
hi m respe ctively
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A r ti cle I I
I t is agreed by the High Contracting Parties that B ritish
subj ects shall have in comm on with the citizen s of the
,
C A N A DI A N RE C IPRO C IT Y T REA T Y
90
OF
1
[2 70
85 4
United S t ate s the liberty to take fi sh of every kind e x cept
shell fi sh on the E astern sea coast s and shore s o f the United
S t ates North o f the 36th parallel o f No rth Lati tude and on
t he s hore s of the s everal I s land s there unto adj acent and in
the bay s harbors and creek s o f the s aid sea coa sts and shores
o f the United S t ates and of the s aid I slands without bei ng
r e s tricted to any di s tance from the shore with perm i s sion to
land upon the s aid coasts o f the United States and o f the
I slands a fore said for the purpo s e o f drying thei r nets and
curing their fish ; provi ded that in so doing they d o not inter
fere with the rights o f private property o r with the fi she r
men o f the United State s in the peaceable use o f any part o f
the said coasts in their occupancy for the same purpos e
I t is under stood that the above mentioned liberty applies
s olely to the s e a fi s hery and that salmon an d shad fi s heries
and all fisheries in river s and mouths o f rivers are hereby
reserved e x clu s ively for fi s hermen o f the United State s
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A r ticle I I I
I t is agreed that the Articles enumerated in the Sc hedule
hereunto anne x ed being the growth and p roduce o f the a fore
said Briti sh Colonies or o f the United States s hall be ad
mitted into each Country respectively free o f duty
,
,
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S ched u le
Grai n flour and bread stu ff s of all kinds
An im als of all kind s
F resh smoked and s alted meats
Cotton wool s eed s and vegetables
Undried f ruits d ried fruit s
F i sh of all kind s
Products of fish and of all other creatures living in the w at er
Poul try egg s
Hides furs s kin s or tai ls undressed
S t one and marble in its crude or unw rought state
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2
71
R E C IP RO C I T Y T RE A TY
]
91
La rd horn s manures
O re s o f metals o f all kind s
Coal
Pitch ta r turpentine a s hes
Timber and lumber o f all kind s : round hewed an d sawed ;
unmanu factured in whole or in pa rt
F i rewood
Plants shrub s and trees
Pelts wool
F ish oil
R ice broom co rn ba rk
Gypsum ground or unground
Hewn or wrought or unwrou ght burr o r g rindstones
Dye stuff s
Unmanu factured tobacco
R ags
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A r ti cl e I V
I t i s ag reed that the citizens an d inhabitan ts o f the United
States shall have the right to navigate the river St Law
rence and the canal s in Canada u s e d as the mean s o f com
mun icatin g between the Great Lake s and the Atlantic O cean
with thei r ve s sels bo ats and cra fts as fully and f reely as the
s ubj ect s o f Her B ritannic M aj e sty subj ect only to the s ame
tolls and other asse ss ment s as now are or may hereafter be
e x acted o f Her Maj e sty s said s ubj ects it being under s tood
however that the B riti sh Government retain s the right o f
suspending this privilege on giving due notice thereo f to the
Go vern ment o f the United States
I t is further agreed that i f at any time the B riti s h Govern
ment s hould exerci s e the said reserved right the Govern
ment o f the United State s s hall have the right o f suspending
i f it think fit the operation of A rt icle I I I o f the present
treaty in so far as the Province o f Canada i s a ffected
thereby for s o long as the suspen s ion o f the free navigation
o f the river St Law rence or the Canal s may continue
I t is fu rther agreed that B riti s h subj ect s s hall have the
right freely to navigate Lake M ich igan with their vessels
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C A N ADI AN RE C I PRO C I TY
92
TR
EATY
OF
1
[
854
2
72
boat s and crafts s o long a s the privilege o f navigating the
river St Lawrence s ecured to American citizen s by the above
clau se of the pre sent Article shal l con tinue and the Govern
men t o f the United State s further engages to urge upon the
State Government s to s ecure to the subj ects o f Her B ritan
nic Maj e sty the use o f the s everal State Canal s on terms of
equality with the i nhabitant s of the United States
And it is further agreed that no E xport duty or other duty
s hall be levied on lumber or timber o f any kind cut on that
porti on of the American territory in the State of Maine
watered by the river St John and its tributaries and floated
down t hat river t o t he se a when the s ame i s s hipped to the
United State s from the Province o f New B runswick
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A r ticle V
The pre sent treaty shall take e ff e ct as s oon as the laws t e
qui red to carry it into Operation s hall have been pa s sed by
the I mperial Parliament of Great B ritain and by the Provin
cial Parliaments of tho s e o f the B riti s h No rth American
Colonie s which are a ff ected by thi s treaty on the one hand
and by the Congre ss of the United State s on the other Such
as s en t having been given the treaty shall remain in force for
ten years from the date at which it may come into operati on
and further until the e x pira t ion o f twelve months after either
of the High Contracting Parties shall give notice to the other
o f its wish to terminate the s ame ; each of the High Contract
i ng Partie s being at liberty to give s uch notice to the other at
t he end of the said term o f ten year s or at any time a fter
ward s
I t is clearly under stood however that thi s stipulation i s
no t in t ended to affect the reservation made by Article IV
of the pre s ent treaty with regard to the right o f temporarily
s u s pen d i n g the Operation o f Articles I I I and IV thereof
,
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2
R E C IP RO C IT Y TREATY
73]
93
A r ti cle VI
An d
it i s hereby further agreed that the provisions and
s tipulation s o f the foregoing A rticle s shall e xtend to the
I sland of New foundland s o far as they are applicable to that
Colony B ut i f the I mpe rial Parliament o f New foundland
or the Congress o f the United States shall not embrace in
their laws enacted for carrying this treaty in to e ff ect the
Colony o f New foundland then this Article shall be of no
e ff ect but the omi s s ion to make provision by law to gi ve it
e ff ect by either o f the legislative bodies a fore s aid s hall not
in any way imp ai r the remaining A rticles o f this treaty
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A r ticle VI I
The pre s ent treaty s hall be duly ratified an d the mutual
exchange o f ratification s hall take place in Washington wi thin
six month s from the date the r e o f or earlier i f possible
I n faith whereo f We the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed this treaty and have hereunto a ffi xed o u r S e als
Done in triplicate at Washi n gton the F i fth day of June
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and fi fty fo u r
(Signed ) E L G I N A N D KI N CA RD I N E
L S
W L MA RCY
L S
Certified Copy
L O L I P H A N T Private Secreta ry
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I N DEX
96
[2 76
.
activitie s o f M r An drew s 69
to B uchanan 64—65
letter to B uchanan 66 ; O li
72 ; treaty concluded 77 78
—
s
comment
upon
s
h
an
t
77 79
79 ; ratified 79
p
Merritt H amilton 1 9 2 5
R ede sdale Lord 62
Metcalfe Lord 2 6
R u sk Senato r T ho s J 45
Milling intere st s 1 3 1 4
Seymour Sir George 4 1 42 5 5
O liphant Laurence 77 79
Seymour R epre s entative D av id
L
introduce s bill in H ou s e
Pak in gton Lord 4 1 42 43
favoring reciprocity 5 0
P almer s ton Lord 2 4
B
Shubrick
Commodore
W
P earce Sen ator Jas A 2 1
5
4
5
5
P eel S ir R obert 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 6
Sp
e rry P rof Cha s
55
P erry Commodore Matthew C
M
r s E dith Marcy 5 5
Sperry
41
P ierce P re s ident F ran klin 61
T
aylor
P
re
s ident Z achary 34
68 69
T
imber
I 4 1 5 81
P ratt S enator T homa s G 4 5
R eciprocity con s titutional obi ce T oomb s Senator R obert 77
tion s a gain s t 49 5 1 60 64 ;
A ndrew s
appoint e d s peci al W alker R obert J 1 7 1 8 1 9
age nt to Canada in behal f o f Web ster D an iel Secretary o f
State 37 38 39 4 1 43 5 2
62 ; itemized li s t o f e x pe n d i
ture s in con nectio n with the W orkm an Ge orge S 1 6
s tr u ctio n s
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in His t o r ica l
an
The U n i ve r s i ty S t u d i es
r e s ul ts
t he
an
d
w i l l con ti n u e
re ce n t i n v e s ti gati o n s
of
P ol i ti ca l Sc i ence
Th e t i tle s
ti me
n o
ar e
of 1
8 32
The Can adi an Reci pro
ci t y Tr e aty
Pr oble ms i n Ad mi ral ty
Th e Cr ea ti on
Hi s tor y
.
P a per
CHA RL E s C
.
cos t o f s
ou t 60 0 pages
on
p e c i a l pr i c e s
p age s V III
-
other n umbe rs
;
SA MU E L R
By
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85 4
.
By C
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By
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GA MM O N
TA NS I LL
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D GA R T F E LL
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of
1
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By K A TH RY N L B EH R E NS
Mr Ju s ti ce 0
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By Don :
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ab
at s
w a nnoun ced
of 1
TH A CH
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Con s t i tut i on al Doctri n es
Th e
h e r e tof
H i s tory , P ol i t i cal Bo o n e
in
Jur i s d i cti on
Mon ey i n Maryl an d , 1 7 2 7
RI CH A RD S O N
as
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the Pr e s id e n cy, 1 775 — 1 789 : A S tud y i n Con s ti tuti c
of
By
p ubli s h
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g i ven be l ow
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for the
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P r of es s or
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T E NN E Y F RANK
L ati n in the J ohn s H op kin s U n ive r s i ty
31
pa g e s
0
.
A ske tch o f R oman economic history with a description
e thod s e
n te n d e d
.
oll ege
m p loyed in the days o f Cicero and Augustus
.
Of
industrial
Th e book
for general readers interested in economic hist o ry and
cl as ses
in
R oman history
is
f or
.
C O NT E NT S
1,
Cha p ter
Agr iculture in Ea rl y Latium ; Cha p ter I I The Early
,
rade o f Latium and Etruria ; Chapter I I I The R ise o f the Pea santry ;
,
~
hapte r
er
IV
,
N
e
w Lands for O ld ; Cha pter V R oman Coinage ; Chap
,
VI The E stablis hment of the Plantation ; Chapter VI I I ndu str y
,
,
nd
Commerce ; Chapter VI I I The Gr acchan R evolution ; Chapter I X
,
ubii c
F
,
inanc e s ; Chapter X The Plebs Urbana ; Cha p ter X I I ndus try
t the E n d
,
,
of the R e public ; Chapter X I I I ndustry continued ; Chap
,
,
Capital ; Chapter X IV Commerce ; Chapter X V The Labo re r ;
Chapter X VI The Ex haustion o f the Soil
er
1
3,
,
,
,
.
The J o hn s Hop kin s P r e s s
Ba l t i m o r e , M a r yla n d
A L B E RT S HA W
L E CTU RE S O N
DI P
LO MA TI C HI S TO RY
1 8 99
.
J O H N H LA TA N E
The D ipl o mat i c Rel at i on s o f
t he U n ite d Sta t e s an d Sp an i s h A m er i ca
1 90 0
(Out o f p r int )
.
.
.
.
.
1 900
.
J AME S M ORT O N CA LLA HA N
The D ipl om at i c
H i s to ry o f t he So u thern Co nfe d er ac y
1 90 1
(Out o f p r int )
.
.
.
.
1 906
.
J E SS E SIDDA LL RE E VE S Am er i can D ipl om acy
un d er T yl er an d Po l k
1 90 7
.
.
1 90 7
.
I n t ernat i o n a l Law an d
E LB E RT J A Y BE N TO N
D ipl om ac y o f t he Sp an i s h A m er i can War
1 90 8
.
-
.
.
1 90 9
.
E P H RA I M D O U G L A S A D A M S
Br i t i s h I nt ere s t s
—
x
an d A ct i vi t i e s in T e a s , 1 8 38 1 8 46 1 9 1 0
.
.
1 91 1
.
.
D ipl om at i c N ego
CHA RLE S O S CAR PAU LL I N
tiation s o f A m er i can N av a l O ffi c er s , 1 778 1 8 8 3
.
-
1 91 2
1 91 2
.
.
I S AA C J CO X
The
1 798— 1 8 1 3
1 91 8
.
.
.
1 91 3
.
.
We s t F l o r i d a
Co n tro v er sy ,
.
WI LL I AM R M ANN IN G
.
lation s be tween t he
1 91 6
E ar ly D ipl om at i c Re
U n i t e d Stat e s an d M exi c o
.
.
.
1 91 4
.
F
RAN K
of 1 8 1 2
1 91 7
.
.
A U P D I KE
.
1 91 5
T he D ipl o mac y o f t he War
.
.
PAY S O N J T RE A T E a r ly D ipl o mat i c Rel at i on s
—
be tween t he U n i t e d Stat e s an d J a p an , 1 8 5 3 1 8 65
1 91 7
.
.
.
.
T H E J O H N S H O P KI N S P RE S S
B A LT I M O RE M A RY L A N D
,
A R E PRI N T O F
M I C T RA C T S
E CO N O
Pre ss i n vi tes s u bscrip t i on s t o a re p ri n t of fo ur i mpo rta n t
sev e n t ee n th ce n t u ry t o be i ss u ed con se cu ti v e ly u n d e r t he
o f Pro fe ss o r H o l l a n d e r :
The Jo hn s Ho p ki n s
ec on omic es sa s o f t he
y
e di t o ri al d i rec t io n
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i
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Th e T r e as u
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T ra d e f r o m E n g l a n d
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as
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Price 5 0 ce n ts
“
Ri ca rd o Thre e L e t te rs o n The P ri ce of Go l d
(L o n d on 1 80 9 ) (O ut O f p ri n t )
”
Va n d e r l i n t
Pri ce
M on e y A n s we rs A ll Thi n gs (L o n d on
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We s t E ssa y on t he A pp l icat i on of Ca p i t a l t o La n d (L o n d on
Price
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T H E JO H N S H O PKI N S PRE SS
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MD
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.
H O PKI N S U N I VE RSI TY ST U DI ES
JO H NS
IN
HI STO RI CAL
PO LI TI CAL SCIE N CE
AN D
E di te d by HE RBE RT B ADAM S,
0
ld
N ot
so
r t ly
s epa a e
8 8 2 - 1 90 :
1
.
.
SE RIE S — 1 80 3
(V ol ume s ol d on l y w ith comple te se t )
I A n In troducti on to Ameri can In s titu tion al H i s tory B E A F I I I H A N 25 cen ta
B An n a
5 0 cen ts
a n d Town s
By
or N e w E n
1 1 Th e G e rma i c Or i
III Local G ve rn me n i n Illin ois gly A m n r S H A W — L OCI I Gov ern men t i n Pen n ey :
van ia B E R L GO U LD 30 cen ts
5 0 cen ts
IV San cn Ti
B y B B An n a
gmen i n Ame ri ca
B y E W Bu n s
25 cen ts
Local Gov e rn me n t i n H ichi g s n an d the N or th w es t
4 0 can “
B y E n wan n I N O LI
P ar i s h In s titu ti on s of H ar yl a n d
VII Old H arylan d H an orc B y J O H N a s n n r J OH N DON
VII I N orma Con st ab l e s i n Ame ri ca B y B B An n a 5 0 cen ts
B y B B An n a
5 0 cen ts
I H X V illa ge Commu iti e s 0 ! Ca e A n n an d Sal e m
XI The Gen es i s of a N e w E n gla S ta te B A J oH N sTO N 8 0 cen ts
XII Loca l Gov e rn me t an d S ch ool s in Sout Carolin a B y B J Bn n on
F I RS T
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S E CON D S E RIE S — 1 88 4
(Vol ume sol d on l y with compl e te set )
B y B B ADA M S
I II H e th od c of H i s tor i cal S tu d y
B y B T E LI
85 ce n ts
Th e P as t an d Pr e e t of P oliti ca l Ec on omy
B y I n n s K H os x n n
8 5 cen ts
I V Samu e l A dams th e H an of th e Town H e cti n g
B y E n N n r Can rn n A n n a
5 0 cen ts
V VI Taxa ti on i n th e Un i te d S ta te s
VII In s tituti on al B e gin i n gs i n a W e ster n S ta te B y Ja s on m en 25 cen ts
B y W I LL I A M B Wn n n n N
5 0 cen t
H o e y i n N e w E n gl a d e tc
VIII I x In d ia
By
CH A N N I N O
x Town an d Coun ty Gov e rn me n t i n th e Col on i e s
B y J Hn u s m
JO H N S O N
1 1 Ru d i me n tary S oci e ty amon g B oy s
5 0 cen ts
B y C H BH I N N
I II
Lan d La ws of l i i n g D i s tri c ts
THI RD sn n ms
m i — caoo
I H ar ylan d c In flu en ce upon Lan d Ce s i on c to the U S B y E B An n a 7 5 ca ts
I I III V ir gi ia Local I s titu ti o s
B y E I N GL H
7 5 cen ts
I V Rec e t Ame ri can S ocia li s m
B
B I CH an n T E L I
5 0 cen ts
V VI VI I
H a r ylan d Loc al I n s ti tu on e
B
LI I W I S W W I L H I LH
VIII In flue ce of th e P ropri e tors i n Poun g N e w Jer s ey B y A
I H H A m ri can Co s titu ti on s
B y H ou cn D an a
5 0 cen ts
XII The Ci ty of W as hin gton B y J A Pom s 5 0 cen ts
F OU RTH S E RIE S
I Dutch Vi lla ge Commun iti e s on th e H u dson Ri ver B y I Bur r
III Town Gove rn me t i n Rh ode Is lan d B y W E F oam — Th e Har rs gan ce tt P lan t
ers
B y E DW A RD C H A N N I N G
50
n ts
IV P en n syl van ia B orou ghs B y W I LL I A M P H OLCO H H 5 0 cen ts
V I n trod u cti n t o Con titu ti on a l H is to ry of th e S ta t es
50
By J F
J n I I S ON
VI Th e Puritan Colon y at An n apoli s H ar ylan d B y D B RAN DA-LL 5 0 cen t:
VI I V III I H Th e La n d Q u e s ti on i n th e U ite d S ta tes
B y 8 S A TO
x Town an d City Gov e rn me n t of N e w H av en
B y C H a n n u onn
5 0 cen ts
XI XII Lan d Sys te m of th e N ew E n g lan d Colon i es B y
F I F TH SE RIE S — I SS7 — Ca oo
M I City Gov e rn me n t or Ph il a d ei hi s
B y E P A L L I N e ON an d B P u nocn
III Ci t Gove r n me n t of B os ton
y I n ni s hi 8 0 0 m m 2 5 cen ts
IV Ciz
B y M A RS H A LL S S N O W
’ Gov e rn men t of St Loui s
V VI
Lo ca l G v ern me n t i n Can a da
5 0 cen ts
B y J O H N Gn om e Bo n n rx or
VI I t f ee t e ! t h e W ar of 1 8 1 8 n
2 5 cu ts
n th e Ame ri can Un i on
B
N K B um s
I c te c on th e Lite ra tur e of
25 cen ts
ti es
B
H n n n n nr B
n i c
Pr e d i ti n s f H milto a d D e Tooq u e vi o
2 5 cen ts
B y J n n l l B n r cl
x Th e S tu dy of H i s to ry i En gl an d an d Sco tlan d
B y P S nn n n nr cc
25 ecn ta
S emin ary L ib r ri e s an d U i v e rs i ty E x te n s i n
B y H B An n a
2 5 cen ts
H I I E urop e an Sch o l s f H i to ry an d P liti cs
B y A D W H I TE
S IXTH SE RIE S
Th e H i ct or y e ! Cc op e ra ti on i n th e U n it e d S ta tes
vi ii
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Arno l d To ynb
By I " C M O N T AG UE 5 0 ce nts
1
5 0 ce nts
B
[1 4 1 1
H ui i p l Go v rn m nt i n San F ranci co
B E RN ABD H o s e s
IV H un i e i pa l H is tory of H ow Orle an s B y Wu
H orn
25 ce n ts
7 7 1
En g lis h Cultur e i n V ir gi nia B y W ILLI AM P T BB N T
ub u rn
By Cm m s
A
VI I 7 1 1 1 4 1
Th e l i ver To w ns f Conn e cti cut
x —x r x n
Fe d e ral Go v rnm nt in Canada B y J O H N G B o on m o r
EI GHT H S ERIE S — 1 890
ol d only with co mp l e te se t )
(V ol um
:4 1
Th e B g innin gs of A m rican N atio n ality
By A W S H ALL
: 1 1 Lo cal Go v rn m nt in W i con in
B y D E S n n cs a
25 ce nts
S p an i s h Colo n ization in t h e S o u th w es t
B y F W B LA cq
n
V VI Th e S tu dy of H i tory in G ma y and t rance
P F m s n i cq
B
y J B Bu m
VI I I X Pr o g re s s of th e Co l or e d P e o p l e e ! H ar ylaud
d
H Th e S tu dy of H i s tory in B e l gium and H oll
By P
F u n n u co
XI XI I Se mi nary N otes
H is torical Lit ratu r
5(
B y H B Ab u se an d oth e rs
NINT H SE RIES — r egs
(V ol ume s ol d only w ith compl e t e s et )
u r Go ve rnme nt f th e U it d S tat e
B y W W W I LLO U GH B! an d W F W XLLO
I I I I V U ni v r ity E d u cation in M ary land
B y B C 81 1 a
Th e J ohn s I
Uni vers i (1 87 6
B y D C G ILM A N
5 0 c nts
V VI H u i c p s l U nity in th e Lomb ard Co mmun
B y W K W I LL xA n s
VII VIII Pu b l i L nd of th R m R p ub lic B y A S T P H I N I O H 7 5 ce n ts
By T I I E N A GA
12
Cons titu tional D e v lo p m nt f J a p an
1
A H is tory of Lib ria B y J H T M CP H E RS O N
xr x n
Th e I ndian Trad e in W i s con in
B y F J T a in an
50
TE NTH S ERIE S — 1 89 2 — 84 oo
The B i sho p H i l l Colon y
B y M I CH A E L A M I H H E L S E N
5 0 c e n ts
Ch urch and S tat e in N w E n g lan d
LA U E B
B y PA UL
5 0 ce nts
IV Cha re h and S tate in H r yl d B y G on on Pm s m 5 0 c nts
V VI B e li gi ous D e ve le me nt o f N orth Caroli na
B y S B Wm s 5 0 cen ts
VII H ar yla ud A tti tu in th S tr ugg l e f r Canada B y J W B LA CK 5 0 cen ts
VIII I X Th e Quake rs in P nn y l v ania B y A C A PP LE G I TH 7 5 ce nts
X XI Col umb
d hi D i co v e ry of A me rica
B H B A n n i e an d H Woon 5 (
xxx Cause s o f th e Amer ican Re v ol u ti on
By J I Woonn n ax 5 0 cen ts
ELEVE NT H S ERIE S — 1 8 93 — S4 oo
I Th S oc ial Condition of Lab or B y E R L G O U LD 5 0
ts
ta ti v A
mb li e of T D a y B y E K A LDI N
II Th e W orld s B
5 0 ce nt:
X
I I IV Th e N e gro
th e D i trict of Col mb i a
B y E D W A R D mon s
V VI Ch urch and S tat e in N orth Car oli n
B y Sr n r u s n B W s s x s
5 0 ce nts
VII VIII Th e Condition of th e W s t rn r r mer e tc By A F B ux rLs r
x
x x H i to
of Slav ry in Conn ec ti cu t B y Ba n u m) C Sn ms n 7 5 ce nts
xn
n
Le es Go ve r n m nt in th e So uth B y E W B um s an d oth e rs
T WELFT H SERI E S — 1 894 — O4 oe
H
B
H O LL A N D E R
C incinnati S o u th rn Rail w a y
I II Th
m Con st itu tional B e g innin gs of N orth Caro ib i By J 8 Bas s -f r 5 0 ca b
nt r { or Tol ration in V i r gi n i B y H B MC I L W AI N I 5 0
17
S trn gl
f Di
and Colonial Comme rce B y S C H U GH s ox l
V VI Vl g Th e Carolina P irat
VIII I x B e re se ts ti o and S uii g in H sae h u tts B G H H Ar n s
li h n s ti tuti
and th e Am rican I ndian B y J A ; A ss e s 25 ce nts
H I
Int rnational B e ginnin gs of th e Co go F r e S tat B y J S Rm vs s 5 0
XI
TH IR TEE NTH S ERIE S — 1 89 5 84 oo
of S outh Carolina By E L W m r xn r 75 ce n ts
[ 4 1 Go v e rn me nt of th e C l
III l" Earl y R lation f
ry land d Vir ginia B J H L r N l 5 0 ce ll
V Th e Ris o f th e B ica m ral Sys te m in Ame rica B y ; F M O RA N 5 0 ce nts
5 0 con
7 1 7 11
W hite S rvi tu de in th e C l e i Vir
B y J C B LLA O H
VI II Th G n e i of California Fi r Con ti tion B y B D H U NT 5 0 con
B en a-i s Franklin
an E cono mi t B y W A WI T I I 5 0 ce nts
[1
vi s ional Go v e rn m nt of H ar ylan d B y J A S u s 5 0 ce nts
Th e
I
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XI Z I I Go v rn m nt
F OU RTEE NTH S ERIES — 1 8 96 — O4 oo
tituti onal H i to ry of H a w aii B y H N RY E Cn A u n as 2 5 C nts
C
B y T H ADD E U S P Tu ou s
25 c nts
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of N w E land S e nate B y F L R i m s 5 0 ce nts
m Coloni al Or i
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5 0 cen ts
B y J A C CH A N DLI B
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T nd n i in A rican E cono ic Tho ght By
S IXT EE NTH S E RI ES — 1 898 — Sa oe
tc
B y J M CALLAH A N
Cl oth
I IV Th N u t ral ity i th e A m rican L k e
ns n s
B
H E Ca
25 ce nts
7 W t Florida
VI An tb Sl er y L
of N orth Car oli n e B J 8 B A S SBTT 5 0 ce nts
d
VII I X Li f
d A d mi ni trati on of S i R o b rt
B y B C S TE I N I B
fro m a Colony By E W S m s 5 0
X HI Th e Tran iti on of N orth Ca r ol i
By H B ADA M S 25 cen ts
[ 1 1 Jar e d S pa r ks an d Al exi s Do Tocq ue vi l l e
S EVE N TEE N TH S ERIES
in H ar ylan d B y A C B n r ax
L I I III H i to ry o f S ta te B en ki
17 1
ryland B y L F S cn x s cn u n 75 cen ts
Th Kno w N othin g P arty in
VI Th Lahad i s t Colon y in H ar yl an d B y B B Ju n e 5 0 ce nts
VII VIII H is tory of S la v ry in N orth Caro l ina B y J S B s s m 75 cen ts
cak e I
Ohi o Canal
By G W Wm 7 5
rx x x x D e v e lo p me nt of th e Ch s
B y H n n n n s r B An n “ 2 5 ce nts
XI I Pub lic E ducati o n al W ork in B l mo e
EIGHTEE NTH SE RIE S
in S tat e Tax ation E dit d b y J H H OLL AN DB B Pa pe r
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V VI The Co l nial E x e cu ti v P r i or to th B es to s ti ou
By P L KA Y B 5 0 con
VII Con s ti tu tion an d A dmi ion of Io wa into th e U nion By J A J u n e 8 0 can
VIII I X Th e Church and P o pular E ducation
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Y VI Tru t Co mp ani
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I H H P olitical A cti viti
X L XI I Conti n e ntal Op inion on a M id d l e E u ro p an T r ifl U nion
B y G M FI SH
TWE NTY FIR ST S ERI ES
I II Th e W a b as h Tra d e B outs
B y E J B EN TO N
III IV Inte rnal Imp ro v ments in N orth Carolina B y C C W n A vs n 5 0
Y H i s to
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r m m x B e gin n i
1 68 1 1 889
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TWE NTY SE COND S E RIES
I II A Trial B i b li gr s ph of A m r i
Pub lication s 5 0 cen ts
T d U i
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V Swi t lan d at th B ginnin g of th S ix teen th C ntury B J M V m cm
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TWE NTY THIRD SERI E S
I II B ec
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5 0 ce n ts
III IV S tate Go v rn me nt in M ary land 1 777 1 701 B y B W B orn ) J n 5 0 o.
V YI
Colonial Adminis tration und r Lord Clar e ndon 1 66 0 1 8 67
By
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rx x Th N a pol
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(Co mp l e t e in thr e n umb e rs )
I Th e
C n n i tte e Sys te m an d th
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THIR T Y S IX TH S E RIE S — I 9 1 8
(C o mp l e t in f our n umb e rs )
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Fr nch Prote s tanti sm 1 55 9 1 5 5 8 By C G KELLY
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THIR T Y S EVE NTH S E RIE S— I gr g— Ssa s
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B y M H L A U CH H
1 1 1 Th e A m rican Colonization S oci ty 1 31 7 1 840
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PU
B LI S H ED M A Y
1
,
1
92 2
CO N F E RE N CE
CHI N A A T THE
BY
W W W I LLO U GH B Y
.
.
Pr o f e sso r
of
Pol i ti cal Sc i e n ce
Legal A dvi se r to the Chi n e se
The Joh n s H opki n s U n i ver si ty ; fo rme r ly
Republ i c ; Te chn i cal E xpe r t to the Chi n es e
at
De leg ati on to the Con f e r en ce
W ashi n gton
,
D
h
I n te r es ts
C ;
.
.
L i mi tati on
on
aut o r
“
of
r i gn
F
o e
in Chin a
of
A rmame n t
Ri g hts
an d
"
.
435 page s
ctav o
at
Pr i ce,
T hi s vol u me in the f or m o f a s emi official rep ort w ill tak e it s p lace
l ong s i d e the a ut hor s w ell k n own w ork F orei gn R i ght s an d I ntere s t s
”
an d w ill g i ve the rea d er an accu rate s tatement o f the re s u lt s
11 C hina
i the recent Con f erence at W a s hingt on
-
,
,
’
-
,
,
.
B e s i d e s cha p ter s ex p lainin g the r ea son s f or the di s cuss i on by the
o w er s o f the political an d internati onal s it u ati on in the F ar Ea s t
e s cri b ing the or gani z ati on an d proce d u re O f the Con f erence an d es ti
atin g it s re s u lt s there are cha pter s d ealin g s ev erall y w ith each o f the
mpo r tan t s ub j ect s d i s c u ss ed in the Con f erence an d reg ar ding w hich
r e atie s or R e s ol u ti o n s w ere a d op te d
I n an A ppen d ix the tex t s are
i ven o f the s e i mpo rtant do cu ment s
,
,
,
.
.
I na s mu ch a s w ith the e x cep ti on o f a p art o f a s in gle s e ss i on which
a s d e vote d to the s it u ation in S i b eria the entire work o f the Con f er
n ce
so f ar a s it d ealt w ith po litical
u
e
s
ti
n
s
in
the
aci
c
an
d
r
P
fi
o
F
a
q
a s t wa s c oncerned w ith the a ff air s o f C hina the p re sent v ol u me g i v e s
e ff ect a comp re hen s i v e accou nt o f the w ork o f that Con f erence I n
r d e r that it may b e
qu ite c omp let e in thi s res p ect there i s g i v en in the
— there w ere n
n
d
i
x
e
m
m
a
e
the
s
tate
ent
s
d
w ith re f er
o d i s cu ss i on s
pp
nce
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
-
to
the S i b erian s itu ati on
.
TH E
JO HN S H OPK I N S PR E SS
B altimore M arylan d U S
,
,
,
.
.
A
.