JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
3HOULD SAMESEX COUPLES HAVE
THE RIGHT TO MARRY
“Marriage is one of our community’s most rewarding and cherished institutions.”
—Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health (2003)
For more than a decade the question of whether same-sex couples
in another state. Similar laws have been passed in 41 states.
should have the right to marry has divided Americans, setting off a
More recently at least a dozen states, through legislation and court
sharp debate about the purpose of marriage
ruling, have granted marriage rights to
and the claims of equality. Supporters of
same-sex couples, or adopted domestic
same-sex marriage say that gay and lesbian
partnership laws that grant legal protection
couples should be treated the same as
to gay and lesbian couples.
heterosexual couples as a matter of fairness.
Those who oppose same-sex unions say
At issue is whether measures that define
that giving gay couples the right to marry
marriage as a relationship between a man
will weaken an institution that is essential
and a woman are constitutional. Proponents
to a stable society.
say that denying same-sex couples the right
to marry is a discriminatory practice that
The debate over same-sex marriage has
denies same-sex couples the equal protection
played out in the nation’s courts, state
of the law and the same benefits of marriage
legislatures and the halls of Congress.
that opposite-sex couples enjoy. Opponents
In 1996 Congress passed and President
of same-sex marriage say that marriage is a
Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage
sacred union between a man and a woman
Act, defining marriage as a union between
and that states have an interest in upholding
a man and a woman and stating that neither a state nor the federal
traditional marriages as the best way to bring up children in our society.
government is required to recognize a same-sex marriage made legal
Now it’s your turn to answer the question:
Should same-sex couples have the right to marry?
YES
NO
s 0ROHIBITING SAMESEX MARRIAGE VIOLATES THE PRINCIPLES OF
equality and fairness embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment
of the Constitution.
s -ARRIAGE IS A BUILDING BLOCK OF SOCIETY 4HE GOVERNMENT CAN
legitimately protect this fundamental social institution by
distinguishing between heterosexual and homosexual unions.
s $ISTINGUISHING BETWEEN HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL UNIONS
stigmatizes same-sex couples and creates an unconstitutional
GROUP OF hSECOND CLASSv CITIZENS
s 3AMESEX COUPLES CAN BE ACCORDED EQUAL PROTECTION RIGHTS THROUGH
legal contracts or civil unions, but the historical definition of
marriage as between a man and a woman should be preserved.
s 4HE #ONSTITUTION SHOULD PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF MINORITIES AGAINST
unchecked majority will.
s 4HE #ONSTITUTION SHOULD NOT BE USED TO PUT A hGOVERNMENT STAMP
of approval” on a relationship some people find immoral.
s 4HE PURPOSE OF MARRIAGE IS TO PUBLICLY SANCTION THE DESIRE FOR LIFE
long commitment and should be available to both homosexual
and heterosexual couples.
s 4HE PURPOSE OF MARRIAGE IS TO PUBLICLY SANCTION THE HAVING AND
raising of children and should be limited to heterosexual couples.
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK(
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK)
8;M@:<KFJKL;<EKJ=FI:FEJK@KLK@FE8C;<C@9<I8K@FE
K_\:fejk`klk`fe
K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i`jcfZXk\[`eG_`cX[\cg_`X#aljkX]\n_le[i\[pXi[j]ifd@e[\g\e[\eZ\?Xccn_\i\k_\
:fejk`klk`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jnXjni`kk\eXe[j`^e\[[li`e^k_\jldd\if](./.%K_\d\en_fZXd\kfG_`cX[\cg_`X
k_Xkjldd\i[`[jfY\ZXlj\k_\pbe\nk_\[`i\Zk`fef]k_\Zflekipk_\pcfm\[e\\[\[kfZ_Xe^\%K_\p[\c`Y\iXk\[]fi
e\Xicp]flidfek_jXe[Zi\Xk\[X[fZld\ekk_Xkefe\k_fl^_knXjg\i]\Zk%9lkk_\pglk]finXi[XZ_Xcc\e^\kf]lkli\
^\e\iXk`fej1b\\gnfib`e^kfnXi[jk_\Zi\Xk`fef]XÈdfi\g\i]\ZkLe`fe%ÉK_\:\ek\inXjZi\Xk\[kfjlggfikk_`j
Z_Xcc\e^\Xe[\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfnXcb`ek_\jk\gjf]k_\]fle[\ijXe[[\c`Y\iXk\XYflkk_\`jjl\jk_Xkn`cc
j_Xg\k_\]lkli\f]fliZflekip%
8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
K_\^l`[\c`e\jgi\j\ek\[Y\cfn_Xm\Y\\eZi\Xk\[kfgifm`[\pfln`k_X[m`Z\Xe[`[\Xjfe_fnkfYfk_gi\j\ekpfli
Xi^ld\ekjXe[_\Xik_fj\f]fk_\ij%K_\X[m`Z\Y\cfnnXj`ejg`i\[Ypk_\ilc\jX[fgk\[Ypk_\:fejk`klk`feXc:fem\ek`fe#
Xjgi\j\ek\[Yp>\fi^\Npk_\f]M`i^`e`XfeDXp)/#(./.%
K_`ebk_ifl^_pfli`[\XY\]fi\gi\j\ek`e^`kkfk_\^iflg2pfldXpn`j_kfdXb\X]\nefk\jfegXg\i
kf\ejli\pfli`[\X`jZc\Xi%
C`jk\eZXi\]lccpkffk_\i`[\XjXe[Zfej`[\i_fnkf`eZfigfiXk\k_\d`ekfpflifne%
N_\epflXi\efkjg\Xb`e^#[fefk_Xm\fk_\ij`[\Zfem\ijXk`fej#i\X[XYffbfi[fZld\ek#
fi`eXefk_\inXp[`jkiXZkk_\jg\Xb\i%
N_\eZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe`[\X#]fZljfek_\`[\X#efkk_\g\ijfepflXi\Z_Xcc\e^`e^%
Lj\k_\:fejk`klk`feXjjlggfik]fipfli`[\Xj2i\]\ikfk_\k\okXe[lj\`kXjXkffckfjlggfikpfliXi^ld\ek%
;fefk[fd`eXk\k_\Zfem\ijXk`fe#Xe[[fefkjg\Xbdfi\k_Xekn`Z\Y\]fi\Xccfn`e^\m\ipfe\\cj\
k_\fggfikle`kpkfY\_\Xi[%
@EKIF;L:K@FE
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`kj_XccY\^`m\e`e\XZ_JkXk\kfk_\glYc`Z8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[al[`Z`Xc
GifZ\\[`e^jf]\m\ipfk_\iJkXk\%8e[k_\:fe^i\jjdXpYp^\e\iXcCXnjgi\jZi`Y\k_\
DXee\i`en_`Z_jlZ_8Zkj#I\Zfi[j#Xe[GifZ\\[`e^jj_XccY\gifm\[#Xe[k_\<]]\Zkk_\i\f]%
(+k_8d\e[d\ek1
¿efij_XccXepJkXk\[\gi`m\Xepg\ijfef]c`]\#c`Y\ikp#figifg\ikp#n`k_flk[l\gifZ\jjf]
;l\GifZ\jj:cXlj\Xe[k_\ cXn2efi[\epkfXepg\ijfen`k_`e`kjali`j[`Zk`fek_\\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXnj%
<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
Kfc\Xiedfi\#m`j`kk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËj@ek\iXZk`m\:fejk`klk`feXk1
_kkg1&&Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&Zfejk`klk`fe
HLFK<JKF:FEJ@;<I
EfJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#figfjj\jj`fef]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fi@e[`Xeki`Y\#j_XccY\i\hl`i\[kf^`m\\]]\ZkkfXepglYc`ZXZk#i\Zfi[#fial[`Z`Xc
gifZ\\[`e^f]Xepfk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\i\jg\Zk`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\ijfejf]k_\jXd\j\ok_Xk`jki\Xk\[XjX
dXii`X^\le[\ik_\cXnjf]jlZ_fk_\iJkXk\#k\ii`kfip#gfjj\jj`fe#fiki`Y\#fiXi`^_kfiZcX`dXi`j`e^]ifdjlZ_i\cXk`fej_`g%
@e[\k\id`e`e^k_\d\Xe`e^f]Xep8Zkf]:fe^i\jj#fif]Xepilc`e^#i\^lcXk`fe#fi`ek\igi\kXk`fef]k_\mXi`fljX[d`e`jkiXk`m\Yli\XljXe[
X^\eZ`\jf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\nfi[ÊdXii`X^\Ëd\XejfecpXc\^Xcle`feY\kn\\efe\dXeXe[fe\nfdXeXj_ljYXe[Xe[n`]\#Xe[
k_\nfi[Êjgflj\Ëi\]\ijfecpkfXg\ijfef]k_\fggfj`k\j\on_f`jX_ljYXe[fiXn`]\%
Ç;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zk(00- >iX[\j1
?`^_JZ_ffc
8lk_fi1
:cXjjiffdK`d\1
+,d`elk\j
JZ_fcXicp8[m`jfij1
:fejk`klk`fe:fee\Zk`fej1
=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\
`e8ik`Zc\@M#J\Zk`fe(f]k_\
:fejk`klk`fe
NX`kkfY\XZbefnc\[^\[Ypk_\]XZ`c`kXkfiY\]fi\jg\Xb`e^%
M8CL<J
K_\L%J%:fejk`klk`fe`jfe\f]flieXk`feËj]fle[`e^[fZld\ekj%N\cffbkf`kkfle[\ijkXe[k_\jlgi\d\cXnf]k_\
cXe[%9lkn\ZXeXcjfi\X[`kkf[`jZfm\ik_\mXcl\jf]fli[\dfZiXZp#mXcl\jjlZ_Xj\hlXc`kp#]i\\[fd#`e[`m`[lXci`^_kj#
aljk`Z\#k_\ilc\f]cXn#Xe[j\Zli`kp%
N_`c\Zfejk`klk`feXcmXcl\jY`e[ljXccXj8d\i`ZXej#k_\`iXggc`ZXk`fekfgXik`ZlcXi`jjl\j`j]i\hl\ekcpjlYa\Zkkfj_Xig
[\YXk\%Dfi\fm\i#mXcl\jXi\jfd\k`d\j`eZfdg\k`k`fe%:fdg\k`e^mXcl\jj_flc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[`epfli[\c`Y\iXk`feÇ
\m\e`]k_\pZi\Xk\k\ej`fe%
A%D`Z_X\c?f^Xe#G_%;%#:f$;`i\Zkfif]k_\:\ek\i]fi;\dfZiXk`Z;\c`Y\iXk`feXk
G\eejpcmXe`XJkXk\Le`m\ij`kp
EXeZpA%BeXl\i#Gif]\jjfif]CXnXkK\dgc\Le`m\ij`kpËj9\Xjc\pJZ_ffcf]CXn
8Yflkk_`jc\jjfe
;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXc
Gifk\Zk`fej:cXlj\jf]k_\
(+k_8d\e[d\ek
DXk\i`Xcj1
FYa\Zk`m\j
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk(
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)
Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk*
Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\k
8e8Zkkf[\Ôe\Xe[gifk\Zkk_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\%J\gk\dY\i)(#(00-%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&]in\Y^Xk\%XZZ\jj%^gf%^fm&Z^`$Y`e&^\k[fZ%Z^`6[YeXd\4('+VZfe^VY`ccj[fZ`[4]1_**0-\ei%
kok%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
Jkl[\ekjn`ccY\XYc\kf\mXclXk\dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nfek_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\
Xe[[\k\id`e\n_XkZXeY\[fe\kfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[Y\kn\\ek_fj\n_f_Xm\[`]]\i`e^
m`\njfek_\i`^_kf]jXd\$j\oZflgc\jkfdXiip%
K_\]iXd\ijf]k_\:fejk`klk`fe\em`j`fe\[[\c`Y\iXk`feXdfe^X[`m\ij\Z`k`q\eipn_f
[`jX^i\\[fe`jjl\jY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_Xkfecpk_ifl^_Zfdgifd`j\Zflc[8d\i`ZXejÔe[
nXpjkfgifdfk\k_\Zfddfe^ff[%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`jf]k\eZfe]lj\[n`k_[\YXk\#Ylkk_\knfXi\[`]]\i\ek%;\YXk\Zi\Xk\jX
[`Z_fkfdpn_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZXi\]lcZfej`[\iXk`fef]dXepgf`ekjf]m`\n#jfk_\
Y\jkZ_f`Z\ZXeY\dX[\%<jj\ek`Xccp#[\YXk\`jZfdg\k`k`m\#]fZlj`e^fen_f`ji`^_kXe[n_f
`jnife^#n_`c\[\c`Y\iXk`feXccfnj]fiZfdgifd`j\Xe[Zfej\ejlj%
K_\hl\jk`feY\]fi\lj`jn_\k_\i#Zfej`jk\ekn`k_k_\DXjjXZ_lj\kkj:fejk`klk`fe#k_\:fddfen\Xck_dXp[\epk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\Ôkj#
Xe[fYc`^Xk`fejZfe]\ii\[YpZ`m`cdXii`X^\kfknf`e[`m`[lXcjf]k_\jXd\j\on_fn`j_kfdXiip%N\ZfeZcl[\`kdXpefk¿9Xii\[XZZ\jj
kfk_\gifk\Zk`fej#Y\e\ÔkjXe[fYc`^Xk`fejf]Z`m`cdXii`X^\#Xg\ijfen_f\ek\ij`ekfXe`ek`dXk\#\oZclj`m\le`fen`k_Xefk_\if]k_\
jXd\j\o`jXiY`kiXi`cp[\gi`m\[f]d\dY\ij_`g`efe\f]fliZfddle`kpËjdfjki\nXi[`e^Xe[Z_\i`j_\[`ejk`klk`fej¿:\ikX`ecpfli
[\Z`j`fekf[XpdXibjXj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\`ek_\[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\Xj`k_XjY\\e`e_\i`k\[]ifdk_\ZfddfecXn#Xe[le[\ijkff[
YpdXepjfZ`\k`\j]fiZ\ekli`\j%9lk`k[f\jefk[`jkliYk_\]le[Xd\ekXcmXcl\f]dXii`X^\`eflijfZ`\kp%
;\c`Y\iXk`fe`j]fZlj\[Xifle[Xe`jjl\#^\e\iXccpcXnjfigfc`Zp#k_fl^_`kZXeXcjf`eZcl[\
glYc`ZY\_Xm`fiXe[ZlckliXcgiXZk`Z\j%K_\Kfne?XccNXcc[\c`Y\iXk`fed\k_f[f]]\ij
dlck`gc\gf`ekjf]m`\nXe[k_\e\eZfliX^\jXZfem\ijXk`feXifle[k_\gifjXe[Zfejf]\XZ_
g\ijg\Zk`m\`eXeXkdfjg_\i\f]dlklXci\jg\Zk%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\DXij_XccËjdXafi`kpfg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* =`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
:Xcckf8Zk`fe
N_`c\k_\`ejk`klk`fef]dXii`X^\`j[\\gcpiffk\[`ek_\_`jkfipXe[kiX[`k`fejf]fliZflekipXe[fliJkXk\#k_\i`^_kkfdXiipjfd\fe\
f]k_\jXd\j\o`jefk%EfdXkk\i_fng\ijfeXcfi`ek`dXk\X[\Z`j`fekfdXiipjfd\fe\f]k_\jXd\j\od`^_kY\#k_\i`^_kkfdXb\`k
`jefk^lXiXek\\[Ypk_\i`^_kf]g\ijfeXcXlkfefdp¿>`m\e¿_`jkfipXe[k_\Zlii\ekjkXk\f]glYc`Zfg`e`fe#Xji\Õ\Zk\[`ek_\XZk`fej
f]k_\g\fgc\Ëj\c\Zk\[i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j#`kZXeefkY\jX`[k_XkÈXi`^_kkfjXd\$j\odXii`X^\`jjfiffk\[`ek_\kiX[`k`fejXe[Zfcc\Zk`m\
ZfejZ`\eZ\f]flig\fgc\k_Xk]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`q\`knflc[m`fcXk\k_\]le[Xd\ekXcgi`eZ`gc\jf]c`Y\ikpXe[aljk`Z\k_Xkc`\Xkk_\YXj\f]
XccfliZ`m`cXe[gfc`k`ZXc`ejk`klk`fej%
<eZfliX^\pflijkl[\ekjkfnfibkf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xk
k_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfeYplj`e^k_\`ij_Xi\[mXcl\jXjXnXpkfYl`c[Zfej\ejlj%Pflijkl[\ekj
j_flc[nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekXe[`e[`m`[lXccpkfZiX]kX
g\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nJkXk\d\ek#Yfk_f]n_`Z_ZXeY\j\ekkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^
kfflin\Yj`k\Xknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[^f`e^fek_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
I\jfliZ\j
C`ebjkfk_\[fZld\ekjlj\[`ek_`jc\jjfeXe[\ok\ej`fei\X[`e^j]fik_`jc\jjfeXi\XmX`cXYc\
Xkk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iËjn\Yj`k\Xk1nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\%
=`e[cXn%>ff[i`[^\m%;\gXikd\ekf]GlYc`Z?\Xck_#,*0L%J%,,/)''* %8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&e\nj%Ôe[cXn%Zfd&nja&[fZj&ZfecXn&^ff[i`[^\(((/'*fge%g[]fe)''0$'/$'+
@Ëm\ZXcc\[fe:fe^i\jjkfi\g\Xck_\jf$ZXcc\[;\]\ej\f]DXii`X^\8Zkkf_\cg\e[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe¿X^X`ejkjXd\$j\oZflgc\j`ek_`j
Zflekip%Efn#@nXekkfX[[n\_Xm\X[lkpkflg_fc[\o`jk`e^cXn#Ylk@Y\c`\m\n\dljk[fjf`eXnXpk_Xk[f\jefk\oXZ\iYXk\fc[
[`m`[\j%8e[]lcÔcc`e^k_`j[lkp`elg_fc[`e^k_\cXn`eefnXpc\jj\ejdpZfdd`kd\ekkfi\m\ij`e^k_`jcXn%
*% ;`jki`Ylk\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[k_\_Xe[flkXe[Z`iZc\fini`k\`ek_\dXi^`ejnfi[jk_Xki\Õ\Zkk_\mXcl\j
\ogi\jj\[`ek_\=lcc=X`k_Xe[:i\[`k:cXlj\#k_\;l\GifZ\jjXe[<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\jf]k_\:fejk`klk`feXe[k_\Hlfk\jkf:fej`[\i%
+% 8
jbpflijkl[\ekjkfj_Xi\n`k_k_\ZcXjjk_\mXcl\jk_\p]fle[k_Xkn\i\i\Õ\Zk\[`eJkl[\ek?Xe[flk)%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij
]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\dn`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\
dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%K_\j\mXcl\jn`ccY\lj\[`eJk\g.%
GF@EKJF=M@<N1N?<I<@JK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
,% GXjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*%?Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\nXe[Z`iZc\n_`Z_k_\pjlggfik
jkl[\ekjdXpZ_ffj\dfi\k_Xefe\fini`k\k_\`ifneGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\`jjl\ %
;<C@9<I8K@FE1N?<I<ÈN<K?<G<FGC<ÉJK8E;FEK?<@JJL<
.% 8jbpflijkl[\ekjk_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fej%I\Zfi[k_\`iXejn\ij]fik_\ZcXjjkfj\\%
8%N_XkmXcl\jXi\\m`[\ek`e\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
?Xm\jkl[\ekji\]\ikfmXcl\jk_Xkn\i\[`jZljj\[n`k_Jkl[\ek?Xe[flk)Xe[ZXk\^fi`q\k_\j\mXcl\jle[\ik_\Xggc`ZXYc\
Gf`ekf]M`\n%Jfd\mXcl\jn`ccXggcpkfdfi\k_Xefe\Gf`ekf]M`\n%@]k_\jXd\mXcl\jXi\^`m\edfi\k_XefeZ\#dXibk_\d
n`k_XjkXikf[\k\id`e\k_\mXcl\jn`k_n_`Z_k_\dXafi`kpf]k_\ZcXjjX^i\\j%
9%@epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[Z`k\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]ifdJkl[\ek?Xe[flk*fij_Xi\Xepfk_\igfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\j
k_\p_Xm\k_fl^_kf]%
:%N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
Lj\mXcl\jk_Xk_Xm\gi\m`fljcpY\\ec`jk\[kf_\cgjkl[\ekjÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[%
;%N_Xkk\ej`fejfiZfeÕ`Zkj\o`jkY\kn\\ek_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n6
8jbpflijkl[\ekjkfZfdgXi\k_\c`jkjf]mXcl\jkf`[\ek`]pk_\k\ej`fejXe[ZfeÕ`Zkj%
<%N_XkZfdgifd`j\jXi\jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_f]k_\Gf`ekjf]M`\nn`cc`e^kfdXb\6
8jbjkl[\ekjkflj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
=%J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6<ogcX`epfliXejn\i%
Jkl[\ekjj_flc[lj\\m`[\eZ\Xe[mXcl\jk_Xkn\i\gi\m`fljcpc`jk\[kfjlggfikk_\`iXejn\ij%
;<9I@<=@E>1:FDDFEM8CL<J8E;GF@EKJF=M@<N
Nfibkf^\k_\ikfZiX]kXZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#n_`Z_`jXjkXk\d\ekk_Xk`je\^fk`Xk\[Xdfe^jlggfik\ijf]\XZ_g\ijg\Zk`m\
k_Xk`jYXj\[femXcl\jk_XkXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfe%=fik_\`i:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ek#\eZfliX^\pfliZcXjjkfnfib
kf^\k_\ikfÔe[Zfddfe^ifle[fek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6É
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[`eZcl[\k_\mXcl\jXcck_\g\ijg\Zk`m\j_Xm\`eZfddfeXe[i\Xjfejn_pk_\j\mXcl\jXi\`dgfikXekkfk_`j`jjl\%
K_\jkXk\d\ekj_flc[Xcjfgf`ekflkn_\i\k_\ZcXjj_XjXe[_Xjefki\XZ_\[Zfej\ejlj%PflZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%
fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\ZcXjj:fddfeMXcl\jJkXk\d\ekkfpfliZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
<m\ipjkl[\ekj_flc[Y\\eZfliX^\[kfZiX]kk_\`ig\ijfeXcGf`ekf]M`\nfek_\hl\jk`fegfj\[Xkk_\jkXikf]k_\c\jjfe1ÈJ_flc[
jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉJkl[\ekjZXek_\e^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\e[k_\`ig\ijfeXc
Gf`ekf]M`\nkfk_\`iZfe^i\jjg\ijfeYp^f`e^kfk_\:Xcckf8Zk`fegX^\%
KfÔe[gi`dXipjfliZ\i\j\XiZ_[fZld\ekjXYflkk_`j`jjl\#^fkfnnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\#Zc`Zbfek_\c`eb]fi
ÈJ_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6ÉXe[[fnecfX[k_\I\j\XiZ_;fZld\ekjJ\k%
JKL;<EK?8E;FLK*
JKL;<EKNFIBJ?<<K
look. learn. act.
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\fecpdXii`X^\jY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%K_\c\^Xc`qXk`fef]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\^`m\jX
È^fm\ied\ekjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gk_XkdXepg\fgc\Zfej`[\i`ddfiXcXe[i\`e]fiZ\j_Xid]lcjfZ`Xcki\e[jXci\X[ple[\id`e`e^
kiX[`k`feXcm`\njf]dXii`X^\%
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
EXd\;Xk\
(% ?
Xjk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\odXii`X^\X]]\Zk\[pflfijfd\fe\pflbefn6@]jf#\ogcX`e_fn%
K_`ebXYflk_fnpfli\og\i`\eZ\_XjX]]\Zk\[pflimXcl\ji\^Xi[`e^jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\j\hlXcgifk\Zk`fef]k_\cXn%
Jk`^dXk`q\j_fdfj\olXcjXe[gifdfk\j`ekfc\iXeZ\%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%%
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\Z`m`cle`fejfi[fd\jk`ZgXike\ij_`gjk_Xk^iXekc\^Xcgifk\Zk`fej#`e_\i`kXeZ\i`^_kj#_fjg`kXcm`j`kXk`fe
i`^_kjXe[Z_`c[Zljkf[pXiiXe^\d\ekjkfjXd\$j\oZflgc\j%JXd\$j\oZflgc\jj_flc[efkY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jk_XkdXii`\[
fggfj`k\$j\oZflgc\j\eafp#Ylkk_\c\^Xc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\j_flc[Y\Y\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
9<?<8I;
Efnpflijkl[\ekjZXe\og\i`\eZ\Xe`eefmXk`m\nXpkf[\c`Y\iXk\Zlii\ekZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\jn`k_fk_\i
_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjXZifjjk_\eXk`fek_Xk`j]i\\f]Z_Xi^\%
)% C`jkXkc\Xjkfe\mXcl\k_Xk`j\m`[\ek`e\XZ_f]k_\]fliGf`ekjf]M`\n%
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\c\^Xci\Zf^e`k`fef]Y\`e^dXii`\[%
K_\<oZ_Xe^\`jX[peXd`ZnXp]fi_`^_jZ_ffcjkl[\ekjkf[`jZfm\i_fnk_\`ig\\ij`ek_\`iZcXjjiffdXe[
fk_\igXikjf]k_\Zflekipm`\n`dgfikXek`jjl\j]XZ`e^k_\eXk`fe%GXjkkfg`Zj`eZcl[\1@jk_\:fejk`klk`fe:fcfi$
9c`e[62J_flc[XZc\XeXe[_\Xck_p\em`ifed\ekY\XZfejk`klk`feXci`^_k62J_flc[k_\L%J%i\[lZ\`dd`^iXk`fe62
J_flc[k_\^fm\ied\ekdXb\jli\k_Xk\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_XjX]]fi[XYc\_\Xck_`ejliXeZ\6
:i\Xk\jXZXk\^fipf]j\Zfe[$ZcXjjZ`k`q\ej%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
8ccpfle\\[kf^\k`emfcm\[`j¿
@ek\i\jk`e[\c`Y\iXk`e^Zlii\ek\m\ekj`epfliZcXjjiffd
@ek\i\jk`eZfejk`klk`feXc`jjl\j
@ek\ie\kZfee\Zk`m`kp
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Xccfnk_\jkXk\jkf[\k\id`e\n_f`j\ek`kc\[kfY\dXii`\[%DXii`X^\`jkiX[`k`feXccpZfekifcc\[Yp\XZ_jkXk\#
Xe[dX`ekX`e`e^k_Xkj\gXiXk`fef]jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcgfn\ib\\gj[\Z`j`fe$dXb`e^Zcfj\ikfk_\g\fgc\Xe[XccfnjXjfZ`Xccp[`m`j`m\`jjl\kfY\
nfib\[flkjkXk\$Yp$jkXk\fm\ik`d\%
*% @epflifg`e`fe#n_Xk`jk_\dfjkj\i`fljgfk\ek`XcZfej\hl\eZ\f]\XZ_Gf`ekf]M`\n6
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Gf`ekf]M`\n(
Gf`ekf]M`\n)
Gf`ekf]M`\n*
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
:i\Xk\jXgXkZ_nfibf]jkXk\dXii`X^\cXnj%
Af`ek_\eXk`fen`[\Zfem\ijXk`feYp¿
;fnecfX[`e^k_\]i\\c\jjfegcXeXe[\[lZXk`feXci\jfliZ\jn\gifm`[\
M`\n`e^figXik`Z`gXk`e^`ek_\c`m\@ek\ie\kN\YZXjk
KXb`e^flie\nfec`e\eXk`fen`[\gfcc
JXd\$j\oZflgc\jdXpY\[\e`\[k_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[gi`m`c\^\jf]dXii`X^\`ejkXk\jk_Xk[fefki\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\%
;\e`\jjXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\gifk\Zk`fef]]\[\iXccXn%
Gf`ekf]M`\n+
Af`ek_\Zfem\ijXk`fefec`e\Xk1
K_\]\[\iXc^fm\ied\ekj_flc[i\Zf^e`q\jXd\$j\odXii`X^\j%;\ep`e^jXd\$j\oZflgc\jk_\i`^_kkfdXiipm`fcXk\jk_\<hlXcGifk\Zk`fe:cXlj\
f]k_\(+k_8d\e[d\ekXe[`jX]fidf][`jZi`d`eXk`feef[`]]\i\ek]ifdk_\iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkfeZ\YXii\[`ek\iiXZ`XcdXii`X^\j%
nnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\
Gfk\ek`XcE\^Xk`m\:fej\hl\eZ\j
Le[\id`e\jk_\kiX[`k`feXc[\Ôe`k`fef]dXii`X^\XjXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eXdXeXe[XnfdXe%
;\e`\jk_\jkXk\jk_\i`^_kkf[\k\id`e\n_fj_flc[Y\cXn]lccpdXii`\[%
>`m\jX^fm\ied\ekÈjkXdgf]XggifmXcÉkfXi\cXk`fej_`gjfd\Ôe[`ddfiXc%
Effk_\igXikjf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[`en_fc\fi`egXik`eXep]fidfi]fidXkn`k_flkjg\Z`Xcg\id`jj`fe]ifdk_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
)% G
XjjflkJkl[\ek?Xe[flk(Xe[_Xm\jkl[\ekji\X[`k%8jXZcXjj#i\m`\nk_\^l`[\c`e\j]fi[\c`Y\iXk`fejXe[[`jZljjk_\`[\Xf]
lj`e^mXcl\j`e[\c`Y\iXk`fej%
NATIONAL CONSTITUTION
N CENTER
È¿^fm\ied\ekf]k_\g\fgc\#
Ypk_\g\fgc\#]fik_\g\fgc\¿É
G\id`jj`fe`j^iXek\[kfk\XZ_\ijkfi\gif[lZ\Jkl[\ek?Xe[flkjXe[Nfibj_\\kj]fik_\`i`e[`m`[lXcZcXjjiffdlj\fecp%
M8CL<J1:FEJK@KLK@FE8E;HLFK<J
DF;@=@:8K@FE
Education
n
K_`j`jn_p8YiX_XdC`eZfceËjnfi[jjk`cci`e^kil\kf[Xp1
Gi`ek\[`ek_\LJ8%K_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\iXe[XjjfZ`Xk\[[\j`^ejXi\kiX[\dXibj&i\^`jk\i\[kiX[\dXibjf]k_\EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i%
H1J_flc[jXd\$j\oZflgc\j_Xm\k_\i`^_kkfdXiip6
Jkl[\ekjXejn\iP\jfiEf%
PfliZcXjjZXeZfek`el\k_\Zfem\ijXk`feYpkXb`e^fli`ek\iXZk`m\N\YGfccXknnn%Zfejk`klk`feZ\ek\i%fi^&\oZ_Xe^\Xe[j\\_fn
fk_\ijkl[\ekjXifle[k_\Zflekipmfk\[fek_\`jjl\jXjgXikf]flife^f`e^Zfem\ijXk`feXkK_\<oZ_Xe^\%
I\dXibjYpk_\Gi\j`[\ekXkC>9KGi`[\Dfek_I\Z\gk`fe%Ale\)0#)''0%8ZZ\jj\[]ifd_kkg1&&nnn%n_`k\_flj\%^fm&k_\Vgi\jjVf]ÔZ\&I\dXibj$Yp$k_\$Gi\j`[\ek$Xk$C>9K$Gi`[\$Dfek_$
I\Z\gk`fe&fe)''0$('$',
FliZflekip]XZ\j\efidfljZ_Xcc\e^\jYfk_]fi\`^eXe[[fd\jk`Z%N\e\\[Z`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\k_Xk
[\dfZiXZp[\dXe[jdfi\k_Xemfk`e^`eEfm\dY\i%8jljkX`eXYc\[\dfZiXZpe\\[jZ`k`q\ejn_fY\c`\m\
`ekXb`e^gXik`eflieXk`feËjgfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`XcXe[\Zfefd`Z[`jZflij\%K_\i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fidX`ekX`e`e^X
[\dfZiXZpk_Xkgifk\Zkjk_\]i\\[fdj\ej_i`e\[`efli:fejk`klk`fe`j`ek_\_Xe[jf]k_\g\fgc\%
N_Xk`j[\c`Y\iXk`fe6
ÇGi\j`[\ekFYXdX)''0 N<K?<G<FGC<
(% ;`jgcXpk_\Kfne?XccNXccgfjk\ijfXccf]pflijkl[\ekjZXej\\`k%E\ok#_Xm\k_\di\X[k_\[\jZi`gk`fef]k_\`jjl\Xe[k_\
hl\jk`fe%>`m\\XZ_jkl[\ekXjk`Zbpefk\Xe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfni`k\P\jfiEfkfXejn\ik_\hl\jk`fe#Xe[gcXZ\`kfek_\Kfne?Xcc
NXccgfjk\i`ek_\Xggifgi`Xk\Zfclde%
-% Gifm`[\\XZ_jkl[\ekn`k_k_\Jkl[\ekNfibj_\\kXe[`ejkilZkk_\dkfZfdgc\k\`k%
ÇJkXk\Jlgi\d\:flikAljk`Z\:fi[pËj[`jj\ek`e^fg`e`fe`e>ff[i`[^\m%DXjjXZ_lj\kkj;\gk%f]GlYc`Z?\Xck_)''* @eX[\c`Y\iXk`fe`k`j`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\ik_\YXj`ZmXcl\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\lg_\c[Yp\m\ipfe\%9pZfej`[\i`e^X
mXi`\kpf]mXcl\j#n\ZXele[\ijkXe[fe\Xefk_\iY\kk\i`ek_\j\XiZ_]fiZfddfe^ifle[%8jpfliZcXjj[`jZljj\jk_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\j#pfldXpÔe[pflij\c]X^i\\`e^n`k_dfi\k_Xefe\f]k_\d%=\\c]i\\kfZfdY`e\g\ijg\Zk`m\j#Xe[kf
[\jZi`Y\e\ngf`ekjf]m`\n%
AXjfe<%8cc\e#EXk`feXcJkl[\ekGif^iXdjDXeX^\i#EXk`feXc:fejk`klk`fe:\ek\i
K_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp\eZfliX^\jjkl[\ekjkfcffbXkk_\`jjl\f]jXd\$j\o
dXii`X^\]ifd[`]]\i\ekgf`ekjf]m`\n%K_\e#k_ifl^_[\c`Y\iXk`fe#k_\pn`ccÔe[gfc`k`ZXc
d\Xjli\jkfX[[i\jjk_`j`jjl\%@eXep[\c`Y\iXk`feXZk`m`kp#Zfdgifd`j\Xe[c`jk\e`e^n`ccgcXp
Xb\pifc\`eÔe[`e^Zfddfe^ifle[%K_`jc\jjfe`j[\j`^e\[kfgifdfk\XeXkdfjg_\i\f]
dlklXci\jg\Zk]fi[`]]\i`e^gf`ekjf]m`\nfeZfekifm\ij`Xc`jjl\j%
Gi\j\ekpfli`[\Xj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\]XZ`c`kXkfifi^iflgc\X[\i%
N_\e[\m\cfg`e^pfliXi^ld\ek#Zfej`[\ik_\gfj`k`fef]k_\fk_\ij`[\#Xe[lj\k_\j\`[\Xj
kfjlggfikfiYl`c[Zfdgifd`j\`ekfpfligfj`k`fe%
C<JJFE
FG<E@E>1KFNE?8CCN8CC
“Should same-sex
couples have the
right to marry?”
+% N_XkmXcl\j[fk_\Gf`ekjf]M`\n_Xm\`eZfddfe6
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz