Flu Facts
The following information refers to seasonal flu in humans and is based information reported by the CDC,
including the most recent information made available by the Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices (ACIP) regarding inactivated seasonal flu vaccine (i.e., flu shots, not the intranasal vaccine) as
referenced below, unless otherwise indicated. A link to the report and other information can be found at
the CDC’s website, www.cdc.gov/flu. 1
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“The flu” generally refers to common seasonal flu, which is a contagious respiratory illness caused by
influenza viruses. The illness can be mild to severe and, at times, it can lead to death. The flu is best
prevented by annual vaccination. 2
Avian/Bird Flu, Swine Flu, etc: Certain flu viruses are found in many different animals, including ducks,
chickens, pigs (swine), whales, horses and seals. Avian/Bird Flu refers to flu viruses that occur
naturally among wild birds. They are deadly to domestic fowl and, though unlikely, can be transmitted
from birds to humans. The Swine Flu refers to flu viruses that occur in pigs. Pigs can be infected with
both human and avian flu viruses in addition to swine flu viruses and can, therefore, transmit them to
humans.
The 2009 H1N1 Flu was a new virus that presented in the spring of 2009 and caused a significant
amount of illness in people. This virus was originally referred to as “swine flu” because lab tests showed
that many of the genes in this new virus were very similar to flu viruses that normally occur in pigs in
North America. But further study has shown that this new virus is very different from what normally
circulates in North American pigs.
The 2009 Novel H1N1 Flu vaccine has been included in Seasonal Flu vaccine since then. Remember,
there are many different strains of the flu virus, as well as other similar illnesses. The flu vaccine covers
only the three flu viruses chosen to be most likely to cause illness during the upcoming season, though it
might also provide protection against other closely related or similar flu viruses. If the 2009 Novel H1N1
Flu had presented sooner, it would have been one of the three strains included in the 2009-2010
Seasonal Flu vaccine. Unfortunately, the 2009 Novel H1N1 Flu started making people sick after the
2009-2010 Seasonal Flu vaccine was already in production. Because it was too late to add the 2009 Novel
H1N1 to the 2009-2010 Seasonal Flu vaccine, and because the 2009 Novel H1N1 Flu was expected to
cause a lot of illness, it was determined that an additional flu vaccine should be made. THE ONLY
DIFFERENCE in the two vaccines last year was the strains included in them. A flu shot is a flu shot.
The strains included in Seasonal Flu vaccine are updated each year, which is why annual flu vaccination is
recommended.
The 2012-2013 flu vaccine virus strains are: A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like (the same strain
used for 2009 H1N1 monovalent vaccines), A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like and B/Wisconsisn/1/2010like viruses. While the H1N1 virus is the same, the H3N2 and B vaccine viruses are different from those
that were selected for the northern hemisphere the last two years.
Pandemic flu refers to a global outbreak of serious illness in humans caused by flu viruses. There is
little natural immunity so disease is very contagious. The year before last, we experienced the 2009
H1N1 Flu pandemic. 2
Since the early 1900s, three pandemics (worldwide epidemics) occurred until 2009. 2
o “The Spanish flu” occurred in 1918-19. There were approximately 500,000 deaths in the U.S. and
20 million worldwide. 2
o “The Asian flu” occurred in 1957-58. There were 70,000 deaths in the U.S. 2
o “The Hong-Kong flu” occurred in 1968-69. There were 34,000 deaths in the U.S. 2
“The stomach flu” is an incorrect term sometimes used to describe gastrointestinal illnesses caused
by other organisms. 2
The most common flu symptoms are fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, dry cough, sore throat,
and a runny or stuffy nose. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are rare symptoms, more common in
children.
On average, 5% to 20% of the population gets the flu, more than 200,000 people are hospitalized and
approximately 36,000 people die in the U.S. each year due to flu-related complications. 2
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You may be contagious with the flu for a day before you even know you are sick and up to five days
after. Children may be contagious for a longer period of time. 2
The flu is spread in respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing, usually from person to person,
but sometimes by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching your mouth or nose. 2
To improve your chances of avoiding the flu, you should get a flu shot every year. Flu viruses are
constantly changing to avoid being destroyed by our immune systems. When a significant abrupt change
occurs and a different strain comes about, there might be little or no antibody protection against it and large
numbers of people may become ill (epidemic). On the other hand, a new virus may be similar enough to
one in the past, that antibodies built up against an old one might protect individuals against the new one.
What’s the difference between the plain old flu shots and the newer vaccine you inhale? The vaccine
you inhale is referred to as live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Basically, the viruses in this vaccine
are still alive and able to replicate, though weakened, while the viruses in the plain old flu shot, or trivalent
inactivated vaccine (TIV), are considered “killed” and unable to do so. Both vaccines contain the same
virus strains, which are grown in eggs. Currently, LAIV is only approved for healthy, non-pregnant people
aged 2-49 years, while TIV is approved for most everyone older than 6 months. LAIV, licensed for use in
the U.S. beginning in 2003, is produced by MedImmune, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland;
http://www.medimmune.com) and marketed under the name FluMist™. For more information, please
review the current ACIP report or visit the MedImmune website.
A “High-Dose” trivalent vaccine, which provides an alternative for people aged 65 and older, was
licensed in 2009. This vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose, Sanofi) contains an increased amount of flu virus
antigen, compared with other inactivated flu vaccines, which is supposed to give older people a better
immune response. It is not yet known if the increased amount of antigen provides greater protection
against the flu.
There is a newly-FDA-approved intradermal microinjection flu shot (Fluzone Intradermal, Sanofi)
available for people aged 18-64. It should be much more “comfortable” than the standard IM injection
and more acceptable to needle-phobes.
Forget flu season and the perfect timing of flu vaccination. The new recommendation is that
vaccination efforts begin as soon as vaccine is available and continue through the flu season. Flu
season in the U.S. is usually November-April, with peak activity between late December and early March.
Flu season in the southern hemisphere is usually April-September and, in the tropics, it is year-round.
The flu shot can be given in conjunction with some other vaccines at different injection sites.
The flu shot is recommended for all persons aged 6 months and up. Protection of persons at higher risk
for flu-related complications should continue to be a focus of vaccination efforts as providers and programs
transition to routine vaccination of all persons aged 6 months and up. Use of both available vaccines (TIV
and LAIV) is encouraged for eligible people. Use of LAIV is especially encouraged when possible for
those eligible (including health-care workers) because use of LAIV by them might considerably increase
the availability of the flu shots for high-risk people. Those who have received the LAIV should avoid
contact with severely immunosuppressed people for 7 days after vaccination.
Some children should receive 2 doses of flu vaccine. To optimize immune response, children aged 6
months to 8 years require 2 doses of influenza vaccine during their first season of flu vaccination.
Additionally, because of the antigenic novelty of the 2009(H1N1) pandemic virus, which is anticipated to
continue circulating during 2012–13, exposure history to this antigen must also be considered. Children
who last received seasonal (trivalent) influenza vaccine before the 2010–11 season but did not receive a
vaccine containing 2009(H1N1) antigen (either seasonal vaccine since July 2010 or monovalent
2009[H1N1] vaccine) will not have received this antigen. These children are recommended to receive 2
doses this season, even if 2 doses of seasonal influenza vaccine were received before the 2010–11 season.
When a child has to receive 2 doses, he or she should receive the first dose as early as possible. For LAIV,
the second dose should be at least 6 weeks after the initial dose and, for TIV, the second dose should be at
least 4 weeks after the initial dose.
When vaccine supply is limited, vaccination efforts should focus on vaccinating the following:
o All children aged 6 - 59 months
All persons aged 50 and older
Children and adolescents (aged 6 months - 18 years) who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy
and therefore might be at risk for Reye syndrome after flu virus infection
o Women who will be pregnant during the flu season
o Persons of any age (above 6 months) who have chronic pulmonary (including asthma),
cardiovascular (except hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurologic, hematologic, or metabolic
disorders (including diabetes mellitus) or are immunosuppressed (including immunosuppression
caused by medications or by HIV)
o Residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities
o American Indians/Alaska Natives
o Morbidly obese individuals (who have a BMI of 40 or higher)
o Health care personnel
o Household contacts and caregivers of children under 5 years of age and adults aged 50 and older,
with particular emphasis on vaccinating contacts of children aged under 6 months
o Household contacts and caregivers of persons with medical conditions that put them at higher risk
for severe complications from the flu
Experts consider the flu shot safe for pregnant women and breastfeeding women and their infants.
Vaccination is recommended for women who will be pregnant during the flu season because of their
increased risk for flu-related complications. However, be aware that there is increased awareness about
vaccinating pregnant women. Of particular concern to many is the fact that a lot of flu vaccine contains
thimerosal, a mercury-containing organic compound that is widely used as a preservative. In the late
1990s, overly conservative risk assessments led to the removal of thimerosal from childhood vaccines. The
assessment made the assumption that the ethylmercury in thimerosal could affect the body as much as
methylmercury, which can have negative affects on the nervous system. However, since then, it has been
found that ethylmercury is cleared from the body and the brain significantly faster than methylmercury.
Basically, in the late 90s, thimerosal was removed from vaccines purely as a precautionary measure. The
current scientific consensus is that no convincing evidence supports claims that thimerosal is connected to
autism or any other neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite this, many parents and some scientists and
doctors, believe there is a connection, which makes this a controversial topic. Note that the FDA has
classified TIV as a “Pregnancy Category C” medication, indicating that adequate animal reproduction
studies have not been conducted. However, there is quite a bit of available data that does not indicate that
flu vaccine causes fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. 3
Some people should not be vaccinated. Contraindications include having a severe allergy to eggs (since
influenza used in vaccine is grown in hens’ eggs) or any other vaccine component (i.e., thimerosal) and
having a moderate or severe illness with fever at the time of vaccination (does not include minor illnesses).
Also, the vaccine is not approved for children younger than six months. People allergic to eggs or other
vaccine components [see vaccine package insert], those who have ever had an allergic reaction to a flu shot
or similar vaccine, or developed Guallain-Barre syndrome (GBS) within six weeks of getting a flu shot in
the past should talk to a doctor before being vaccinated. Possible sensitivity to dry natural latex rubber
should be considered by those receiving certain brands of vaccine [again, see package insert].
Additionally, note that if your immune system is compromised by illness at the time of vaccination, your
body may not be able to respond to the vaccine as it should to build up antibodies for protection against the
flu and you could become sicker or prolong your illness. LAIV should not be given to children younger
than 5 years who have possible reactive airways disease, such as those who have had recurrent wheezing or
a recent wheezing episode.
There are new recommendations regarding people who are allergic to eggs. The following is provided
for your information, HOWEVER, YOU ARE NOT PERMITTED BY TW TO ADMINSTER THE FLU
VACCINE TO ANY SUCH PERSONS.
REFER THEM TO THEIR OWN HEALTHCARE
PROVIDERS.
1. Persons who have experienced only hives following exposure to egg should receive flu vaccine with
the following additional measures:
a. Because studies published to date involved use of TIV, TIV rather than LAIV should be used.
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b. Vaccine should be administered by a healthcare provider who is familiar with the potential
manifestations of egg allergy.
c. Vaccine recipients should be observed for at least 30 minutes for signs of a reaction following
administration of each vaccine dose.
2. Persons who report having had reactions to egg involving angioedema, respiratory distress,
lightheadedness, or recurrent emesis, or persons who required epinephrine or other emergency medical
intervention, particularly those that occurred immediately or within minutes to hours after egg
exposure, are more likely to have a serious systemic or anaphylactic reaction upon re-exposure to egg
proteins. Before receipt of vaccine, such individuals should be referred to a physician with expertise in
the management of allergic conditions for further risk assessment.
3. All vaccines should be administered in settings in which personnel and equipment for rapid recognition
and treatment of anaphylaxis are available. ACIP recommends that all vaccination providers be
familiar with the office emergency plan.
4. Some persons who report being allergic to egg might not be. Those who are able to eat lightly cooked
egg (e.g., scrambled eggs) without having a reaction are unlikely to be allergic. Conversely, eggallergic persons might tolerate egg in baked products (e.g., bread or cake); tolerance to egg-containing
foods does not exclude the possibility of egg allergy. Egg allergy can be confirmed by a consistent
medical history of adverse reactions to eggs and egg-containing foods, plus skin and/or blood testing
for immunoglobulin E antibodies to egg proteins.
5. A previous severe allergic reaction to influenza vaccine, regardless of the component suspected to be
responsible for the reaction, is a contraindication to receipt of influenza vaccine.
You cannot get the flu from the flu shot. Flu shots are made from “killed” flu viruses. They cannot
make you sick like live viruses but your body recognizes that they are present and attempts to build up the
appropriate defenses to fight them off. It is important to NOTE, however, that many people do believe they
have gotten the flu from the flu shot. Some explanations for this are as follows:
1. Some people, usually children and others who have not been exposed to the flu viruses before,
may notice “mild” flu-like symptoms, such as fever, muscle pain and feelings of discomfort or
weakness, after receiving a flu shot. To some, the symptoms do not seem mild. They usually start
soon after the shot and last one or two days. This is a rare but normal occurrence while the immune
system is responding to the vaccine. It should not be confused with the flu or an allergic reaction.
2. Receiving a flu shot does not guarantee that you will avoid the flu. However, getting a flu shot will
reduce your chances of getting sick with the flu. Remember, there are many different strains of the flu
virus, as well as other similar illnesses. The flu vaccine covers only the three flu viruses that are
chosen to be most likely to cause illness during the upcoming season, though it might also provide
protection against other closely related or similar flu viruses.
3. Unfortunately, some people can remain unprotected despite getting a flu shot. This is more likely
to occur among people that have weakened immune systems. However, even among people with
weakened immune systems, the flu vaccine can still help prevent flu-related complications.
The most common side effect of the flu shot is soreness at the injection site. It can last up to two days
but does not usually affect an individual’s ability to perform normal daily activities. In rare cases, some
individuals report persistent arm pain.
Less common side effects of the flu shot include allergic reactions and Guillain-Barré syndrome
(GBS). Life-threatening allergic reactions (which usually occur immediately) are very rare but possible in
individuals allergic to any vaccine component. The 1976 Swine flu vaccine was associated with an
increased number of GBS, a severe paralytic illness. Since then, the risk is estimated to be very low at one
to two cases per million vaccinated—much less than the risk of getting the flu. However, individuals with
a history of GBS should not be vaccinated without consulting a doctor because they have a much greater
likelihood of subsequently developing the illness than individuals without such a history.
Antiviral medications that act against the flu are useful adjuncts in combating flu, and effective when
used early in the course of treating illness. They should not be used as a substitute for vaccination.
Unfortunately, many flu virus strains are now proving to be resistant to antiviral medications and the
related recommendations seem to be changing all the time.