I-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) would like to express its gratitude to the Geography Panel members for their
cornmitipent and invaluable contribution towards the design and development of this syllabus. Members of the Geography are:
E.M. Mokhosi
I.S. Mugisha
R. Matheolane
G.M. Raselimo
R. Majqra
L. Lelala
M. Nketekete
M. Makaja
M. Moqese
M. Tsehlo
L. Ramatekoa
M. Ntlatlapa
F.E. Mtijoro
The National University of Lesotho
NUL International School
NUL International School
The National University of Lesotho
Central Inspectorate MOET
Zenon High School
Leribe High School
Methodist High School
Sefika High School
Bereng High School
St. Cyprian High School
Examination Council of Lesotho
The National Curriculum Development Centre, MOET
NCDC would also like to gratefblly acknowledge the support and cooperation received from the institutions which allowed their
representatives to attend meetings and workshops which were held to develop Junior Certificate Geography Syllabus.
0National Curriculum Development Centre, 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieved system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopyping, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the-copyright owner.
Editor: Molise Nhlapo
1
General Information on Geography
Int rod1.1ct ion
Geography is a subject that studies the earth as the home of man. Its main concern is the interaction of man with his
environment and its effects. Man’s environment includes the natural and human activities. The fhemes in Geography
includq:
- Solar System
-
Weather and Climate
- Population and Settlement
- .vegetation and Land use
-
Soils and Soil Erosion
-
Weathering of Rocks
-
Industries
-
MapReading
lntergrated in these are Environmental issues and Population and Family Life Education
Mission Statement
Geography aims at increasing students knowledge and understanding of the earth as the home of man. This gives
students knowledge of the interaction of man with his environment. It develops a positive attitude towards caring for one’s
environment. It gives students basic geographic skills and techniques that will enable them to solve environmental
problems. It also aims at arousing their interest and curiosity to analyse the relationships between the bio-physical
processes and human activities. Through Geography students will be able to know their country in relation to other
countdes. It also aims at enabling the learners to improve their social lives and the environment in which they live.
2
Approaches to the Study of Geography
It is be(ieved that the teachingllearning process takes place effectively where the learner fully participates in what he/she
is learning. The teacher is therefore encouraged to facilitate the learner to use all his senses in learning. A lot of methods
that are recommended are inter-related and a combination of more than one method can be used to achieve effective
learnins.
i)
Observation: students can better learn by studying their environment and observing it closely.
ii)
Audio-Visual Aids: may be used to enhance learning of processes that are not knowt.1 and too abstract to the
students e.g Solar System, Composition of the earth, Glaciers and Wave Erosion to students in Lesotho. Use
of well labelled drawings and pictures is very useful.
iii)
Discussions and Debates: can be used in topics which generate a lot of questions and arguments e.g
Population Studies, Population Control Measures and Urbanization.
iv)
Groupwork and Peer Teaching: if properly organized can be used to help students research information,
record and present their findings to their peers and be questioned and criticized on their findings.
v)
Guest Speakers: may be invited to teach the students on their areas of expertise e.g A person from WASA
may talk to students about processes of water purification and water conservation. A person from Statistics
office may show students how census is conducted.
vi)
Research: students may be guided into finding information on solving problems on thFir own and later report to
the class.
vii)
Fieldwork and Excursions: when properly organized, expose students to observing things in their reality.
Field work should be planned at the end of each year with all subject teachers so that all subjects benefit. A
plan/guide of what things to observe should be made by both students and teachers. A report of what was
observed should be made by both students and teachers. Parents should also be informed and involved as
early as possible.
viii)
Lecturing: is effective when it is done in a discussion form, a two-way discussion that involves students.
3
At the end of the course students should:
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. Have acquired knowledge about local, regional
and global environment.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.1 demonstrate knowledge of local environment and the
general geography of Lesotho, selected countries in
different regions, in Africa and other parts of the
world.
1.2 show appreciation of the need to preserve the beauty
of their local and global environment.
1.3 demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between
bio-physical processes and human activities.
t
2. Be aware of and apprec 3 3 developmenta
trends and their effect on the environment.
2.1 demonstrate knowledge of the effects of human
activities on the environment.
2.2 show appreciation of need for global co-operation on
socio-economic developrnenfs.
c
3. Have acquired knowledge of spatial distribution of
both physical and human aspects.
3.1 demonstrate knowledge and- understand ing of the
diverse geographical spatial patterns and their
causes.
3.2 show knowledge of man-made and natural disasters.
Demonstrate the ability to respond appropriately to
natural and man-made disa'sters.
3.3 show awareness and appreciation of natural and
man-made resources.
4
4. Have acquired knowledge of spatial distribution of
both physical and human aspects.
4.1 have acquired understand ing and the use of scale in
the drawing of maps and diagrams.
4.2 have acquired ability to observe, collecthecord,
analyselsynthesise, interpret and report geographic
data.
4.3 have acquired map-reading and map interpretation
skills.
4.4 have acquired skills in drawing and modelling
geographic features.
5. Have acquired knowledge of spatial distribution of 5.1 have acquired knowledge and understand ing of
population numbers, growth and distribution in
both physical and human aspect on the quality of
life locally, regionally and globally.
Lesotho and the world.
5
Assessment and Examination
Thq syllabus is expected to assess:
i)
The ability to interpret and analyse geographic data
ii)
Ability to draw, read and interpret maps
iii)
The ability to analyse and show the relationships of natural and human activities.
iv)
Knowlege with understanding of geographical concepts.
At the end of the three years of Junior Secondary, students will be assessed in two papers with total marks of 200.
The following table summarises the structure of the end of year examinations.
Paeer
Time
Marks
Questions
Paper I
2 hrs 15min
100
Assesses basic skills and techniques of map-reading and
interpretation, and basic principles of Physical Geography.
Paper II
2 hrs 45min
100
Assesses knowledge and skills on Human and Economic
Geography on the following topics: Agriculture, Industries,
Forestry, Settlements and Population, Tourism, Water and
Energy, Trade and Transport, Field Work.
Recommended number of lessons is at least 5 periods per week.
6
FORM A
At the end of Form A students should bt able to:
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
CONTENT
NOTES
1. A. SOLAR SYSTEM
1. Discuss characteristics of the members
of the universe.
2. Explain the relationship of the sun with
the planets
Characteristics of planets,
moon, sun, stars, asteroids and
other members of the universe.
0
0
Role play solar system.
0
Use of pictures is important.
Phases of the moon
3. Describe Dhases of the moon.
B. THE EARTH: (i) characteristics
4. Describe the shape and size of the
earth.
5. Describe the proportion of land to water.
6. Describe the earth’s atmosphere.
Shape and size, inclination
Let students find more about the
importance of ozone layer.
Proof of shape of earth
Land and Water Distribution
Earth’s atmosphere, different
layers of earth’s atmosphere:
importance
7. Describe the characteristics of latitudes
and longitudes.
Characteristics of latitudes and
longitutes.
0
Define concept latitude and
longitude before outlining the
characteristics of lines of latitute
and Iqngitude.
Form A
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
NOTES
CONTENT
(ii) Exfernal movements of the
earth: Rotafion and Revolution
Rotation and revolution
8. Describe rotation and revolution.
Effects of rotation: day and
night
9. Describe effects of rotation and
revolution.
Effects of revolution: seasons of
the year, eclipses
Role play movements of the
earth demonstrating day and
night.
’
Let students visualise how life
would be like without rotation
and revolution.
Length of day and night and
changing altitude of midday sun
should be discussed under
seasons of the year.
8
Form A
NOTES
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
2. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
(GEOLOGY)
0
10. Describe the composition of the earth.
11. Describe haw different types of rocks
re
0
formed.
12. Explain uses of rocks.
Crust, mantle, inner and outer
core
Rock types and their formation:
igneous, sedimentary and
metarmophic
0
Colleci and study samples of
rocks that are found in the
neighbourhood.
Uses of rocks.
3. WEATHER AND CLIMATE
13. Explain how weather elements are
0
measured and recorded.
14. Interpret simple weather charts.
15. Differentiat6 between weather and climate.
16. Describe the climate of Lesotho.
0
Elements of weather: their
measurement and recording
Students draw and label
recording instruments.
Synoptic charts (simple
weat her charts)
Students visit weather station.
Relationship between weather
and climate
Students describe weather
conditiQnsdaily and put them
on a w.t~llchart.
Climate of Lesotho: lowlands,
highlands, foothills and Senqu
valley.
Describe climate of Lesotho
using temperature and rainfall:
use climate maps
9
Form A
~~
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
NOTES
CONTENT
4. WEATHERING
17. Explain the processes of physical
weathering.
0
18. Discuss the effects of weathering on the
environment.
0
Processes of physical
weathering: frost action,
temperature changes, wetting
and drying, mass wasting,
action of plants and animals
(biological weathering)
0
Fieldwork to observe weathering
Indicate examples in Lesotho
Effects of physical weathering
on the environment
5. SOILS AND SOIL EROSION
A. SOILS
19. Identify soil using its texture.
Types of soil: sand , loam,
clay and silt
Other physical properties of
soil: e.g. colour, structure,
humus content,
permeability, thickness.
20. Describe prDperties of soil.
21. Describe simple soil profile.
Collect and study soil samples.
Invite guest speakers from the
Minist6 of Agriculture or the
Agriculfure teacher.
0
Students study soil profile in
their environment.
Chemical property: pH
t
o
0
22. Explain use? of soil.
0
Simple soil profile
Uses of soil
Discuss how long it takes for
soil to form and how long it
takes to be carried away.
10
Form A
NOTES
END QF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
~
Study soil in their vicinity.
8. SOIL EROSION
23. Identify agents of soil erosion.
Agents of soil erosion: running
water, wind, waves, glaciers.
Establish a soil conservation day
in the school.
Types of water erosion: gully,
sheet, splash and rill
Let students bring photographs
and pictures of soil erosion and
prevention.
24. Identify types of water erosion.
25. Discuss causess of soil erosion.
4
26. Describe prpblems caused by soil erosion.
Causes of soil erosion
27. Describe soil conservation methods.
Problems caused by erosion
e.g desertification, siltation of
dams
28. Carry out soil conservation in the school
vicinity.
Discuss the importance of soil
conservation.
Use one of the methods to
prevent soil erosion in the
school.'
Soil conservation methods:
Dreventive and curative.
6. VEGETATlON
29. Identify the types of vegetation.
Types of vegetation: shrubs,
grasses and trees
Students observe vegetation in
their environment.
31. Discuss uses of vegetation..
Distribution of vegetation locally
(Lesotho)
Introduce a tree planting day in
the school.
32. Discuss problems caused by nature and
humans on Vegetation.
Uses of vegetation
30. Explain the distribution of vegetation locally.
0
Problems caused by nature
and people to vegetation
e
Undertake a project to grow and
protect endangered species of
vegetation in the school garden.
11
Form A
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
33. Suggest vegetation conservation
measures.
I
NOTES
CONTENT
0
0
34. Discuss the relationship between vegetation
and climate.
Conservation of vegetation
0
Relationship between
vegetation and climate
0
35. Describe population structure by size, age
and sex.
36. Describe Lqsotho’s population structure by
size, age and sex.
0
0
37. Explain the impact of HIV and AIDS on
38. Explain population distribution and density.
rapid populationsgrowth.
42. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of
migration.
Lesotho’s population structure
and relationship to HIV and
AIDS
Rapid population growth:
problems and possible
solutions.
40. Suggest ways of solving problems caused by
movements.
0
0
0
Movement of population:
causes and types.
Advantages and
disadvantaaes of miaration.
Collect data from the class (sex,
age)
Analyse HIV and AIDS
.statistics in Lesotho and other
countries where available.
Include Nutritional density and
Arithmetic density.
Form HIV and AIDS awareness
Youth Clubs to teach people
about AIDS.
Population distribution and
density
39. Discuss problems related to rapid population
growth.
41. Discuss causes and types of population
Population structure: size, age
and sex.
Impact of HIV and AIDS on
population
population.
Discuss how misuse of
vegetation affects ecosystem.
0
0
You may use debates for
population growth.
Mention the push and pull
factors of migration.
12
Form A
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
I
NOTES
CONTENT
~~
~~
8. INDUSTRY
43. Classify industries into Primary, Secondary
and Tertiary.
0
44. Identify tertiary industries and factors
determining their establishment and location.
45. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of
tertiary industries.
46. Discuss problems faced by tertiary/service
industries.
Classification of industries into
primary, secondary, tertiary
e
Factors determining
establishment of tertiary
industries
0
0
Debate advantages and
disadvantages of service
industry
Examples of tertiary industries:
transport and comunication,
teaching, health, recreational.
Tertiary industries: advantages
and disadvantages
Problems of servicedtertiary
industries
0
Include efforts the government
of Lesotho is taking to improve
tertiarv industries.
9. LESOTHO TOURISM
47. Identify places of tourist attractions in
Lesotho.
\
48. Describe bpefits and problems of the
tourist industry.
Tourist attractions in Lesotho:
national park, mountain
scenary, horse riding,
hospitality, stability, historical
places, clean air, clean water.
0
Encourage students to help
preserve the flora and fauna of
Lesotho and indicate places
where these are found.
l
13
Form A
L
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
49. Suggest possible ways to improve the
tourist industry in Lesotho.
Map of Lesotho for location of
places of interest.
I
NOTES
P
F
Students discuss the use of
each plantlanimal around them.
Impact of tourism in Lesotho:
- benefitdadvantages,
disadvantageslproblems.
- improvement of the tourist
industry in Lesotho.
10. WATER
50. Identify sources of water.
Sources of water: rivers, wells,
dams
51. Illustrate the hydrological cycle.
52. Discuss uses of water and water-related
problems.
53. Describe simple water purification methods.
54. Suggest water conservation methods.
Hydrological cycle
Uses of water
Water-related problems, e.g
water pollution, scarcity, waterborne diseases.
Water purification methods.
Conservation methods.
Consult science teacher about
water experiments.
Invite people from Water and
Sewerage Authority to talk about
water purification methods.
Use simple water purifying
experiments in the classroom.
Organise school and
community awareness
campaign on clean water
supply.
14
Form A
NOTES
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
11. MAP READING AND
INTERPRETA TlON
0
55. Identify basic features of a map using
simple maps.
56. Identify map types using an atlas.
0
57. Draw plans’of a classroom and school yard
using features of a map.
0
58. Locate places using an index of an atlas.
0
Features of a map e.g title, key,
scale, direction: cardinal points:
(4,8,16 points)
0
Students draw maps of places
they know.
Conventional signs and their
application in an atlas
Plans of a classroom, school
yard
6
Maptypes
0
0
How to use an atlas: index,
location
Pictures of basic map features
may be used.
Use an atlas to observe how
different features are
represented.
Discuss title, key and cardinal
points at length.
15
FORM B
be able to:
NOTES
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
I. SOLAR SYSTEM
Significance of latitudes and longitudes: locatioi
1. Explain the significance of
Longitudes and latitudes.
0
2. Calculate time using lines of
longitude.
Longitude and time calculation
Effects of rotation: tides, wind deflection and
ocean currents
3. Explain the effects of rotation.
Tides: formation and types
4. Describe the formation of tides.
2. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
5. Describe folding, faulting,
bolcanism and earthquakes.
The teacher should
explain that rotation is
only a contributing factor,
it does not cause tides on
its own.
Specify types of folds,
faults and volcanoes.
Faulting, folding and volcanism
0
6. Discuss characteristics of
landforms resulting from folding,
faulting and volcanism.
0
7. Discuss economic value of
volcanism in Lesotho.
The use of an atlas is
important in teaching
latitudes and longitudes
for location.
Landforms resulting from faulting, folding and
volcanism: characteristics and world
distribution/location.
Economic value of volcanism in Lesotho.
Folding : e.g Swartberg,
Atlas, Himalayas, Andes
Identify volcanic features
in Lesotho e.g Maluti
Mountains.
Economic value of
volcanism in Lesotho
should be emDhazised.
16
Form B
-I
~~
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
NOTES
?
8. discuss the effects of
earthquakes and volcanism.
Earthquakes and volcanism effects.
3. WEATHER AND CLIMATE
EIements of C Iimate
A. Temperature: Factors affecting distribution of
temperature
0
9. Qescribefactors influencing
climate.
I O . pescribe the relationship
between pressure and global
movement of winds.
0
Latitude, altitude, aspect, distance from sea,
ocean currents, local winds, air masses and
cloud cover.
World distribution of temperature.
B. Pressure: Factors affecting pressure
11. Explain the formation of different
types of rainfall.
Temperature and altitude.
0
12.Describe world distribution of
ta infa II.
0
Learners be made aware
of recent events on
volcanism and
earthquakes.
Remember to include
micro and macro
climates.
Name ocean currents,
their types and show
places where they are
found
Examples of planetary
winds: trade winds,
westerlies, polar.
Examples of local winds:
mountain and valley,
Bergwinds, Harmattan
and Chinook, land and
sea breezes,
Temperature and pressure, world pressure
belts, winds, pressure and winds
(relationship), local and planetary winds.
Mention isotherms,
isobars and isohyets in
context.
Wind deflection, ocean currents.
Use current affairs to
further clarify disasters.
17
.Form B
~
~~
NOTES
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
C. Rainfall
13. Identify disasters related to
0
I
weather conditions and discuss ways
of debling with them.
Types: relieflorographic, frontakyclonic
and conventional
Formation
Distribution of rain in Africa and the
world.
Disasters: draught, floods, lightning, severe heat,
snowfaI I.
-
4. WEATHERING
14.Explain chemical and biological
weathering.
0
15.Describe features produced by
chemical weathering.
Chemical weathering: hydration, hydrolysis,
oxidation, carbonation, solution and acids
from decaying animals.
Biological weathering.
e
0
Effects of chemical weathering: features like
stalactites, stalagmites.
Relate biological
weathering to both
physical and
chemical weathering
and include
chemicals produced
by living and dead
organisms.
Relate weathering to
rock types and
climate conditions.
18
Form B
L
NOTES
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
5. SOIL EROSION
16. Describe processes of wind
erosion and transportation.
0
0
17.Explain the formation of
landforms resulting from wind
erosion.
0
Highlight conservation
methods done in
Form A.
Wind erosion, abrasion, deflation, attrition.
Wind transportation: saltation and
suspension.
Landforms resulting from wind erosion and
deposition.
6. AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
,
18. Pescribe types of farming.
19.Compare different methods of
farming.
0
0
E
Farming types: livestock, crop, mixed
Characteristics of the
methods in terms of
inputs, outputs, land
size and purpose.
Farming methods: commercial, subsistence,
intensive, extensive and shifting cultivation.
7. POPULA TlON
20. Compare population structures
of different countries.
0
21. interpret population statistics.
Comparisons of different population structures af
developing and developed countries: age and
sex pyramid.
Interpretation of population statistics: birth rate,
death rate, infant mortality rate and natural
increase.
22. interpret the demographic
graphs.
0
Demographic transition.
.-
Indicate how HIV and
AI DS will eventualIy
affect population and
population distribution
in Lesotho.
19
.Form B
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
CONTENT
NOTES
8. INDUSTRIES: SECONDARY INDUSTRIES
23. Classify secondary industries.
24. Explain factors affecting
establishment and location of
secondary industries.
25. Discuss government policy to
improve industries in Lesotho.
26. Locate secondary industries in
Lesotho.
27. Discuss problems facing
hstablishment of secondary
industries.
28. Discuss benefits and problems
of secondary industries.
Manufacturing, processing and market oriented
industries, resource oriented, heavy and light
and craft industries.
Factors affecting establishment of secondary
industries: labour and market available,
infrastructure, resources.
Industrial Estates in Lesotho
Government policy to improve industries: LNDC
and BEDCO, tax concessions, provision of
infrastructure.
Problems facing establishment of secondary
industries and possible solutions.
Benefits and problems of secondary industries.
Invite guest speakers
from LNDC, Trade
and Industry and
CentraI Planning.
I
20
Form B
~~
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
9. TOURISM AND TRANSPORT
29. Locate tourist attractions in the
PADC region.
Major tourist attractions in the SADC region e.g
game reserves, coastal areas, water falls, manmade features, historic places, lakes.
30. Discuss the benefits and
problems of tourism.
Benefits, problems and solutions.
31. Identify modes of transport.
Modes of transport (land , air and water)
32. Describe factors determining
!nodes of transport.
- factors determining modes of transport
33. Discuss the impact of modes of
transport on the environment.
34. Identify communication network
locally and regionally.
35. Discuss
advantages and
?
disadvantages of communication
network.
- impact of modes of transport on the
environment.
- communication network (local and regional)
advantages and disadvantages of
communication network.
NOTES
21
.Form B
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
36. Locate the Lesotho Highlands
water Project on a map.
37. Discuss the impact of the
Lesotho Highlands Water
Troject on population and
environment.
38. Suggest possible solutions to
problems caused by the
Lesotho Highlands Water
Project on population and
invironment.
I
CONTENT
Lesotho Highlands Water Project: site of dams
and tunnels.
Socio-economic and environmental impact of
Lesotho Highlands Water Project.
Possible solutions to problems caused by the
Lesotho Highlands Water Project on population
and environment.
Introduction to sources of energy: H.E.P thermal,
nuclear.
Sources of energy
4 1. Describe energy conservation
applications.
4 2. Carry out energy conservation
measures.
NOTES
70. WATERAND ENERGY
39. Identify sources of energy.
40. Classify sources of energy as
renewable and non-renewable.
I
- renewable and non-renewable.
Energy conservation.
Use blank map of
Lesotho to locate
rivers and other
geographical features.
Students should
develop and
implement energy
conservation plan for
their school.
22
Form B
NOTES
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
11. MAP READING
43. Measure bearing of places.
44. Locate places using gridreferences.
Direction: Bearings
0
0
45. Use different types of scale.
46. Describe different methods of
showing relief.
47. Interpret different contour
patterns.
48. Locate geographical features on
the map of Lesotho.
49. Explain the effects of relief on
land use and climate.
L
0
0
Convert one scale into
another.
Grid reference (4 figure and 6 figure)
Scale types: (RF, statement, linear); their use
and conversion.
Methods of showing relief: contours, layer
shading, hachuring, hill shading, spot heights
and trigonometrical stations.
Types of slopes
Map of Lesotho:
- relief regions
- climate
- soils
- economic activities
Practise different
methods of showing
relief
Encourage map
drawinglusing sketch
(blank) map to locate
places
23
FORM C
At the end of the syllabus, students z lould be able to:
I
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
1
-
1
NOTES
1. SOLAR SYSTEM
I.Differentiate between local and
zonal time.
e
Localtime
e
Include the advantages of
using zonal time over local
time.
e
Revise time calculation.
Zonal time/ standard time: significane
2. identify the distribution of world
time zones.
e
World time zones
2. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
Drainage patterns: trellis, dentritic,
radial and parallel.
Study Lesotho’s drainage
patterns.
Erosion: attrition, corrasion, hydraulic
action and solution/corrosion.
Use an atlas to illustrate
other drainage patterns.
Transportation: solutionlcorrosion
suspension, saltation and traction.
Treat river processes and
river profile simultaneously.
Deposition
Discuss the importance of
all landforms.
3. Describe drainage patterns.
4. Describe the work of rivers.
5. Describe river processes.
6. Describe characteristics of
stages of a river and their
resultant landforms.
7. Explain the formation of river
capture.
River profile: characteristics and
landforms of upper course, middle
course and lower course.
Value of the landforms to man.
River capture.
24
Form C
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
I
NOTES
3. WEATHER AND CLIMA TE
8. Describe the relationship
between climate and
vegetation.
Natural climatic regions and vegetation
belts:
0
9. Describe the characteristics of
the main natural climatic
regions and vegetation belts.
0
0
IO.Discuss the influence of climate
Hot Climates - equatorial, tropical
savanna and monsoon, hot deserts.
Warm climate - Mediterenean,
temperate (steppe)
Cool climates - Cool temperate
interiodcontinental
Characteristics in terms of
temperature, rainfall,
vegetation,
positionAocation, human
activities.
Revise world distribution of
t,emperature, pressure and
ivinds and rainfall as done
in Form B.
on human activities.
0
Cold climates -tundra
4. VEGETATION AND AGRICULTURAL
LAND USE
0
11. Describe conditions favourable
for growing of maize, wheat and
vegetables in Lesotho.
0
12. Discuss problems of crop
farming in Lesotho and their
sohtions .
0
13. Describe favourable conditions
for livestock farming.
0
Crop farming: maize, wheat and
vegetable growing in Lesotho
Factors affecting growing of the
above crops: socio-economic and
physical factors
Problems facing crop farming in
Lesotho and their solutions
Livestock farming : cattle, sheep
and goats, poultry and piggery.
Observe what is done
in Agriculture
concerning this topic.
25
Form C
I
14. Dispss problems facing livestock
farrning and their solutions.
NOTES
CONTENT
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
0
0
Factors affecting livestock farming:
socio-economic and physical factors.
Problems facing livestock farming and
their solutions.
Types of forests: natural and exotic
(examples of species).
15. Describe forestry in Lesotho.
0
Distribution
16. Discuss the importance of forests.
Importance of forests: physical and
socio-economics.
0
17. Identify problems faced by forestry
in Lesotho and suggest possible
solutions.
Problems facing forestry in Lesotho
and their solutions.
0
Importance of forests
include: the green house
effect, precipitation, air
purification,
ghotosyntheisis, habitat.
Revise local uses of
fgrests.
Visit woodlots/forestry
division.
5. SETTLEMENTS
18. Classify settlements using size,
shape and pattern.
0
19. Identify factors affecting origin and
growth of settlements.
20. Explain rural and urban
morphology.
Classification of settlements by size,
pattern, shape, function, density
nucleated, dispersed.
0
0
Factors affecting origin and growth of
settlements.
0
Patternkhape include:
linear, crosstype, ribbon.
Settlements may be
classified using other
indices not mentioned
here, include them.
Rural and urban morphology.
e
You may use many indices
to classify one settlement.
26
Form C
END OF LEVEL OBJECTIVE
I
CONTENT
I
NOTES
6. INDUSTRIES
21. Identify factors determining the
establishment of mining
industries.
22. Describe methods of mining.
23. Explain the impact of mining on
the envirnment and on the
economy.
24. Describe the mining and uses
of diamonds in mentioned
countries.
Mining (Primary Industry)
0
Factors affecting establishment of mines:
geological occurance, markets, accesibility of
deposits, gradelquality and others
Use pictures to illustrate
methods of mining.
Methods of mining : shaft adit, drilling, blast
and opencastlopenpit.
impact of mining on the environment and
economy (benefits and problems)
Mining of: gold in RSA, copper in Zambia and
asbestos in Swaziland.
Studies of mining in Botswana, small-scale
diamond mining in Lesotho.
Uses of diamonds.
7. TRADE
25. Identify exports and imports in
Lesotho.
26. Describe the functions, benefits
and problems of local and
regional organisations that
facilitate trade.
0
Lesotho exports and imports:
commodities and services
Markets: Local and Internationalmarkets,
problems and solutions.
Local and regional organisations: BEDCO,
LMA, LNDC, SADC and SACU.
0
Show how transport
facilitates trade.
Form C
CONTENT
27. Describe the production of
H.E.P and solar energy.
0
0
I
Distribution of H.E.P stations in the
SADC region
Factors determining establishment of
H.E.P station (physical and economic,
human)
29. Differentiate between H.E.P
and solar energy.
Differentiate between H.E.P and solar
energy.
30. Describe advantages and
disadvantages of H.E.P and
solar energy.
0
Show how transport
facilitates trade.
Production of H.E.P and solar energy
in Lesotho
28. Identify factors determining the
establishment of H.E.P stations.
0
27
Advantages and disadvantages of
H.E.P and solar energy.
9. MAP READING AND INTERPRETATION
31. Interpret contours of different
landforms.
0
Interpreting contours of different land
forms: valley, spur, hill, plateau, knoll,
ridge, watershed, pass, saddle, gap.
0
0
Use drawings to show
different landforms.
Relate contour pattern to
human activities.
28
Form A
SOLAR SYSTEM
0
Latitudes, longitudes:
Significance
Solar system and other members
of the universe'(characteristics).
0
0
Characteristics of the earth: shape,
size, land and water distribution,
atmosphere, latitudes and
longitudes.
0
External movements of the earth
and their effects: day and night,
seasons and eclipses.
0
Longitudes and time
calculation
0
0
~~
Local time
Zonal timektandard
time
World time zones
Effects of rotation: wind
deflection, ocean
currents, tides.
~
GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
Composition Qfthe earth:
crust, mantle and core.
Rock types and their
formation: igneous,
sedimentary, metamorphic.
0
0
1
Faulting, folding,
volcanism, and
resulting landforms.
Volcanism and
earthquakes: effects.
0
Drainage patterns
0
River profile
0
0
Uses of rocks:
0
0
River capture
River processes:
erosion
Transportation and
deposition.
Value of landforms to
man.
World distribution of
volcanoes.
Landforms resulting
from folding, faulting
and volcanic activity
Landforms arising
from' work of rivers
(reference made to
work of rivers)
drainage patterns.
Marine processeF
and their
resulting
landforms.
29
Scope and Sequence
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Elements of weather: their
measurement and
recording
Synoptic charts (simple
weather chart)
Relationship between
weather and climate
Climate of Lesotho:
highlands, lowlands,
foothills and Senqu valley
Elements of climate
0
0
0
0
Temperature: factors
affecting temperature
Processes of physical
weathering
0
0
0
Effects of physical
weathering
6
World distribution of
temperature
Pressure: factors affecting
pressure and world
pressure belts
Winds: pressure and
winds, local and planetary
winds
Rainfall: types, formation,
world distribution and
disasters.
0
Natural climatic regions
and vegetation belts
Chemical weathering
Impact of weathering on
environment
0
0
6
Hot climates:
equatoral, desert,
savanna and
monsoon
Warm climates;
Mediterranean,
temperate (steppe)
Weather study:
local observation
and useof
inaruments, relief,
copventional,
frontal rainfall
0
Chief
characteristics of
the climate and
natural vegetation
in Africa.
Cool climates: cool
temperate, desert
type
Cold climates:
tundra
Revise
0
0
Weathering
in tropical
and
ternperate
conditions
World
climatic
regions
(characteri
stics)
Effectsof
climate on
vegetation.
30
Scope and Sequence
.SOILlSOlL EROSION
Soil types: sand , clay,
loam and silt
Processes of wind
erosion: abrasion,
deflation and attrition.
Soil properties
Simple soil profile
Revise
y
0
Wind transportation:
suspension and
saltation.
Uses of soil
Agents of soil erosion:
water, wind, waves,
glaciers.
Landforms resulting from
wind erosion and
deposition
0
0
Water erosion: gully, sheet,
splash and rill
Problems caused by
erosion
Soil conservation methods.
'-
Wave
erosion
Marine
processes:
erosion,
transportatio
n and
deposition
Glaciers
Mass
wasting
Revision of
marine, river
,wind
processes and
their resulting
landforms.
River capture
Drainage
patterns:
trellis,
dentritic,
radial.
31
Scope and Sequence
A
I
D
C
6
E
VEGETATION AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
Vegetation types.
0
Local distribution of
vegetation.
0
Uses of vegetation.
Problems caused by nature
and humanson
vegetation.
Relationship between
vegetation and climate.
Conservation of vegetation.
Farming types: livestock,
crop, mixed.
Crop farming: maize,
wheat and vegetable
growing in Lesotho.
Farming methods:
commercial, subsistence,
intensive, extensive,
shifting cultivation.
Factors affecting growing
of the above crops.
Problems facing crop
farming and their
solutions.
.
Livestock farming: cattle,
sheep, goats, poultry and
piggery in Lesotho.
Problems facing livestock
and their solutions.
Forestry in Lesotho:
-
types of forests
(natural and exotic)
-
problems facing
forestry and their
solutions (in
Lesotho).
- local use of forests
0
0
Livestock
.Forestry: Case
farming:
study in a country
cattle,
in the equatorial
sheep/goats, region e.g Gabon.
poultry and
Factors
piggery in
influencing
Lesotho.
exploitation of
forests.
Case study:
cattle,
sheep/goats 0 Methods of
extraction.
in either
Botswana,
Uses of forestry
RSA,
Zimbabwe or and forests
production.
Australia.
(.
Factors
affecting
location of
farming in
any country
studied
above.
Fishing in
Lesotho.
.Inland and
offshore fishing :
methods of
fishing, types
caught,
processing,
marketing,
problems and
solutions.
32
Scope and Sequence
POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS
Population structure: size,
growth, age and sex.
Comparisons of different
population structures.
Population distribution and
density.
Interpretation of
population statistics.
0
0
Lesotho’s population
structure.
Movement of population:
causes and types.
Advantages and
disadvantages of
migration.
Population and HIV and
AIDS.
Problems related to rapid
popultion growth and
possible solutions.
a
Demographic transition.
a
Classification of
settlements by size,
shape, and
function.
Factors affecting
origin and growth of
settlements.
Urban- rural
morphology,
urbanisation.
Factors which
affect population
growth and
transition
distribution and
density.
Population
structure and
pyramid.
Compare
papulation
pyramids of
developing with
those of
developed
countries.
Causes and
effects of high
population
growth.
Population
movements.
Factors which
influence site,
position,
growth and
pattern of rural
and urban
settlements.
Urban rural
morphology.
Functions of
settlements
and sphereof
influence.
Settlement
problems and
possible
solutions.
33
Scope and Sequence
INDl STRIES
Classification: primary,
secondary. and tertiary
0
Tertiary industries in
Lesotho: advantages and
disadvantages.
Factors determining
establishment of tertiary
industries.
0
Benefits and problems
facing tertiary industries.
Classification: processing
and manufacturing, light
and heavy, resource
oriented and market
orientated.
Mining:
0
Factors affecting
establishment of
mines.
0
Factors affecting
establishment of
secondary industries.
Industrial estates in
Lesotho.
Government policy to
improve industries,
organization, tax
concessions, provision of
infrastructure etc.
Problems facing
establishment of
secondary industries in
Lesotho and possible
solutions.
Methods of mining
Impact of mining on
the environment and
economy.
Examples of studies
of mining gold in
RSA, copper in
Zambia, asbestos in
Swaziland ,
diamond in
Botswana.
Small scale mining
in Lesotho.
0
Iron Ore
mining in
RSA or
Zimbabwe.
Asbestos in
Swaziland.
Petroleum
and natural
gas
extraction in
Nigeria.
Processing
and
manufacturing
industries:
beef.
Petroleum
refinery in
Nigeria, textile
industry,
motor vehicle
assembly
plants and
iron and steel
industry in
RSA.
34
Scope and Sequence
TOURISM
0
0
0
Tourist attractions in
Lesotho: e.g national
parks, mountain scenary,
horse riding.
Impact of tourism in
Lesotho (benefits,
problems).
Improvement of tourism in
Lesotho.
Major tourist attractions in
the SADC region e.g
National Parks, Coastal
attractions, Waterfalls,
Man-made features.
Geographical
background to
tourist
possibilities in the
wider region.
Tourist attractions
outside SADC
region.
Origin of tourists,
their modes of
travel.
Impact of tourists:
their modes of
travel.
Impact of tourism
on host areas.
Governments
attempts to
increase the
number of
tourists.
35
Scope and Sequence
COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORT AND TRADE
I
I
0
0
Modes of transport (land , air
and water) .
Factors determining modes
of transport.
0
0
0
0
Means of communication
network (local and regional).
1
I
Trade commodities
and services
Markets
Local and regional
organizations:
SADC and SACU.
WATERAND E lERGY
0
Sources of water
0
Hydrological cycle
Lesotho Highlands Water
Project: site of dams and
tunne1s , benefits, problems
and solutions.
0
Uses of water
0
Water related problems
0
Introduction to sources of
energy: H.E.P thermal,
nuclear.
Water purification
methods.
0
Water Conservation
methods.
0
Renewable and nonrenewable sources of
energy.
Enerav conservation.
0
0
H.E.P in the SADC
region: factors
determining location
and h0wH.E.P
stations produce
electricity.
Solar energy
Advantages of using
H.E.P and solar
energy.
Thermal power
in the wider
region of Africa:
factors
determining
establishment of
thermal power,
advantages and
disadvantages.
Nuclear power:
factors
determining
development of
nuclear power,
how nuclear
power station
produces
electricity,
advantages and
disadvantages.
36
Scope and Sequence
1
B
A
D
C
MAP READING AND INTERPRETATION
0
0
0
Plans of a classroom and
school
Bearing
Grid reference 4 & 6
figure grid reference.
Types of a map
Features of map: title, key,
scale, direction: cardial points
(4, 8, 16 points)
0
How to use an atlas.
0
Conventional signs
6
Scale: types, use and
conversion.
Methods of showing
relief: contours,
hachuring, hill shading,
spot
heights/trigonometrical
stations.
0
Types of slopes.
0
Interpreting
contours of
landforms: valley,
spur, hill, plateau,
knoll, ridge,
watershed, pass,
saddle, gap.
0
0
Crosssection
visibility,
intervisibility
Photograph
interpretation
(aerial)
0
Gradient
0
Landforms
0
Scales
E
PRINTED AT THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, PO BOX 1126, MASERU 100, LESOTHO