©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
1
SOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINEFORTHESTELLENBOSCHMUNICIPALITY
Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
LatePaleozoic
age
541–252
million
yearsago
Formationof
geological
features
Thegeologyof
landscapehas
affectedhuman
interactioninthe
Stellenbosch
municipalityfor
millionsofyears.
Moderndaywineand
agriculturalfarmers,early
colonists,indigenous
inhabitantsandevenhumans
millionsofyearsagohave
chosentosettleatspecific
sitesbecauseofaccessto
water,andthesoils
associatedwithit–each
affectingvegetation,the
attractionofgame,andthe
useofthelandforgrazing
andgrowing.
The
mountainsin
the
Stellenbosch
municipality
providemuch
ofthescenic
andvisual
beautyand
dramaofthe
region.
Riversas
ecological
corridorsand
shapingof
socialspace
EersteRiver;
DwarsRiver;Berg
River;
Plankenbrug
River…other
tributaries
Riversandtheirvalleys
representahistoricand
ecologicallysignificant
landscapethathasshaped,
andbeenshaped,byhuman
interactionsthathave
occurredoverthousandsof
years.
Themunicipallandscapefromwesttoeast
comprisesaseriesofgentlyrollinghills
risinguptohighmountainstothesouth
andeastwiththeDwarsRiverand
Franschhoekvalleysinbetween.The
jagged-topped,free-standingSimonsberg
formsthenortheasternmunicipal
boundary.
TheregionthatfallsundertheStellenbosch
MunicipalityissituatedwithintheCape
FoldBeltmountainchainthatextendsfor
700kmsfromCapeTowntoPortElizabeth
(madeupofsandstonerocks).The
Drakenstein,Simonsbergand
Hottentots-HollandMountainsallbelongto
theTableMountainGroup.Thisdeposit
consistsofthicklylayeredquartzitic
sandstone,withamaximumthicknessof
2000m.Thesesandstonesareveryhard,
anderosionresistant.Theythereforeform
thebulkofmountainsandsteepcliffsand
ruggedcragsoftheCapeFoldBelt.It
containsnofossils.
TheregionisalsomadeofCapeGranites
andtheMalmesburyShalegroup.
Theoccurrenceoffloodsandtheuseof
landasfloodplainsforcenturieshasinturn
affectedwhatareaswerebuiltwithhouses
orcultivated,andwhereroadsandbridges
wereestablished.
Riversare
significant
‘ecological
corridors’.
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
±96
millionBP
Development
ofthefynbos
species
Jonkershoek
Franschhoek
etc
Smallremnantsoftheindigenous
vegetationcanbefoundinthemountain
gorgesandneartheheadwatersand
tributariesofthevariousriversand
mountainvalleysintheregion.
Meerlust-Bosbou
KhoiandSangroupswere
knownfortheiruseof
indigenousplantsfor
medicinalandcooking
purposes.Earlycolonists
learntthisknowledgefrom
them.
Manyruralcommunities
continuetohaveaccessto
fallowlandonwhichasmall
varietyofplantsareavailable
formedicinaluse.
Endangered/
Protected
Indigenous
usageand
knowledgeof
landscape
Pliocene
Palaeolithic
EarlyStone
Age
±2.5
million–
250000
BP
Emergenceof
firsthominins
inAfrica
Earlyhomininuse
oflandscape–
stoneartefact
making
Homininsrefertothegroup
consistingofmodernhumans,
extincthumanspeciesandall
ourimmediateancestors
(includingmembersofthe
generaHomo,Australopithec
us,ParanthropusandArdipith
ecus).
Stellenboschplayedan
importantpartinthe
developmentofarchaeology
inSouthAfricaasitwasthe
placewhere‘Acheulean’
stonetoolswerefirstfound
(byPéringueyin1900)(Homo
habilis).
Pleistocene
±1-2
million
Human
migration
-Bosman’sCrossing
-EersteRivier
-Spier
-Solms-Delta
-Distillery,Adam
Tas&Vredenburg
roadsides
-PontacHill,
Pomonaestate,on
thelowerslopesof
theSimonsberg
Veldwagtersrivier
catchment
-easternsideof
OnderPapegaaiberg
-farmKrommerivier
175
-LaCotte
-MooiWater
-Domainedela
Cabriere
-Boschendal
-SImonsbergslopes
-GoedeHoop
Initialdispersalofearly
humanacrossAfrica,and
thentootherpartsofthe
Plantsusedbyruralresidentsofteninclude
WildeDagga(fornausea),SourFigs(for
thrush),CasterOilplant(forarthritis),
gardenmint(bladderinfections)andwild
andcommercialgarlic(colds).Thereisa
loveandaffinityforthe‘veld’whichisvery
stronglyexpressedbythecommunity
(Schulz2008:5).Growingflowersforsale
onthesidesofroadswasalsoanimportant
communityactivityinthepast.
EarlyStonetools:handaxes,cleavers.
AcheulianStonetoolsdateroughly
between1.5millionto150000yearsago.
Handaxesarecharacterizedashavingan
almondorpear-shapeterminatingina
pointwhilecleavershaveabroaderaxe-like
cuttingedge.
AccordingtoKaplan(2006)largepartsof
theFranschoek/Drakenstein/DwarsRiver
Valleyrurallandscape,togetherwith
Klapmuts,Muldersvlei,Klipheuweland
Durbanville,constitutesaseverely
degradedpre-colonialculturallandscape,
whichisnolongerconsideredtobe
archaeologicallysensitive,vulnerableor
threatened
Verylittle
archaeological
stoneage
materialisstill
incontext.
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
BP
People/Activities/Associati
ons
world(Homoerectus,Homo
sapiens).
TheMiddleStoneAgein
SouthernAfrica(250000-21
000yearsago)isdominated
byflakebasedformaltools
ratherthanthecorebased
formaltoolsoftheAcheulean.
Indigenoushunter-gatherer
groups
MiddleStone
Age
±250000
-21000
BP
-Solms-Delta
-Klapmutskop
-Cavesiteat
WemmershoekDam
LateStone
Age
±21000-
2000BP
Pre-colonial
settlement
Huntingand
gatheringground
-Solms-Delta(mid
Holocenesite)
Rockpainting
Fiverockartsitesareknown
fromtheareaaroundthe
WemmershoekDam,
Franschhoek.Threeofthese
sitesweredescribedby
ManhireandYates(1994)as
containingpaintingsinthe
finelinetraditionsimilarto
rockartrecordedinthe
Cederberg,aswellascruder
fingerdotsbelievedtobea
latertradition.
±2000
BP
Herder/
pastoralist
economy
Seasonalgrazing
ground
Wemmershoek
Mountains/Dam:
Rockartsites
situatedinthe
footholdsofthe
mountains
surroundingthe
Wemmershoek
Dam-depicting
imagesofcattle
andelephants.
Môreligfarm
Theeconomyofpastoralism
migrateddownthroughAfrica
towardstheSoutherntipto
thewinterrainfallareaofthe
WesternCape.IntheCape
thepeoplepracticingthis
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
VeryfewintactLSAsiteshavebeen
uncovered,mostlikelyduetohundredsof
yearsofagriculturalpracticedisturbingthe
soils,combinedwithalackofknowledgeof
whatartefactsfromthisperiodlooklike.
Evidenceoftheirpresencecanbefoundin
stonetoolscharacteristicofthatperiod,
rockpaintingsandengravings,bowsand
arrows,boredstonesor‘diggingstick’
weights,decorativeitemslikebeadsand
pendantsofshellandostricheggshell,and
otherdecorativeartefacts
Thereareonly
ahandfulof
archaeological
lysignificant
LSAsitesin
thestudy
area.
Khoikraalsitesandevidenceofsettlement
israre;destroyedthrough350yearsof
agriculturalpractice.
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
lifestylehavevariouslybeen
referredtoasKhoikhoior
Khoekhoe.
Pastoralgroupsentered
environmentsthatwere
alreadyinhabitedbySan
hunters.Thepastoral
economywouldhaveput
pressureontheSan’s
resourcessuchasgrazingfor
wildgame.Itbecame
particularlytemptingtosteal
domesticsheep.
Indigenous
contactzone
Solms-Delta
Meerust
Smallgroupsofpeople,often
widelyscatteredoverthe
land,wouldcometogether
whenconditionswere
favourableinorderto
socialise,swapinformation,
tradeandconductrituals.For
herders,thesesitesof
congregationwereinprime
locations(water,grazing,
shelter)whichwerelater
appropriatedforearlyVOC
buiteposteandthenprivate
farms.
Dutch
Colonial
Period(16521795)
1657
Colonial
exploration
1652DutchEast
Thefirstcolonialexplorers
enterintotheDrakenstein
Valleyinagroupledby
AbrahamGabbemaand
accompaniedbysurveyor
PieterPotterwhonotedthat
IndiaCompanysets
upatradingstation
attheCapeofGood
Hope
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
FragmentsofKhoikhoiceramicsfound
scatteredonfarms
Accordingtocolonialrecordsboththe
‘Goringhaiqua’and‘Gorachoqua’would
havemovedthroughtheStellenbosch
regionintheearlysummermonthsofthe
year,grazingtheircattleandfollowing
watersources.Thenutritionalimbalances
foundinthepasturelandoftheSouth
WesternCapenecessitatedthattheKhoe
movetheirherdsseasonallytomaintain
theirhealth.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthe
movementofthesegroupsofpeopleand
theirflocksofsheepandcattlecreated
broadtrailswhichlaterbecamethebasisof
theDutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC)
tradingroutesintotheDrakensteinValley,
andovermountainssuchaspresentday
Hottentots-Holland,FranschhoekPassand
mostlikelyeventherouteacrosstheCape
FlatstopresentdayStellenbosch.
Varioushistoricalmapsshowtheposition
ofKhoikhoikraalsonthelandscapei.e.-a
MapoftheCapeofGoodHopec.1710
[KABM1/1162]indicatingGonnoma’sKraal
and‘Sonqua’sDrift’[asettlementofa
hunter-gatherergroupknownastheSan];
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
Richwildlife&
hunting
groups
Keerweder
16591713
Indigenous/
Colonial
contactzones
–increasing
hostility,
conflictand
lossofland
andresources
1659-1660TheFirst
Khoikhoi/DutchWar
1673-1677The
Second
Khoikhoi/DutchWar
1713Smallpox
epidemic
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
therewerehipposintheBerg
RiverandthattheValleywas
populatedbyzebraandrhino.
JanDanckaert’sexpedition
groupintotheinteriorcame
acrosstheGorachoquakraal
situatedatKlapmutsberg.
Theregioncontinuestobe
usedbyKhoiasgrazing
ground.
Muchoftherichwildlifewas
huntedoutoftheregion:
zebra,rhino,elephants,buck,
lions,leopards…etc.
TheOlifantsPad,alsousedby
theKhoesan,wentstraightup
thesideofthemountainfrom
Keerwederandwasonly
suitableforfour-ortwoleggedpedestrians.
Thefirstwarroseoutof
colonialexpansioninto
Khoikhoigrazingland.
IntheSecondKhoikhoi/Dutch
WartheVOCnotonlyfought
thePeninsularKhoi,butalso
theCochoquawhoseasonally
inhabitedtheregionofthe
BergRiver.TheCochoqualed
byGonnemasurrenderedto
theVOCwiththeresultthat
hisgrouphadtopayatribute
of30headofcattle(themain
economicwealthofthe
tribe/kraal)perannumtothe
Castle.
othermapssimilarlyshowthepositioning
ofKraalsinrelationtocolonialsettlements
i.e.[KABM2/630];-TheMapofDrakenstein
and‘Waveren’c1710[KABM1/1159];Map
oftheCapeofGoodHope[KABM1/3587].
Manyofthecolonialmapsofthetimedo
notrepresentthecloseproximityofthe
Khoicommunitiestotheirsettler
neighbours.Thiscreationof‘emptyspaces’
primeforthetakingwaspartofthecolonial
ideologyoftheassertionofpowerovera
foreignlandscapeandinhabitants.
In1952itwasnotedthattheplacewhere
theelephantsusedtotaketheirmudor
dustbaths-their‘rolplek’-wasstillvisible
onthefarmKeerwedernearFranschhoek.
Acquisitionofbreedingstockenabledthe
VOCtoestablishitsownherdsandreduced
itsneedtomaintaingoodrelationswiththe
Khoekhoe.Stockpostsestablishedby
Companyandfreeburghers.
Value/Signifi
cance
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
1670s-
1690s
1679-1795
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
Bytheearly1700sitbecame
increasinglytenuousforKhoi
groupstoleadindependent
pastorallivesinthisregion.
Diseaseanddroughtalsohad
theirroletoplayalongside
colonialexpansioninthenear
disappearanceofselfsufficientKhoilifestyleand
culture.
1678HenningHuising
contractedbytheVOCto
grazeandhunt.
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
Grazingrightsandhuntinglicenceslistedin
theCAR.
Grazing,
huntingand
trading
groundfor
VOC(Dutch
EastIndia
Company)
Vicinityof
Welmoed
VOCminingcomplex;
archaeologicalexcavations
Asan
agricultural
resourcefor
theDutch
EastIndia
Company
(VOC);aplace
ofpermanent
colonial
settlement.
Stellenboschisthe
firstareaoutside
thevicinityof
TableMountainto
besettledby
colonists.The
earlygrants
monopolizedlarge
segmentsofwater
sources
(preventingother
farmers,aswellas
indigenous
groups,from
gainingaccessto
water).
Graineconomy-
wheatandwine
dominated
VOCsilvermine
complexonthe
Simonsberg
SeeMeerlust
(Husing)forthreeaisledbarnviz
outbuildingsat
Vergelegen.
Libertas
Elsenburg
Largebarn
Meerlust
Solms-Delta
evidenceofearly
house
Bethlehem
1679Governor
SimonvanderStel
recognisesthearea
alongtheEerste
Riverasgoodarable
landwithwater
access.Namedit
afterhimself,
Stellenbosch.
Stellenboschwasinthefirst
instanceafarmingcolony
beforeitwasatown
settlement.
AdamTas’Diariesillustrate
thetightnetworkoffamily
andpoliticalconnectionson
whichtheruraleconomic
systemwasbased.
Thereseemstobeapattern
ofprivatisationofwellpositionedCompany
outposts,wheretheland
adjacentwasgrantedto
membersofthegoverning
(i.e.vanderStel)clique.In
thiscaseElsevier,Vander
Stel’sSecunde,received110
The17 centurysettlerssetabout
transformingthelandscapeinamore
deliberateandsystematicwaythantheir
fellowKhoikhoiinhabitants.Ithasbeen
suggestedthatthefirstareastobecleared
ofindigenousvegetationwereonthefertile
alluvialareasalongthebanksofthe
streamsandriverswherewheat,barley,rye
andvegetablescouldbegrownandthefirst
vinescouldbeplanted.Thesettlers
introducedexoticEuropeantreesto
providetimberandcropslikeacornsfor
theirpigsandshadefortheirhousesand
tracks.Poplarsandoakswereplantedas
wellasmanyspeciesofpines.
Freeholdlandgrantswereallocatedfrom
1657to1750.Theownersneededaccessto
apermanentfreshwatersource.Thefarms
arelaidoutaslongnarrowstripsalong
th
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
1683
LandUse
productioninthe
regionbordering
CapeTown,cattle
andsheepfarming
wasthestapleof
theuplands,West
Coastandinterior.
Buitepost
Livestockfarming
wasanimportant
aspectofthe
emergingrural
economy–
requiringlarge
andwidespread
tractsofopen
grazinglandand
accesstowater
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
Klapmuts
1703VOC‘loan
farm’systemsees
grazingpermits
issuedtofarmersto
taketheirlivestock
beyondtheborders
ofthecolony(and
thustoexpandthe
Colony)
1717nofurther
freeholdswere
grantedintheCape
(landacquiredon
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
morgenin1698nextto
Klapumuts,wherehe
establishedElsenburg.Also
MeerlustofHenningHusing.
rivers,orwhenlandbecamescarcer,
intersectingrivers.Well-connectedpeople
receivedlargergrants.
Vos1995MeerlustFarm:Documentationof
c.1700tripartitebarn.
Millsforgrindinggrain:Elsenburg,LaCotte,
LaMotte,PlaisirdeMerle
Asheepkraalfor2000animalswas
constructed,andalonggranarybuilding.
Woodenstructures(posthuisandcattle
stalls)replacedwithsturdierstonein1685
th
andrevampedinlate18 C–seeplan
attributedtoThibaultinBrommerp.263.In
th
useuntilearly19 C.
IheonlyCompanybuitepost
inthestudyareawas
Klapmuts(Clapmuts),
establishedin1657onthe
grazinggroundsoftheKoina
(Khoikhoi).Theywereforced
offtheBottelerypastures
from1676andby1683
permanentstructuresand
kraalshadbeenbuilt.The
postwaslocatedonthe
southernflankofthe
Klapmutshillatastrategic
locationtooverseethegrain
andgrazinglandsinthearea
andtomonitortheroute
betweenTableBayandthe
Drakenstein/Paarl
Khoigroupsbecome
increasinglyincorporatedinto
settlersocietyasworkingclassmenials(itwasbelieved
thatby1705nomore
independentkraalsremained
alongtheBergriver).
Outspanswereestablishedalongsidethe
individuallandgrantsoffreeburgersto
pastureandwaterthelivestockof
Companyandcolonist.Thelargetractsof
landaroundervenwerenot‘emptyspaces’
th
(positionofoutspanson19 Century
maps).Thesewereoftenspacesinwhich
Khoipeople,subsisted,workedandlived.
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
1679-1899
Winefarming
loanfromthe
Government),and
from1732asrental
orquitrentproperty
1679–1750
Building
development
expandswith
agricultural
development
1750–1800
Agricultural
economy:
prosperity
andgrowth
1675-
Transportand
communicatio
nthe
importanceof
wagonroads.
JacobRouxis
believedtohave
usedalatefloweringholbol
styleinc.1790at
Hazendal,
Zevenrivieren,
Vredenburg/Vlott
enburgandIda’s
Valley.
Franschhoek:
Catspad,Holloway
passes;Jan
Joubert’sGat
DuToit’sRiver
Helshoogte
Signalling:kanon
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
Drakensteinwaslargest
th
producerofwinein18 century,alongwith
Stellenbosch,fromc.1701.
Fromsmallsubsistence
multipurposehousesand
buildingstoestablished‘werf’
layoutswithbuildings
dedicatedtospecifictasks–
winecellars,dairies,smithies,
stablesandbuildingsforthe
housingofslaves.
Itwasonslaveandcoerced
indigenouslabourthat
agriculturalexpansionwas
built.
‘TheriseofaCapegentry.’
Roleofknegten.
Cape
Winelands.
EVStadedrawings,1710,ofStellenbosch&
Simondium.
Guelkemapoffirstfreeholdgrants.
Inventories.
Stellenbosch
hasiconic
examplesof
colonialera
architecture
and
environment.
Proliferationofgablesandaggrandizement
ofbuildingsandfarmsteads.
‘Slavequarters’.
Inventories.
Farmcemeteries.
Examplesof
symmetryand
formalwerf
layout
ThefirstroutebetweenCape
TownandStellenboschdid
notgoacrossthedifficultto
navigatesandyandmarshy
‘KaapseVlekte’butactually
ranbetweenStellenboschand
KoelenhofovertheTygerberg
mountainstotheCastle.
Helshoogte,nodoubtalsoan
Introductionofhorsesandwheeled
transporthauledbyoxen.Adaptationsto
previousanimal/peoplefootpathsorsetting
outofnewroutes.
Muchofthefabricofearlypasseshasbeen
obliteratedbysubsequentroads,butthe
threepassesattheupperendof
Franschhoekarestillthere,evenif
obscuredbyvegetation.
Theoriginal
roadbuiltby
JanCatswas
restored,and
on7October
2003,theCats
sePadTrail
wasopened,
andtodayit
formsan
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
koppe,signalhills
1682-
1838
Freedslave
landowners
Plotsoflandare
ownedbyfreed
slaves(referredto
as‘freeblacks’or
‘vryswartes’).
Jonkershoek
Therewerea
numberof‘free
blacks’registered
livingin
Stellenboschevenin
1799.
1682-
1838
Slave
presencein
households
and
agricultural
Theagricultural
landisincreasingly
workedbyslaves
asthesettlement
expands.
By1799the
Stellenboschdistrict
wasregisteredas
having10107
slaves.
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
oldfoottrail,wasusedfrom
1687bythefirstsettlerson
thisportionoftheBergRiver,
shortlybeforethearrivalof
theFrenchHuguenots.The
routewasgreatlyimprovedin
1854(leavingIda’sValleyasa
cul-de-sac)andwasinuse
untilitwasreplacedbythe
newroadin1972.
AlocalFranschhoekfarmer
cutabasicroad,Cat’sPad
(1818),whichwassteepand
roughandnotsuitablefora
fully-ladenwagon.The
FranschhoekPass(Major
Holloway,RoyalEngineers,
1825)waswideenoughto
allowtwowagonstopass.
Freedslaveswhoowned
propertyintheStellenbosch
districtbetween1682and
1731wereoriginallyfrom
Angola,CeylonandBengal.
Thechildren(daughters)of
freedslavessometimes
marriedintosettlerfamilies
andtheirdescendantswere
assimilatedwithinthe
EuropeanSouthAfrican
familytreesi.e.Coetsee,
Jurgens,Hoffman,Hubner,
Scheepers,Landman,Herbst
andVosloo.
SlavesintheStellenbosch
regionoriginatedfromEast
Africa,EastIndia,Indonesiaor
werebornattheCape.Their
rolesinruralagricultural
Thereisatollhouseand/orinnonthe
CatspadandHollowaypassesandother
smallstructuresonthefarsideoftheriver.
150soldiersoftheRoyalAfricaCorps
workedontheroadforawhile,ostensibly
tokeepthemoutoftroublewhilewaiting
shipmentforSierraLeone.ThefirststonearchedbridgeinSAwasbuiltoverJan
Joubert’sGat(NM1979).
integralpart
oftheMont
Rochelle
Nature
Reserveand
the
ecotourism
centreofthe
Fransche
HoekEstate.
Thefarsideof
the
Franschhoek
Passiscalled
Purgatory.
Censusdocumentsforfarmslistslavesthat
wereownedbyeachcolonist.Grantslist
propertyownedby‘freeblacks’.
Inventories.
SlaveRegisters(from1818).
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
work
Colonial
transitional
phase
1795 -1806
Adangerous
contactzone
between
settlerand
Khoi
inhabitants;a
spacewhere
the
disintegration
ofKhoi
societycould
bewitnessed.
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
regionswereoftengender
specific:forexample,aside
frombeinglabourers,slave
menwereputtoworkas
herdsmen,wagondrivers,
grooms,gardeners,masons
andcoopers,andinsome
casesskilledartisanswho
madefurnitureandthe
mouldedgablingonCape
Dutchhomesteads.The
dutiesofwomenwereoften
definedbytheirdomestic
roleswithinthehomeasslave
womenwerenurserymaids,
washerwomen,seamstresses,
knittinggirls,housemaidsand
cooks.
Khoilabour(settledand
seasonal)supplementsand
parallelsthatofslavesbut
actualfiguresandtasks
difficulttoestimatedueto
paucityofrecords..
Slavebellsonfarmswereusedtoregulate
andcontrollabour(andalsoassociated
withthe‘dopsystem’).
Value/Signifi
cance
TasDiaries.
HottentotRegisters(from1816)..
Inthisearlytransitional
phase,nottoomanychanges
weremadetopoliciesof
governmentoradministration
oftheCape.
ImmigrantsmostlytoCape
Town?
Militarymaps.
1795Britain
annexedtheCape
ofGoodHope,an
indicationthatthe
Capeheldaposition
ofstrategicmilitary
importancetothe
Britishinprotecting
thesearoutetothe
East.
1803Capereturned
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
BRITISH
OCCUPATION
OF THE
CAPE
1806 - 1892
1806-
1838
Capewine
boom&
slavery.
GoedeHoop
homestead
Ida’sValley,
Rustenburgand
Schoongezicht
Warwick
DeClapmuts
HistoricalEvents
totheBatavian
Republic
1806Britainonce
againreclaimed
occupationofthe
Cape
1807theabolition
oftheoceanicslave
trade.
1812Cradock’s
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
Makesitillegalforslaveships
tolandinBritishharbours,
includingattheCape.This
contributestoalabour
shortageputtingmore
pressureontheCapeborn
slavepopulationand
indenturedanditinerant
Khoikhoilabour.
‘Prizenegroes’.
Britishimmigrantssettlein
villagesandbuyfarms.
Manywinemerchantsfrom
CapeTownstarted
purchasingwineestatesin
theDrakensteinand
Stellenboschregioninorder
tocapitalizeontheboomin
themarketbybeingableto
controlboththeproduction
andthesaleofwine
(introductionofCape
Georgianstyle).
Mostofthelarger,granderhistoricalfarm
werfswereestablished,eithernewlybuilt
oraltered/rebuilttoreflectthestatusand
prosperityofthelandowners.Slave
quartersandwinecellarsandmillswere
built.Oldlonghouses,stablesandbarns
wereadaptedandreused,andsometimes
madesymmetricalandgivenacentral
gable.Archaeologicallyexcavatedexamples
includeMorgenhofandGoodeHoop.
Grazinglandandpasturesremainedonthe
slopesinmountainousareaswhile
agricultureandvineyardsexpandedalong
thebetterwateredvalleyfloors.(Slavebells
areoftenassociatedwiththisperiod,
thoughmanywereonlyerectedwellinto
the20thcenturyduringtheCapeRevival
era,inatastelessspiritofnostalgia).
Duringthisperiodwinecellarswere
embellishedwithendgablesasdecorative
asthoseonthehouses.Mostwinecellars
ofthisperiodwerelongrectangular
thatchedstructureswithalargedoorat
oneendandasecond,possiblysmallerone
beneaththecentraldormergable.After
1816thesimplerectangularandsquare
windowanddooropeningsofthecellar
gavewaytosegmentalorsemi-circular
heads.
Longhouseformatcontinuedtobe
constructedandusedinlessfashionconsciousareaswellintothe19thcentury
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
amendmentofthe
‘Hottentot
Proclamation’.
1813Britain
reducedtheduties
onCapeWines
enteringintoBritain
1813Perpetual
Quitrents
introduced
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
Aleaseholdforapieceof
propertywasintroducedthat
couldbesoldandtransferred
likefreeholdproperty.Some
ofthoseseemingly‘empty’
spacesintheStellenbosch
regionstarttogetcarvedup
asprivateproperty.
1860s-90sOne-Inchcadastralmaps
(includecommonageandoutspansetc.).
Thesurveysof1860-90showthefew
outspansanddoordriftsthatstillsurvived
afterthebigdisposalofCrownlandearlier
inthe19thcentury.Statelandwasfurther
privatisedattheendofthecentury.The
outspanatFranschhoekremainedintact
until1897whenasubstantialportionwas
subdividedandsold.
SaleofCrown
Land.
1821drasticdropin
thewinepriceuntil
theendofthe
1840s.
Anglicisationof
administration.
Pre-slave
emancipation:
thewine
boomends;a
periodof
depression
forfarmers
Addedtolabourrestrictionof
Khoikhoiasapasssystemwas
introduced.
1828Ordinance48
passsystem
introduced.
1828:Ordinance50
repealedallthe
priorlegislation
regardingthe
Khoikhoiservants
1834slavery
abolishedatthe
Cape
Slaveswerenotautomatically
freeduntil1838asoverafour
yearperiodtheywerelegally
boundtoservean
apprenticeshipwiththevery
peoplethatownedthem.
Slave,Apprentice&HottentotRegisters.
Slavecompensationrecordsforeach
farm/slaveownerinStellenbosch
1834-1838 Slavery
apprenticeshi
pperiod
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
1838-1892 Periodof
movementand
settlementfor
freedslaves
Attheendofslavery,the
villageofStellenboschsawan
influxofex-slaveswho
rejectedfarmlife.
Bythe1960s3500people
livedin‘DieVlakte’,90%of
whomwerelabelled
‘coloured’.
StellenboschVillage2975;
Environs1003;EersteRivier
1265;HottentotsHolland
1605;Moddergat1029;
Klapmuts674;Bottelary352
1800–
1990s
1799Firstslave
schoolestablished
inDorpStreetwith
38pupilsby1810.
By1824theschool
couldaccommodate
70children.
By1850‘FreeBlack’
neighbourhood
establishedat‘Die
Vlakte’.
1865alarge
populationof‘Free
Blacks’werelocated
inthevillageof
Stellenbosch
1842therewere
268Muslims
registeredin
Stellenbosch.
1875therewere
619.
1896FirstMosque
establishedin
Stellenboschand
Muslimcommunity
becamemore
formalized.
1911MuslimSchool
Councilestablished
inStellenbosch.
1962Stellenbosch
IslamicMovement
formed.
Mosques;cemeteries?
Emergenceof
Muslim
communityin
Stellenbosch
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Period
Date
1840–
1892
Sociocultural
Themes
Mission
Station
communities,
andother
churchbased
villagesand
settlements
LandUse
Specificsites
1843Pniel
missionstationto
berunbythe
Reverend
Stegmanofthe
ApostolicUnion
Jamestown
Raithby
Kylemore
Johannesdal
HistoricalEvents
By1990stwo
mosquesanda
Muslimlibrarywere
builtinIdasValley
andCloeteville.
1841Masters’and
Servants’Ordinance
passedwhich
regulatedlabour
contracts
Settlements
established
dueto
railways
Klapmuts
Convict
laboursystem
–roads,
railwaysand
farms.
Roadsand
railways.Postal
system.
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
MissionStationsweresources
ofbothindependenceforthe
diversecommunitiesthat
livedatmissionstationsbut
alsoresidentsprovideda
stableseasonallabourforce
forfarmerswhooften
controlledtheirwages.
Churchcentredsettlements.
Residentslease/allocated
land.
Landdonatedforleasingas
plots.
Landdonatedforindividual
ownership..
ThedevelopmentofKlapmuts
hamletdidnotbeginuntil
aftertheinaugurationofthe
railwayline(CapeTownto
Paarl)in1863.
Theexploitationofconvict
labourattheCapeduringthe
Colonialeraisclosely
connectedwiththeworkof
JohnMontagu,Colonial
SecretaryfortheCape184353.Montaguhadthebenefit
ofthesupportoftwoskilled
roaddesignersandland
surveyors:ColCharlesMichell
andAndrewGeddesBain-
ConvictstationatMostert'sHoek
StellenboschDistrict1846-1847.
FranschhoekPasslocatedsouthof
Franschhoek.
HelshoogtePass,locatedbetween
StellenboschandPniel.
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
1850son
Jewish
diaspora.
Betweenthe
endofthe
19thcentury
and1930,
large
numbersof
Jewsbeganto
arrivefrom
Lithuaniaand
Latvia.
Forestryand
foreststations
Seestoryof
Delheimand
Backsberg.
Zetlerfamilyfarm
(strawberries).
Jewishcultureandcommerce
contributionchangedthe
characteroftheSouthAfrican
community.Asmallnumber
settledamongandidentified
withtheruralwhite
Afrikaans-speakingpopulation
(Boerejode).
Synagogues,storesandbusinesses.
1900firstcongregationinStellenbosch,
1904synagogueinPaarl.
Driefontein
Wemmershoek
Robertsvlei
Maasdorp
Meerlust-Bosbou
LaMotteBosbou
1876Thefirst
commercial
plantationswere
laidoutintheCape.
Governmentnurseriesandforestrystations
wereestablishedandvasttractsofCrown
andmunicipallandwereplantedwith
eucalyptusandpines.Fynbos-covered
mountainslopesandlandconsideredbeing
ofmarginalagriculturalvaluewasturned
intoplantations.Farmerswereencouraged
toestablishprivateplantations.The
practiceattheturnofthecenturywasto
sowtheseedsoftheclusterpine(Pinus
pinaster)onthemountainslopes.An
unexpectedconsequenceofthe
afforestationprogrammewastherapid
invasionofthemountainsidesbypinesand
gums.
Asearlyas1903partsofthefarm
Driefonteinformedpartofaforestry
reserveknownastheFranschhoek
Plantation.
Cape
Victorian
Style
Franschhoek
AfterWorldWarIthe
GovernmentoftheUnionof
SouthAfricastartedbuyingup
insolventfarmsand
redevelopingthemas
plantations.In1917theSouth
Africangovernmentinitiated
ajob-creationpolicyinthe
FranschhoekValleythat
resultedinaforestryindustry
intheLaMotteand
Wemmershoekregionaswell
asRobertsvleiandlater
Maasdorpinthe1960s.
Driefonteinbecamepartof
theLaMottePlantationin
1923.Completewithhousing
settlementsandsawmills,
theseforestrystations
becamesettledwithsmall
communitiesofpeoplethat
stillrememberwhatlifewas
likeonthosestationsatthe
time.
New,machine-made
prefabricatedmaterialssuch
ascorrugatediron,castiron
andstandardOregonpine
woodworkcouldbeordered
Amajorinterventionwastheintroduction
ofcorrugatedironroofingfromaround
1860,usuallywhenthethatchneededtobe
replaced.Astheroofpitchchanged,eaves
wereraisedandgablesremovedorclipped.
1876-
1860-
1920
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
1880-
1940
CapeDutch
Revivaland
Modernist
styles
Boschendal
Meerrust
Lekkerwijn
Zandvliet/Delta
Vredenburg
Jamestown
Bakerchurches
(St.Georgesand
Lanquedoc).
1886-1899
Onsetofthe
Phylloxera
vinedisease;
spread&
devastation
Bankruptcyfor
farmsand
agricultural
diversification
2January1886
Phylloxerawas
discoveredina
vineyardin
Mowbray.
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
throughcatalogues.Turrets,
balustrades,cornices,
achitravesandplaster
mouldings.Apillaredand
broekie-lacedverandaisthe
mostrecognisablefeature.
Forthelesswealthy,wooden
pillars,stoepsurroundings
andbargeboardsweremade
bylocalartisans.
TheCapeRevivalstylewasa
reintroductionofthe
decorativeelementsofold
CapeDutchfarmhouses(Van
Graan2011).Architecturally
associatedwithSirHerbert
Bakerandthe1910Unionists
(egMaseyandFairbridge),
thestylewasadoptedfor
municipalandcommercial
buildingdesign,forinstance
FranschhoekTownHall(1935)
andnewstation(1915).
Mass-producedmaterials(eg
precastconcrete)and
Modernistidealsintheearly
20thcenturyresultedin
strippeddownsimplicityand
eliminationofdecoration
(Fick2016).Aparallel
tendencyforareturnto
craftsmanshipanddecoration
developedalongsideandwas
expressedinstylessuchas
Arts&CraftsandArtDeco.
Thisdramaticallyalteredtheappearanceof
buildings.
Victorianhouses,villasandterracesremain
insomedorps.Mostsurvivinghistoric
buildingsonurbansubdivisionsin
Franschhoekwerebuiltbetweenabout
1890and1940.HistoricFranschhoekisthus
atownoftheVictorianandEdwardian
periodsandevenlater.
Value/Signifi
cance
CecilJohnRhodescommissionedarchitect
HerbertBakertobuildhimasimplecottage
(Boschendal).Bakerelementssuchas
barley-sugarchimneys,artsandcrafts
woodwork,tall‘Dutch’gablesandDutchstylewalltileswereintroducedinto
homesteadsatMeerrust,Lekkerwijnand
Zandvliet/Delta,etc.Bakeralsodesigned
twochurchesintheareaandavillagefor
workersatLanguedoc.(Seealsotherowof
workers’cottagesatVredenburgonOld
StrandRoad–ofwhichonesurvivedonthe
Volkskombuissite.)TherearesomeCape
RevivalhousesinJamestown
InsolventEstaterecords–mapofaffected
farms(wherehaveIseenthat?)
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
1899-1902
Anglo-Boer
War
Stellenbosch–
Britishhorse
depot
FortNeck,above
Boekenhoutskloof
Stellenboschwas
setupasahorse
depotfortheBritish
Militaryduringthe
BoerWarwhere
theyquarantined
importedhorses,
andtoactasa
centrallocationfor
thecommandeered
horsesoflocal
farmersandaplace
ofrehabilitationfor
thosehorsesinjured
onthefront.Many
farmershadto
resorttousingoxen
fortransporting
goodsandwagons.
TheBritishCapeGovernment
wasindeednervousaboutthe
possibilityofruralfarming
regionsbeingusedbyBoer
forcesasplacesofsafe
passageandrefuge,andasa
resultrolledoutaseriesof
DistrictMountedTroups
(DMT)andTownGuards(TG)
allovertheinterior.Town
Guardswereineffectfor
areassuchasStellenbosch,
SomersetWest,Paarl,
WellingtonandWorcester
amongstmanyothers
Inahousesituatedat3
AkademieStreet,
Franschhoek,aCommanding
Officer’sheadquarterswas
establishedwhichwould
becomeknownas“thelittle
houseintheRedCamp”. Britishsoldierswereposted
onalltheaccessroadsto
CapeTown,althoughthe
farmerswereallowedto
movefreelywithinthe
district.
ABritishfortwasbuiltonthe
mountainsidejustabovethe
farmBoekenhoutskloofin
Franschhoekafteritwas
discoveredthatfarmerswere
crossingovertotheinterior.
Theareaisstillknownas
Fort’sNeck(associatedfarm
breadoven).
ForCapewinefarmerstheoutbreakofthe
waractuallystimulatedthewineeconomy
aslargequantitiesofwineweresoldto
meetthedemandofthevariousmilitary
campsandcanteensestablishedallover
thecountry
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
1899-
1969
Industrialfruit
andwine
farming:
Rhodesera
Alandscape
transformedwith
theintroduction
oflargescale
fundedfruit
farming
1904aRailwayline
wasbroughtto
mouthoftheDwars
RiverValley
1892H.E.V.Pickstonecame
totheCapeandstartedthe
firsttruenurseryforfruit
treesonthefarm
Nooitgedachtnear
Stellenbosch(financedby
CecilJohnRhodes).
1918KWVstarted
SFW1935
SAD1938
KWVandSFWcentralised
wine-makingandexports.
SADdidthesamefordried
fruit.
1906Jamfactory
wasstartedbyRFF
inGroot
Drakenstein,oneof
thefirstcanneriesin
theUnionwasbuilt
onthepremises.
Fruitdryingand
winemaking
facilitieswerelater
addedon
Therearerecordsoffruittreesplantedand
exportedthroughRhodesFruitFarms.It
wasduetoRhodes’connectiontothe
architectHerbertBakerthatmanyofthe
homesteadsintheDrakensteinValleywere
renovatedand‘restored’internallyand
externally.
Thereareseveralrailwaystationswithin
thestudyarea:egLynedoch,Vlottenburg,
Stellenbosch,DuToit,Koelenhof,
MuldersvleiandKlapmuts.
AgriculturalBoardswerealreadysupporting
Whitefarmersandregulatingproduction
andmarkets.
Dairyfarmingwasconsolidatedintomegabusinesses,vineyardsandwineriesreplaced
graincropsandorchards,andmarket
gardenswereusurpedbyinfillsuburbanor
socialhousing.
Small-scalefruitandvegetabletraders
operatedinandaroundthevillagesduring
the1950sbeforebeingrestrainedby
apartheidlawsandotherobstacles.
Muchoftheevidenceofchangestothe
landscapeofthefarmsthatwerepartof
theRhodesFruitFarmsintheDwarsRiver
Valleyisdocumentedinthequarterly
reportscompiledbyAppleyardfrom
1927-1933heldintheUniversityofCape
Town’sManuscriptsandArchivesLibrary
[BC860AlfredAppleyardCollection].
Appleyarddetailseverythingfromthe
buildingalterationsandadditionsonthe
farmsoftheRFFtodiscussionoflabour,
forestry,thewineindustry…etc.These
reportsadditionallycontainphotographs
documentingchangestobuildings,the
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
constructionofdams…etccomplexwith
slavebellandofficesandpackingsheds.
Thefetishizingofslavebelltowers:elegant
freestandingaestheticmarvelsinacontext
ofwillfulamnesiawithregardstoslave
history(Coetzer2016).Appleyard
commissionedKendalltodesigntwonew
slavebelltowersforGoedeHoopandBien
Donne,andPearsetodesignoneforRhone,
andanotheronewaserectedat
Boschendal.
1899-
Anintensified
‘landscapeof
labour’and
the
development
ofagrarian
corporate
capitalism
Languedoc
WorkersVillage
1899LanguedocWorkers
VillageconstructedbyRFF;
over100housesandalocal
churchdesignedbyHerbert
Baker
Thereisaninformalfarmlabourer
cemeterycomprisingatleast80burialswas
locatedontheFarmSimonsvleialongside
theKlapmutsRoad
LeRouxDorp
(laterGroendal)
In1900partsofthefarmsLa
ProvenceandLaTerreduLuc,
ownedbytwoMessieursle
Roux,wereproclaimeda
residentialareaacquiringthe
nameLeRouxDorp.
Theareabecamethehomeofamixed
ColouredandWhiteworkingclass
population,butpredominantlyColoured,
whileFranschhoekwasmixedbut
predominantlyWhite.UndertheApartheid
GroupAreasAct,LeRouxDorpwouldlater
beturnedintoaColouredlocationandbe
renamedGroendorpandlaterGroendal.
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
1860-19
Centresof
education;
University
Elsenburg
Simondium
Stellenbosch
1890s-
present
Sports,
recreation,
hotelsand
spas,and
kuiering
1920Keerweder
becamethefirst
guesthousein
Franschhoek
1968Huguenot
Museumopenedin
Franschhoek(other
heritageattractions
beforethis)
1910-1948 Intensified
1910Unionof
SouthAfrica-asthe
CapeColony,Natal,
theTransvaaland
theOrangeFree
RhenishGirls'HighSchool,
establishedin1860,isthe
oldestschoolforgirlsinSouth
Africa.Agymnasium,known
ashetStellenbossche
Gymnasium,wasestablished
in1866.In1874somehigher
classesbecameVictoria
Collegeandthenin
1918Universityof
Stellenbosch.Therewasan
influxofstaffandservice
providers.
By19381500studentsat
Stellenboschuniversity–
connectedtoriseofAfrikaner
nationalism.Stellenboschthe
intellectualcapitalof
Afrikanernationalistthought.
PeopletravelledfromCape
Townandotherplacesto
picnicatweekendsattheir
favouritespot(later
segregated).
Youthcampsofalltypes
becamepopular.Coachtravel
andtheadventofprivatecars
andhotel/spadestinations.
Inthe1940smusiciansand
theirfamiliesfromDistrictSix
wouldcomeandplaydance
musiconthefarmson
Saturdaynights.
formalracial
segregation
andresponse
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
Statebecame
amalgamatedunder
ajointlegislature
and
government
1913NativesLand
ActlimitsAfrican
landownershipto
thereserves
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Thebeginningofaseriesof
segregationlaws
1915anumberofdecisionsto
closedownhousesdeemed
unsanitary,occupiedby
‘coloured’people,had
alreadybeentaken.
1936Plansimplementedto
acquirelandforthebuilding
of‘colouredareas’atIda’s
Valley(laterIdasValley)and
Cloetesdal(Cloetesville)
1940smigrantworkerswere
broughtintotheWestern
Capeandalsoneeded
accommodationonfarms
and,inthecaseofGoede
Hoop,theywerehousedon
thefarm,butseparately.Also
dormitoriesonBoschendal
(Thembalethu).
Value/Signifi
cance
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Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
Separate
livingareas
basedon
racial
categories
1942Stellenbosch
AreasProclamation
No.244restrictions
on“natives”
entering
Stellenbosch
implemented
1946prospectofestablishing
a‘nativelocation’atKaya
Mandigazetted
‘Natives’recordedaslivingin
KayaMandi,
IdasValleyandDuToitsville
werenotedtohavemainly
‘Coloured’inhabitantsandat
DieVlakte(beingsurrounded
hereby‘white’
neighbourhoods)
1942-5
About1,500
Italianprisoners
weretransported
toacampon
Keerweder(east
ofPaarl)tobuild
DutoitskloofPass.
1943Canning
worker’sstrikesat
RhodesFruitFarms
CanningFactory
WorldWarII
StoryofUnavanderSpuycreatingOld
NectargardenwithItalianPoWs.
1948-1994
Groupsareas
and
segregation
Groupareas
separationand
segregationlaws
onthebasisof
racialclassification
1948Nationalist
partyintroduces
programmeof
apartheid
ItalianPOWsemployedas
farmlabourers,builders,
chefs,gardeners,mechanics
andvariousothertasksin
Paarl,Worcesterand
Robertsonarea.
A‘barracks’wasbuiltat
Kylemore.Somemarriedinto
thePneilcommunity.
Franschhoek
removals
(involving
Groendal,
Mbekweniand
evenKuilsRiver)
1950The
Population
RegistrationAct
classifiespeopleby
race;GroupAreas
Actofthesame
yearinitiateforced
removal
Farmjails(‘prisonoutposts’)fortraining
Africanoffenders,butalsoprovidingfree
(forthehostfarmer)orcheap(for
neighbours)labouron12W.Capefarmsin
1960.Namesoffarmsnotlisted.(Surveyof
RaceRelations)
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
23
Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
Responseand
resistance
1959
Demonstrationin
Paarlagainst
womencarrying
passes;
Riotsinthesuburb
ofHuguenotin
reactiontoa
banningorder
imposedbythe
Governmentonthe
Presidentofthe
AfricanFoodand
CanningWorker’s
Union
Self-sufficientland
plots;surplus
marketedinCape
Townuntillocal
farmersprevented
it.
1962Mbekweni
uprisingagainst
harshandcorrupt
localadministratin
aswellasthe
systematicremoval
ofAfricansfromthe
WesternCape.
1968Pnielwas
designatedasa
rural‘Coloured
Area’
1920sabranchoftheANC
establishedinPaarlwith
membershippickingupinthe
1950s
1960Paarlwasoneofthefew
urbancentrestorespondto
thePACanti-passcampaign
196221farmworkersin
Stellenboschfoundguiltyof
makingpreparationstoattack
afarmmanagerandhis
family,toburnthefarm
buildingsandtomarchto
townfiringbuildingsonthe
way.
1962‘Coloured’Housesin
Stellenboschdemolishedin
thecentreoftown
1971-
present
Development
ofwine
tourismin
Stellenbosch
Tourismaltersthe
landscape–
mappingofspace
throughtourism
offerings
Simonsig
Spier
Delheim
Pnielexistedasa‘coloured’
enclavesurroundedbywhite
ownedagriculturalproperty
thatwasdependantonthis
communityasasourceof
labour.
Wine,restaurantand
accommodationtourism–
affectingroadsandeconomy
ElizeJoubertMasters
TheCapegableandawerfwallbecamea
brandingiconforwineroutes.Amongsome
laudablerepairsandrenovationsto
enhancethesefeatures,therewereothers
thatweremisguided.Somefarmwerfs
underwentretro-restorationduringthe
1970sand1980s,destroyingevidenceof
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
24
Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
1970s-80s
SecondCape
Dutchrevival
Afrikanernationalism,brandy
andtobaccoempires,andthe
riseofconservation
architecture.
Conservation
1993:Todeschini
andJaphareport
onguidelinesfor
developmentand
conservationfor
Franschhoek
Sitesof
struggleand
resistance
during
apartheid
1986Passlaws
repealed;the
government
proclaimsa
nationwidestateof
emergency,detains
thousandsof
people,and
prohibitsthepress,
radio,
andtelevisionfrom
reportingunrest
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
layeredhistoriesandacquiringspurious
CapeDutchfeatures.Anexampleis
Zandberg/ScholtzenhofnearSomerset
West.
TheRupertsownedseveralfarms
(L’Ormarins,LaMotte),hadawine-making
partnershipwithRothschildsandpartially
controlledFWandDistillersCorporation.
TheRembrandtGroup(nowBAT)helped
restoremanySouthAfricanhistoric
propertiestotheirpreviousgrandeur.
Variousprivateandgovernmentinstitutions
werefounded:SimonvanderStel
Foundationandoffshoots(Franschhoek
ConservationTrust1984),theMonuments
CommissionandtheNationalMonuments
Council(1969).
Conservationinitiativesarguablybegan
manydecadesbeforeintheregion,butit
wasduringthisperiodthatthe
conservationofbuiltenvironment,heritage
andecologystartedtotakeonlegislative
formandguidelines.
In1964Assegaaibosch,acrosstheriver,
wasacquiredanddevelopedintoaresearch
centrefornatureconservationfromits
originalfisherymandate
Value/Signifi
cance
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
25
Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
LandUse
Specificsites
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
GrootDrakenstein
Prison
1990ANC,PAC,and
SACPunbanned;
Mandelaandother
politicalprisoners
released
1994-
2016
Democracy&
contestation
1994First
democraticnonracialelectionheld;
NelsonMandelais
sworn
inaspresident
andforms
Governmentof
NationalUnity
1990s-
2016
Investment
andtourism
newpolicies
concerningurban
andrural
landscapeswere
producedandin
particularthe
promotionof
“Integrated
Development
Plans(IDP)aimed
tomanage
development
inafairand
progressive
manner”
ThehousethatNelson
Mandelawasimprisonedin
onVictorVerster(Groot
DrakensteinPrison)isnowa
tourist/heritagesiteopento
thepublic.
Franschhoek
Hazendal
Morgenhof
Mulderbosch
Lanzerac
Developersandinvestors
fromup-country,Europeand
elsewherediscovered
FranschhoekandiconicCape
farmsinthe1990s,including
MaingardandAugustain
Franschhoek,Voloshinat
Hazendal,andCointreauHuchonatMorgenhof.
In2013,anIndianinvestment
companyacquiredtwoblocks
ofFranschhoek’sprime
stretchofmainroadreal
estateandthreewinefarms,
DieuDonné,VonOrtloffand
KleinDassenberg(Sunday
Times,1May20).Lastyear
PerfectChinamadethefirst
investmentinSA’swine
Drivesuppropertyprices.
Tourismandeventsvenueshavethus
startedtoovertakeagriculturalproduction
asthemajorsustainableeconomicbasein
thearea:farmsarebeingusedfortheir
aestheticandrecreationalpropertiesand
productionisnolongerthemainfunction
(Cloete2013).
Farmersbegantodiversifytheirincomeby
introducingalternativefunctions/facilities
(farmbased)tothepublic.
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
26
Period
Date
Sociocultural
Themes
Landreform
initiativesin
thevalley
LandUse
Specificsites
Stellenboschsmall
farmholdings
trust
GrahamBeck
Solms-Delta
Spier
Others…
Boschendal
developments
HistoricalEvents
People/Activities/Associati
ons
industry,acquiringtheValde
Vieestate(Paarl).
PrivateandGovernment
drivenlandreforminitiatives
TheStellenboschSmallFarm
HoldingsTrustwasformedin
2002aftertwelveemerging
farmersmovedonto65
hectaresofMunicipal
Commonage,whichwasland
leasedfromStellenbosch
MunicipalitybytheSpier
EstateontheAnnandaleRoad
(PLAAS2011).
In2005,theSolmsfamily
establishedtheWijndeCaab
Trusttobenefitthe200
historicallydisadvantaged
residentsandemployeesof
theSolms-Deltawineestate.
Inanunprecedentedmove,
theownersofSolms-Delta
andLubeckbothputtheir
farmsupascollateralsothat
athird,adjoiningfarmcould
bepurchasedbytheworkers.
GrahamBeckWineEstatehas
aWorkers’Forumthat
consistsofrepresentatives
fromalldepartmentsand
racialgroups,andactson
behalfoftheemployeesin
matterssuchastraining,
remuneration,participatory
managementanddisciplinary
hearings.
MaterialEvidence
(Physical/Documentary/Buildings)
Value/Signifi
cance
In2001alargetractofmunicipal
commonagewassoldinordertoprovide
capitalforthecross-subsidyof1000low
costhousesinGroendal(alsoknownas
FranschhoekNorth),tosettlelandclaims
andtoprovidepreviouslydisadvantaged
communitymembersaccesstoagriculture
andtourismrelatedbusinessopportunities.
ThefarmMooiwaterinFranschhoekNorth
wasacquiredbythelocalauthorityforthe
purposeofestablishinglow-costhousing,in
twophases.
©TraceyRandleDRAFTSOCIO-CULTURALTIMELINESTELLENBOSCH(NOV2016)
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