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INDEX
Boldfaced names refer to artists. Pages in italics refer to illustrations.
A
Aachen, 329
Aachen Gospels, xxxvii
Abakanowicz, Magdalena, Backs, 908–909, 909
Abbasid architecture, 292, 296–297
Abbey, 331
Abd al-Hamid Lahori, 309
Abd al-Malik, 292–293
Abd-al-Rahman I, 297
Abduction of the Sabine Women (Giovanni da Bologna),
566–567, 567
Abe, Shuya, 911
Abelard, Peter, 384
Abraham, 237, 245, 245–246, 266, 403–404, 480
Abraham and the Three Angels, Psalter of Saint Louis, 235,
403, 403–404
Abrasion method, 55
Abstract Expressionism, 859–862
Abstraction: Abstract Expressionism, 859–862; Analytic
Cubism, 795–797; Cubism, 795–796, 803–804, 830–831,
845–846; Cubist sculpture, 800–801; fragmentation of
forms in space, 794–795; Futurism, 802–804; Purism,
801–802; Synthetic Cubism, 797–800
Abu Simbel temple, 62, 63, 64
Academic art, 740
Achaemenid Persian art, 38–39
Achilles, 114, 115, 116
Achilles Painter, 137, 137
Acid rain, 128
Acropolis, 109, 126–136, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 148
Action painting, 861
Adad, 19
Adam, Robert, 691; Etruscan Room, Osterley Park House,
Middlesex, 698–699, 699
Adam and Eve, 235, 237, 278, 283, 336, 355, 455–457, 468,
491, 538–539, 586
Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens), 771, 771
Adoration of the Magi (Gentile da Fabriano), 488–489, 489,
499
Adoration of the Shepherds (Hugo van der Goes), 461,
461–462
Adoration of the Shepherds (La Tour), 654, 654–655
Adornments, 162, 316–318
Advantages of Being a Woman Artist (Guerrilla Girls), 918,
918–919
Aegean art: architecture, 79–83, 90–92; Cycladic art, 78,
79–81, 85–86; map, 76; Minoan, 79–89; Mycenaean (Late
Helladic), 89–95; painting, 83–88; pottery, 86–88, 87, 89;
sculpture, 88–89, 89; timeline, 76–77
Aeneas, 196, 204
Aeneid (Vergil), 158, 196
Aertsen, Pieter, Meat Still-Life, 598, 598
Aeschylus, 120–121
Africa, Paleolithic art in, 2–3
African-American artists, 810–812, 848–850, 904–905
Against the Heavenly Prophets in the Matter of Images and
Sacraments (Luther), 580
Agnolo di Cosimo. See Bronzino
Agoras, 150–151
Agriculture, rise of, 12
Ahmose I, 60, 84
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 909, 909
Air pollution, 128
Ajax, 114, 115, 116
Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV), 68–71, 69
Akkadian art, 25–28
Akrotiri frescoes, 85, 85–87, 86
Al-Hakam II, Caliph, 299
Al-Khazneh (“Treasury”), Petra, 212, 212, 224
Al-Mansur, Caliph, 296
Al-Mutawakkil, Caliph, 297
Al-Walid, Caliph, 293
Alaric, 246
Albers, Josef, 836; Color Triangle, xl, xl; Homage to the
Square, 833, 833–834
Alberti, Leon Battista, 484; Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, 508,
508–509; Santa Maria Novella facade, 436, 509, 509;
Sant’Andrea, Mantua, 514, 514–515
Albertus Magnus, 384
Alcuin, 328
Alexander, Saint, 364, 365
Alexander Mosaic (Philoxenos of Eretria), 145, 145–146
Alexander the Great, 39, 139, 144, 144–146, 145, 148–149,
186
Alexander VII, Pope, 614
Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander, 155, 155
Alexius I Comnenus, 279
Alhambra palace, Granada, 302, 302
Alkyoneos, 152, 152, 158
Allegory of Law and Grace (Cranach the Elder), 581–582, 584
Allegory of the Art of Painting (Vermeer), 651, 651
Allegory of the Outbreak of War (Rubens), 637–638, 638
Alloway, Lawrence, 873
Altamira cave paintings, 6, 7, 8
Altar frontal, 377
Altar of Zeus, at Pergamon, 152, 152–153, 153
Altarpiece of Saint Peter (Witz), 472, 472
Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament (Bouts), 460, 461
Altarpieces: Byzantine, 279; fifteenth-century, 452, 453–463,
472–473, 475, 488–489, 520; fourteenth-century Italian,
428, 438–439, 440–441; Gothic, 415–417; Renaissance,
552, 552–553; Roman, 195–197; sixteenth-century,
580–583, 817
Altdorfer, Albrecht, The Battle of Issus, 589–591, 590
Alternate-support systems, 334, 346–347, 350, 383
Amarna school, 68–71
Amazons, 131
Ambo (pulpit for biblical readings), 415
Ambrose, Saint, 347
Ambulatory, 242, 264
Ambulatory chapels, 378, 378
Amen, 45, 71
Amen-Mut-Khonsu, temple of, 65, 65–66
Amen-Re, 60, 62
Amen-Re, temple of, 62–64, 64, 65, 69
Amenemhet, tomb of, 60, 60
Amenhotep III, court of, 65, 70
Amenhotep IV, 68–71, 69
American Gothic (Wood), 850, 850
Amiens Cathedral, 381, 391, 391–393, 392, 393
Amish, 579
Ammit, 74
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California (Bierstadt),
720–721, 721
Amphiprostyle, 135
Amphitheaters, Roman, 184, 184, 201, 201–202
Amphora, 102–104, 103, 115, 116
Amulet, definition, 46
Anabaptists, 579
Analytic Cubism, 795–797
Anamorphic images, 592
Anastasis, 242, 278, 278, 283, 284
Anastasis mosaic, 278, 278
Anastasis of the Kariye, 283–284, 286
Anastasis Rotunda, 242
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (Rembrandt van Rijn), 642–643,
643
Anatomy of a Kimono (Schapiro), 900, 900
Anavysos kouros, 107, 107
Ancient Mexico (Rivera), 852, 853
Ancient Near East: Achaemenid Persian art, 38–39; after
Alexander, 39–41; Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babylonian,
and Hittite art, 25–31, 36; Assyrian art, 32–35; map, 16;
Neolithic art, 12–15; Sasanian Persian art, 39–41;
Sumerian art, 18–26; timeline, 16–17
Ancient of Days (Blake), 707, 707
Andokides Painter, 115, 116, 137
Angels: in Byzantine art, 258, 258–259, 264–265, 271, 286;
in fifteenth-century art, 454, 462–463, 491, 510–511; in
fourteenth-century Italian art, 432; in Gothic art, 403; in
Ottonian art, 338; in Romanesque art, 354, 359–361, 368
Anglican Church, 579
Anguissola, Sofonisba, Portrait of the Artist’s Sisters and
Brother, 564–566, 565
Aniconic art, 273
Animal Locomotion (Muybridge), 741
Animals: in Assyrian art, 33–35, 36; in Byzantine art, 258,
281; cave paintings, 2, 2–3, 6–10, 11; cave sculptures, 5–6;
in Early Medieval art, 318–319, 321; in Egyptian art, 47,
53; in Etruscan art, 163, 168–171; in German
Expressionism, 792–793; in Gothic art, 404; in Greek art,
101, 102, 103, 111, 113, 130, 145; in Islamic art, 296,
300, 313; in Minoan art, 85–87, 89; in Mycenaean art, 94,
95; Neolithic art, 14; in Postmodern art, 896–897; in
Realist art, 740–741; in Romanesque art, 356–357; in
Sumerian art, 21, 31
Anne, Saint, 390, 433, 442–444
Annunciation (Fra Angelico), 510, 510
Annunciation altarpiece (Martini), 440–441, 441
Annunciation and the Nativity (Giovanni Pisano), 427,
427–428
Annunciation and the Nativity (Nicola Pisano), 426–427, 427
Annunciation and Visitation (Broederlam), 452, 452
Annunciation to Mary, 238, 286, 415, 426, 428, 463–464
Annunciation to the Shepherds, Lectionary of Henry II, 338,
338–339
Antaeus, 501
Antaios, 116, 116
Antelami, Benedetto, King David, 363, 363
Antheil, George, 801
Anthemius of Tralles, 259, 259–262, 260, 261
Anthony, Saint, 459, 580–581, 582–583
Antipater of Sidon, 37
Antonello da Messina, 552
Antoninus Pius, 215–216
Anu, 19
Anubis, 45–46, 74
Apadana, 38
Aphaia, Temple of, 118, 118–119, 119
Aphrodite, 99, 131, 132–133, 155, 155. See also Venus
Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles), 139, 139–140, 155
Apocalypse of Saint-Sever, 368, 368
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 795, 796
Apollo, xxxvii, 79, 99, 102, 112, 149, 164, 165, 658–659
Apollo 11 Cave paintings, 2, 2
Apollo Attended by the Nymphs (Girardon), 658–659, 659
Apollo Belvedere, xxxvii, xxxvii
Apollodoros, 145
Apollodorus of Damascus, 205, 205–207, 206, 207, 212
Apostles, 268, 354, 360, 361–362, 428, 583. See also under
names of individual Apostles
Apotheosis (ascent to heaven), 215–216
Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina, 215, 215–216
Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres), 702–703, 703
Apotheosis of the Pisani Family (Tiepolo), 668, 669
Apoxyomenos (Scraper) (Lysippos), 143, 143
Apses: Byzantine, 263, 265, 269, 270; Late Antiquity, 241;
Roman, 205
Apulu (Apollo), 164, 165
Aqueducts, 198, 198–199
Ara Pacis Augustae, 195–196, 197, 267
Arabesques, 299–300
Arcadius, 246
Arch of Augustus, Rimini, 515, 515
Arch of Constantine, 226, 226–227, 227
Arch of Septimius Severus, 220, 221
Arch of Titus, 203, 203–204
Arch of Trajan, 207, 207–208
Archaic art, Greek, 105–120
Archaic smile, 107, 119
Archers of Saint Hadrian (Hals), 641, 641–642, 643
Arches: barrel vaults, 39, 179, 184, 201; in Christian
churches, 241–242, 264; diaphragm, 353; horseshoe, 299;
ogee, 410; pointed, 382, 393; Porta Marzia, 172, 173;
quadrant, 351; terminology, 359; transverse, 345;
triumphal, 203–204, 207–208, 221, 226–228, 241. See
also Vaults
Archipenko, Aleksandr, Woman Combing Her Hair, 800, 801
Architecture: Aegean, 78–83, 90–92; Art Deco, 839–840; Art
Nouveau, 774–776; Arts and Crafts movement, 773–774;
Assyrian, 32–33; Baroque, 610–614, 617–619, 659–668;
Bauhaus, 832–836; Byzantine, 259–271, 273–279,
282–283; Carolingian, 329–333; Çatal Hüyük, 13–14;
De Stijl, 832; Deconstructivist, 893–895; drawings,
xlv–xlvi; early fifteenth-century, 493–503, 508–509;
Egyptian, 48–54, 60–66; Etruscan, 162–169; Gothic,
377–399, 407–419; Greek, 103–104, 109–113, 117–121,
126–136, 146–151; Hellenistic Period of Greek, 149–151;
Hittite, 30–31; houses, 150–151, 185–186, 212–213, 233,
398–399, 463–466; human form and, 549; International
Style, twentieth-century, 838–839; Islamic, 292–299,
302–309; Late Antiquity, 240–249; late nineteenthcentury, 776–780; late sixteenth-century, 568–575;
Mannerism, 567–568; Minoan, 79–83; Modernist,
885–889; Mycenaean, 90–92, 93; Neoclassical, 695–699;
Organic, 840–842; Ottoman, 303–307; Ottonian,
333–334; parts of a Gothic cathedral, 386; Persian, 38–39;
Postmodernism, 889–893, 919; Productivist, 830;
Renaissance, 530–532, 543, 547–552, 568–569;
Revivalist, 722–725; Rococo, 668–671; Roman, 177–179,
182–186, 196–202, 204–212, 221–222, 225–226;
Romanesque, 342–353; Sasanian Persian, 39; sixteenthcentury French, 592–595; sixteenth-century Spanish,
602–603; Sumerian, 19–20
Architrave, 113
Archivolts, 359
Arcuated lintels, 211
Arcuated openings, 173
Arena Chapel frescoes (Giotto di Bondone), 430, 431,
431–433, 432
Ares, 99
Argonauts, 171
Ariadne, 81
Arian Christianity, 256
Aristotle, 98, 109, 150, 166, 384, 541
Arkwright, Sir Richard, 680
Armature, xlv, 382
Armored Train (Severini), 804, 804
Armory Show, 808–812, 809
Arneson, Robert, California Artist, 916, 916
Arouet, François Marie, 679, 679–680, 681–689
Arp, Jean (Hans), Collage Arranged According to the Laws of
Chance, 805, 805
Arringatore (Orator), 173
Arrises, 113
Arrival of Marie de’ Medici at Marseilles (Rubens), 636–637,
637
Ars de geometria, 399
Art appreciation, xxxiv
Art as Idea as Idea (Kosuth), 872
Art Brut, 858
Art collecting: avant-garde, 797; later twentieth-century, 915;
maximum price paid, 759; seventeenth-century, 640, 649
Art Deco, 839–840
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Index
Art history: art appreciation and, xxxiv; different ways of
seeing, xlvii; interdisciplinary nature of, xlvi; Postmodern
critique of, 915–917; questions asked in, xxxiv–xxxviii;
traditional classifications within, xxxiv; words used in,
xl–xlvi
Art institutions, Postmodernism and, 917–919
Art Nouveau, 754, 774–776
Artaxerxes, 39
Artemis, 99, 111, 112
Artemisia, 146
Artemisian Zeus, 124, 125
Artifice, 561
Artists: African-American, 810–812, 848–850, 904–905;
feminist, 856, 898–905, 912–913, 918–919; names of, in
Renaissance, 426; Native American, 907–908; training of,
442, 453. See also Women artists
Arts and Crafts movement, 754, 773, 773–774
Asam, Egid Quirin: Assumption of the Virgin, 667–668, 668
Ashlar masonry, 52, 81, 262, 346
Ashur, 19
Ashurnasirpal II, 34, 34–35, 35, 36
Assassins (Golub), 908
Assumption of the Virgin (Asam), 667–668, 668
Assumption of the Virgin (Correggio), 561, 561
Assumption of the Virgin (Titian), 556, 556–557
Assyrian art, 32–35
At the Moulin Rouge (Toulouse-Lautrec), 756, 757
Atala, 701–702
Athanadoros, 158, 159
Athena, 99, 103, 119, 121, 128, 130, 130–131, 134, 152,
152
Athena Nike, Temple of, 127, 128, 135, 135–136, 148
Athena Parthenos (Phidias), 128, 130, 130–131, 148, 152,
252
Athens, 126–136. See also Greece
Atlas, 122
Atmospheric perspective, 189
Aton, 45, 68–69
Atreus, 92
Atrium, 185–186, 186, 241
AT&T Building, New York, 890, 890–891
Attalos I, 152–153
Attic vases, 104
Attributes, xxxvii
Augustine, Saint, 235, 485
Augustus, xxxviii, xxxix, 148, 194–200, 195
Augustus wearing corona civica, xxxviii, xxxix
Aula Palatina, 228, 229, 241–242
Aule Metele (Arringatore, Orator), 173, 173, 195
Aurelian, 222
Aurora (Reni), 626, 626
Austria, fin-de-siècle culture, 776
Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (Stein), 797
Avant-Garde, 766, 786, 797, 826, 847, 857. See also
Twentieth-century art
Avaris murals, 84
Aventinus, Johannes, 589
Avignon Pietà (Enguerrand Quarton [Charonton]), 469, 470
B
Babylonian art, 29–31, 36, 37–38
Backs (Abakanowicz), 908–909, 909
Bacon, Francis, Painting, 858, 858
Bacon, Sir Francis, 609
Baghdad, 296
Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 692–693
Baldacchino of Saint Peter’s, Rome, 612–614, 613
Baldassare Castiglione (Raphael), 544, 545
Balla, Giacomo, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 803, 803
Ballet Mécanique (Léger), 801
Ballet Rehearsal (Adagio) (Degas), 752, 752, 755
Balzac, Honoré de, 734
Bamberg Rider, 413–414, 414
Banality Show (Koons), 915
Banqueting Hall at Whitehall, London, 664, 665
Baptism of Christ (baptismal font) (Rainer of Huy), 363, 363
Baptistère de Saint Louis, 313, 313
Baptisteries: fifteenth-century Italy, 480–482; Late Antiquity,
233; Romanesque, 352–353
Baptistery of San Giovanni, 352, 352–353
Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Manet), 751, 751–752
Bar tracery, 388, 390
Barabbas, 251, 251
Barberini Faun, 156, 156
Barberini Ivory, 257–259, 258
Barbizon school, 735–736
Barlach, Ernst, War Monument, 818–819, 819
Baroncelli Chapel in Santa Croce, 433–434
Baroque art: advances in sciences and, 608–609; Dutch
Republic, 639–654; eighteenth-century, 666–668;
England, 664–666; Flanders, 634–639; France, 654–664;
geopolitical landscape, 608; Germany, 667–668; Italy,
609–629; map of seventeenth-century Europe, 606; origin
of term, 608; Spain, 629–634; timeline, 606–607
Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 847, 853
Barrel vaults, 39, 39, 179, 184, 201
Barry, Charles, Houses of Parliament, London, 723, 723
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 778
Bartholomew, Saint, 630
Bartolommeo Colleoni (Verrocchio), 507, 507
Barye, Antoine-Louis, Jaguar Devouring a Hare, 716, 717
Bas-relief, definition of, xlv
Basil I, 273
Basilica Nova, 227, 227–228, 228
Basilica Ulpia, 205–206, 241, 334
Basilicas: Byzantine churches as, 262, 268, 278–279; as
churches, 241; Early Medieval, 332; Late Antiquity, 241;
Roman, 184, 205–206, 227–228, 228; Romanesque, 353
Basin (Muhammad ibn al-Zayn), 313, 313
Basin of San Marco from San Giorgio Maggiore (Canaletto),
682, 683
Basket of Apples (Cézanne), 765, 765–766
Bassin d’Argenteuil (Monet), 752–753, 753
Bath (Cassatt), 755, 756
Bather (Lipchitz), 800, 801
Baths, Islamic, 295–296
Baths of Caracalla, 221, 221–222
Baths of Neptune, 214, 214
Battle of Hastings, 373
Battle of Issus (Altdorfer), 589–591, 590
Battle of Issus (Philoxenos of Eretria), 145, 145–146, 193, 214
Battle of San Romano (Uccello), 499, 499
Battle of the Ten Nudes (Pollaiuolo), 501–503, 502
Battlements, 398
Baudelaire, Charles, 747
Bauhaus, 832–836
Bay Side (Frankenthaler), 864, 864
Bayeux Tapestry, 372, 372–373
Beardsley, Aubrey, The Peacock Skirt, 774–776, 775
Beatification, 485
Beatus of Liébana, 368
Beaubourg (Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and
Culture), 892, 892–893
Beauvais Cathedral, Beauvais, xxxiv, xxxv
Beckmann, Max, 837; Night, 815–816, 816
Behnisch, Günter, Hysolar Institute Building, Stuttgart, 894,
894
Behrens, Peter, 838
Belisarius, 257, 263
Bellerophon, 171
Belleville Breviary, 404–405, 405, 448
Bellini, Giovanni: The Feast of the Gods, 553, 553–554; San
Zaccaria Altarpiece, 552, 552–553
Bello, Richard de, 410, 410–411
Ben-ben, definition of, 45, 51
Benday dots, 877
Benedict, Saint, 331
Benedictine Rule, 331, 345, 353, 358, 370
Benedictionals, 322
Beni Hasan tombs, 59, 59–60, 60, 168
Benin king, xliv, xliv
Bent-axis approach, 19
Benton, Thomas Hart, 860; Pioneer Days and Early Settlers,
851, 851
Beowulf, 317
Berlinghieri, Bonaventura, Saint Francis Altarpiece, 424, 425
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 357–359, 361–362, 364,
369–370, 384
Bernardo Daddi, Madonna and Child, 436–438, 437
Bernini, Gianlorenzo, 156, 611, 611–612, 661; Baldacchino
of Saint Peter’s, 612–614, 613; David, 614, 615; Ecstasy of
Saint Theresa, 615, 615–617, 616; Scala Regia, 614, 614
Bernward, Bishop, 333–336, 334, 336
Betrayal of Jesus (Duccio di Buoninsegna), 439, 439–440
Beuys, Joseph, How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare,
870–871, 871
Bibles: Bury Bible, 370–371, 371; Gospels, xxxvii, 251–252,
320–326, 321, 322, 339, 339, 369, 371–372; illustrated,
249–251, 250, 251, 370; Moralized Bibles, 400, 401, 402,
403; Pentateuch, 322; as sole scriptural authority,
578–579, 583; Vulgate version, 322
Bibliothèque Nationale, 400
Bierstadt, Albert, Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
California, 720–721, 721
Big Self-Portrait (Close), 880–881, 881
Bilateral symmetry, 55, 66
Bilingual painting, 115, 116
Bird in Space (Brancusi), 842, 842–843
Birnbaum, Dara, PM Magazine, 912, 913
Birth of the Virgin (Ghirlandaio), 505, 505–506
Birth of the Virgin (Pietro Lorenzetti), 441–444, 443
Birth of Venus (Botticelli), 502, 503
Bishapur reliefs, 41, 41
Bitumen, 29
Black Death, 422, 448, 459, 701
Black-figure painting, 102–104, 103, 114–115, 115
Blake, William, Ancient of Days, 707, 707
Blanc, Charles, 762
Blanche of Castile (queen of France), 388, 397, 400, 402,
403–404
Blaue Reiter, 791–793
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, 666, 666–667
Blessed Art thou Among Women (Käsebier), 746, 746
Blind arcades, 39, 39, 297
Bliss, Lillie P., 847
Block statues, Egyptian, 66, 66–67
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 422–423, 478
Boccioni, Umberto, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space,
803, 803–804
Boffrand, Germain, Salon de la Princesse, 670
Bohr, Niels, 784
Bonheur, Marie-Rosalie (Rosa), The Horse Fair, 739–741,
740
Book of Durrow, 320, 320
Book of Hours, 322, 448–449, 450
Book of Kells, 322, 322–323
Book of the Courtier (Castiglione), 544
Book of the Dead, 46, 73–74
Book of the Popes, 241
Books, illustrated. See Manuscript illustration
Borghese, Pauline, 695–696
Borluut, Isabel, 454, 455
Borromini, Francesco, 619; Chapel of Saint Ivo, 617–618,
618, 619; San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 617, 617
Bosch, Hieronymus, Garden of Earthly Delights, 468, 469,
822
Botanical engravings, 587–588, 589
Botticelli, Sandro: Birth of Venus, 502, 503; Portrait of a
Youth, 503, 503–504
Boucher, François, Cupid a Captive, 673–674, 674
Bouguereau, Adolphe-William, Nymphs and Satyr,
738–739, 739
Bound Slave (Michelangelo Buonarroti), 535, 535–536, 546
Bourgeois, Louise, Cumul I, 869, 869–870
Bourges Cathedral, xlvi, xlvi
Bouts, Dirk, Last Supper, 460, 461
Boyle, Richard, Chiswick House, 697, 697
Boyle, Robert, 608–609
Bramante, Donato d’Angelo: new Saint Peter’s, 530,
530–531, 550; Sant-Eligio degli Orefici dome, 619, 620;
Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 531, 531–532
Brancacci Chapel, Florence, 491, 491, 492
Brancusi, Constantin, Bird in Space, 842, 842–843
Braque, Georges: Fruit Dish and Cards, 797–799, 798;
Picasso and, 795, 799–800; The Portuguese, 795–796, 796
Brawl in the Pompeii amphitheater, 184, 184–185
Breakers, Newport, RI, 780, 780
Breakfast Scene (Hogarth), 685, 687
Brera Altarpiece (Piero della Francesca), 520, 520
Breton, André: on Dadaism, 804; on Surrealists, 819, 824
Breuer, Marcel, 836; tubular chair, 834, 834–836
Breviaries, 322, 404–405
Breviary of Philippe le Bel, 404, 404
Brick facades, 213
Bridges, 680–681, 682
Broederlam, Melchior, 452, 452, 457
Bronze statues, casting of, 124
Bronzework: Byzantine, 257, 325; fifteenth-century Italian
art, 480–484, 500–501, 506–507; Greek art, 122–124,
123; hollow casting of, 124; Ottonian art, 334–336, 335,
336; Romanesque art, 363–364
Bronzino: Portrait of a Young Man, 564, 565; Venus, Cupid,
Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury), 563–564, 564
Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life, 578
Brown, Scott, Delaware house, 892, 892
Brücke, 790–791
Bruegel the Elder, Pieter: Hunters in the Snow, 599, 600;
Netherlandish Proverbs, 601, 601
Bruges, 449
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 493, 497, 509; dome of Florence
Cathedral, 493, 493–494; Pazzi Chapel, Florence, 495,
495, 496, 512; Sacrifice of Isaac, 480, 480–481; Santo
Spirito, Florence, 494, 494–495
Bruni, Leonardo, tomb of, 504, 504–505, 512
Bruno, Saint, 449–451
Bucrania (ox skull decorations), 597
Buffon, Comte de, 678
Bulgars, 257
Bull-leaping, 83–84, 84
Buon fresco (“true” fresco), 431
Burgee, John, AT&T Building, New York, 890, 890–891
Burghers of Calais (Rodin), 772, 772
Burgundian Netherlands art, fifteenth-century, 449–452
Burial at Ornans (Courbet), 734, 734–735, 740
Burial of Atala (Girodet-Trioson), 701–702, 702
Burial of Count Orgaz (El Greco), 604, 605
Burial of Phocion (Poussin), 657, 657
Burial of the dead: Christian, 223, 233–234; Egyptian, 46;
Roman, 217, 223; ship burials, 317–319, 319. See also
Funerary masks; Sarcophagi; Tombs
Burton, James, 63
Bury Bible, 370–372, 371
Buttressing, 179, 259, 350–351, 384, 386, 388
Byzantine art: architecture, 259–271, 273–279, 282–283;
classification into periods, 256–257; Early period,
256–272; embroidery, 287, 287; Iconoclasm, 256–257,
272–274; ivory carving, 258–259, 280; Late period, 257,
282–287; map, 254; Middle period, 257, 273–282;
mosaics, 264–270, 269, 270, 275–278, 278; painting,
271–272, 280–282, 283–286; relationship to Roman
tradition, 257, 258; timeline, 254–255
Byzantium, 256–257, 273, 282. See also Constantinople
C
Cadeau (Man Ray), 810, 811
Caftans, 312, 313
Cage, John, 870, 877
Caillebotte, Gustave, Paris: A Rainy Day, 748, 748
Caldarium, 221
Calder, Alexander, 804; 125, 844–845, 845
Calf Bearer (Moschophoros), 106, 106–107
California Artist (Arneson), 916, 916
Caliphs, 290–291
Calligraphy, Islamic, 301, 301, 307–308. See also Writing
Calling of Saint Matthew (Caravaggio), 622, 622
Calling of Saint Matthew (ter Brugghen), 639, 639–640
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Callot, Jacques, Miseries of War, 655, 655–656
Calotype process, 728
Calvert, Frank, 78
Calvin, John, 524, 579
Calvinism, 579, 642, 644, 652
Cambio, Arnolfo di, 434, 434–435
Cambrensis, Giraldus, 323
Camera degli Sposi, Mantua, 515, 515–516, 516
Camera lucida, 726
Camera obscura, 650, 682, 726
Campanile (bell tower), 352, 488
Campbell, Colin, 697
Campin, Robert, 463–464, 464–465
Campus Martius (Field of Mars), 216
Canaletto, Antonio, Basin of San Marco from San Giorgio
Maggiore, 682, 683
Canon (Polykleitos), 126
Canon tables, 322
Canonization process, 485
Canons, definition of, xliii
Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 525
Canopic jars, 46
Canopus, 211, 211
Canova, Antonio, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 695–696, 696,
700
Canterbury Cathedral, 343, 409
Canyon (Rauschenberg), 875–877, 876
Capitals, column: Composite, 203–204, 509; Corinthian,
147, 147–148, 224, 242; Doric, 98, 109–110, 112–113,
118, 120, 129, 164; Egyptian, 50; fifteenth-century,
508–509; Greek, 110, 112–113, 147–148; Ionic, 98, 109,
111–113, 129, 134, 148; Minoan, 83; Roman, 203–204
Capitoline Hill, 176, 216, 549, 549–550
Capitoline Wolf, 170, 170
Capitolium, 183
Caracalla, 219–220, 220
Caradosso, Christoforo Foppa, 531, 531
Caravaggio, 620; Calling of Saint Matthew, 622, 622;
Conversion of Saint Paul, 620–622, 621; Entombment,
622–623, 623
Carcassonne fortified town, France, 398, 398
Carceri 14 (Piranesi), 705, 706
Cardo (north-south street), 182, 205
Caroline minuscule, 328
Carolingian art: architecture, 329–333; Charlemagne and,
324–325; manuscript illustration, 325–329
Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste, Ugolino and His Children,
769–771, 770
Carpet pages, 320–322, 321
Carpets, Islamic, 309, 310
Carracci, Annibale: Flight into Egypt, 623–625, 624; Loves of
the Gods, 625, 625–626
Carrara marble, 198
Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, Chicago, 779–780, 780
Carter, Howard, 63, 71
Carthusian order, 449–451
Carving, definition of, xliv–xlv. See also Sculpture
Caryatids, 111–112, 135
Casa Milá, Barcelona, 775, 776
Cassatt, Mary, The Bath, 755, 756
Castagno, Andrea del, Last Supper, 510, 511
Castelli, Leo, 875
Castiglione, Count Baldassare, 544, 545
Casting, xlv, 124
Castle of Love, 406, 406
Castor and Pollux, 173
Castrum, 205, 226
Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, 234, 234
Catacombs, 233–235, 234
Catafalque (supporting framework), 505
Çatal Hüyük, 13, 13–15, 14, 15
Cathedrals. See Churches
Catherine, Saint, 270, 270–271, 271, 273, 283, 283
Catholic Church: construction in Rome, 609–610; CounterReformation, 524–525, 546, 570, 579; English severance
of ties with, 579; Protestant Reformation and, 524,
578–579; split between Belgium and Netherlands, 634;
support for the arts, 524–525, 530, 546, 549, 627; support
from Spain, 601–602; views on religious imagery,
579–580; warfare and, 530
Causeways, 53, 53
Cavallini, Pietro, Seated Apostles, 428, 428
Cave paintings, 2–3, 6–10, 11
Cave sculpture, 3–5
Celer, 199–200
Cellas, 19, 129–130, 149, 164, 224
Cellini, Benvenuto, Genius of Fontainebleau, 566, 566
Celtic art, 319–324
Cenni Di Pepo. See Cimabue
Censorship, 885. See also Nazis and art
Centauromachy, 114, 114, 131
Centaurs, 101, 101–102, 130
Central-plan buildings, 242
Cerveteri sarcophagus, 165–167, 166
Cestrum, 219
Cézanne, Paul, 795; The Basket of Apples, 765, 765–766;
Mont Sainte-Victoire, 764, 764–765
Chac Mool figures, 843
Chagall, Marc, I and the Village, 827, 827–828
Chamberlain, Neville, 858
Chamfered pillars, 60
Champollion, Jean-François, 44
Champs de Mars (Delaunay), 796, 796–797
Chandigarh, Punjab, 839
Chantries, 409
Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, 409, 409–410
Chapel of Notre Dame de Haut, Ronchamp, 839
Chapel of Saint Ivo, Rome, 617–618, 618, 619
Chapel of the Santissima Sindone, Turin, 619, 620
Chapels, family, 497
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon, Grace at Table, 684, 685
Chariot races, 208
Charioteer, 123, 123–124
Charlemagne, 324–325, 325, 328
Charles I (king of England), 475, 639
Charles I Dismounted (Van Dyck), 638, 639
Charles IV (king of Spain), 707–708
Charles the Bold, 449, 475
Charles V (king of Spain), 602–603
Charles VI (king of France), 467
Charles X (king of France), 713
Charters, 342
Chartres Cathedral, France, 378–381, 379, 380, 381, 385,
385–391, 389, 390
Chartreuse (Carthusian monastery) de Champmol, Dijon,
449–451, 451
Charuns, 173
Chateau de Blois, 659–660, 660
Chateau de Chambord, 593, 594
Chateaubriand, François René de, 701–702, 723
Chauvet Cave paintings, 10, 10–11
Chevreul, Michel-Eugène, 762
Chi-rho monogram, 266
Chia, Sandro, Rabbit for Dinner, 898, 898
Chiaroscuro, 433, 526, 529
Chiastic balance, 126
Chicago, Judy, 898; The Dinner Party, 899, 899–900
Chigi, Agostino, 544
Child in Womb (Hunter), 680, 680
Children: in Baroque art, 632–634, 652; in Hellenistic art,
155; in Impressionist art, 755–756; in Mannerist art,
564–566; in Neoclassicist art, 683–687, 690–691,
707–708; in Realist art, 743–744; in Roman art, 196; in
Sumerian art, 22, 22
Chimera of Arezzo, 171, 171
Chios, head of woman from, 140, 140
Chiswick House, London, 697, 697
Choirs, Byzantine, 265
Choniates, Nicetas, 282
Choragic Monument of Lysikrates, 147, 148
Christ: Ascension, 271, 360, 361–362, 380; Baptism,
363–364; Baroque art, 646–647, 654–655; betrayal of,
439–440; birth of, 271, 489; Byzantine, 258, 266, 271,
273, 276–281, 284–287; Crucifixion, 251–253, 276–277,
286, 328, 336–338, 458, 475, 517–518; Entombment,
367; fifteenth-century art, 458–461, 491; fourteenthcentury Italian art, 431–433, 439–440; as Good Shepherd,
235, 246, 247; Gothic art, 378, 393, 405, 410; healing the
sick, 646–647; Holy Trinity, 492, 493; Lamentation over,
280, 431–433; Last Judgment, 359–362, 393, 410,
459–461, 549; Last Supper, 431, 460, 461, 510, 511,
527–529, 569–572, 583, 584; life of, in art, 238–239; in
Majesty, 237–240, 354–356, 366, 368; miracles, 246–249,
248, 472, 472; as Pantocrator, 276, 278; Pietà, 414–415,
469, 470; before Pilate, 251; Redemption, 283, 284;
Renaissance, 527–529, 628; Resurrection, 277–278, 519;
Romanesque, 354, 355, 368; as Savior of Souls, 284, 285;
Second Coming, 264, 266, 356, 368, 380; as sun god,
243–245; Transfiguration, 269–270; as youthful teacher,
236, 237
Christ as Savior of Souls, 284–286, 285
Christ Crucified (Gil de Siloé), 475, 475
Christ in Majesty (Maiestas Domini) with apostles, France,
354, 354
Christ in the House of Levi (Veronese), 570–572, 571
Christ (Beau Dieu) trumeau statue, Amiens, 393
Christ with the Sick around Him, Receiving the Children
(Hundred Guilder Print) (Rembrandt van Rijn), 645–647,
646
Christian art: Baroque, 609–623, 628–630, 635, 639,
644–647, 654, 665–668; Carolingian, 324–339;
catacombs, 233–240; Early Byzantine, 257–272; Early
Christian period, 240–249; Early Medieval, 319–324;
fifteenth-century Italian, 478–497, 500–501, 505,
510–515, 517–521; fifteenth-century northern Europe and
Spain, 448–470; fourteenth-century Italian, 425–445;
Gothic, 376–419; graven images, 237–240; Iconoclasm,
273; Jewish subjects in, 235; in Late Antiquity, 233–240;
Late Byzantine, 282–287; life of Jesus in art, 238–239;
Mannerist, 561–563, 570–572; Middle Byzantine,
273–279; Ottonian, 333–339; Protestant objections to,
524–525, 579–582, 639–640; Protestant Reformation,
580–585; Renaissance, 525–529, 533–544, 547–552,
556–557; Romanesque, 342–373; sarcophagi, 235–237.
See also Christ; Churches; Mary (mother of Jesus); Old
Testament figures
Christian humanism, 579
Christianity: Avignon papacy, 423, 425, 448, 453;
Benedictine Rule, 331, 345, 353, 358; in the British Isles,
319–320; canonization process, 485; Church of Rome,
282; under Constantine I, 226; Crusades, 282, 361–362;
Great Schism, 422–423, 448, 453; mendicant (begging)
orders, 397; Orthodox, 256, 263, 282; Protestant
Reformation, 524, 578–579; Roman dislike of, 233;
Scholasticism and, 384; under Theodosius, 246, 256;
Treaty of Westphalia, 608
Christie, Agatha, 18
Christo Javacheff, 881; Surrounded Islands, 883–884, 884
959
Christogram, 229
Christus, Petrus, 461; A Goldsmith in His Shop, Possibly Saint
Eligius, 466, 466
Chronology, xxxiv–xxxv
Chryselephantine, 130
Chrysler Building, New York, 839, 840
Church, Frederic Edwin, Twilight in the Wilderness, 721,
722
Church of Christ in Chora, Constantinople, 283, 284
Church of Saint Catherine, Thessaloniki, 283, 283
Church of Saint George, Thessaloniki, 248, 249
Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, 264
Church of the Dormition, Daphni, 275–277, 277
Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 276
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, 345
Church of the Holy Wisdom, Constantinople, 276
Church of the Theotokos, 274, 274–275
Churches: burning of, 342–343, 385; Byzantine, 259–263,
273–279; Carolingian, 329, 332–333; Constantine’s gifts
to, 240–241; early Christian, 240–249; English Gothic,
407–411; fifteenth-century Italian, 493–503, 508–509,
514–515; fourteenth-century Italian, 429–444; French
Gothic, xxxv, 377–397; German Gothic, 411–417; Italian
Gothic, xxxv, 417–419; Ottonian, 333, 333–336, 334,
335, 336; Romanesque, 343–353; Viking, 319, 319
Churchill, John, 666
Ciborium (baldacchino), 241–242
Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, 428,
429
Cione, Andrea di. See Orcagna
Circles of confusion, 650
Circus Maximus, 208
Cire perdue, 124
Cistae, 171
Cistercians, 331, 358
City (Léger), 802, 802
City planning: Assyrian, 32–33; Carcassonne fortified town,
France, 398, 398; Domino House project, Marseilles, 838,
838; Gothic, 397–398, 398; Greek, 150; Hippodamian
plan, 150; Islamic, 296; Minoan, 80–83; Roman,
182–184, 204–205; twentieth-century, 839; Washington,
D.C., 700, 700
City-states: fourteenth-century Italy, 422, 444; Greek, 98;
Sumerian, 18–19, 23, 29–30
Civil War, United States, 721–722, 729
Class distinctions: Marxism and, 732; nineteenth-century art
and, 736–737; religious affiliation and, 579
Classical, meaning of term, 423
Claude Lorrain. See Lorrain, Claude
Claudius, 199
Clement VII, Pope, 546
Clement VIII, Pope, 579
Clerestory windows, 206, 242, 346, 350, 386
Clients, 185
Climate change, 44, 87
Clodion, Nymph and Satyr, 674, 675
Cloisonné technique, 275, 279, 317
Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (Friedrich), 717, 717
Cloisters: origin of term, 357; Romanesque, 331, 357–359,
358
Close, Chuck, Big Self-Portrait, 880–881, 881
Clothing, Byzantine, 286–287, 287
Clouet, Jean, Francis I, 592, 592
Cluny III church, 345–346, 355, 357
Coalbrookdale Bridge, 681, 682
Codex, 249, 251, 323–324
Codex Amiatinus, 323, 323–324
Coeur, Jacques, 376, 398–399, 399
Coffers, 211
Coffins. See Sarcophagi
Cohen, Judy. See Chicago, Judy
Coins, Roman, 181–182, 182, 229, 229
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 660–661
Cole, Thomas, The Oxbow, 720, 720
Colegio de San Gregorio, Valladolid, 602, 602
Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance (Arp), 805,
805
Collages: Cubist, 797–799; Dadaist, 805–808; definition of,
xl; as political weapons, 907–908; Pop Art, 873–874;
Surrealist, 824
College of the Sapienza, Rome, 617–618, 618, 619
Colleoni, Bartolomeo, 507, 507
Cologne Cathedral, 411, 411–412, 416, 434
Cologne Cathedral crucifix, 336–338, 337
Colonnettes (small columns), 190, 297
Colophons, 320
Color: in Abstract Cubism, 796; in Abstract Expressionism,
862; in Bauhaus art, 834; concept of, xl; in Dutch Baroque
art, 650; in Fauvism, 787–790; in Impressionist art,
754–755; nineteenth-century color theory, 762; in PostImpressionism, 759, 762–765; in Post-Painterly
Abstraction, 864; in Renaissance Venetian art, 552–554,
557; in Rococo art, 673; in Romanticism, 712, 715,
719–720
Color field painting, 864
Color Triangle (Albers and Sillman), xl, xl
Color triangles, xl
Colorito, 554
Colosseum, Rome, 201, 201–202
Colossus of Nero, 201
Columba, Saint, 319–320
Column (Gabo), 829, 829
Column of Antoninus Pius, 215, 215–216
Column of Trajan, 206, 206, 208, 336
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Columns: in Archaic Greek architecture, 109–110, 118;
caryatids, 111–112, 135; in Classical Greek architecture,
129; in Egyptian architecture, 50, 60, 64–66; engaged,
509; fifteenth-century, 508–509; Gothic statue, 380–381,
395; in Late Antiquity, 242; in Minoan architecture, 83;
Ottonian, 336, 336; parts of, 113; in Renaissance
architecture, 573. See also Capitals, column
Combines, 875–877
Comic book art, 877
Comlechs, 15
Commodity culture, 914–915
Commodus, 219
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 732
Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Rembrandt van
Rijn), 643–644, 644
Complementary colors, xl
Composite capitals, 203–204, 509
Composite view, 14
Composition, xl
Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow (Mondrian), 831, 831
Compound pier with shafts (responds), 386
Compound piers, 345–346, 351, 386
Computer graphics, 911–912
Comte, Auguste, 732
Conceptual art, 872
Conceptual representation, 21, 34, 58–59
Concerning the Spiritual in Art (Kandinsky), 791
Concert on a Twig (Klee), 826
Conches, 262
Concrete construction, 178–179, 184, 199, 201, 209, 346
Condottieri, 478
Confraternities, 234, 425
Connoisseur, definition of, xxxviii
Constable, John, The Haywain, 718, 718
Constantia, 242–243, 272
Constantine I, 216, 226, 226–229, 227, 229, 233, 240–241,
256
Constantinople, 226, 276, 282–283, 303. See also Byzantium;
Istanbul
Constantius, 176
Constantius Chlorus, 228
Constructivism, 828–830
Consuls, 176
Continuous narration, 208, 208
Contrapposto posture, 122, 126, 395, 488, 535–536
Conversion of Saint Paul (Caravaggio), 620–622, 621
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 608
Copley, John Singleton, Portrait of Paul Revere, 688–689, 689
Corbeled galleries, 90
Corbeled vaults, 91, 91–92, 93
Córdoba Mosque, 297–299, 298, 299
Corinthian capitals, 147, 147–148, 224, 242
Cormont, Renaud de, 391, 391–393, 392, 393
Cormont, Thomas de, 391, 391–393, 392, 393
Corneille, Pierre, 691
Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures
(Kauffmann), 690, 690–691
Cornered (Piper), 904, 905
Cornice, 113
Coronation Gospels, 325, 326, 339, 369
Coronation of Napoleon (David), 694, 694–695
Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille, The Harbor of La Rochelle,
735, 736
Correggio, Antonio Allegri da, 560–561; Assumption of the
Virgin, 561, 561
Cortona, Pietro da, Triumph of the Barberini, 626–627, 627
Cosmato work, 438
Council of Trent, 524, 579, 609
Counter-Reformation, 524–525, 546, 570, 579
Courbet, Gustave: Burial at Ornans, 734, 734–735, 740;
Pavilion of Realism, 735; on Realism, 733; The Stone
Breakers, 733–734, 734
Coypel, Antoine, 663, 664
Cranach the Elder, Lucas, Allegory of Law and Grace,
581–582, 584
Creation of Adam (Michelangelo Buonarroti), 538, 538–539,
622
Creglingen Altarpiece (Riemen-Schneider), 472–473, 473
Cremation, 217
Crenellations (notches), 398
Critical theory, 893
Cro-Magnon peoples, 2
Cross vaults, 179, 183–184, 264, 346
Crosses, Early Medieval, 321, 324, 324
Crossing (Viola), 914, 914
Crossing squares, 332, 334, 343
Crucifixion: Baroque art, 635; Byzantine art, 276–277, 286;
Carolingian art, 328; fifteenth-century art, 475, 517–518;
Gothic art, 415; in Late Antiquity, 251–253; Ottonian art,
336–338; rare in Early Christian art, 237; sixteenthcentury art, 580–581, 582–583
Crucifixion (Grünewald), 580–581, 581
Cruciform structures, 246, 277, 283
Crusades, 282, 361–362, 397
Cry (Munch), 769, 769
Crystal Palace, London, 725, 725
Cubi XVIII and Cubi XVII (Smith), 868, 868
Cubicula, 185, 234
Cubism, 795–796; Analytic, 795–797; Futurism, 802–804;
Mondrian on, 830–831; photography, 810–811; Purism,
801–802; sculpture, 800–801, 803–804; Synthetic,
797–802, 810–813
Cuerda seca tilework, 307
Cuirass, 181
Cult of relics, 345
Cumul I (Bourgeois), 869, 869–870
Cuneiform texts, 18, 23, 23, 26, 30
Cupid, 195
Cupid a Captive (Boucher), 673–674, 674
Cupolas, 283
Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer
Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany (Höch), 806, 807
Cutaway drawings, xlvi
Cuvilliès, François de, Hall of Mirrors, 671, 671
Cuyp, Aelbert, A Distant View of Dordrecht, with a Milkmaid
and Four Cows, and Other Figures (The “Large Dort”), 648,
649
Cycladic art, 78, 79–81, 85–86
Cyclopean masonry, 90–91
Cyclops (Redon), 768, 768
Cylinder seals, 25–26, 26
Cyrus of Persia, 38
D
Dada movement, 804–808, 810, 819
Daedalus, 105
Dagger blades, Mycenaean, 94, 95
Daguerre, Louis J. M.: daguerreotype process, 725–727;
Still Life in Studio, 727, 727
Daguerreotype process, 725–727
Dalí, Salvador, 824; The Persistence of Memory, 821–822, 822
Damnatio memoriae, 204, 220
Damned Cast into Hell (Signorelli), 521, 521
Daniel, 235, 237
Dante Alighieri, 399, 423, 478
Daphnis of Miletos, 149, 149
Darby, Abraham, III, Coalbrookdale Bridge, 680–681, 682
Darius I, 38
Darius III, 145–146
Darwin, Charles, 732
Daughters of Edward Darley Boit (Sargent), 743, 744
Daumier, Honoré: Rue Transnonain, 736, 736–737; The
Third-Class Carriage, 737, 737
David, in Dura murals, 233
David, Jacques-Louis, 701; The Coronation of Napoleon,
694, 694–695; The Death of Marat, 693, 693–694; Oath of
the Horatii, 691–692, 692, 701; The Oath of the Tennis
Court, 692–693, 693
David (Bernini), 614, 615
David (Donatello), 499–500, 500
David (Michelangelo Buonarroti), 533, 533–535
David (Verrocchio), 500, 500–501
David and Goliath (Breviary of Philippe le Bel), 404, 404
David and Saul (Belleville Breviary), 404–405, 405
David anointed by Samuel (Breviary of Philippe le Bel), 404,
404
David Composing the Psalms (Paris Psalter), 280–281, 281
Davies, Arthur B., 808
Davis, Stuart, Lucky Strike, 810, 811
De Baerze, Jacques, 452, 452
De Chirico, Giorgio, Melancholy and Mystery of a Street,
819–820, 820
De Kooning, Willem, 875; Woman I, 861, 861
De Stijl, 830–832
Dead Christ (Mantegna), 517, 517–518
The Death and Assumption of the Virgin (Stoss), 472, 473
Death masks, 71–73, 93, 95
Death of General Wolfe (West), 688, 689
Death of Marat (David), 693, 693–694
Death of Sardanapalus (Delacroix), 712–713, 713, 715
Decameron (Boccaccio), 422–423
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 690
Deconstructive analysis, 893
Deconstructivist architecture, 893–895
Decorated Style, 408–409
Decumanus (east-west avenue), 182, 205
Degas, Edgar: Ballet Rehearsal (Adagio), 752, 752, 755; The
Tub, 754, 755, 756; Viscount Lepic and His Daughters,
748–749, 749
Degenerate Art, 837
Deir el-Bahri temple, 60, 61
Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) (Manet),
737–738, 738
Delacroix, Eugène: Death of Sardanapalus, 712–713, 713,
715; Draped Model (back view), 726, 726; Liberty Leading
the People, 713, 714; Paganini, 712, 712; photograph of,
728, 729; Tiger Hunt, 713–715, 714; use of color, 715
Delaroche, Paul, 727
Delaunay, Robert, Champs de Mars, 796, 796–797
Delian League, 126, 131
Della Robbia, Luca, Madonna and Child, 512, 512
Delphi, Siphnian treasury, 111–112, 112, 113
Delphi charioteer, 123, 123–124
Demeter, 99
Democracy, Greek, 98
Demoiselles d’Avignon (Picasso), 794, 795
Demosthenes (Polyeuktos), 157, 158
Demuth, Charles, My Egypt, 813, 813–814
Denarius, 181–182, 182
Dendrochronology, 646
Deposition (Rogier van der Weyden), 458, 459, 469
Der Blaue Reiter, 791–793
Der Krieg (Dix), 816–817, 817
Der Sturm, 786
Derain, André, London Bridge, 788, 789
Derrida, Jacques, 856, 893
Descartes, René, 609
Descent from the Cross (Pontormo), 562, 563
Descriptive approach, 10
Descursio, 215–216
Desiderius, Abbot, 366–367
Devils, 359
Diagonal ribs, 386
Diaphragm arches, 353
Diderot, Denis, 678, 684
Die (Smith), 864–865, 865
Die Brücke, 790–791
Digital imaging, 914
Dinner Party (Chicago), 899, 899–900
Dio Cassius, 212
Diocletian, 225–226, 233, 294
Diogenes, 542–543
Dione, 131, 132
Dionysios of Berytos, 155
Dionysius, Saint, 377
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 162
Dionysos, 99, 131–132, 138, 140, 156, 188
Dioramas, 726
Diorite, 29, 54
Diptych of the Nicomachi and the Symmachi, 253
Diptychs: definition, 252; Early Byzantine, 258, 258–259;
Late Antiquity, 253
Discus Thrower (Myron), 124–125, 125
Disegno, 527, 554
Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) (Myron), 124–125, 125
Disproportion, xliii–xliv
Distant View of Dordrecht, with a Milkmaid and Four Cows,
and Other Figures (The “Large Dort”) (Cuyp), 648, 649
Divine Comedy (Dante Alighieri), 399, 478
Divisionism, 762–764
Dix, Otto, Der Krieg, 816–817, 817
Djoser’s stepped pyramid, 48, 48–50, 49, 50
Documentaries, war, 729, 729
Documentary evidence, in art history, xxxv
Doesburg, Theo van, 830
Doge’s (Duke’s) Palace, Venice, 418, 418, 572, 572–573
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 291, 292–294, 301, 307, 361
Domes: Baroque, 618–619, 664–666; Byzantine, 259–262,
274–277, 282–283; fifteenth-century Italian, 493–494;
fourteenth-century Italian, 434; Islamic, 291, 292–293,
297, 299, 302–307; in Late Antiquity, 234–235, 241; in
Mycenae, 92; Neoclassicism, 695; Ottoman, 304–307;
Pantheon, 209–211; Renaissance, 530–532, 551–552, 575;
Romanesque, 352–353
Dominicans, 397, 425, 436, 510
Domino House project, Marseilles, 838, 838
Domitian, 203, 204
Domna, Julia, 196, 219
Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, 191, 191, 199–200,
200
Donatello: David, 499–500, 500; Feast of Herod, 481,
481–482; Gattamelata, 506, 506–507; prophet figure
(Zuccone), 488, 488; Saint George, 486, 486; Saint Mark,
487, 487–488
Doric design, 98, 109–110, 112–113, 118, 120, 129, 164
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) (Polykleitos), 125, 125–126, 140,
143, 195
Double Negative (Heizer), 882–883, 883
Douglas, Aaron, Noah’s Ark, 810–812, 812
Draped Model (Durieu and Delacroix), 726, 726
Drawing: Baroque, 636, 636; disegno, 527, 554;
Enlightenment, 680
Dressing and fluted columns, 60
Drypoints, 474
Dubuffet, Jean, Vie Inquiète, 858, 859
Duccio di Buoninsegna, 482; Betrayal of Jesus, 439,
439–440; Maestà altarpiece, 438, 438–440; Virgin and
Child Enthroned with Saints, 438, 438–440
Duchamp, Marcel, 2; Fountain (second version), 805–806,
806; Mona Lisa, 805; Nude Descending a Staircase, 808,
809
Dura-Europos, 232, 232–233
Durandus, Abbot, 357
Dürer, Albrecht, 583; The Fall of Man, 586, 587, 596; Four
Apostles, 583, 585; The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,
xxxvii, xxxviii, 589; The Great Piece of Turf, 586–588, 589;
Knight, Death, and the Devil, 588–589, 589; Last Supper,
583, 584; Philipp Melanchthon, 586, 586
Durham Cathedral, 350, 350–351, 408
Durieu, Eugène, Draped Model (back view), 726, 726
Durrow Gospels, 320, 320
Dutch Republic: art collecting, 640; art market in, 649;
Baroque art, 639–654
Dying Gaul (Epigonos), 153, 153–154
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (Balla), 803, 803
E
Eadwine Psalter, 371, 371–372
Eadwine the Scribe, 371, 371–372
Eakins, Thomas, The Gross Clinic, 741, 742
Eannatum, 23, 23
Early Christian art. See Late Antiquity
Early dynastic period, Egypt, 44–50
Early Medieval art: architecture, 329–334; Carolingian art,
324–333; Hiberno-Saxon art, 319–324; manuscript
illustration, 320–329, 338–339; map, 314; Ottonian art,
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333–339; sculpture, 334–338; timeline, 314–315; Viking,
316–319; writing, 328
Early Operation under Ether, Massachusetts General Hospital
(Hawes and Southworth), 727, 728
Earthworks, 881–885
Ebbo Gospels, 326, 326–327, 369
Ecclesius, Bishop, 264–266, 265, 278
Ecstasy of Saint Theresa (Bernini), 615, 615–617, 616
Edict of Nantes, 654
Edirne mosque, 303–305, 304
Edward II, tomb of, 409–410, 410
Edward the Confessor, 373
Edwards, Melvin, Some Bright Morning, 906, 906
Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country
(Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 444, 445
Église de Dôme, Paris, 664, 664
Egypt: architecture, 48–54, 60–66; Byzantine art in,
270–271; gods and goddesses, 45; Islam in, 303; Late
Period, 74–75; map, 42; Middle Kingdom, 59–60; New
Kingdom, 60–74; Old Kingdom, 50–59; painting and
sculpture, 44–48, 54–59, 66–68, 218–219; Predynastic
and early dynastic periods, 44–50; pylon temples, 62–66;
pyramids, 48–53; rock-cut tombs, 59–62, 63; Roman,
218–219; Sphinx, 53–54; timeline, 42–43; unification of,
44–47
Egyptology, 44
Eiffel, Alexandre-Gustave, Eiffel Tower, 778, 778
Eiffel Tower, 778, 778
Eighteenth-century art: Late Baroque, 666–668; Rococo,
668–675. See also Neoclassicism; Romanticism
Einstein, Albert, 784
Ekkehard and Uta, Naumburg Cathedral, 413–414, 414
El Greco, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 604, 605
Elamite art, 31–32
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 370, 377
Elevation drawings, xlvi
Elevation of the Cross (Rubens), 635, 635
Elgin, Lord, 129–130
Elgin Marbles, 129–131
Eligius, Saint, 466
Elijah, 270
Em, David, Nora, 912, 912
Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba (Lorrain), xli, xli
Embroidery, 287, 372–373
Embryo in the Womb (Leonardo da Vinci), 529–530, 530
Emerson, Peter Henry, 746
Empiricism, 678
Enamels, in Gothic art, 415, 416
Encaustic painting, 107, 219, 271, 272
Encyclopédia (Diderot), 678
Engaged columns, 50
Engels, Friedrich, 732
England: Arts and Crafts movement, 773–774; Baroque art,
664–666; Gothic architecture, 407–411; Industrial
Revolution, 679; Naturalistic style, 685–688;
Neoclassicism, 696–699; Pop Art, 873–874; Romanesque
architecture, 349–351; Romantic landscape painting,
717–720; severed ties to Catholic Church, 579
Engraving: fifteenth-century, 501, 502; process of, 474–475;
sixteenth-century, 588–589
Enlightenment, Age of, 678–681. See also Neoclassicism
Enlil, 19
Entablature, 112–113, 129
Entartete Kunst exhibition, 837
Enthroned Madonna and Saints Adored by Federico da
Montefeltro (Piero della Francesca), 520, 520
Entombment (Caravaggio), 622–623, 623
Environmental art, 881–885, 902–903
Epic of American Civilization: Hispano-America (Orozco),
851–852, 852
Epic of Gilgamesh, 18
Epidauros, theatre at, 146, 146–147, 147
Epigonos, 153, 153–154
Epistyle, 113
Equestrian statues, 216, 257, 325, 413–414, 506–507,
549–550
Erasmus, Desiderius, 579, 589
Erechtheion, 127, 128, 134, 134–135, 135, 148
Erechtheus, 134
Ergotimos, 114, 114
Ergotism, 581
Ernst, Max, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale,
820–821, 821
Eros, 99, 133, 155, 155
Eroticism, Hellenic, 154–156
Escorial, Madrid, 603, 603–605
Eshnunna statuettes, 21–22, 22
Et in Arcadia Ego (Poussin), 656, 656–657
Etching, 474, 588, 645–647, 707–708
Étienne Chevalier and Saint Stephen (Fouquet), 469, 470
Etruscan art: Archaic, 162–169; architecture, 162–169; later
period, 169–173; map, 160; Orientalizing period, 162; rise
of Rome and, 171–173, 176–177, 185; terracotta statuary,
165, 166; timeline, 160–161
Etruscan Places (Lawrence), 162
Eucharist, 233
Eugène Delacroix (Nadar), 728–729, 729
Eulalios, 276
Eunuchs, 22
Euphrates River, 12, 18, 34, 60
Euphronios, 116, 116–117
Eusebius, 272
Eusebius of Caesarea, 322
Euthymides, 117, 117
Evans, Arthur, 78
Evans, Walker, Kitchen Corner, Tenant Farmers, Hale County,
Alabama, 916, 917
Ewer in the form of a bird (Sulayman), 300, 300–301
Exarchs, 263
Exedra, 193
Exekias, 114–115, 115
Existentialism, 858–859
Expressionism: Abstract, 793–804; Der Blaue Reiter,
791–793; Fauvism, 787–790; German, 790–793; in
Gothic Germany, 413; Neo-Expressionism, 896–898;
Neue Sachlichkeit, 814–817; origin of term, 786; post-war
European, 814–828; sculpture, 793, 817–819
Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden (Masaccio), 491, 492
Ezra, 323
F
Falier, Doge, 279
Fall of Man (Adam and Eve) (Dürer), 586, 587, 596
Falling Rocket (Whistler), 756–757, 757
“Fallingwater” (Kaufmann House), 840–842, 841
Family of Charles IV (Goya), 707–708, 708
Family of Country People (Le Nain), 655, 655
Fan vaults, 409
Farnese, Cardinal Alessandro. See Paul III, Pope
Fate of the Animals (Marc), 792, 792–793
Fatima, 290
Fatimids, 292
Fauces, 186
Faustina, 215–216
Faustina the Younger, 196
Fauvism, 787–790
Feast of Herod (Donatello), 481, 481–482
Feast of Saint Nicholas (Steen), 652, 652
Feast of the Gods (Bellini and Titian), 553, 553–554
Federico da Montefeltro, 518, 520
Female figures: Abstract, 792–793; Assyrian, 32; Baroque,
636–637, 642–643, 647; Cubist, 808, 808; Cycladic, 79;
Egyptian, 55, 69–70; Expressionist, 787–788, 791;
fifteenth-century art, 502, 503, 504, 505; Greek, 105, 108,
130, 136, 139–140, 155, 157; High Renaissance, 529,
554–555, 559–560; Impressionist, 751–753, 755–756;
Mannerist, 563–564, 566–567; Minoan, 89; Modernist,
824, 848; Neoclassicist, 683–687, 690–691, 696,
703–704, 707–708, 710–711; Paleolithic, 3–4; in
photography, 726; Postmodernist, 900–905; Realist,
737–739; Rococo, 673–675; Roman, 188, 195, 197, 202;
sixteenth-century art, 595–596, 599; Sumerian, 20, 22. See
also Human figures; Women
Feminist art, 856, 898–905, 912–913, 918–919
Fenestrated sequence of groin vaults, 179, 221, 228
Ferdinand (king of Spain), 531
Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 708–709
Fertile Crescent, 18
Fête galante painting, 672
Feudalism, 342
Fiber arts, 908–909. See also Textiles
Fibula, Frankish, 316–317, 317
Fibula with Orientalizing Lions, 162, 163
Ficoroni Cista (Novios Plautios), 171, 171
Fifteenth-century art: altarpieces, 453–463; architecture,
493–503, 508–509; Flemish, 449–468; French, 469–470;
frescoes, 489–493, 507–508, 510–511, 515–519; German,
471–475; Italian, 476–521; manuscript illumination,
448–449, 450; maps, 446, 476; painting, 488–493, 499,
501–506; political and economic developments, 448;
portraiture, 503–508; private devotional imagery,
463–466; sculpture, 478–488, 500–501, 511–512;
Spanish, 475; timelines, 446–447, 476–477
Figura sepentinata, 546
Fillets, 113
Fin-de-siècle culture, 776, 777
Finding of the True Cross and Proving of the True Cross (Piero
della Francesca), 518, 518–519
Finials (crowning ornaments), 301, 465
Fireproofing, 342
First Style (Pompeian Styles), 186, 186–187
First Surrealist Manifesto, 819
Fit for Active Service (Grosz), 815, 815
Flack, Audrey, Marilyn, 879–880, 880
Flag (Johns), 874, 874
Flamboyant style, in Gothic architecture, 397
Flaminius, 157
Flanders, 448, 634–639. See also Flemish art
Flaubert, Gustave, 734
Flavian Amphitheater, 201–202
Flavian woman, portrait of, 202, 202
Flavius (Vespasian), 200–204, 202
Flaxman, John, 691
Flemish art: artist’s profession, 453; Baroque, 634–639;
Burgundian Netherlands, 449–452; female artists, 453;
Flanders, 448
Fleurs-de-lis, 388, 406
Flight into Egypt (Carracci), 623–625, 624
Florence: architecture, 493–503, 508–509; fifteenth-century,
478–503, 520; fourteenth-century, 434–438; map, 476;
portraiture, 503–506; Renaissance art, 543, 546, 554;
Romanesque architecture in, 352–353, 353, 354; trade in,
422
Florence Cathedral, 427, 434, 434–436, 435, 479–484, 480,
481, 483, 488, 488, 493, 493–494
961
Flower Still Life (Ruysch), 654, 654
Fluted columns, 60, 113
Fluxus, 870
Flying buttresses, 351, 383, 384, 386, 388
Folios, 249
Fontainebleau, 592–593, 593
Foreshortening, xli–xlii, 30, 117, 137, 517–518, 543
Form, xl
Forum: of Augustus, 198; in Pompeii, 182–184; of Trajan,
205–206
Foucault, Michel, 856, 893
Found objects, 2, 915
Fountain (second version) (Duchamp), 805–806, 806
Fountain of the Innocents (Goujon), 595–596
Fouquet, Jean, Étienne Chevalier and Saint Stephen, 469, 470
Four Apostles (Dürer), 583, 585
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Dürer), xxxvii, xxxviii,
589
Fourteenth-century Italian art: artistic training in the
Renaissance, 442; city-states of Italy, 422; Florence,
434–438; humanism in, 423; influence of Byzantine and
classical art, 425–427; map, 420; Siena, 438–445; timeline,
420–421
Fourth Style (Pompeian Styles), 191, 191–193, 194
Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 510, 510
Fra Filippo Lippi, 504; Madonna and Child with Angels,
510–511, 511, 529
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, The Swing, 674, 675
France: Baroque art, 654–664; doctrine of progress, 678;
fifteenth-century art, 469–470; Gothic architecture,
377–399; manuscript illumination, 448–449, 450;
Naturalistic style of the eighteenth century, 682–686;
Neoclassicism in, 691–696; Realism, 733–741; Rococo art,
668–675; Romanesque architecture in southern, 342–346;
sixteenth-century art and architecture, 592–596
Francis, Saint, 425, 485
Francis I (Clouet), 592, 592
Francis I (king of France), 579, 592–593
Franciscans, 397, 425, 436
Franco, Francisco, 846
François Vase, 114
Frankenstein (Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley), 715
Frankenthaler, Helen, Bay Side, 864, 864
Frederick II, Emperor, 413–414, 426
Freedmen/freedwomen, 181, 185–186
Freestanding, definition of, xlv
French Ambassadors (Holbein the Younger), 591, 591–592
French court style, 396–397, 404, 406
French Revolution, 678–679, 692–694
Fresco painting: Baroque, 625–629, 668, 669; Byzantine,
283, 284; in Egypt, 67, 68; fifteenth-century Italian,
489–493, 507–508, 510–511, 515–519; fourteenthcentury Italian, 428–433; fresco secco, 67, 431, 540; in
Late Antiquity, 234–235; Mexican, 852–853; Minoan,
83–86; Renaissance, 536–540, 544, 549–550; restoration
of, 539–540; Roman, 186–189, 191–194; Romanesque,
366–368; Sistine Chapel, 513; wet method, 83, 431. See
also Murals
Fresco secco, 67, 431, 540
Freud, Sigmund, 767, 784–785, 819
Friedrich, Caspar David, Cloister Graveyard in the Snow,
717, 717
Friezes: definition, 113; Etruscan, 171; Greek, 111–112, 113,
129, 132, 133–134, 148; Islamic, 296; Roman, 187, 196,
197, 206; Romanesque, 354–355, 362; Sumerian, 21
Frigidarium, 221
Froebel, Friedrich, 840
From the Radio Tower Berlin (Moholy-Nagy), 833, 833
Frottage, 821
Fruit Dish and Cards (Braque), 797–799, 798
Funerary masks, 71–73, 93, 95
Funerary reliefs, Roman, 180, 208, 214–215, 217–218
Fuseli, Henry, The Nightmare, 706, 706
Futurism, 802–804
G
Gabo, Naum: Column, 829, 829; Realistic Manifesto, 828
Gaddi, Taddeo, Meeting of Joachim and Anna, 433, 433–434
Gainsborough, Thomas, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan,
687, 687
Galatea (Raphael), 544, 545
Galen, 126
Galerie des Glaces, Versailles, 662–663, 663
Galileo, 608
Galla Placidia, 246, 249, 268–269
Garden of Earthly Delights (Bosch), 468, 469, 822
Garnier, J. L. Charles, Opéra, Paris, 724, 724
Gate of Mars, 172, 173
Gates of Paradise (Ghiberti), 482–484, 483
Gattamelata (Donatello), 506, 506–507
Gaudi, Antonio, Casa Milá, Barcelona, 775, 776
Gauguin, Paul, 767; on Greek art, 98; The Vision after the
Sermon, 760–761, 761; Where Do We Come From? What
Are We? Where Are We Going?, 761, 761–763
Gaul, architecture in, 342–346
Gaulli, Giovanni Battista, Triumph in the Name of Jesus, 628,
628
Gayumars, 309, 311, 313
Geb, 45
Gehry, Frank, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, xxxii, 894–895,
895
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Gelduinus, Bernardus, 354, 355
Genghis Khan, 303
Genius of Christianity (Chateaubriand), 701–702, 723
Genius of Fontainebleau (Cellini), 566, 566
Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi, 488–489, 489,
499
Gentileschi, Artemisia, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 623, 624
Geometric period of Greek art, 100, 101, 101–102
George, Saint, 271, 272, 369, 485, 486, 486
George Washington (Greenough), 700–701, 701
Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture, 892,
892–893
Georgics, 190, 190
Gerhard of Cologne, 411, 411–412
Géricault, Théodore: Insane Woman (Envy), 710, 711; Raft
of the Medusa, 710, 711, 713
Germany: Bauhaus, 832–836; Der Blaue Reiter, 791–793;
Die Brücke, 790–791; Expressionism, 790–793; fifteenthcentury art, 471–475; Gothic architecture, 411–417; Late
Baroque art and architecture, 667, 667–668, 668; Nazis
and art, 819, 834, 836–837, 852–853, 898; NeoExpressionism, 897–898; Romanesque architecture,
346–347; Romantic landscape painting, 716–717
Gero, Archbishop, 336–338, 337, 364
Gertrude Stein (Picasso), 793, 794–795
Gessius, 181
Geta, 219–220
Getty Center, Los Angeles, 919, 919
Ghent Altarpiece (Van Eyck), 454, 455–457, 456–457
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 494; Gates of Paradise, 482–484, 483,
508; Isaac and His Sons, 484, 484; Sacrifice of Isaac,
480–481, 481
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 462; Birth of the Virgin, 505,
505–506; Giovanna Tornabuoni, 504, 505
Giacometti, Alberto, Man Pointing, 858–859, 859
Giacomo da Vignola, Il Gesù, Rome, 568, 568–569
Giacomo della Porta, Il Gesù, Rome, 568, 568–569
Gibbon, Edward, 690
Gigantomachy, 111, 113, 131, 152–153
Gil de Siloé, Christ Crucified, 475, 475
Giorgione da Castelfranco, 553, 560; Pastoral Symphony,
554, 555; The Tempest, 555, 555–556
Giotto di Bondone, 428–433, 489; Arena Chapel frescoes,
430, 431, 431–433, 432; Florence campanile, 435;
Lamentation, 431–433, 432; Madonna Enthroned, 429,
429; The Meeting of Joachim and Anna, 433, 433
Giovanna Tornabuoni (Ghirlandaio), 504, 505
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (Van Eyck), 464–466, 465,
634
Giovanni da Bologna, Abduction of the Sabine Women,
566–567, 567
Girardon, François, Apollo Attended by the Nymphs,
658–659, 659
Girodet-Trioson, Anne-Louis, The Burial of Atala, 701–702,
702
Gislebertus, Last Judgment, Saint-Lazare, Autun, xxxvii,
xxxvii, xliii–xliv, 360
Giulio Romano, Palazzo del Tè, Mantua, 567–568, 568
Gizeh, pyramids at, 51, 51–53, 52, 53
Glaber, Raoul, 342
Gladiators, 184, 201
Glazed bricks, 34–35, 35, 36, 37–38
Glazes, oil paint, 457
Glazes, pottery, 104
Gleaners (Millet), 735, 735–736
Global Groove (Paik), 911, 911–912
Glorification of Saint Ignatius (Pozzo), 628–629, 629
Gloucester Cathedral, 408, 408–410, 410
Glykon of Athens, 143
Gnosis, 144–145, 145
Gobelin tapestry (Stölzl), 835, 836
God as architect of the world, 400, 401
Gods and goddesses: Egyptian, 45–46, 51, 68; Etruscan,
164–165; Greek, 98–99; Mesopotamia, 19; Minoan, 89
Goebbels, Joseph, 837
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 705, 716, 723
A Goldsmith in His Shop, Possibly Saint Eligius (Christus), 466,
466
Golub, Leon, Mercenaries (IV), 908, 908
Gonzaga, Federigo, 567
Gonzaga, Marquis Ludovico, 513–516
González, Julio, Woman Combing Her Hair, 801, 801
Goodacre, Glenna, 867
Gordion mosaics, 244
Gospel Book of Charlemagne, 325, 326
Gospel Book of Otto III, 339, 339
Gospels, xxxvii, 251–252, 320–326, 321, 322, 326, 339,
339, 369, 371–372
Gossaert, Jan, Neptune and Amphitrite, 596, 596–597
Gothic art: architecture, 377–397, 407–419; court style,
396–397, 404, 406; England, 407–411; France, 377–399;
Germany, 411–417; High Gothic, 386–387, 391, 393,
395–396; history of Gothic period, 376–377, 406–407;
Italy, 417–419; Late Gothic, 397, 399, 409, 423;
manuscript illustration, 399–405; map, 374; stained glass,
378, 387, 387–390, 389; timeline, 374–375; vocabulary of
Gothic architecture, 386
Gothic Revival, 411
Gothick imagination, 705–707
Gottlieb, Adolph, 862
Goujon, Jean: Louvre, 593–595, 594; Nymphs, 595–596
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco José de: The Family of Charles
IV, 707–708, 708; Saturn Devouring One of His Children,
709, 710; The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 707, 708;
The Third of May 1808, 709, 709, 804
Grace at Table (Chardin), 684, 685
Grand Tour, 684
Grande Odalisque (Ingres), 703–704, 704
Granulation technique, 162
Grave Circle A, Mycenae, 92, 93, 94, 95
Graves, Michael, Portland (Oregon) Building, 891, 891
Great Depression, 786, 846–850
Great Mosque, Damascus, 293, 293–294
Great Mosque at Isfahan, 305–307, 306
Great Mosque at Qayrawan, 296, 296–297, 297
Great Piece of Turf (Dürer), 586–588, 589
Great Schism, 422–423, 448, 453
Greece: city planning, 150; city-states, 98; Dark Age of, 101;
Olympic games, 98, 103; religion, 98–99; women in, 98,
108, 136, 154–155, 157. See also Greek art
Greek art: Archaic period, 105–120; architecture, 103–104,
109–113, 117–121, 126–136, 146–151; Early and High
Classical Periods, 120–139; Geometric period, 101–102;
Hellenistic Period, 148–159; and humanism, 98; influence
on Achaemenid Persian art, 39; Late Classical Period,
139–148; map, 96; Orientalizing period, 102–105; theater,
146–147; timeline, 96–97; vase painting, 100, 101–102,
104, 114–117, 136–138. See also Aegean art
Greek revival architecture, 109
Green Coca-Cola Bottles (Warhol), 877, 877–878
Green Dining Room (Morris), 773, 773
Green Gallery one-person show (Oldenburg), 879, 879
Greenberg, Clement: formalism and, 857; on high and
popular culture, 895; Minimalism and, 866; Post-Painterly
Abstraction and, 863
Greenough, Horatio, George Washington, 700–701, 701
Gregory, Saint, 369, 369–370, 390, 391
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, The Village Bride, 683, 683–684
Grisaille, 431
Groin vaults, 179, 183–184, 264, 346
Gropius, Walter: Bauhaus movement and, 832–836; Shop
Block, Dessau, 834, 834
Gros, Antoine-Jean, Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa, 701,
702
Gross Clinic (Eakins), 741, 742
Grosse Deutsche Kunstausstellung, 837
Grosz, George, Fit for Active Service, 815, 815
Ground lines, 21
Grünewald, Matthias, Isenheim Altarpiece, 580–581, 581,
582–583, 817
Guaranty (Prudential) Building, Buffalo, 779, 779
Guarini, Guarino: Chapel of the Santissima Sindone, 619,
620; Palazzo Carignano, 618, 619
Gudea, 28–29, 29, 54
Guernica (Picasso), 845–846
Guerrilla Girls, The Advantages of Being a Woman Artist, 918,
918–919
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, xxxii, 894–895, 895
Guggenheim Museum, New York, 885, 885–886, 886
Gutenberg, Johann, 478
Guti people, 28
H
Haacke, Hans, MetroMobiltan, 917–918, 918
Hades, 99
Hadrian, 208–212, 209
Hadrian’s Villa, 211, 211
Hagenauer, Nikolaus, 580
Hagesandros, 158, 159
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 259, 259–263, 260, 261, 273,
273, 303, 392
Hagia Triada sarcophagus, 87–88, 88
Hagley Park, Worcestershire, 698, 698
Haito, 331
Halikarnassos, tomb at, 146
Hall of Mirrors, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, 671, 671
Hall of the Bulls, Lascaux cave paintings, 9, 9–10
Hall of the Two Sisters, Alhambra palace, 302, 302
Hallenkirche, 412
Hals, Frans: Archers of Saint Hadrian, 641, 641–642, 643;
The Women Regents of the Old Men’s Home at Haarlem, 642,
642
Hamilton, Emma, 691
Hamilton, Richard, Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes
So Different, So Appealing?, 873, 873–874
Hamilton, Sir William, 691
Hammons, David, Public Enemy, 906, 907
Hammurabi, 29, 29–30
Handshakes, 208
Hang-Up (Hesse), 867–868, 868
Hanging gardens of Babylon, 37
Hanging Tree (Callot), 655, 655–656
Hanson, Duane, Supermarket Shopper, 881, 881
Happenings, 870–872
Harbaville Triptych, 280, 280–281
Harbor of La Rochelle (Corot), 735, 736
Hardouin-Mansart, Jules: Eglise de Dome, Paris, 664, 664;
Galerie des Glaces, Versailles, 662–663, 663; Royal Chapel,
Versailles, 663, 663–664
Hartlaub, G. F., 815
Harunobu, Suzuki, 752
Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863
(O’Sullivan), 729, 729
Harvester Vase, 88, 89
Harvey, William, 609
Hasan, Sultan, 302, 303
Hathor, 45, 46–47, 66, 68
Hatshepsut, 60–62, 67
Haussmann, Baron Georges, 748
Hawes, Harriet Boyd, 78
Hawes, Josiah Johnson, Early Operation under Ether,
Massachusetts General Hospital, 727, 728
Haywain (Constable), 718, 718
Head clusters, 245
Head of a warrior, off Riace, xlv
Heads (Abakanowicz), 909
Heda, Willem Claesz, 727; Still Life with Oysters, Rum Glass,
and Silver Cup, 652, 653
Hegeso grave stele, 136, 136
Heizer, Michael, Double Negative, 882–883, 883
Heliopolis, 51
Helios and his horses, 131, 131–132
Helladic art, definition, 78
Hellenistic Period of Greek art, 148–159
Hemispherical domes, 179, 209–211, 210
Henges, 15
Henry III (king of England), 410
Henry IV (king of France), 654
Henry VII (king of England), 409–410
Henry VIII (king of England), 579
Hephaistos, 99
Hepworth, Barbara, 870; Three Forms, 843, 843
Hera, 99, 103, 111, 120
Heraclius, 273, 542
Herakles, 101–103, 116–117, 121, 122, 131–132, 142,
143–144, 501
Heraldic composition, 24
Herculaneum, 186, 193–194, 690–691, 698
Hercules. See Herakles
Hercules and Antaeus (Pollaiuolo), 501, 501
Hereford map, 410, 410–411
Herm, 127
Hermes, 99, 138, 140, 141, 156
Hermes and the infant Dionysos (Praxiteles), 140, 141, 397
Hero and centaur, 101, 101–102
Herod, 481–482
Herodotus, 37, 44, 48, 162
Herrad, Abbess, 370
Herrera, Juan de, 603, 603–605
Hesiod, 99
Hesire (tomb), xlii, xliii
Hesse, Eva, Hang-Up, 867–868, 868
Hestia, 99, 131
Hiberno-Saxon art, 319–324
Hierakonpolis tomb, 44, 45, 46–48
Hierarchy of scale, xliv, 21
Hieroglyphic writing, 44, 46
High Cross of Muiredach, 324, 324
High relief, definition of, xlv
Hijra, 290
Hildegard of Bingen, 369, 369–370
Hippodameia, 121, 121
Hippodamian plan, 150
Hippodamos of Miletos, 150
Hitler, Adolf, 786
Hitler, destruction of art by, 819, 834, 836–837
Hittite art, 30–31
Höch, Hannah, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the
Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany, 806, 807
Hogarth, William, Breakfast Scene, 685, 687
Hohlenstein-Stadel statuette, 3, 3
Holbein the Younger, Hans, The French Ambassadors, 591,
591–592
Holofernes, 623, 624
Holy Roman Empire: art and architecture of, 579–592; early
sixteenth century, 578; map, 374; views on religious
imagery, 579–582
Holy Trinity (Masaccio), 492, 493
Holzer, Jenny, LED display, 912, 913
Homage to the Square: “Ascending” (Albers), 833, 833–834
Home to New York (Tinguely), 871, 871–872
Homeless Projection (Wodiczko), 909–911, 910
Homer, 78, 89–90, 99, 158, 702–703
Homer, Winslow, The Veteran in a New Field, 721–722, 722
Homosexuality, 156
Honoré, Master, 404, 404
Honorius, 246
Hopeless (Lichtenstein), 877, 877
Hopper, Edward, Nighthawks, 848, 849
Horace, 190
Horse Fair (Bonheur), 739–741, 740
Horse Galloping (Muybridge), 741–743, 742
Horseshoe arches, 299
Horta, Victor, staircase in the Van Eetvelde House, 774, 775
Horus, 45, 46, 66, 66, 68, 74
Hosios Loukas, Greece, 274, 274–276, 275
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 700; Voltaire, 679, 679
House of Neptune and Amphitrite, 193, 193
House of the Faun, 186
House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 186, 186, 191–193, 192
Houses: devotional imagery in, 463–466; Gothic, 398–399;
Greek, 150–151; in Late Antiquity, 233; Roman, 185–186,
212–213
Houses of Parliament, London, 723, 723
How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare (Beuys), 870–871,
871
Hu-Nefer, scroll of, 74, 74
Hudson River School, 720–721
Hue, xl
Hugh of Saint-Victor, 388
Hugh of Semur, 345–346
Hugo van der Goes, Portinari Altarpiece, 461, 461–462
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Huguenots, 579
Human figures: Abstraction, 794–795, 808–809; Akkadian,
26–27; animal-headed figures, 3, 10, 33–34, 74; Archaic
Greek, 106–108, 116–120; architecture and, 549; cave
paintings, 10, 11; Classical Greek, 121, 122–126,
130–132; Cycladic, 79, 79–81; Early Byzantine art, 258,
266–267; Early Medieval, 318, 320, 323–324; Egyptian,
47, 54–58, 60, 62, 67–70, 72, 75; Etruscan, 165–167,
173; Expressionist, 818; fifteenth-century, 466–469,
480–481, 486–488, 491, 500–503; fourteenth-century
Italian art, 424, 425, 428–429, 432–433, 438–440;
Geometric Greek, 101–102; Gothic, 380–381, 390, 391,
395–397, 404, 413, 414; Hellenic, 154–159; humanheaded animals, 24–25; Impressionist, 755; Late Antiquity,
251; Late Classical Greek, 139–144; Mannerism, 563–564,
566–567; Minoan, 83, 85, 88, 89; Mycenaean, 94, 95;
Neoclassicism, 692; Neolithic art, 13–14; Orientalizing
period of Greek art, 102, 105; Ottonian art, 336;
Protestant Reformation, 586, 587; Realism, 771–772;
Renaissance, 534–538, 544, 546, 555; Roman, 180–181,
193–195, 208, 209, 216–217, 220, 222–225, 223, 227;
Romanesque, 363, 371–372; Sasanian Persian, 39–41;
scientific illustration, 529–530; sixteenth-century,
595–596; Sumerian, 20–22. See also Female figures
Humanism, 423, 478, 498–499, 501, 503, 521, 579
Hundred Guilder Print (Rembrandt van Rijn), 645–647,
646
Hundred Years’ War, 448, 469
Hunt, Richard Morris, The Breakers, Newport, 780, 780
Hunter, William, Child in Womb, 680, 680
Hunters in the Snow (Bruegel the Elder), 599, 600
Hyksos, 60, 84
Hypaethral, 149
Hypostyle halls, 64, 65, 294, 296–297, 298, 299
Hysolar Institute Building, Stuttgart, 894, 894
I
I and the Village (Chagall), 827, 827–828
Iaia of Cyzicus, 219
Ibn Zamrak, 302
Iconoclasm, 256–257, 272–274
Iconography, definition of, xxxvi
Iconophiles, 272
Iconostasis, 284, 286
Icons, 272, 281–282, 284–286, 285
Ignatius of Loyola, 524, 616, 628–629
Iktinos, 128, 128, 129, 135
Il Gesù, Rome, 568, 568–569, 610, 628
Iliad (Homer), 78, 85, 99, 114
Ilissos River grave stele, 142, 142
Illuminated manuscripts. See Manuscript illustration
Illusionism: French Baroque, 664; German Baroque,
667–668; Italian Baroque, 626–629
Imagines, 193, 198
Imams, 294
Imhotep, 48, 48, 49, 50, 60, 66
Impluvium, 185–186
Impost blocks, 64
Impression: Sunrise (Monet), 746, 747
Impressionism: academic Salons and, 740; color theory,
762–765; origin of term, 746; paintings, 747–758; use of
light and color, 754–755
Improvisation 28 (Kandinsky), 791, 792
In Praise of Scribes (Trithemius), 403
Inanna, 19–20, 20, 21
Incrustation, marble, 352–353
Independent Group in London, 873–874
Indulgences, 385
Industrial Revolution, 679, 717–718, 723, 730, 732–733
Inferno (Dante), 423
Inghelbrecht, Peter, 464
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 712; Apotheosis of Homer,
702–703, 703; Grande Odalisque, 703–704, 704; Paganini,
704, 704
Inquisition, 524
Insane Woman (Envy) (Géricault), 710, 711
Installations, 857
Insula of the Painted Vaults, 213, 213–214
Insulae, 212–214, 213
Insular art, 319–324
Intaglio prints, 474
Intarsia, 505
International Style: fifteenth-century, 488–489, 499;
fourteenth-century, 440; sixteenth-century, 552; twentiethcentury, 838–839
Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 767, 784–785
Investiture of Zimri-Lim, 30, 31
Ionic design, 98, 109, 111–113, 129, 134, 148
Irene, Empress, 279, 279–280
Irises (van Gogh), 915
Irwin, Robert, 919
Isaac, 235, 251
Isaac and His Sons (Ghiberti), 484, 484
Isabella (queen of Spain), 531
Isabella d’Este (Titian), 560, 560–561
Isenheim Altarpiece (Grünewald), 580–581, 581, 582–583,
817
Isfahan, Great Mosque at, 305–307, 306
Ishtar, 19, 30
Ishtar Gate, 36, 37–38
Isidorus of Miletus, 259, 259–262, 260, 261
Isis, 45, 74
Islam: arabesques, 299–300; in the Byzantine Empire, 256;
Crusades against, 282, 361–362, 397; Early period,
291–292; in India, 308–309; Later period, 302–313;
Muhammed and, 290; rise of, 290–291. See also Islamic art
Islamic art: architecture, 292–299, 302–309; calligraphy, 301;
carpets, 309, 310; Early period, 291–301; Later period,
302–313; map, 288; metalwork, 313; miniature paintings,
309, 311; mosaics, 293–294, 307–308; textiles, 300, 309,
310, 312, 313; timeline, 288–289
Istanbul, 303, 308. See also Constantinople
Italy: Baroque art, 609–629; fifteenth-century art, 476–521;
Gothic architecture, 417–419; Mantua, 513–518; Medici
family, 478; Neoclassicism in, 684; princely courts, 479,
513–520; Ravenna, 246–249, 263–265, 268–270, 278,
329, 345; Romanesque murals, 366–367; Urbino,
518–520. See also Florence; Fourteenth-century Italian art;
Rome; Venice
Ivory carving: antiquity, 252; Byzantine, 258–259, 280; early
Christian, 251–253; Gothic, 406, 406; Late Antiquity
pagan, 253, 253
Iwans (rectangular vaulted recesses), 39, 294, 303, 305
Ixion Room, House of the Vettii, 191–193, 192
J
Jack in the Pulpit IV (O’Keeffe), xxxv, xxxvi, 814, 815
Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (Gauguin), 760–761, 761
Jaguar Devouring a Hare (Barye), 716, 717
Jambs, 359, 363
James, Saint, 516–517
Jameson, Frederic, 895, 914
Japonisme, 754
Jean de Boulogne. See Giovanni da Bologna
Jeanne-Claude de Guillebon, 881; Surrounded Islands,
883–884, 884
Jeanneret, Charles Edouard. See Le Corbusier
Jefferson, Thomas, 198; Monticello, Charlottesville, 699,
699–700; Washington, D.C., 700, 700
Jericho, 12, 12–13, 13
Jerome, Saint, 390, 391, 485, 598, 600
Jerusalem, importance in medieval thought, 411
Jesuits, 524, 568–569, 610
Jesus Christ. See Christ
Jewelry, 162, 316–318
Jewelry box, Gothic, 406, 406
John, Saint, xxxvii, 268, 271, 276, 280, 367
John the Lydian, 268
Johns, Jasper: Flag, 874, 874; Painted Bronze, 875, 875
Johnson, Philip: AT&T Building, New York, 890, 890–891;
Seagram Building, New York, 888, 888–889
Jonah, 234, 234–236, 236
Jones, Inigo, Banqueting House at Whitehall, 664, 665
Jouvin, Hippolyte, The Pont Neuf, Paris, 750, 750
Judas, 252
Judd, Donald, Untitled, 865, 865–866
Judith Slaying Holofernes (Gentileschi), 623, 624
Julius Caesar, 181–182, 182, 194
Julius II, Pope, 530–531, 535–536, 541, 543, 552
Jung, Carl, 785, 819, 859–860
Junius Bassus, Sarcophagus of, 236, 237
Jupiter, 204, 208, 227–228, 253
Jupiter and Semele (Moreau), 767, 767–768
Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So
Appealing? (Hamilton), 873, 873–874
Justin Martyr, 237
Justinian: Christianity and, 256; Golden Age of, 257–258;
Ravenna under, 263–264, 266, 266–267; statue of, 257
Juvara, Filippo, 514
Juvenal, 212
K
Ka, 45–46
Ka-Aper, statue of, 56, 56, 58
Kaaba, 290
Kahlo, Frida, The Two Fridas, 823–824, 824
Kalf, Willem, Still Life with the Drinking Horn of Saint
Sebastian’s Archer’s Guild, 652–653, 653
Kallikrates, 128, 128, 129, 135
Kallimachos, 148
Kamares Ware vessels, 86–87, 87
Kandinsky, Vassily, 829, 831; Der Blaue Reiter, 791;
Improvisation 28, 791, 792
Kaprow, Allan, 870
Karnak, temple at, 62–64, 64, 65
Käsebier, Gertrude, Blessed Art thou Among Women, 746, 746
Katholikon, 274, 274–276, 275
Kauffmann, Angelica, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as
Her Treasures, 690, 690–691
Kaufmann House (Fallingwater), 840–842, 841
Kay, statue of, 56, 56
Keeps, 398
Kekrops, 134
Kelly, Ellsworth, Red Blue Green, 863, 863
Kent, William, Chiswick House, 697, 697
Kepler, Johannes, 608
Khafre, Pyramid of, 51, 51–54, 53, 54
Khafre, statue of, 54, 54–55
Khamerernebty, statue of, 55, 55
Khnumhotep, tomb of, 59
Khonsu, 45
963
Khufu, Pyramid of, 51, 51–53, 52, 53
Khutba (speech in Islamic worship), 294
Kiefer, Anselm, Nigredo, 897, 897–898
Kierkegaard, Søren, 858
Kinetic sculptures, 844–845, 871–872
King David (Benedetto Antelami), 363, 363
King from Benin, xliv, xliv
King Philip IV of Spain (Velázquez), 632, 632
King’s Grave at Ur, 24, 24–25, 25
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig: Die Brücke, 790; Nazis and, 837;
Street, Dresden, 790, 790
Kiss (Klimt), 776, 777
Kitchen Corner, Tenant Farmers, Hale County, Alabama
(Evans), 916–917, 917
Kitsch, 857
Klee, Paul, Twittering Machine, 825–826, 827
Kleitias, 114, 114
Klimt, Gustav, The Kiss, 776, 777
Klines, 218, 218
Klosterneuburg altar (Nicholas of Verdun), 415, 416, 417
Klüver, Billy, 871
Knight, Death, and the Devil (Dürer), 588–589, 589
Knights Templar order, 361
Knossos palace, 78, 81–86, 89
Kollwitz, Käthe, Memorial to Karl Liebknecht, 817, 818
Koons, Jeff, Pink Panther, 914, 914–915
Koran (Quran), 290, 294, 301, 307
Kore, 107–108, 108
Kosuth, Joseph, One and Three Chairs, 872, 872
Kouros, koroi, 105–108, 106, 107
Kramer, Hilton, 916
Kraters, 95, 100, 101
Kresilas, 127, 157, 208
Krieg (Dix), 816–817, 817
Kritios Boy, 122
Kroisos, statue of, 107, 107
Kruger, Barbara, Untitled (Your Gaze Hits the Side of My
Face), 900–902, 902
Kufic script, 301, 308
Kuhn, Walt, 808
KV5, 63, 63
L
La Madeleine, Paris, 695, 696
La Madeleine tympanum, Vézelay, France, 360, 361–362
La Magdelaine bison, 6, 6
La Magdelaine woman, 5, 5
La Place du Théâtre Français (Pissarro), 749, 749–751
La Tour, Georges de, Adoration of the Shepherds, 654,
654–655
Labrouste, Henri, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, 724, 725
Labyrinth of the Minotaur, 78, 81–83
Ladies’ Luncheon Room, Glasgow, 774, 774
Ladislaus (king of Naples), 485
Lady of Auxerre, 105, 105–106
Laid-and-couched work, 373
Lamassu, 33, 33–34
Lamentation (Giotto di Bondone), 431–433, 432
Lamentation (Grünewald), 580, 582–583
Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Saint Pantaleimon), 280,
281
Lamps, mosque, 309
Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, 406, 406
Lancets, 383, 390–391
Landscape painting: in Akkadian art, 27, 28; in Baroque art,
623–625, 647–650, 656–658; in Classical Greek art,
138–139; in Etruscan art, 169; in fifteenth-century art,
472; in fourteenth-century Italy, 444, 445; Japanese, xlii,
xlii; in Late Antiquity, 249; “natural,” 682–685; in
Neolithic art, 14–15; in Roman art, 188, 189, 191;
Romanticism, 716–722; in sixteenth-century art, 589,
598–599
Landscape with Cattle and Peasants (Claude Lorrain),
657–658, 658
Landscape with Saint Jerome (Patinir), 598–599, 600
Lang, Fritz, 895
Lange, Dorothea, Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley, 847–848,
848
Laocoön (Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of
Rhodes), 158, 159
Laocoön drawing (Rubens), 636, 636
Laon Cathedral, 380, 381, 381–383
Lapith versus centaur, 130, 131
“Large Dort” (Cuyp), 648, 649
Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) (Velázquez), 632–634,
633, 707
Lascaux cave paintings, 6, 9, 9–10
Last Judgment, Saint-Lazare, Autun (Gislebertus), xxxvii,
xxxvii, xliii–xliv, 359–361, 360
Last Judgment (Michelangelo Buonarroti), 540, 548, 549
Last Judgment Altarpiece (Rogier van der Weyden), 458–459,
459–461
Last Supper (Bouts), 460, 461
Last Supper (Castago), 510, 511
Last Supper (Dürer), 583, 584
Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci), 431, 527–529, 528, 570
Last Supper (Tintoretto), 569–570, 571
Late Antiquity: architecture, 240–249; houses, 233, 233;
illuminated manuscripts, 249–251; ivory carving,
251–253; map, 230; timeline, 230–231
Late Classical Period of Greek art, 139–148
Lateral sections, xlvi, xlvi
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Latrobe, Benjamin H., Capitol, Washington, D. C., 700,
700
Laura (Simone Martini), 440
Laussel relief sculpture, 4, 4–5
Law Code of Hammurabi, 29–30
Lawrence, D. H., 162
Lawrence, Jacob, The Migration of the Negro, 848–850, 849
Layard, Austen Henry, 18
Le Brun, Charles, 661, 661, 662–663, 663, 672
Le Corbusier: Domino House project, Marseilles, 838,
838–839; Notre Dame de Haut, Ronchamp, 839, 886,
886–887, 887; Purism, 801; Unité d’Habitation,
Marseilles, 839; Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, 838,
838–839
Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) (Manet),
737–738, 738
Le Nain, Louis, Family of Country People, 655, 655
Le Nôtre, André, park of Versailles, 663
Le Tuc d’Audoubert cave, 5, 5–6
Le Vau, Louis, 661, 661
League of Cambrai, 552
Leaning Tower of Pisa, 352
Lectionaries, 322, 338–339
Lectionary of Henry II, 338, 338–339
LED (light-emitting-diode) technology, 912
Léger, Fernand: Ballet Mécanique, 801; The City, 802, 802
Lehmbruck, Wilhelm, Seated Youth, 818, 818
Lekythos, 137, 137
Lemoine, J. B., Salon de la Princesse, 670
L’Enfant, Major Pierre, Washington, D.C., 700, 700
Lenin, V. I., 785
Leo III, 273
Leo X, Pope, 544, 546
Leonardo da Vinci, 479, 524–525, 532, 543; Embryo in the
Womb, 529–530, 530; Last Supper, 431, 527–529, 528,
570; Mona Lisa, 529, 529; Virgin and Child with Saint
Anne and the Infant Saint John, 526, 526–527, 529; Virgin
of the Rocks, 525–526, 526, 529
Lescot, Pierre, 593–595, 594
Lespinasse, Julie da, 670
Leto, 137–138
The Letter (Vermeer), 650, 650
Letterpress, invention of, 473, 478
Lettre du Voyant (Rimbaud), 767
Levine, Sherrie, Untitled (After Walker Evans), 916–917, 917
Leyster, Judith, Self-Portrait, 647, 647
Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 713, 714
Libon of Elis, 120
Lichtenstein, Roy, Hopeless, 877, 877
Licinius, 226
Liege lords, 342
Light: in Byzantine architecture, 261–262, 277; concept of,
xl; in Dutch Baroque art, 643–645, 650–651; in fifteenthcentury Italian art, 491; in fourteenth-century Italian art,
434; in French Baroque art, 654–655, 658, 664; in Gothic
architecture, 377, 387–388, 390, 392–393; in
Impressionist art, 754–755, 765; in Italian Baroque art,
620–622; in Late Classical Greek art, 145–146; in Realist
art, 738; in Renaissance architecture, 532
Limbourg Brothers, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry,
448–449, 450
Lin, Maya Ying, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 866, 866–867
Lindau Gospels, 328, 328–329, 338
L’Indifférent (Watteau), 671, 672
Lindisfarne Gospels, 320–324, 321, 323
Line, concept of, xl
Linear A/B scripts, 78
Linear perspective, 189
Linnaeus, Carolus, 680
Lintels: Greek, 104; Romanesque, 359, 362; Stonehenge, 15
Lion Gate, Boghazköy, 30, 31
Lion Gate, Mycenae, 91–92, 92
Lion Hunt (Rubens), xlii, xliii
Lions, 356–357
Lipchitz, Jacques, Bather, 800, 801
Lippo Memmi, Annunciation, 441, 441
Lithographs, 736–737
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
(Vasari), 542
Livia, 195, 195–196
Local color, 754
Lochner, Stephan, Madonna in the Rose Garden, 471, 471
Locke, John, 678
Loculi, 234
Lombards, 316
Lombardy, Romanesque architecture in, 347, 347–349, 348
London Bridge (Derain), 788, 789
Longitudinal sections, xlvi
Lord Heathfield (Reynolds), 688, 688
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio: Effects of Good Government in the City
and in the Country, 444, 445; Peaceful City, 444, 445;
Peaceful Country, 444, 445
Lorenzetti, Pietro, The Birth of the Virgin, 441–444, 443
Lorrain, Claude: Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, xli, xli;
Landscape with Cattle and Peasants, 657–658, 658
Lorris, Guillaume de, 406
Lorsch monastery, gatehouse of, 330, 330–331
Lost-wax method of casting, 124
Lot and Abraham, 245, 245–246
Lotus table lamp (Tiffany), 781, 781
Louis, Morris, Saraband, 864, 865
Louis IX (king of France), 395–397, 400, 402, 403–404
Louis the Pious, 329, 333
Louis VI (king of France), 383
Louis VII (king of France), 377
Louis XIV (king of France), 654, 659–663, 668
Louis XIV (Rigaud), 660–661, 661
Louis XV (king of France), 668, 684
Louvre, Paris, 384, 593–595, 594, 661, 661
Loves of the Gods (Carracci), 625, 625–626
Low relief, definition of, xlv
Lucian, 140
Lucius, 215–216
Lucky Strike (Davis), 810, 811
Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, 223
Luke, Saint, xxxvii, 268
Luncheon on the Grass (Manet), 737–738, 738
Lunettes, 234–235, 266, 359
Luther, Martin, 524, 578–580, 582–583
Lutheranism, 578–579, 583
Lux nova, 377, 387–388
Luxury arts: Byzantine, 258–259, 279–280, 286–287;
calligraphy, 301, 301; Gothic, 406, 406; illuminated
manuscripts, 249–251; Islamic, 299–301, 309–313; ivory
carving, 251–253, 258–259; metalwork, 313, 313; Roman,
249–253; silk textiles, 300, 312, 313
Luzarches, Robert de, 391, 391–393, 392, 393
Lynch Fragments (Edwards), 906, 906
Lyre, at Ur, 24, 24–25, 25
Lyre player, from Keros, 79, 80
Lysikrates, 147, 148
Lysippos of Sikyon, 142–144, 143
M
Maat, 45, 74
Mabuse. See Gossaert, Jan
Macedonian Renaissance, 281
Machine esthetic, 801–802
Machuca, Pedro, Palace of Charles V, Alhambra, 602–603,
603
Mackintosh, Charles Rennie, Ladies’ Luncheon Room,
Glasgow, 774, 774
Maderno, Carlo, 617; Saint Peter’s facade, 610, 610–611,
611; Santa Susanna, Rome, 610, 610
Madina al-salam (City of Peace), 296
Madonna and Child: Byzantine art, 273, 273, 281–282, 282;
fifteenth-century, 471, 511–512; fourteenth-century art,
428–429, 437, 438; Gothic art, 396–397, 405;
Renaissance art, 543–544; Romanesque art, 364, 364. See
also Mary (mother of Jesus)
Madonna and Child (Bernardo Daddi), 436–438, 437
Madonna and Child (Luca della Robbia), 512, 512
Madonna and Child in a Rose Arbor (Schongauer), 471, 471
Madonna and Child with Angels (Fra Filippo Lippi), 510–511,
511, 529
Madonna Enthroned (Giotto di Bondone), 429, 429
Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets (Cimabue), 428,
429
Madonna in the Rose Garden (Lochner), 471, 471
Madonna of the Meadows (Raphael), 543–544, 544
Madonna of the Pesaro Family (Titian), 557, 558
Madonna with the Long Neck (Parmigianino), 563, 563, 818
Madrasa Imami in Isfahan, 307, 307–308
Madrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan,
Cairo, 302, 303
Maestà altarpiece (Duccio di Buoninsegna), 438, 438–440
Magritte, René, The Treachery (Or Perfidy) of Images, 822,
822
Maiano, Giuliano da, 495
Maillol, Aristide, The Mediterranean, 793, 793
Maison Carrée, 198, 198, 699
Maitani, Lorenzo, 417, 417–418
Makapansgat pebble, 2, 2
Male gaze, 900–902
Malevich, Kazimir, 829; Suprematist Composition: Airplane
Flying, 828, 828
Malik Shah I, Sultan, 305
Malwiya minaret, 297, 297
Mamluks, 303
Man in a Red Turban (van Eyck), 466–467, 467
Man Pointing (Giacometti), 858–859, 859
Man Ray, Cadeau, 810, 811
Mandorla, 270–271, 354–355
Manet, Édouard: A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 751, 751–752;
Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe, 737–738, 738; Olympia, 738, 739
Manetho, 44
Manetti, Giannozzo, 509
Maniera greca (Greek style), 425
Manifest Destiny, 679, 720–721
Mannerism: architecture, 567–568; origin of term, 561;
painting, 562–566, 569–570, 605; sculpture, 566–567,
592–593, 595–596
Manors, 342
Mansart, François, Chateau de Blois, 659–660, 660
Mantegna, Andrea, 552; Camera degli Sposi ceiling, 515,
515–516, 516; Dead Christ, 517, 517–518; Saint James
Led to Martyrdom, 516–517, 517
Mantiklos Apollo, 102, 102, 106
Mantua, 513–518
Manuscript illustration: Byzantine, 271–272, 272;
Carolingian, 325–329, 326, 327, 328; fifteenth-century
French, 448–449, 450; Gothic, 399–405, 400, 401, 402;
Hiberno-Saxon, 320, 320–324, 321, 322, 323;
manufacturing process, 403; medieval, 249–251; Ottonian,
338, 338–339; Roman, 190, 190; Romanesque, 368–373
Mapmaking, 410–411
Mappamundi (world map), 410, 410–411
Maqsud of Kashan, 309, 310
Maqsura (screened area of mosque), 294, 299, 299
Marat, Jean-Paul, 693, 693–694
Marble, 109, 198
Marc, Franz, 896; Der Blaue Reiter, 791; Fate of the Animals,
792, 792–793
Marcellus, 176
Marcus Aurelius, 215–217, 216, 217, 219, 232, 257, 325,
549–550
Marduk, 19
Marduk ziggurat, 20, 37
Marilyn (Flack), 879–880, 880
Marilyn Diptych (Warhol), 878, 878
Marinatos, Spyridon, 87
Marine Style octopus jar, 87, 88
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 802
Marius, 180
Mark, Saint, xxxvii, 268, 277, 279, 487–488, 569–570
Markets of Trajan, 206–207, 207
Marriage à la Mode (Hogarth), 685, 687
Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael), 543, 543
Marseillaise (Rude), 715–716, 716
Marshall Field wholesale store, 778–779, 779
Martel, Charles, 291
Martin, Saint, 390, 391
Martini, Simone, 440–441; Annunciation altarpiece,
440–441, 441; Laura, 440
Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew (Ribera), 630, 630
Marx, Karl, 732
Marxism, 732, 785
Mary (mother of Jesus): Byzantine art, 270–273, 276,
278–281, 283, 286; fifteenth-century art, 452, 455, 456,
461–464, 471–473, 510–512, 520; fourteenth-century
Italian art, 428, 429, 431, 436–441; French Baroque,
667–668; Gothic art, 378, 380, 387–390, 395–396,
405–406, 412–415; Italian Baroque, 625; Mannerism,
563; Renaissance art, 526, 543–544, 552–553, 556–557;
Romanesque art, 364, 367. See also Madonna and Child
Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi), 508, 510–511; Expulsion of
Adam and Eve from Eden, 491, 492; Holy Trinity, 492, 493;
Tribute Money, 489–491, 491
Masjid-i jami, 294
Masonry Style, 186, 186–187
Mass, definition of, xli
Massys, Quinten, Money-Changer and His Wife, 597, 597
Mastaba tombs, 48, 48, 49, 53, 56, 58–59
Master Hugo, Moses expounding the law, 370–371, 371
Master of Flémalle, Mérode Altarpiece, 463–464, 464–465
Materials, xl
Matilda of Canossa, Countess, 370
Matisse, Henri, 826; Fauvism, 787; Red Room (Harmony in
Red), 788, 788; Woman with the Hat, 787, 787–788, 797
Matthew, Saint, 268, 320, 320, 323, 326, 326–327
Mau, August, 186–187
Maulsticks, 598
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, 246, 246, 247
Mausoleum of the Julii, 245
Mausoleums: Greek, 146; Islamic, 297, 302, 303, 308–309;
Late Antiquity, 242, 245, 246, 247
Maximianus, Bishop, 266, 267
Maxwell, James Clerk, 762
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 829
Mazzola, Girolamo Francesco Maria. See Parmigianino
Meander pattern, 101
Meat Still-Life (Aertsen), 598, 598
Mecca, 290
Medals, commemorative, 531, 531
Medici, Cosimo, 497–498, 503
Medici, Giuliano de’, tomb of, 546, 546
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 498–500, 503
Medici, Marie de’, 636–637, 637
Medici of Florence, 448–449, 478, 495–503, 520, 544, 546
Medina, 290
Mediterranean (Maillol), 793, 793
Medusa, 111, 111, 137
Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne (Titian), 557, 559
Meeting of Joachim and Anna (Giotto di Bondone), 433, 433
Meeting of Joachim and Anna (Taddeo Gaddi), 433, 433–434
Meeting of Saints Anthony and Paul (Grünewald), 580–581,
582–583
Megaliths, 15, 15
Megarons, 91
Meier, Richard, Getty Center, Los Angeles, 919, 919
Melancholy and Mystery of a Street (de Chirico), 819–820, 820
Melanchthon, Philipp, 586, 586
Melozzo da Forlì, Pope Sixtus IV, His Nephews, and the
Librarian Platina, 507–508, 508
Memling, Hans, Saint John Altarpiece, 462–463, 463
Memoirs of Marmontel, 670
Memorial to Karl Liebknecht (Kollwitz), 817, 818
Mendicant (begging) orders, 397, 425, 436
Mendieta, Ana: Silueta (“Silhouettes”), 902; Untitled, No.
401, 902, 902–903
Menes, 44, 48
Meninas (The Maids of Honor) (Velázquez), 632–634, 633,
707
Menkaure, Pyramid of, 51, 51–52
Menkaure, statue of, 55, 55
Mennonites, 579
Mentuemhet, 74, 75, 105
Mentuhotep I, 59, 61
Mercenaries (IV) (Golub), 908, 908
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Mercury gilding, 39, 40
Merisi, Michelangelo. See Caravaggio
Meritaten, 70–71, 71
Mérode Altarpiece (Master of Flémalle), 463–464, 464–465
Mérode Altarpiece (Vermeer), 649
Merz 19 (Schwitters), 808, 808
Mesarites, Nicholas, 276
Mesopotamia, 18–26, 29–31, 44
Metalwork: medieval, 317; in Mycenae, 92–95
Metamatic machines, 871
Metopes, 111, 122, 129, 131–132
MetroMobiltan (Haacke), 917–918, 918
Metropolis (Lang), 895
Meuzzins, 294
Mexican muralists, 851–852
Michael, Saint, 258, 258–259
Michael VIII Palaeologus, 282
Michel, Claude. See Clodion
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 158, 482–484, 532, 543; Bound
Slave, 535, 535–536, 546; Capitoline Hill, 549, 549–550;
Creation of Adam, 538, 538–539, 622; David, 533,
533–535; Doni Madonna, 543; Last Judgment, 540, 548,
549; Moses, 534, 535; new Saint Peter’s, 531, 550–552,
551; Sistine Chapel frescoes, 536, 536–538, 537, 538, 539;
tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici, 546, 546; unfinished captive,
xliv–xlv, xlv
Michelozzo di Bartolommeo, 497–498, 498
Middle Ages. See Early Medieval art
Midwife, funerary relief of, 214, 214
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig: glass skyscraper, 836, 836;
Seagram Building, New York, 888, 888–889; on Wright,
842
Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley (Lange), 847–848, 848
Migration of the Negro (Lawrence), 848–850, 849
Mihrab (semicircular niche), 294–295, 304–305, 307
Milan Cathedral, 419, 419
Millais, John Everett, Ophelia, 745, 745
Millet, Jean-François, The Gleaners, 735, 735–736
Milo of Crotona (Puget), 659, 659
Minarets, 293–294, 297, 297, 304
Minbar (pulpit), 294, 297
Miniature painting, 309, 311
Miniature Ships Fresco, 85, 86
Minimalism, 864–870
Minoan art: architecture, 79–83; definition, 78; demise of
Minoan civilization, 87; frescoes, 83, 83–86, 84, 85;
funerary rituals, 87–88, 88; painting, 83–88; pottery,
86–88, 87, 89; sculptures, 88–89, 89
Minos, King of Knossos, 78, 81
Minotaur, 78, 81
Miracle of the Slave (Tintoretto), 569, 570
Miraculous Draught of Fish (Witz), 472, 472
Miró, Joan, Painting, 824–825, 825
Miseries of War (Callot), 655, 655–656
Mithras, 223
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, 157
Mnesikles, 133
Modena Cathedral, Italy, 354–355, 355
Modern Devotion movement, 578
Modernism: Art Nouveau, 774–776; Arts and Crafts
movement, 773–774; Avant-Garde, 766; color theory,
762–765; compared to academic art, 740; critique of,
915–917; fin-de-siècle culture, 776, 777; French Realism,
733–741; Greenberg and, 857; Impressionism, 746–758;
map of Europe, 730; meaning of term, 733; PostImpressionism, 758–766; Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,
745–746; science and philosophy, 732–733; Symbolism,
766–769; timeline, 730–731; United States Realism,
741–744
Modernist Formalism: Abstract Expressionism, 859–862;
Greenberg and, 857; Minimalism, 864–870; Post-Painterly
Abstraction, 862–864
Modernity concept, 679
Modules, xliii
Mohammed. See Muhammad
Moholy-Nagy, László, 836, 844; From the Radio Tower
Berlin, 833, 833
Moissac trumeau, 356–357, 357, 361, 368
Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci), 529, 529
Monasteries: Carolingian, 330, 330–332; double, 370; Early
Byzantine, 270–271; Early Medieval, 320; Middle
Byzantine, 274–275
Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai, 270, 270–271,
271, 273, 283–284
Monastery of Saint John the Evangelist at Zagba, 271
Monastic movement, 270
Mondrian, Piet: Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 831,
831; De Stijl, 830–831
Monet, Claude: Impression: Sunrise, 746, 747; Le Bassin
d’Argenteuil, 752–753, 753; Rouen Cathedral, 755, 755;
Saint-Lazare Train Station, 747, 747–748
Money-Changer and His Wife (Massys), 597, 597
Monochromatic backgrounds, 189
Monophysite Christianity, 256–257, 273
Monreale Cathedral, 276, 278–279, 279
Monroe, Marilyn, 878, 878, 880, 880
Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne), 764, 764–765
Monticello, Charlottesville, 699, 699–700
Monument to the Third International (Tatlin), 829–830, 830
Moore, Charles, Piazza d’Italia, 890, 890
Moore, Henry, Reclining Figure, 843–844, 844
Moralia in Job (Saint Gregory), 369, 369–370
Moralized Bibles, 400, 401, 402, 403
More, Thomas, 579
Moreau, Gustave, 789; Jupiter and Semele, 767, 767–768
Morgan Madonna, 364, 364
Morisot, Berthe, Villa at the Seaside, 753, 753–754
Morris, William, 790; Green Dining Room, 773, 773
Mortuary temples, 53, 53
Mosaic tilework, 307, 307–308
Mosaics: Early Byzantine, 264–270, 269, 270; Islamic, 293,
293–294, 307–308; Late Antiquity, 243–249, 244, 245;
Middle Byzantine, 273, 275–279, 277, 278, 279; mosaic
tilework, 307, 307–308; pebble, 144–145, 145, 244;
Roman, 186, 193, 193, 214, 214; tesserae, 145, 145–146,
244
Moschophoros, 106, 106–107
Moses, 270, 370–371, 535
Moses (Michelangelo Buonarroti), 534, 535
Moses expounding the law (Master Hugo), 370–371, 371
Mosque of Selim II (Sinan), 303–305, 304
Mosques, 293–294, 296–297, 303–307
Mother of the Gracchi (Kauffmann), 690, 690–691
Moulin de la Galette (Renoir), 750, 751, 756, 915
Mount Sinai, 270–271, 273
Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (Gainsborough), 687, 687
Muhammad, 41, 290
Muhammad ibn al-Zayn, 313, 313
Muhaqqaq script, 308
Mullions, 396, 891
Mummification, 46
Mummy portraits, 218, 218–219
Munch, Edvard, The Cry, 769, 769
Muqarnas (stalactites on the ceiling), 302, 302–303, 305
Murals: Classical Greek, 138, 139; Egyptian, 46, 48;
fourteenth-century Italian art, 428; Late Antiquity,
232–233; Mexican, 851–852; Minoan, 83–86; Pompeii,
186–194; Renaissance, 541–543; Roman, 186–194;
Romanesque, 366–368; Sumerian, 31. See also Fresco
painting
Museo Capitolino, Rome, 549–550
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, 847,
871–872
Musical instruments: in graves, 24–25, 24–25, 79, 80, 88;
video synthesizers, 911
Muslims, 290. See also Islam
Mussolini, Benito, 786
Mut, 45
Muybridge, Eadweard, Horse Galloping, 741–743, 742
My Egypt (Demuth), 813, 813–814
Mycenaean art, 78, 89–95
Myron, 124–125, 125
N
Nabu, 19
Nadar (Gaspar-Félix Tournachon), Eugène Delacroix,
728–729, 729
Nanna, 19
Nanni de Banco, Quattro Santi Coronati, 486–487, 487
Napir-Asu, Queen, 32, 32
Napoleon III, Emperor, 740, 748
Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa (Gros), 701, 702
Napoleon Bonaparte, 44, 53, 694–696, 701, 702, 708–709
Naram-Sin, 26–28, 27, 30
Narmer, King, 44, 46–47
Narrative, xxxvi
Narrative compositions: Assyrian, 34, 34–35; in cave art, 10,
11; Egyptian, 58, 58, 66, 73, 74; Greek, 111, 111; Late
Antiquity, 233; relief sculpture, 21, 24, 28, 34, 111;
Roman, 206, 206, 208, 208; Romanesque, 354–355
Narses, 257
Narthex, 241, 264, 495
Nash, John, Royal Pavilion, 723, 724
Nasrids, 302
Native American artists, 907–908
Natoire, Charles-Joseph, Salon de la Princesse, 670
Naturalistic painting of the eighteenth century: England,
685–688; France, 682–685; United States, 688–689
Naumburg Cathedral, 413–414, 414
Nave arcades, 386
Naves: Byzantine, 263; fourteenth-century Italian, 435,
435–436, 436; Gothic cathedrals, 381, 385–386,
391–392, 408; Islamic, 296; Late Antiquity, 241–242;
Medieval, 332; Ottonian, 334; Romanesque, 346–347
Nazis and art, 819, 834, 836–837, 852–853, 898
Near East. See Ancient Near East
Nebamun, tomb of, 67, 67–68, 68
Nebuchadnezzar II, 37–38
Necropolis, definition, 48, 167
Nefertiti, Queen, 69, 69–70
Nefrua, 66, 67
Neithardt, Matthias. See Grünewald, Matthias
Nemes headdress, 62
Neo-Dada, 875
Neo-Expressionism, 896–898
Neo-Impressionism, 764
Neo-Sumerian art, 29–30
Neoclassicism: architecture, 695–699; early painting,
690–691; in England, 696–699; in France, 691–696;
Greece and Rome as models, 689–691, 696–697; map of
Napoleonic Europe, 676; Pompeian decor, 698–699; as
roots of Romanticism, 701–704; timeline, 676–677; in
United States, 699–701
Neolithic art, 12–15
Neoplatonism, 546
965
Nephthys, 45, 74
Neptune, 214, 214
Neptune and Amphitrite (Gossaert), 596, 596–597
Nero, 191, 191, 199–200
Nerva, 204
Nessos, 101, 101
Netherlandish Proverbs (Bruegel the Elder), 601, 601
Netherlands: Baroque art, 634–639; Dutch Republic, 634,
639–654; open art market in, 649; sixteenth-century art,
596–601; trade in, 596, 609, 649
Neue Sachlichkeit, 814–817
Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, 893, 893–894
Neumann, Balthasar, Vierzehnheiligen Chapel, 667, 667
Nevelson, Louise, Tropical Garden II, 868–869, 869
New Sacristy, San Lorenzo, Florence, 546, 546
New York, New York (O’Keeffe), 814, 814
Newman, Barnett, Vir Heroicus Sublimis, 861–862, 862
Newton, Sir Isaac, 609, 678
Nicephorus Callistus, 276
Nicholas, Saint, 652
Nicholas of Verdun, 415–417, 416
Nicodemus, 280
Niello, 95
Nièpce, Joseph Nicèphore, 726
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 784, 816
Night (Beckmann), 815–816, 816
Night Café (van Gogh), 758, 759
Night Watch (Rembrandt van Rijn), 643–644, 644
Nighthawks (Hopper), 848, 849
Nightmare (Fuseli), 706, 706
Nigredo (Kiefer), 897, 897–898
Nika revolt in Constantinople, 268
Nike, 131, 135, 135–136, 152
Nike of Samothrace, 154
Nile River, 32, 44–50, 51, 59
Nimbus (halo), 248
Nineteenth-century art. See Impressionism; Modernism;
Neoclassicism; Realism; Romanticism
Ninety-Five Theses (Luther), 578
Ningirsu, 19, 23, 28
Niobe, 137–138, 138
Niobid Painter, 137–138, 138
Nocturne in Black and Gold (Whistler), 756–758, 757
Nolde, Emil: Nazis and, 837; Saint Mary of Egypt among
Sinners, 791, 791
Nora (Em), 912, 912
Normandy, 349–351, 376, 397, 398
Normans, 318, 373
Norsemen, 318
Notre Dame de Haut, Ronchamp, 839, 886, 886–887, 887
Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière, Chartres, 387, 387–388,
400
Notre-Dame of Paris, 378, 383, 383–384, 396, 396–397
Nouveaux Realisme, 881
Novios Plautios, 165, 171, 171
Nude (Weston), 810, 811
Nude Descending a Staircase (Duchamp), 808, 809
Nudity: in Baroque art, 658–659; in Dadaism, 808–809; in
Expressionism, 791; in Florentine art, 500–503, 521; in
Greek art, 106–107, 117, 125–126, 139, 140–143,
155–156; later nineteenth-century art, 769–771; in
Mannerism, 563–564, 566–567; in Neoclassicism, 696,
703–704; in photography, 726; in Realism, 737–739; in
Renaissance art, 533–535, 554–555, 559–560; in Rococo
art, 673–675; in Roman art, 222–223; in Romanticism,
703–704, 713; sixteenth-century art, 586–587, 596–597
Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist) (Pollock), 860, 860
Nun, 45
Nunca Pasa Nada (Stella), 863–864, 864
Nuremberg Chronicle (Wolgemut), 474, 475
Nut, 45
Nymph and Satyr (Clodion), 674, 675
Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, 671, 671
Nymphs (Goujon), 595–596
Nymphs and Satyr (Bouguereau), 738–739, 739
Nyx, 131
O
Oath of the Horatii (David), 691–692, 692, 701
Oath of the Tennis Court (David), 692–693, 693
Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) (Oppenheim), 822–823,
823
Octavian (Augustus), 148, 194–200, 195
Oculus (pl. oculi), 179, 209, 209–210, 384, 436
Odo, Bishop, 373
Odo of Metz, 329, 329
Odysseus (Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of
Rhodes), 158, 159
Odyssey (Homer), 99, 158
Ogata Korin, Red Plum Blossoms, xlii, xlii
Ogee arches, 410
Oil paints, 457
Oinomaos, King, 121, 121
O’Keeffe, Georgia: Jack in the Pulpit IV, xxxv, xxxvi, 814,
815; New York, New York, 814, 814
Olbrich, Joseph Maria, Vienna Secession Building, 776, 777
Old farmer of Corycus, 190, 190
Old King (Roualt), 789, 789–790
Old Kingdom, Egypt, 50–59
Old market woman, 157, 157
Old Saint Peter’s, 240, 241–242
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Index
Old Testament figures: Byzantine art, 278, 281; fifteenthcentury art, 451–452; Gothic art, 380, 390, 403, 404, 415;
illustrated Bibles, 249–251; Late Antiquity art, 234–235,
245–246; in Renaissance art, 533–539; Romanesque art,
356–357, 367–368, 370–371
Oldenburg, Claes: Green Gallery one-person show, 879,
879; The Store, 879
Olympia (Manet), 738, 739
Olympic Games, 98, 103, 120–121, 246
One and Three Chairs (Kosuth), 872, 872
Onesimos, 117, 117
125 (Calder), 844–845, 845
Opéra, Paris, 724, 724
Ophelia (Millais), 745, 745
Oppenheim, Meret, Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure),
822–823, 823
Optical approach, 10, 34
Opus reticulatum, 330
Or San Michele, Florence, 436–438, 437, 484–488, 486,
487, 512
Orants, 235–236, 236
Orbiculum (disclike opening), 891
Orcagna, Or San Michele tabernacle, 436–438, 437,
484–485
Orchestra, origin of term, 147
Orders of Greek architecture, 112–113
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 120–121
Orestes, on sarcophagus, 217, 217–218
Organic art, 840–845
Orientalizing period of Etruscan art, 162
Orientalizing period of Greek art, 39, 102, 102–105, 103,
106
Origin of Species (Darwin), 732
Orozco, José Clemente, Epic of American Civilization:
Hispano-America, 851–852, 852
Orpheus, 281
Orphism, 796
Orseolo, Pietro, 279
Orthogonal planning, 150
Orvieto Cathedral, 417, 417–419
Oscans, 182
Oseberg animal head, 319, 319
Osiris, 45–46, 63, 73–74
Osman I, 303
Osterley Park House, Middlesex, 698–699, 699
Ostia, 212–215
Ostrogoths, 257, 263, 316
O’Sullivan, John L., 679
O’Sullivan, Timothy, A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, July 1863, 729, 729
Otto III, 338–339, 339
Ottoman Empire: architecture, 303–307; collapse of
Byzantium and, 256, 282; columns, 336, 336; Islam and,
303, 308; textiles, 312, 313
Ottonian art: architecture, 333, 333–334, 334; illuminated
manuscripts, 338, 338–339; sculpture, 334–338, 335, 336,
337
Oxbow (Cole), 720, 720
P
Paestum temples, 109–110, 110, 120, 120, 138, 139
Pagan imagery in Christian art, 253, 253
Paganini (Delacroix), 712, 712
Paganini (Ingres), 704, 704
Paganism, 253, 253, 256. See also Gods and goddesses;
Religion
Paik, Nam June, Global Groove, 911, 911–912
Painted Bronze (Johns), 875, 875
Painting: Abstract, 793–804, 808–809; Assyrian, 34–35;
Classical Greek, 137–139; Dada, 804–808, 810; Dutch
Republic Baroque, 639–654; Early Byzantine, 271–272;
encaustic, 107, 219; Fauvism, 787–790; fifteenth-century
Flemish, 452, 453–463, 464, 465; fifteenth-century
German, 471–472; fifteenth-century Italian, 488–493,
499, 502, 503–506, 510–511, 517–518; Flemish Baroque,
634–639; fourteenth-century Italian, 423–424, 428–434,
436–445; French Baroque, 660–661; German
Expressionism, 790–793; Great Depression, 848–850;
Impressionist, 746–758; Islamic, 309, 311; Italian
Baroque, 620–634; Late Byzantine, 283–286; Mannerism,
561–566; Middle Byzantine, 280–282; miniatures, 309,
311; Minoan, 83–88; Naturalistic style, 682–689;
Neoclassicism, 690–691; Neolithic, 14–15; oil paints, 457;
Paleolithic cave paintings, 2–3, 6–10, 11; PostImpressionism, 758–766; Postmodernism, 858–865,
874–876, 881, 895–898, 907–908, 916; Precisionism,
813–814; Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egyptian, 44–48;
Protestant Reformation, 583, 585; Realism, 733–741;
Renaissance, 525–529, 543–545, 552–560; Rococo,
671–675; Roman, 184–185, 186–194, 219–220;
Romanesque, 366–373; Romantic landscape, 716–722;
Romanticism, 706–715; sculpture and, 532; sixteenthcentury, 587–592, 596–601, 605; Spanish Baroque,
630–634; Suprematism, 828; Surrealist, 819–828;
Symbolism, 766–769; vases, 95, 100, 102–104, 114–117,
136–139. See also Manuscript illustration; Portraiture
Painting (Bacon), 858, 858
Painting (Miró), 824–825, 825
Paionios of Ephesos, 149, 149
Pala, 279
Pala d’Oro (Golden Pala), 279, 279–280
Palace of Charles V, Alhambra, 602–603, 603
Palace of Diocletian, 225, 225–226
Palace of Shapur I, 39, 39
Palace of the Lions, Granada, 302
Palaces: Baroque, 666–667; Florentine, 495–498, 508–509;
French Baroque, 661–663, 662, 663; Gothic, 418; High
Renaissance, 541–543, 572–573; Islamic, 302; Mantuan,
515, 515–516, 516; Minoan, 79–83, 82, 83; Persian,
38–39; prehistoric Aegean, 78, 81–86, 89; Rococo, 671;
Roman, 225–226; sixteenth-century, 602–603
Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, 329, 329, 333
Palatine Hill, 189
Palazzo Barberini, Rome, 626–627, 627
Palazzo Carignano, Turin, 618, 619
Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome, 549, 549–550
Palazzo dei Senatori, Rome, 549, 549–550
Palazzo del Tè, Mantua (Giulio Romano), 567–568, 568
Palazzo della Signoria, Florence, 500–501
Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, 515, 515–516, 516
Palazzo Farnese, Rome, 547, 547–549, 625–626, 626
Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, Florence, 497–498, 498, 500, 500
Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, 444, 444
Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, 508, 508–509
Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, 543
Paleolithic art: Africa, 2–3; Western Europe, 3–12; women in,
3–5
Palette, definition of, 44
Palette of King Narmer, 44, 46, 47
Palladio, Andrea, 532, 569, 573, 664, 697, 699; San Giorgio
Maggiore, 575, 575; Villa Rotonda, 574, 574–575
Pan, 155, 155
Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, 132, 133
Panicale, Masolino da, 489
Pantheon, 176, 209, 209–211, 210, 224
Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève), Paris, 695, 695
Papermaking, 474, 527
Papier collé technique, 798–799
Papposilenos, 138–139
Parchment, 249
Parekklesion (side chapel), 283, 284
Paris: Impressionist paintings of, 748–751; as intellectual
center in Gothic Europe, 384, 399, 403
Paris: A Rainy Day (Caillebotte), 748, 748
Paris Psalter, 280–281, 281
Parisienne, La (The Parisian Woman), 83, 83
Parma Cathedral, 561
Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck, 563, 563, 818
Parthenon, 99, 127–128, 128, 129, 130
The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (Shahn), xxxv–xxxviii, xxxvi,
845
Pastoral Symphony (Giorgione da Castelfranco), 554, 555
Patens, 266–267
Patinir, Joachim, Landscape with Saint Jerome, 598–599,
600
Patricians, 176, 180, 181, 185–186
Patriciate class, 641
Patrick, Saint, 319
Patrons: of the Avant-Garde, 797; family chapels, 497; in
fifteenth-century art, 449–451, 463, 466, 469, 478; in
fifteenth-century Italy, 479, 488, 493, 497, 507–508, 518;
in fourteenth-century Italian art, 427; importance to art
history, xxxviii; Medici family, 498–501; Roman, 185; in
seventeenth-century art, 640–641; in sixteenth-century art,
556, 560–561
Paul III, Pope, 216, 525, 546–552
Paul V, Pope, 610–611
Pauline Borghese as Venus (Canova), 695–696, 696, 700
Paulus Silentiarius, 260–261
Pausanias, 90, 109
Pax Augusta, 194, 196
Pax Romana, 194
Paxton, Joseph, Crystal Palace, London, 725, 725
Pazzi Chapel, Florence, 495, 495, 496, 512
Peaceful City (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 444, 445
Peaceful Country (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 444, 445
Peacock Skirt (Beardsley), 774–776, 775
Pebble mosaics, 144–145, 145, 244
Pech-Merle cave paintings, 8–9, 9
Pectoral, 162
Pediments, 111, 113, 119, 121, 131–132, 142
Pella mosaics, 144–145, 145
Pelops, 121, 121
Pendants, 409
Pendentives, 262, 275
Pentateuch, 322
Peplos, 107–108
Peplos Kore, 107–108, 108
Performance art, 870–872
Pergamon, 151–154, 152, 153
Pericles, 98, 126–127, 127, 133
Pericles (Kresilas), 127, 127
Period style, xxxv–xxxvi
Peristyle gardens, 185–186
Perpendicular Style, 409
Perrault, Claude, 661, 661
Persepolis palace, 38, 38
Persian art. See Achaemenid Persian art; Sasanian Persian art
Persistence of Memory (Dali), 821–822, 822
Persistence of vision, 743
Personifications, xxxvii
Perspective: concept of, xli–xlii; di sotto in sù, 516, 516;
fifteenth-century art, 461, 481–482, 517; Giotto and, 433;
Renaissance art, 543; single vanishing point, 461, 482,
491, 493; twisted, 10
Perugino (Pietro Vannucci), 544; Christ Delivering the Keys
of the Kingdom to Saint Peter, 513, 513
Peter, Saint, 257, 485, 531
Petrarch, Francesco, 423, 440, 478
Pevsner, Anton, 828
Phiale Painter, 138, 138–139
Phidias, 128, 130, 130–132, 148, 152, 252
Philip II (king of France), 384
Philip II (king of Spain), 596, 601, 603–605
Philip III (king of Spain), 630
Philip IV (king of Spain), 630–634, 632, 633
Philip the Bold, 449–452, 453
Philip the Good, 449
Philipp Melanchthon (Dürer), 586, 586
Philippe le Bel, 404, 404
Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery (Wright), 680, 680
Philoxenos of Eretria, 145, 145–146
Photius, 276, 287, 287
Photography: Bauhaus, 833; calotype process, 728; computergenerated, 912; daguerreotype process, 725–727; digital
imaging, 914; Great Depression, 847–848; nineteenthcentury, 725–729; pictorial method, 745–746; sequential,
741–743; Steiglitz, 808–810; stereophotographs, 750; use
by painters, 752; video imagery, 911–914; war
documentaries, 729, 729; wet-plate technology, 728–729
Photomontages, 806–807
Photorealists, 879–881
Physical evidence, for age of work, xxxv
Physical music, 911
Piano, Renzo, Georges Pompidou National Center of Art
and Culture, 892, 892–893
Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans, 890, 890
Picabia, Francis, 812; Portrait of Cézanne, 805
Picasso, Pablo, 822, 826; Blue Period, 793; on Cubism, 798;
Gertrude Stein, 793, 794–795; Guernica, 845–846; Les
Demoiselles d’Avignon, 794, 795; prices of paintings, 915;
Still Life with Chair-Caning, 797, 798; Three Musicians,
799, 799–800
Pictographs, 18
Piero della Francesca: Enthroned Madonna and Saints Adored
by Federico da Montefeltro (Brera Altarpiece), 520, 520;
Finding of the True Cross and Proving of the True Cross, 518,
518–519; Resurrection, 519, 519
Pierrette’s Wedding (Picasso), 915
Pietà, 414–415, 415
Pietra serena, 495
Pilasters, 514
Pilate, 251, 251–252
Pilgrimage-type church, 343
Pilgrimages, 345, 359
Pinakotheke, 133–134
Pink Panther (Koons), 914, 914–915
Pinnacles, 386
Pioneer Days and Early Settlers (Benton), 851, 851
Piper, Adrian, Cornered, 904, 905
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, Carceri 14, 705, 706
Pisa Cathedral, 351, 351–352, 352, 426, 426–427, 427
Pisano, Andrea, 480, 484
Pisano, Giovanni, 427, 427–428
Pisano, Nicola, 425–426, 426
Pissarro, Camille, La Place du Théâtre Français, 749,
749–751
Pittura metafisica, 819
Pius VII, Pope, 694
Place du Théâtre Français (Pissarro), 749, 749–751
Planck, Max, 784
Plans, architectural, xlv, xlvi
Plate tracery, 388
Plateresque style, 602
Plato, 98, 482, 541
Plautilla, 220
Plebeians, 176, 185
Pliny, 158
Pliny the Elder, 165, 183
Pliny the Younger, 183
Plotina, 206
Plutarch, 176
PM Magazine (Birnbaum), 912, 913
Poesia, 554–555
Poetry: Latin, 190; Venetian painting and, 554
Pointillism, 762–764
Political propaganda, Postmodernist art as, 898–911,
917–918
Political protest, nineteenth-century, 736–737
Poliziano, Angelo, 503
Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 170, 521; Battle of the Ten Nudes,
501–503, 502; Hercules and Antaeus, 501, 501
Pollock, Jackson, 861; Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist),
860, 860
Polychrome tiles, 307
Polychromy, in vase painting, 136–137
Polydoros of Rhodes, 158, 159
Polyeuktos, 157, 158
Polygnotos of Thasos, 137–139, 219
Polykleitos, 125, 125–126, 140, 143, 195, 391
Polykleitos the Younger, 146, 146–147, 147
Polyptychs (hinged multipaneled paintings), 453–455
Polyzalos, 123
Pompeii, 182–194, 690–691, 698
Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture, 892,
892–893
Pont-du-Gard, 198, 198–199
Pont Neuf, Paris (Jouvin), 750, 750
Pontormo, Jacopo da, Descent from the Cross, 562, 563
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Index
Pop Art: American, 874–879; British, 873–874; development
of, 873–874; Superrealism, 879–881
Pope, Alexander, 697
Pope Sixtus IV, His Nephews, and the Librarian Platina
(Melozzo da Forlì), 507–508, 508
Porphyry, 225, 225, 329
Porta, Giacomo della, 552, 610
Porta Maggiore, 199, 199
Porta Marzia (Gate of Mars), 172, 173, 202
Portals, Romanesque, 359, 362, 362–363
Porticos, 151
Portinari, Tommaso, 461–462
Portinari Altarpiece (Hugo van der Goes), 461, 461–462
Portland (Oregon) Building, 891, 891
Portrait of a Lady (Rogier van der Weyden), 468, 468
Portrait of a Young Man (Bronzino), 564, 565
Portrait of a Youth (Botticelli), 503, 503–504
Portrait of Dr. Gachet (van Gogh), 915
Portrait of Paul Revere (Copley), 688–689, 689
Portrait of the Artist’s Sisters and Brother (Anguissola),
564–566, 565
Portraiture: American Realist, 743, 744; Baroque, 592, 599,
632, 642, 645, 647; Byzantine, 279–280; fifteenth-century,
466–468, 503–508; Grand Manner, 687; importance of
patron in, xxxviii; Mannerist, 564, 565; mummy portraits,
218, 218–219; Neoclassicist, 684–689; photography,
728–729, 848; during the Protestant Reformation, 586,
591; Renaissance, 529, 529, 544, 545, 591–592; roleplaying in, 196, 217; Roman, 193, 193, 219, 229;
Romanticist, 710–712; twentieth-century, 787–788,
793–794, 848, 850, 880–881. See also Sculptural
portraiture
Portuguese (Braque), 795–796, 796
Poseidon, 99, 124, 125, 134
Posey, Willi, 904
Positivism, 732
Post-and-lintel system, 91, 91, 92, 129
Post-Impressionism: color theory, 762–765; paintings,
758–766
Post-Painterly Abstraction, 862–864
Postmodernism: Abstract Expressionism, 859–862;
architecture, 889–893; art institutions and, 917–919;
commodity culture and, 914–915; Conceptual art, 872;
critique of art history and, 915–917; description of, 857;
Environmental art, 881–885; Existentialism, 858;
Minimalism, 864–867; Neo-Expressionism, 896–898;
Performance art, 870–872; Pop Art, 873–879; PostPainterly Abstraction, 862–864; Superrealism, 879–881;
timeline, 854–855
Pottery: bilingual painting, 115, 116; black-figure painting,
102–104, 114–115; glazes, 104; Greek, 100, 101–102,
103, 104, 114–117, 136–138; methods of making, 104;
Minoan, 86–88, 89; red-figure, 115, 116–117, 138; whiteground technique, 137–139
Poussin, Nicolas, 672, 764; Burial of Phocion, 657, 657; Et
in Arcadia Ego, 656, 656–657
Pozzo, Fra Andrea, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, 628–629,
629
Prairie house, 840, 841
Praxiteles, 139, 139–140, 141, 156, 219, 397
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 745–746
Precisionism, 812–814
Predella (raised shelf ), 438, 489
Predynastic period, Egypt, 44–50
Prefigurations, 234–235
Presentation and Flight into Egypt (Broederlam), 452, 452
Priene, city of, 150, 150–151
Primary colors, xl
Primaticcio, Francesco, 592–593, 593
Primitivism, 826
Princely courts, 479, 513–520
Prinias, temple at, 103, 103–105, 104, 109
Printmaking, development of, 473–474, 478
Pritchard, Thomas F., Coalbrookdale Bridge, 681, 682
Procopius, 257, 261
Productivism, 829–830
Progress, doctrine of, 678–679
Proletkult, 830
Proportion, xlii–xliv
Propylaia (Mnesikles), 127, 128, 133–134
Proscenium, 616
Protagoras, 98
Protestant Reformation: Catholicism and, 578–579; in
France, 654; split between Belgium and Netherlands, 634
Protestantism: art of, 581–582; Dürer and, 583–589;
emphasis on the Bible, 578–579, 583; objections to art,
524–525, 579–582, 639–640; Reformation, 524,
578–579; Treaty of Westphalia and, 608–609
Proto-Baroque, 560–561
Proto-Renaissance period, 423, 478
Provenance, xxxv
Provence, Romanesque architecture in, 342–346, 362–363
Psalter of Charles the Bald, 327–328, 328
Psalter of Saint Louis, 403, 403–404
Psalters, 322, 326–328, 327, 328, 371, 371–372, 403,
403–404
Pseudo-Dionysius, 261–262
Pseudoperipteral temple, 177, 202
Ptolemy XIII, King, 66
Pu-abi, Queen, 25, 26
Public art, problems of, 885
Public Enemy (Hammons), 906, 907
Pucelle, Jean, 404–405, 405, 448
Puget, Pierre, Milo of Crotona, 659, 659
Pugin, A. W. N., Houses of Parliament, London, 723, 723
Pulena, Lars, 206, 249
Purgatory, 497
Purism, 801–802
Puritanism, 664
Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, The Sacred Grove, 766, 767
Pylon temples, Egypt, 62–66, 64, 65
Pyramids: building of, 52; in Egypt, 48–54, 59; at Gizeh, 51,
51–53, 52, 53
Pythagoras of Samos, 126, 542
Q
Qibla (direction Muslims face while praying), 294–295
Quadrant arches, 351
Quadro riportato (transferred framed painting), 626
Quarton, Enguerrand (Charonton), Avignon Pietà, 469, 470
Quattro Santi Coronati (Nanni di Banco), 486–487, 487
Quick-to-See Smith, Jaune, Trade (Gifts for Trading Land
with White People), 907, 907–908
Quoins (rusticated building corners), 547
Quran, 290, 294, 301, 307
R
Rabbit for Dinner (Chia), 898, 898
Rabbula Gospels, 271, 271–272, 276
Rabelais, François, 579
Racism, 904–907
Radiating chapels, 343
Radiocarbon dating, 11
Raffaello Sanzio. See Raphael
Raft of the Medusa (Géricault), 710, 711, 713
Rainer of Huy, 363, 363
Ramparts, Gothic, 397
Ramses II, court of, 65
Ramses II, temple of, 62, 63, 64
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio), 542, 543–544; Baldassare
Castiglione, 544, 545; Galatea, 544, 545; Madonna of the
Meadows, 543–544, 544; Marriage of the Virgin, 543, 543;
Sant-Eligio degli Orefici dome, 619, 620; School of Athens,
541, 541–543, 703
Rationalism, 663
Rauch, John, Delaware house, 892, 892
Rauschenberg, Robert, Canyon, 875–877, 876
Ravenna, 246–249, 263–265, 268–270, 278, 329, 345
Rayonnant (radiant) style, 396
Re, 45, 48, 51
Ready-mades, 806
Realism: England, 680; France, 733–741; meaning of, 733;
sculpture, 769–772; United States, 741–744
Realistic Manifesto (Gabo), 828
Rebecca and Eliezer at the well, 250, 251
Reclining Figure (Moore), 843–844, 844
Red Blue Green (Kelly), 863, 863
Red-figure vase painting, 115, 116, 116–117, 117, 138
Red Plum Blossoms (Ogata Korin), xlii, xlii
Red Room (Matisse), 788, 788
Red Tower (Delaunay), 796, 796–797
Redon, Odilon, The Cyclops, 768, 768
Regional style, xxxv
Regionalism, 850–851
Registers, 21
Regnaudin, Thomas, 659, 659
Regolini-Galassi Tomb, 162
Reims Cathedral, 393–395, 394, 395, 425
Relics, cult of, 345
Relics, definition, 241
Relief sculpture: in Assyria, 34–35, 36; cave sculptures, 5–6;
cylinder seals, 25–26; definition, xlv, 4; in Early Byzantine
art, 258; Egyptian, 64–65, 71; in fifteenth-century Italy,
480–484, 511–512; in Greece, 104, 111, 121, 122; in Late
Antiquity, 235–237; Laussel woman, 4–5; Minoan, 88–89;
Ottonian art, 334–336; in Persia, 38, 41; Roman,
180–181, 196, 197, 203, 204, 206, 214, 220, 226, 227;
Romanesque, 354–356, 359; in Sumer, 21, 25–26; sunken,
64–65
Relieving triangle, 91–92, 92
Religion: Assyrian, 30; Egyptian, 45–46, 48, 51, 68, 71,
73–74; Etruscan, 164–165; Greek, 98–99; Islam, 256,
290–292, 299–300, 302–313; Late Antiquity, 232, 240;
Minoan, 89; Orthodox Christian, 256, 263, 282. See also
Catholic Church; Christianity; Protestantism
Reliquaries (shrines for sacred relics), 336, 364–366, 365,
396, 415–417
Rembrandt Research Project (RRP), 646–647
Rembrandt van Rijn: Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 642–643,
643; Christ with the Sick around Him, Receiving the
Children (Hundred Guilder Print), 645–647, 646; The
Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, 643–644, 644;
Return of the Prodigal Son, 644, 644–645; Self-Portrait,
645, 645
Remus, 99, 170, 170
Renaissance, Italian: architecture, 530–532, 543, 547–552,
568–569; artistic training in, 442; map, 522; painting,
525–529, 543–545, 552–560; roots in fourteenth century,
478; sculpture, 533–536; timeline, 522–523; transition
from early to high, 524–530; Venice, 552–560, 569–571.
See also Sixteenth-century art
Reni, Guido, Aurora, 626, 626
967
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 758; Le Moulin de la Galette, 750,
751, 756, 915
Repoussé technique, xlv, 39, 40, 92, 162, 328, 328
Responds (shafts), 386
Restoration, Sistine Chapel frescoes, 538, 539, 539–540
Resurrection (Piero della Francesca), 519, 519
Retable de Champmol (Broederlam), 452, 452
Return from Cythera (Watteau), 672–673, 673
Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt van Rijn), 644,
644–645
Revere, Paul, 688–689, 689
Revetment, 179
Revivalist architecture, 722–725
“Revolt Against the City” (Wood), 850
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, Lord Heathfield, 688, 688
Rhonbos, 107
Riace Bronzes, 122–124, 123
Rib vaulting, xlvi, 349–351, 378, 381–382, 392, 409
Ribera, José (Jusepe) de, Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew,
630, 630
Richardson, Henry Hobson, Marshall Field wholesale store,
778–779, 779
Richter, Hans, 805
Riemen-Schneider, Tilman, Creglingen Altarpiece, 472–473,
473
Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas, Schröder House, 832, 832
Rigaud, Hyacinthe, Louis XIV, 660–661, 661
Rimbaud, Arthur, 766–767
Ringgold, Faith, Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima?, 904, 904
Rivera, Diego, 824; Ancient Mexico, 852, 853
Robespierre, 694
Robie House, Chicago, 840, 841
Robusti, Jacopo. See Tintoretto
Rock-cut tombs, Egyptian, 59, 59–62, 60, 63
Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich, 847
Rococo art: affluence and, 609; French architecture,
668–671; French painting, 671–675; French sculpture,
674–675; origin of term, 668; turning away from, 682
Rodin, Auguste: Burghers of Calais, 772, 772; Saint John the
Baptist Preaching, 772; Walking Man, 771, 771–772
Rogers, Richard, Georges Pompidou National Center of Art
and Culture, 892, 892–893
Rogier van der Weyden, 457; Deposition, 458, 459, 469;
Last Judgment Altarpiece, 458–459, 459–461; Portrait of a
Lady, 468, 468
Rolin, Nicholas, 459
Roman art: amphitheaters, 184, 201–202; architecture,
177–179, 182–186, 196–202, 204–212, 221–222,
225–226; copies of Greek art, 176–177; Early Empire,
194–204; embroidery, 372–373; equestrian statues, 216;
Etruscan basis, 171–173, 176–177, 185; for former slaves,
181; High Empire, 204–219; illustrated books, 190; Late
Empire, 219–229; painting, 184–185, 186–194, 219–220;
relief sculpture, 180–181, 196, 197, 203, 204, 206, 214,
220, 226, 227; Republic, 176–182; sculpture, 180–182,
195–196, 202, 208–209, 216, 217, 220, 222–223, 225,
227–228; timeline, 174–175. See also Rome and Roman
Empire
Romance of the Rose (de Lorris), 406
Romanesque art: architectural sculpture, 353–363;
architecture, 342–353; churches, 343–353; embroidery,
372–373; manuscript illustration, 368–373; map, 340;
meaning of term, 342; metalworking, 363–364; mural
painting, 366–368; timeline, 340–341
Romanticism: landscape painting, 716–722; in music and
literature, 715; origin of term, 705; rise of, 704–716; roots
in Neoclassicism, 701–704; Rousseau and, 681–682,
704–705; sculpture, 715–717
Rome and Roman Empire: Baroque architecture, 609;
burning of Rome, 199; Capitoline Hill, 176, 216, 549,
549–550; Charlemagne and, 324–325; Christian art in,
241–246; Early Empire, 194–204; Eastern Christian
Roman Empire, 256; fall of Rome to Visigoths, 246, 316;
founding of Rome, 176; High Empire, 204–219; houses,
185–186, 212–213, 213; Late Empire, 219–229; map,
174; New Rome, 256–257; outline of history of, 177; Pax
Romana, 194; Republic of Rome, 176–182; shopping,
206–207; timeline, 174–175. See also Roman art
Romulus, 99, 170, 170, 176
Rood, Ogden, 762
Room of the Masks, 189
Rose windows, 378, 388–390, 389
Rosenberg, Harold, 861
Rosetta Stone, 44
Rossano Gospels, 251, 251–252
Rossellino, Bernardo, tomb of Leonardo Bruni, 504,
504–505, 512
Rosso Fiorentino, 592–593, 593
Rothenberg, Susan, Tattoo, 896, 897
Rothko, Mark, 860; Untitled, 862, 863
Röttgen Pietà, 414–415, 415
Rotulus, 249
Rouault, George, The Old King, 789, 789–790
Rouen Cathedral (Monet), 755, 755
Rousseau, Henri, The Sleeping Gypsy, 768, 768–769
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 681–682, 688, 705
Royal Cemetery at Ur, 23–25
Royal Crescent, Bath, 697, 698
Royal Pavilion, Brighton, 723, 724
“Royal Portal,” Chartres Cathedral, 378, 379, 380
Rubens, Peter Paul, 634, 673; Allegory of the Outbreak of
War, 637–638, 638; Arrival of Marie de’ Medici at
Marseilles, 636–637, 637; Elevation of the Cross, 635, 635;
Laocoön drawing, 636, 636; Lion Hunt, xlii, xliii
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Rublyev, Andrei, 286, 286
Rude, François, La Marseillaise, 715–716, 716
Rue Transnonain (Daumier), 736, 736–737
Ruskin, John, 758, 773
Russian art: Byzantine icons, 286, 286; Constructivism,
828–830; fall of Constantinople and, 287; Productivism,
829–830; Surrealism, 827–830
Russian Revolution, 785, 828
Rusticated masonry, 199
Rutherford, Ernest, 784
Ruysch, Rachel, Flower Still Life, 654, 654
S
Saarinen, Eero, TWA terminal, Kennedy Airport, 888, 888
Sacco, Nicola, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxvi, 845
Sacramentaries, 322
Sacre rappresentazioni, 433
Sacred Grove (Puvis de Chavannes), 766, 767
Sacrifice of Isaac (Brunelleschi), 480, 480–481
Sacrifice of Isaac (Ghiberti), 480–481, 481
Saint Alexander reliquary, 364, 365
Saint Anthony (Grünewald), 580, 582–583
Saint Anthony Tormented by Demons (Schongauer), 474–475,
475
Saint Anthony’s Fire, 581
Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent, 454, 455–457, 456–457
Saint Clement church at Ohrid, 284–286, 285
Saint-Denis, Paris, 376, 377–378, 378, 382, 388, 405,
405–406, 415
Saint Elizabeth at Marburg, 412, 412
Saint-Étienne, Caen, 349, 349–350
Saint Francis Altarpiece (Berlinghieri), 424, 425
Saint Gall monastery, 330, 331–332
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, Adams Memorial, 771, 771
Saint-Génis-des-Fontaines, France, 354, 354
Saint George (Donatello), 486, 486
Saint James Led to Martyrdom (Mantegna), 516–517, 517
Saint John Altarpiece (Memling), 462–463, 463
Saint John Lateran Basilica, 241
Saint John the Baptist Preaching (Rodin), 772
Saint-Lazare (Saint Lazarus) at Autun, 359–361, 360
Saint-Lazare Train Station (Monet), 747, 747–748
Saint-Maclou, Rouen, 376, 397, 398
Saint Mark (Donatello), 487, 487–488
Saint Mark’s, Venice, 277, 277–279, 278, 279, 283–284
Saint Mary, Kraków, 472, 473
Saint Mary of Egypt among Sinners (Nolde), 791, 791
Saint Michael the Archangel, 258, 258–259
Saint Michael’s abbey church, Hildesheim, 333–336, 334,
335, 336, 359
Saint-Nazaire Cathedral, 398, 398
Saint Pantaleimon church, Nerezi, 280, 281, 367
Saint Pantaleon abbey church, 333, 333
Saint Paul’s, Rome, 345
Saint Paul’s Cathedral, London, 665, 665–666
Saint Peter, Geneva, 472, 472
Saint Peter’s, Rome, 345, 530, 530, 550–552, 551, 610,
610–611, 611
Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, 355–357, 356, 357, 358, 368
Saint-Riquier monastery church, 332, 332–333
Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe murals, 367, 367–368
Saint Sebastian (Grünewald), 580, 582–583
Saint Serapion (Zurabarán), 630, 630
Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, 343–346, 344, 354, 355
Saint-Trophîme portal, Arles, 362, 362–363
Saint Vitus, Prague, 376
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 395, 395–396, 396, 400
Saints, canonization of, 485
Saints Onesiphorus and Porphyrius, 248
Sakkos, 287, 287
Salisbury Cathedral, 407, 407–408, 408
Salomé (Wilde), 774–776, 775
Salon culture, 668, 670, 797
Salon de la Princesse, Paris, 668–669, 669, 671
Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Rejected), 740
Salons, 740
Salutati, Coluccio, 480
Samanid mausoleum at Bukhara, 297, 297, 303
Samanids, 297
Samnite House, Herculaneum, 186, 186–187
Samnites, 182–183
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 617, 617
San Francesco, Arezzo, 518, 518–519
San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, 575, 575
San Marco monastery, Florence, 510
San Miniato al Monte, Florence, 353, 353, 434
San Vitale, Ravenna, 263, 263–264, 264, 265, 278, 329
San Zaccaria Altarpiece (Bellini), 552, 552–553
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, 178, 178
Sanctuary of the Great Gods, 154
Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da, 173; Palazzo Farnese,
547, 547–549
Sansovino, Jacopo, Mint (la Zecca) and State Library,
Venice, 573, 573–574, 574
Sant-Egidio, Florence, 462
Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome, 428, 428
Santa Costanza, Rome, 242–243, 243, 244, 292
Santa Croce (Holy Cross) in Florence, xxxv, xxxv, 418, 425,
495, 495, 496
Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus, 236, 236
Santa María de Mur fresco, 366, 366
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, 489–491, 491
Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, 615, 615–617, 616
Santa Maria Maggiore mosaics, 245, 245–246, 251
Santa Maria Novella, Florence, 425, 436, 436, 492, 493, 505,
509, 509
Santa Sabina, 242, 242, 359
Santa Susanna, Rome, 610, 610
Santa Trinità, Florence, 488–489, 489
Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, 347, 347–349, 348
Sant’Andrea, Mantua, 514, 514–515
Sant’Andrea, Pistoia, 427, 427–428
Sant’Angelo fresco, Formis, 366–367, 367
Sant’Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, 268–270, 269, 345
Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, 246–249, 247, 248
Sant’Eligio degli Orefici, Rome, 619, 620
Sant’Ignazio, Rome, 628–629, 629
Santo Spirito, Florence, 494, 494–495
Santorini, 85–87
Sanz de Sautuola, Don Marcelino, 6
Saraband (Louis), 864, 865
Sarcophagi, 59; Early Christian, 235–237, 251–253;
Etruscan, 165–167, 166, 172, 172–173; Minoan, 87–88,
88; Roman, 217, 217–218, 223, 223–224, 224. See also
Tombs
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 236, 237
Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena, 172, 173
Sargent, John Singer, The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit,
743, 744
Sargon II, King of Assyria, 32–34, 33
Sargon of Akkad, 25–26
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 858–859
Sasanian Persian art, 39–41, 273
Satan, 278, 278
Satire, Hogarth on, 685
Saturn Devouring One of His Children (Goya), 709, 710
Saturninus, Saint, 343–346, 344, 354, 355
Saul, 404, 404, 405
Savonarola, Girolamo, 520–521
Saz design, 313
Scala Regia, Vatican City, 614, 614
Scale, hierarchy of, xliv
Scarabs, 46
Schapiro, Miriam, 898; Anatomy of a Kimono, 900, 900
Schliemann, Heinrich, 78, 89, 92
Schnabel, Julian, The Walk Home, 896, 896
Scholasticism, 384
Schongauer, Martin, 503; Madonna and Child in a Rose
Arbor, 471, 471; Saint Anthony Tormented by Demons,
474–475, 475
School of Athens (Raphael), 541, 541–543, 703
Schoolmen, 384
Schools, definition of, xxxviii
Schröder House, Utrecht, 832, 832
Schwitters, Kurt, Merz 19, 808, 808
Science: Baroque art and, 608–609; in the Enlightenment,
679–681; nineteenth-century, 732; twentieth-century, 784
Scientific illustration, 529–530
Scivias (Hildegard of Bingen), 369, 369–370
Scraper (Lysippos), 143, 143
Scrovegni, Enrico, 431
Sculptural portraiture: Byzantine, 257; Early Medieval, 325;
Florentine, 506–508; Gothic, 378–381, 391, 395–396,
413, 414; Roman, 180–181, 182, 195–196, 202,
208–209, 216, 217, 220, 222–223, 225, 227–228
Sculpture: Akkadian, 26–28, 27; Archaic Greek, 105–108,
109, 119; architectural, 353–363; Assyrian, 33, 33–34;
Cubist, 800–801, 803–804; Cycladic, 79–81; Dadaist,
805–806; Early and High Classical Greek, 120–126,
129–132; Early Medieval, 324; Egyptian, 54–59, 66–68;
Elamite, 32; Enlightenment, 679; equestrian statues, 216,
257, 325, 413–414, 506–507, 549–550; Etruscan,
165–167, 170–171; Expressionist, 793, 818–819;
fifteenth-century, 451–452; fifteenth-century Florence,
478–488, 500–501, 512; French Baroque, 658–659;
Geometric style of Greek art, 101–102; German Baroque,
667–668; Gothic, 405–406, 413–417; Hellenic style of
Greek art, 154–159; Islamic, 300–301; Italian Baroque,
614, 615; kinetic, 844–845, 871–872; in Late Antiquity,
235–240; Late Classical Greek, 139–144; Mannerism,
566–567; Minimalist, 865–870; Minoan, 88–89;
Mycenaean, 94, 95; Neo-Sumerian, 29; nineteenthcentury, 769–772; Organic, 842–845; Orientalizing period
of Greek art, 105; Ottonian, 334–338; painting and, 532;
Paleolithic, 3–6; Postmodernism, 858–859, 903–904, 906,
916; Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egyptian, 44–48;
Renaissance, 533–536; Rococo, 674–675; Roman,
180–182; Romanesque, 353–366; Romanesque opposition
to, 358; Romanticism, 715–717; sixteenth-century French,
592–595; subtractive and additive, xliv–xlv; Sumerian,
20–22. See also Sculptural portraiture
Seagram Building, New York, 888, 888–889
Sears Tower, Chicago, 889, 889
Seated Apostles (Cavallini), 428, 428
Seated boxer, 156, 156–157
Seated Figures (Abakanowicz), 909
Seated Youth (Lehmbruck), 818, 818
Sebastian, Saint, 459, 580, 581
Second Style (Pompeian Styles), 187, 187, 188, 189, 515
Secondary colors, xl
Sections, architectural, xlvi, xlvi
Selene, 131
Self-Portrait (Leyster), 647, 647
Self-Portrait (Rembrandt van Rijn), 645, 645
Self-Portrait (Vigée-Lebrun), 684–685, 686
Self-Portrait (van Hemessen), 598, 599
Selim II, 303–305, 304, 313
Seljuks, 303
Senmut, 60, 61, 66, 67
Senmut with Princess Nefrua, 66, 67
Sensibility, Age of, 705
Septimius Severus, 219–221, 220, 221
Serapeum, 211, 211–212
Serapion, Saint, 630
Serdab chamber, 48
Serra, Richard, Tilted Arc, 884, 884–885
Seth, 45, 68
Seurat, Georges: color theory, 762–763; A Sunday on La
Grande Jatte, 763, 763–764
Seven Wonders of the ancient world, 37, 51, 51–52, 146
Seventeenth-century art. See Baroque art; Rococo art
Severies, 382, 386
Severini, Gino, Armored Train, 804, 804
Severus, 199–200
Severus Alexander, 222
Sexpartite vaults, 350, 383
Sforza, Caterina, 561
Sfumato, 529
Shah (or Royal) Mosque, Isfahan, 306, 307
Shahn, Ben, The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, xxxv–xxxviii,
xxxvi, 845
Shahnama (Book of Kings), 309, 311, 313
Shamash, 19, 30
Shapur I, 39, 41, 41
Shapur II, 39, 40
Sheeler, Charles, Upper Deck, 812, 813
Shelley, Mary Wollstonescraft, 715
Sherman, Cindy, Untitled Film Stills, 900, 901
Shiites, 290
Shop Block, Dessau, 834, 834
Short History of Modernist Painting (Tansey), 916, 916
Shrine of the Three Kings (Nicholas of Verdun), 415–417, 416
Shu, 45
Sicily, Byzantine art in, 278–279
Siena, fourteenth-century, 438–445
Siena Cathedral, 438, 438–440, 439, 442–444, 443, 481,
481
Signac, Paul, 764
Signorelli, Luca, Damned Cast into Hell, 521, 521
Silk textiles, 300, 312, 313
Sillman, Sewell, color triangle, xl, xl
Silueta (“Silhouettes”) (Mendieta), 902
Silverpoint, 527
Simpson, Lorna, Stereo Styles, 904–905, 905
Sin, 19
Sinan, 303–305, 304
Single vanishing-point perspective, 189
Siphnian treasury, Delphi, 111–112, 112, 113
Sistine Chapel, 431, 513, 513
Sistine Chapel frescoes, 536, 536–538, 537, 538, 539
Sixteenth-century art: architecture, 568–569, 592–595,
602–603; engraving, 588–589; France, 592–596; maps,
522, 576; Netherlands, 596–601; painting, 587–592,
596–601, 605; Spain, 601–605; timelines, 522–523,
576–577; wood-carving, 580–581, 581, 582–583. See also
Renaissance, Italian
Sixtus IV, Pope, 512–513
Sixtus V, Pope, 609
Skellig Michael, 319
Skenographia, 189
Skiagraphia, 144–145
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), Sears Tower, 889,
889
Skopas of Paros, 142
Slave Ship (Turner), 719, 719–720
Slavery, 181, 185–186, 609, 719–720
Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (Goya), 707, 708
Sleeping Gypsy (Rousseau), 768, 768–769
Sleeping satyr, 156, 156
Slip, 104
Sluter, Claus, 451, 451–452
Smenkhkare, 70, 71
Smith, David, Cubi XVIII and Cubi XVII, 868, 868
Smith, Kiki, Untitled, 903, 903–904
Smith, Tony, Die, 864–865, 865
Smithson, Robert, Spiral Jetty, 882, 882
Snake Goddess, 89, 89
Sneferu, Pharaoh, 50
Sobekneferu, 61
Social Contract (Rousseau), 705
Social Darwinism, 732, 785
Social History of the State of Missouri (Benton), 851
Société des Artistes Indépendant, 740
Socles (projecting undermembers), 547
Socrates, 98, 156
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, 885,
885–886, 886
Some Bright Morning (Edwards), 906, 906
Soufflot, Jacques-Germain, Panthéon, Paris, 695, 695
Southworth, Albert Sands, Early Operation under Ether,
Massachusetts General Hospital, 727, 728
Space, definition of, xli
Spain: Baroque art, 629–634; fifteenth-century art, 475;
Romanesque mural painting, 366, 366; sixteenth-century
art, 601–605, 629–634; trade opportunities, 629–630
Spandrels, 203–204
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Spear Bearer (Polykleitos), 125, 125–126, 391
Spencer, Herbert, 732, 785
Speyer Cathedral, 346, 346–347
Sphinx, Egyptian, 53, 53–54
Sphinx, Mycenaean, 94, 95
Spiral Jetty (Smithson), 882, 882
Spiritual Exercises (Ignatius of Loyola), 616
Spoils of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 203, 204
Spring Fresco, 85–86, 86
Springing (lowest stone of an arch), 345, 386
Squinches, 262, 275, 297
Stag Hunt (Gnosis), 144–145, 145
Stained glass, Gothic, 378, 387, 387–390, 389, 396, 396
Stalin, Joseph, 786
Standard of Ur, 24–25, 24–25
Starry Night (van Gogh), 759–760, 760
Statuary. See Sculpture
Statue of Liberty, 778
Stave church, Urnes, 319, 319
Stavelot reliquary, 364–366, 365
Staves (wedge-shaped vertical timbers), 319, 319
Steen, Jan, The Feast of Saint Nicholas, 652, 652
Steerage (Stieglitz), 809–810, 810
Stein, Gertrude, 793, 794, 797
Stein, Leo, 797
Stele of Hegeso, 136, 136
Stele of Naram-Sin, 27, 27–28
Stele of the Vultures, 19, 23, 23
Steles, 19, 23, 27, 136
Stella, Frank, Nunca Pasa Nada, 863–864, 864
Stem stitching, 373
Stephanus Garsia, Enthroned Christ, 368, 368
Stephen, Saint, 469, 470, 485
Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, 48, 48–50, 49, 50
Stereo Styles (Simpson), 904–905, 905
Stereographs, 750–751
Stieglitz, Alfred, 808–809, 812, 814; The Steerage, 809–810,
810
Stigmata, 425
Still Life in Studio (Daguerre), 727, 727
Still-life paintings: Baroque, 652–654; Cubist, 797, 798;
photographs, 727; Roman, 194; sixteenth-century, 598
Still Life with Chair-Caning (Picasso), 797, 798
Still Life with Oysters, Rum Glass, and Silver Cup (Heda), 652,
653
Still life with peaches, 194, 194
Still Life with the Drinking Horn of Saint Sebastian’s Archer’s
Guild (Kalf ), 652–653, 653
Stirling, James, Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, 893, 893–894
Stoa of Attalos II, 151, 151
Stoa Poikile, 137
Stoas, 137, 151
Stoic school of philosophy, 151
Stölzl, Gunta, Gobelin tapestry, 835, 836
Stone Age: map, xlviii; Neolithic art, 12–15; Paleolithic art,
2–12; timeline, 1
Stone Breakers (Courbet), 733–734, 734
Stonehenge, 15, 15
Store (Oldenburg), 879
Storytelling, 21. See also Narrative compositions
Stoss, Veit, The Death and Assumption of the Virgin, 472,
473
Strasbourg Cathedral, 412–413, 413
Strigils, 143
Stringcourse, 330
Strozzi, Palla, 488
Stuart, James, Doric portico, Hagley Park, 698, 698
Sturm, 786
Stylistic evidence, for age of work, xxxv
Stylobate, 112–113, 129
Subject matter, xxxvi–xxxviii
Subtractive method, 55
Successive contrasts, 762
Suetonius, 200
Suger, Abbot, 377, 388, 415
Sulayman, 300, 300–301
Suleyman the Magnificent, 305, 308
Sulla, 182
Sullivan, Louis Henry, 840; Carson, Pirie, Scott Building,
779–780, 780; Guaranty (Prudential) Building, 779,
779
Sullivan, Mary Quinn, 847
Sultan-Muhammad, 309, 311
Sumerian art, 18–26
Sunday on La Grande Jatte (Seurat), 763, 763–764
Sunflowers (van Gogh), 759, 915
Sunken relief, xlv, 64–65
Sunna, 290
Sunnites, 290, 303
Supermarket Shopper (Hanson), 881, 881
Superrealism, 879–881
Supper Party (van Honthorst), 640, 641
Suprematism, 828–830
Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying (Malevich), 828,
828
Surrealism, 819–828
Surrender of Breda (Velázquez), 631–632, 632
Surrounded Islands (Christo and Jeanne-Claude), 883–884,
884
Susa, 31–32
Sutton Hoo purse cover, 317–318, 318
Swing (Fragonard), 674, 675
Sydney Opera House (Utzon), 887, 887–888
Sylvester, John, portrait of Te Pehi Kupe, xlvii, xlvii
Symbolism, 766–769
Symbols, xxxvi–xxxvii
Synagogue at Dura-Europos, 232, 232–233
Synthetic Cubism, 797–802, 810–813
Syria, Byzantium in, 271–272
T
Taberna, 207
Tablinum, 185
Tahmasp, Shah, 309, 311, 313
Taj Mahal at Agra, 308, 308–309
Talbot, Henry Fox, 725, 728
Tanner, Henry Ossawa, The Thankful Poor, 743, 744
Tansey, Mark, A Short History of Modernist Painting, 916, 916
Tapestry: Bayeux, 372, 372–373; Gobelin, 835, 836;
Romanesque, 372, 372–373
Tarquinius Priscus, 165
Tarquinius Superbus, 165–166, 169, 176
Tatlin, Vladimir, 829; Monument to the Third International,
829–830, 830
Tatti, Jacopo. See Sansovino, Jacopo
Tattoo (Rothenberg), 896, 897
Te Pehi Kupe, self-portrait, xlvii, xlvii
Technique, xl
Technology: art and, 911–914; Enlightenment and,
680–681
Teerlinc, Lavinia, of Bruges, 453
Tefnut, 45
Telephos, 142
Tell, definition, 78
Tell el-Daba, 84
Tell Muqayyar, 28
Tellus, 196, 197, 204
Tempera, 219
Tempest (Giorgione da Castelfranco), 555, 555–556
Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 531, 531–532
Temple A (Prinias), 103, 103–105, 104, 109
Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu, 65, 65–66
Temple of Aphaia at Aegina, 118, 118–119, 119, 154
Temple of Aphrodite at Knidos, 211
Temple of Apollo at Didyma, 149, 149
Temple of Artemis at Corfu, 111, 111
Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea, 142
Temple of Athena Nike, 127, 128, 135, 135–136, 148
Temple of Athena Parthenos (Parthenon), 99, 127–128, 128,
129, 130
Temple of Fortuna Virilis, 178, 181
Temple of Hera at Olympia, 109
Temple of Hera I at Paestum, 109–110, 110
Temple of Hera II at Paestum, 120, 120
Temple of Horus, 66, 66
Temple of Ishtar, 22
Temple of Jupiter (Capitolium), 183, 183
Temple of Jupiter at Split, 226, 242
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 176
Temple of Mars, 196–198
Temple of Portunus, 177, 178
Temple of “the Sibyl” or of “Vesta,” 178, 178
Temple of Venus, at Baalbek, 224, 224, 226
Temple of Zeus at Olympia, 120–121, 121, 122
Temples: Egyptian, 60–66; Etruscan, 163–164; Greek,
103–105, 109–113, 117–121, 126–136, 146–151;
Roman, 177–178, 183, 209–211; Sumerian, 19–20. See
also under names of individual temples
Templons, 281
Temptation of Saint Anthony (Grünewald), 580, 582–583
Ten Books of Architecture (Vitruvius), 198
Tenebrism, 620, 623
Tephra, 87
Tepidarium, 221
Ter Brugghen, Hendrick, Calling of Saint Matthew, 639,
639–640
Terracotta plaques, 214, 214–215
Tesserae, 145, 145, 244
Tetrarchy, 225
Textiles: Islamic, 300, 300, 309, 310, 312, 313; Postmodernist, 900, 900; Romanesque, 372–373
Textures, xl
Thankful Poor (Tanner), 743, 744
Theodora, Empress, 257, 266–268, 267
Theodore, Saint, 271, 272, 390, 391
Theodoric, 246–249, 263, 325
Theodoros of Phokaia, 147, 147
Theodosius I, 246, 256
Theogony (Hesiod), 99
Theopompus, 166
Theosophy, 831
Theotokópoulos, Doménikos. See El Greco
Theotokos. See Mary (mother of Jesus)
Theresa, Saint, 615, 615–617, 616
Theseus, 81, 103
Thessaloniki, 248, 249, 283, 283
Thierry of Chartres, 378
Third-Class Carriage (Daumier), 737, 737
Third of May 1808 (Goya), 709, 709, 804
Third Style (Pompeian Styles), 189, 189–190
Thirty Years’ War, 608, 629, 655
This Is Tomorrow, 873
Tholos, 91–92, 147, 147, 177–178
969
Thomas à Becket, 409
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 384
Thornton, William, 700
Thoth, 45, 74
Three angels (Old Testament Trinity) (Rublyev), 286,
286
Three Forms (Hepworth), 843, 843
Three Musicians (Picasso), 799, 799–800
Throne of Wisdom, 364, 364
Thucydides, 98
Thutmose, 69
Thutmose II, 61, 67
Thutmose III, 61–62, 220
Ti, tomb of, 57, 58, 58–59
Tiepolo, Giambattista, The Apotheosis of the Pisani Family,
668, 669
Tiffany, Louis Comfort, Lotus table lamp, 781, 781
Tiger Hunt (Delacroix), 713–715, 714
Tigris River, 12, 18, 29, 32
Tilework, Islamic, 305–307
Tilted Arc (Serra), 884, 884–885
Timgad, 204, 204–205
Tinguely, Jean, Home to New York, 871, 871–872
Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti), 572; Last Supper, 569–570,
571; Miracle of the Slave, 569, 570
Tiryns, citadel of, 90, 90–91, 91
Titian: Assumption of the Virgin, 556, 556–557; Battle of
Cadore, 556; The Feast of the Gods, 553, 553–554; Isabella
d’Este, 560, 560; Madonna of the Pesaro Family, 557, 558;
Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne, 557, 559; Pastoral
Symphony, 554, 555; Venus of Urbino, 559, 560
Titus, 203–204
Titus Livy, 166
Tiye, Queen, 70, 70
Tiziano Vecelli. See Titian
Toledo, Juan Bautista de, 603, 603–605
Tomb of Edward II, Gloucester Cathedral, 409–410, 410
Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, 169, 170
Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, 138, 139, 169
Tomb of the Leopards, 168, 168–169
Tomb of the Reliefs, 168, 168
Tomb of the Shields and Chairs, 167, 167–168, 185
Tombs: early Christian, 233–235, 234; in Egypt, 44, 46–50,
58–60, 63, 67–68; Etruscan, 167–168; Florentine,
504–505, 512; Gothic, 409–410; in Greece, 146; in
Mycenae, 91–92; in Paestum, 138, 139; Renaissance, 535,
546; Roman, 181, 212, 214–215. See also Sarcophagi
Toreador Fresco, 83, 84
Torhalle, 330, 330–331
Torii, Kiyonaga, Women’s Bath, 754
Tornabuoni, Giovanna, 504, 505
Tornabuoni, Giovanni, 505
Tornabuoni, Lucrezia, 561
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, At the Moulin Rouge, 756,
757
Tournachon, Gaspar-Félix, Eugène Delacroix, 728–729,
729
Tower of Babel, 20, 37
Towers: Carolingian, 332, 332–333; Eiffel Tower, 778, 778;
fourteenth-century Italian, 435–436; Gothic, 378, 393,
398; keeps, 398; Romanesque, 348, 349, 349–350, 352;
Sumerian, 19–20, 20, 37
Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) (Quick-toSee Smith), 907, 907–908
Trajan, 204–208, 216, 232
Trajan Decius, 222, 222–223, 233
Tramezzo, 436
Transept, 241, 332
Transubstantiation, 622–623
Transverse arches, 345
Transverse ribs, 386
Travel, in the Enlightenment, 684
Treachery (Or Perfidy) of Images (Magritte), 822, 822
Treasury (Al-Khazneh), Petra, 212, 212, 224
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, 92, 92, 93, 179
Treatise on Painting (Leonardo da Vinci), 532
Trebonianus Gallus, 222, 223
Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (Limbourg Brothers),
448–449, 450
Tribunes, 343–344, 346
Tribute Money (Masaccio), 490–491, 491
Triclinium, 185, 191
Triforium, 382, 386
Triglyphs, 113, 148
Trilithons, at Stonehenge, 15
Triptychs: Byzantine, 280; fifteenth-century, 459, 461, 463,
468
Trithemius, Johannes, 403
Triumph in the Name of Jesus (Gaulli), 628, 628
Triumph of Bacchus (Carracci), 626
Triumph of the Barberini (Cortona), 626–627, 627
Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, 203, 204
Triumph of Venice (Veronese), 572, 572
Trompe l’oeil, 516
Trophimus, Saint, 362
Tropical Garden II (Nevelson), 868–869, 869
“True” fresco, 431
Trumeau, 356, 359
Tub (Degas), 754, 755, 756
Tubular furniture (Breuer), 834, 834–836
Tufa, 167, 167
Tullia, 166
Tumulus, 167–168
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Index
Tunnel vaults, 39, 39, 179, 184, 201
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 684; The Slave Ship, 719,
719–720
Tuscany: Etruscans in, 162; fourteenth-century, 434–438;
Romanesque architecture in, 351, 351–353, 352, 353
Tutankhamen, tomb of, 71, 71–74, 72, 73
TWA terminal, Kennedy Airport, New York, 888, 888
Twentieth-century art: Abstraction, 793–804; Armory Show,
808–812; Art Deco, 839–840; Bauhaus, 832–836;
colonialism and, 826; Constructivism, 828–830; Cubism,
795–800, 803–804, 830–831, 845–846; Dada movement,
804–808, 810, 819; De Stijl, 830–832; Der Blaue Reiter,
791–793; Die Brücke, 790–791; Fauvism, 787–790;
Futurism, 802–804; German Expressionism, 790–793;
Great Depression, 786, 846–850; International Style,
838–839; maps, 782, 854; Mexican muralists, 851–852;
Nazis and, 819, 834, 836–837, 852–853, 898; Organic
art, 840–845; Performance Art, 870–872; Precisionism,
812–814; Productivism, 829–830; Purism, 801–802;
Regionalism, 850–851; sculpture, 793, 800–801,
803–804; Suprematism, 828–830; Surrealism, 819–828;
timelines, 782–783, 854–855. See also Postmodernism
Twisted perspective, 10
Twittering Machine (Klee), 825–826, 827
Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale (Ernst),
820–821, 821
Two Fridas (Kahlo), 823–824, 824
Tympanum, 356, 359, 360, 361–362, 412–413
U
Uccello, Paolo, Battle of San Romano, 499, 499
Ugolino and His Children (Carpeaux), 769–771, 770
Umayyads, 292–299, 302
Unicorns, 406
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (Boccioni), 803,
803–804
Unité d’Habitation, Marseilles, 839
United States: Armory Show, 808–812; Civil War, 721–722,
729; Great Depression, 786, 846–850; influx of artists
from Nazi Europe, 836, 852–853; Naturalistic style of
painting, 688–689; Neoclassicism, 699–701; Pop Art,
874–879; Realism, 741–744; Regionalism, 850–851;
Romantic landscape painting, 720–722; twentieth-century
social upheaval, 856; Washington, D.C., 700, 700
Untitled, No. 401 (Mendieta), 902, 902–903
Untitled (Holzer), 912, 913
Untitled (Judd), 865, 865–866
Untitled (Rothko), 862, 863
Untitled (Smith), 903, 903–904
Untitled (After Walker Evans) (Levine), 916–917, 917
Untitled (Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face) (Kruger),
900–902, 902
Untitled Film Stills (Sherman), 900, 901
Upper Deck (Sheeler), 812, 813
Ur, 18, 23–24, 28–29
Urban II, Pope, 361–362
Urban VIII, Pope, 626–627
Urbanization, nineteenth-century, 732
Urbino, 518–520
Urnanshe statuette, 22, 22
Uruk, 19, 20
Ushabtis, 46, 63
Uthman, 290
Utrecht Psalter, 326–327, 327, 329, 371
Utu, 19
Utzon, Joern, Sydney Opera House, 887, 887–888
V
Vaga, Perino del, 479
Valerian, 39, 41
Valley temples, 53, 53
Vallon-Pont-d’Arc cave paintings, 10, 10–11
Van Alen, William, Chrysler Building, New York, 839, 840
Van Bruggen, Coosje, 879
Van Dyck, Anthony, Charles I Dismounted, 638, 639
Van Eetvelde House, Brussels, 774, 775
Van Eyck, Jan: Ghent Altarpiece, 454, 455–457, 456–457;
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, 464–466, 465, 634; Man
in a Red Turban, 466–467, 467
Van Gogh, Vincent, 758–759, 767; The Night Café, 758,
759; prices of paintings, 759, 915; Starry Night, 759–760,
760
Van Hemessen, Caterina, Self-Portrait, 598, 599
Van Honthorst, Gerrit, Supper Party, 640, 641
Van Ruisdael, Jacob, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at
Overveen, 648, 649
Vanbrugh, John, Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, 666,
666–667
Vandals, 257
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, II, 780
Vanitas paintings, 652–653
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxvi, 845
Vasari, Giorgio, 376, 529, 542, 555, 596
Vase painting: bilingual, 115, 116; black-figure, 102–104,
114–115; Greek, 100, 101–102, 104, 114–117, 136–138;
Mycenaean, 95; polychromy, 136–137; red-figure, 115,
116–117, 138; white-ground technique, 137–139
Vases, sculpture on, 21
Vassals, 342
Vatican City: Baldacchino of Saint Peter’s, 612–614, 613;
David (Bernini), 614, 615; piazza in front of Saint Peter’s,
611, 611–612; Saint Peter’s, 345, 530, 530, 550–552,
551, 610, 610–611, 611; Scala Regia, 614, 614; Vatican
Palace, 541, 541–543; visiting, 612. See also Sistine
Chapel
Vatican Vergil, 190, 190
Vaulting webs, 386
Vaults: barrel, 39, 39, 179, 184, 201; corbeled, 91–92, 93;
fan, 409; groin, 179, 183–184, 346; High Gothic, 385,
391–392; iwans, 39; mosaics in, 244, 245; painted,
213–214, 234–235; rib, 349–350, 378, 381–382, 392,
409; ribbed groin, 350–351; sexpartite, 350, 383; stone,
343–345, 353–354. See also Arches
Vauxcelles, Louis, 795
Vegetable vendor, funerary relief of, 214, 214
Velarium, 185, 201
Velázquez, Diego: King Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip),
632, 632; Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 632–634,
633, 707; Surrender of Breda, 631–632, 632, 639; Water
Carrier of Seville, 631, 631
Vellum, 249
Venice: Byzantium and, 277, 277–278, 278, 282; early
sixteenth-century painting, 552–560; Gothic architecture
in, 418, 418; later sixteenth-century art and architecture,
569–575; veduta paintings of, 682, 683
Venturi, Robert, 889; Delaware house, 892, 892
Venus, 195, 559, 560. See also Aphrodite
Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury)
(Bronzino), 563–564, 564
Venus de Milo (Alexandros of Antioch-on-the Meander), 155,
155
Venus of Willendorf, 3–4, 4
Vergil, 158, 190, 190, 196, 423
Veristic portraits, 180–182, 202
Vermeer, Jan, 726; Allegory of the Art of Painting, 651, 651;
The Letter, 650, 650; Mérode Altarpiece, 649
Veronese, Paolo (Paolo Cagliari): Christ in the House of Levi,
570–572, 571; Triumph of Venice, 572, 572
Verrocchio, Andrea del: Bartolommeo Colleoni, 507, 507;
David, 500, 500–501
Versailles, 661–664, 662, 663
Vespasian (Flavius), 200–204, 202
Vesuvian cities, 182–194
Veteran in a New Field (Homer), 721–722, 722
Vézelay tympanum, 360, 361–362
Via Traiana, 207
Victory, 258
Video imagery, 911–914
Vie Inquiète (Dubuffet), 858, 859
Vienna Genesis, 250, 251
Vienna Secession Building (Olbrich), 776, 777
Vierzehnheiligen Chapel, Staffelstein, 667, 667
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, D.C., 866,
866–867
View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen (van Ruisdael),
648, 649
View through the Trees in the Park of Pierre Crozat (Watteau),
672, 672–673
Vigée-Lebrun, Élisabeth Louise, Self-Portrait, 684–685,
686
Vignon, Pierre, La Madeleine, Paris, 695, 696
Vikings, 318
Villa at the Seaside (Morisot), 753, 753–754
Villa of Agrippa Postumus, 189, 189–190
Villa of Livia, 188, 189
Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, 188, 189
Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii, 187, 187–188, 204
Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, 574, 574–575
Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, 838, 838–839
Village Bride (Greuze), 683, 683–684
Villanovan era, 162
Villard de Honnecourt, 399–400, 400
Viola, Bill, The Crossing, 914, 914
Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugène, 398
Vir Heroicus Sublimis (Newman), 861–862, 862
Virgin. See Mary (mother of Jesus)
Virgin and Child (Morgan Madonna), 364, 364
Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Duccio di
Buoninsegna), 438, 438–440
Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint John
(Leonardo da Vinci), 526, 526–527, 529, 543–544
Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux, 405, 405–406
Virgin of Paris, Notre-Dame of Paris, 396, 396–397, 404
Virgin of the Rocks (Leonardo da Vinci), 525–526, 526,
529
Virgin with Saints and Angels (Memling), 462–463, 463
Virgin with the Dead Christ (Röttgen Pietà), 414–415,
415
Visconti, Giangaleazzo, 480
Viscount Lepic and His Daughters (Degas), 748–749, 749
Visigoths, 246, 316
Vision after the Sermon (Gauguin), 760–761, 761
Visual evidence, for age of work, xxxv
Vitalis, Saint, 263–265
Vitruvius, 129, 148, 162, 198, 508
Vitruvius Britannicus (Campbell), 697
Vladimir Virgin, 281–282, 282
Voltaire, 679, 679–680, 681–689
Voltaire (Houdon), 679, 679
Volume, definition of, xli
Volutes, 113
Votive offerings, 21
Voussoirs, 173, 359
Vulca of Veii, 165
Vyd, Jodocus, 454, 455
W
Walk Home (Schnabel), 896, 896
Walking Man (Rodin), 771, 771–772
Wall and drum arcades, 283
Wall ribs, 392
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 732
Waqf (endowment), 303
War, horrors of: Baroque art, 637–638, 655–656; Guernica
(Picasso), 845–846; Minimalist sculpture, 866–867; Neue
Sachlichkeit, 814–817
War documentaries, 729, 729
War Monument (Barlach), 818–819, 819
Warhol, Andy: Green Coca-Cola Bottles, 877, 877–878;
Marilyn Diptych, 878, 878
Warka Vase, 21, 21
Warrior lords, 316–319
Warrior Vase, Mycenae, 95, 95
Washington, D.C., 700, 700
Washington, George, 700–701, 701
Water Carrier of Seville (Velázquez), 631, 631
Watteau, Antoine: L’Indifférent, 671, 672; Return from
Cythera, 672–673, 673; View through the Trees in the Park
of Pierre Crozat, 672, 672–673
Weary Herakles (Lysippos), 143, 143–144
Wedding portraits, 464–468, 465, 466
Wedgwood, Josiah, 680, 691
Wedjat eyes, 45–46
Weeks, Kent R., 63
Welding, xlv
Well of Moses (Claus Sluter), 451, 451–452
West, Benjamin, The Death of General Wolfe, 688, 689
Westminster Abbey, 373, 409, 409–410
Weston, Edward, Nude, 810, 811
Westwork, 332–333
When I Put My Hands On Your Body (Wojnarowicz), 909, 909
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
(Gauguin), 761, 761–763
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill: libel suit by, 758;
Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket), 756–757,
757
White-ground technique, 137, 137, 138, 138–139
White Temple, 19–20, 20
Whitehall, Banqueting Hall at, 664, 665
Whitman, Walt, 721–722
Who’s Afraid of Aunt Jemima? (Ringgold), 904, 904
Wibald, Abbot, 366
Wiligelmo, 355
William II, 278
William of Sens, 343
William the Conqueror, 318, 350, 373
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 690
Witz, Konrad, Miraculous Draught of Fish, 472, 472
Wodiczko, Krzysztof, The Homeless Projection, 909–911,
910
Wojnarowicz, David, When I Put My Hands On Your Body,
909, 909
Wolgemut, Michel, Nuremberg Chronicle, 474, 475
Woman Combing Her Hair (Archipenko), 800, 801
Woman Combing Her Hair (González), 801, 801
Woman I (de Kooning), 861, 861
Woman with the Hat (Matisse), 787, 787–788, 797
Womanhouse, 898–900
Women: Byzantine, 264, 266–268; Etruscan, 165–166;
Florentine, 502, 503, 504, 505; Gothic art, 395; Greek,
98, 105, 108, 108, 136, 154, 154–155, 155, 157, 157;
obstacles to becoming artists, 561, 918; in Paleolithic art,
3–6; Renaissance, 555, 560–561; Romanesque, 369–370.
See also Female figures
Women artists: Baroque, 623, 647, 654; Bauhaus, 835–836;
Dada, 806–807; fiber arts, 908–909; Flemish, 453;
Impressionist, 753–754; Mannerist, 564–566; Minimalist,
867–869; Naturalistic, 684–686; Neoclassical, 690–691;
Netherlandish, 598; Pop, 879; Realist, 739–741; Surrealist,
822–824; twentieth-century, 814, 912
Women Regents of the Old Men’s Home at Haarlem (Hals), 642,
642
Women’s Bath (Torii Kiyonaga), 754
Wood, Grant, American Gothic, 850, 850
Wood-carving: Ottonian, 336–338, 337; sixteenth-century,
580–581, 581, 582–583; twentieth-century, 843–844;
Viking, 318–319, 319
Wood the Elder, John, 697
Wood the Younger, John, Royal Crescent, Bath, 697, 698
Woodblock prints: Expressionist, 817–818; fifteenth-century,
473–474, 475; Japanese, 754; Reformation art, 582, 583,
584, 586, 586
Woolley, Leonard, 18, 24
World War I, 785, 796–797, 804–806, 814–819
World War II, 786, 856–858
Wren, Christopher, new Saint Paul’s Cathedral, 665,
665–666
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 832; Kaufmann House (Fallingwater),
840–842, 841; Robie House, Chicago, 840, 841; Solomon
R. Guggenheim Museum, 885, 885–886, 886
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Wright of Derby, Joseph, 684; A Philosopher Giving a
Lecture at the Orrery, 680, 680
Writing: birth of, 8–9, 18; Carolingian, 328; cuneiform, 18,
23, 23, 26, 30; hieroglyphic, 44, 46; Islamic calligraphy,
301, 301, 307–308; Linear A/B, 78
X
Xerxes, 38
Y
Young, La Monte, 870
Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face (Kruger), 900–902, 902
Z
Zeno, 151
Zeus, 99, 120–121, 121, 122, 124, 125, 152, 152, 153, 193
Ziggurats, 19–20, 20, 28, 28–29, 33, 37
Zimri-Lim, 30, 31
Zoopraxiscope, 743
Zuccaro, Federico, 527
Zuccone (Donatello), 488, 488
Zullahs, 294
Zurbarán, Francisco de, Saint Serapion, 630, 630
Zwingli, Ulrich, 579
Zwinglians, 579
971