Somatic cell cloning
technology
Jen-Wen Shiau
Physiology Division, Livestock
Research Institute,
Council of Agriculture
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http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601010219,00.html
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http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601970310,00.html
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Advantages of SCNT
• Cure human diseases
• Using animal organs
• Create animals that are specific disease
resistant
• More consistent food products
• Save endangered species
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Disadvantages of SCNT
• Public perception
• Use technology to clone humans
• Expensive
• Not efficient
• Cloned products cannot be marketed
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What is Cloning?
The process of making identical genomic
copies of an original animal.
Encyclopedia Britannica:
An individual organism that was grown
from a single body cell of its parent and
that is genetically identical to it.
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Brief History of Cloning
• 1902: Walter Sutton proves chromosomes hold
genetic information.
• 1902: German scientist Hans Spemann divides a
salamander embryo.
• Spemann proposes a “fantastical experiment”
gg and Kingg clone tadpoles.
p
• 1952: Briggs
• 1953: Watson and Crick find the structure of DNA.
• 1962: John Gurdon clones frogs from differentiated
cells.
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• 1963: J.B.S. Haldane coins the term ‘clone’.
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Brief History of Cloning
• 1977: Karl Illmensee creates mice with only one
parent,
• 1984: Twinning- create genetic copies from
embryonic cells.
• 1996: First animal cloned from adult cells is born.
• 1978:
1978 S
Splitting
litti embryos
b
• 1986: Embryo Cloning
• 1994: Embryonic cell line cloning
• 1996: Adult or Somatic cell cloning
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www.anglonautes.com/.../voc_clone.htm
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Dolly
• Birth: July 5, 1996
February 14, 2003
• was cloned at the Roslin
Institute in Edingburgh
• first mammal to be
cloned from an adult
somatic cell by using
nuclear transfer
• was named after the
famous country western
singer Dolly Parton
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Dolly the Sheep
• lived for her entire life at the Roslin Institute
• gave birth to six lambs
• at the age of 5, Dolly developed arthritis, began to
walk stiffly
• euthanized because of a progressive lung disease,
R li scientist
Roslin
i ti t think
thi k there
th was no connection
ti
with Dolly being a clone sheep
• such lung diseases are a particular danger for
sheep kept indoors, had to sleep inside for security
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reasons
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Cloning Facts
• Plant cloning has been around for thousands
of years
• Farm animal cloning has been around for
over 20 years
• C
Cloningg is a form of asexual reproduction
p
• Clones are not exact copies
• Cloned animals are safe to raise and eat
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Cloning Fallacies
•
•
•
•
•
Genetic make-up
make up is altered
Mutants are created
Clones are unhealthy
Will eventually lead to cloning humans
P ibl tto recreate
Possible
t people
l such
h as Hitl
Hitler
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Final Thoughts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cloning has been around for a long time
Cloned products are safe
Useful in medical and pharmacological fields
Will not replace traditional animal agriculture
N d tto bbetter
Need
tt educate
d t public
bli
Close regulation
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Problems with cloning mammals
• Dolly
D ll developed
d l d premature arthritis
h i i andd showed
h
d
signs of aging too quickly
• She died 6 years old which is half the natural age
p
of a sheep
• She is now owned by the National Museum in
Scotland
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What Has Been Cloned So Far?
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Sheep, Goat, Mouse, Rabbit, Cattle (domestic & wild),
Pig, Horse, Mule, Dog, Cat (domestic & wild), Deer
Embryo Splitting (Twinning)
Sheep, Cattle, Primate (Rhesus)
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Recently cloned animals
http://news.aol.com/story/_a/glowing-pig-passes-genes-to-piglets/20080109143909990001?ncid=NWS00010000000001
http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2003-01-21-cloned-cats_x.htm
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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0529_030529_muleclone.html
 In addition to cloning pets or prized livestock,
researchers are looking to clone transgenic
animals
 This would allow for more uniform expression of
transgenic genes
 Not all transgenic animals express their
t ansgenic genes at eq
transgenic
equal
al le
levels
els
 Also allows for the rapid expansion to large flocks
or herds of transgenic animals
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Conservation Cloning
Many endangered or extinct animals are being cloned or
considered for cloning
Gaur
Bucardo mountain goat
Mammoth
Quagga
Banteng
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Mammoth
Quagga
Bucardo
Gaur
http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/t/r/trp2/mammoth.jpeg
http://www.serragaucha.com.br/rocky/zoo.html
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http://www.riosmith.net/Gaur004.jpg
http://www1.ceit.es/Asignaturas/Ecologia/EspNaturales/Ordesa/mamiferos.htm#Bucardo
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http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/cloning.success.jpg
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Introduction
• The reprogramming process includes
– chromatin remodeling
– DNA methylation
– genomic imprinting
– maintenance of telomere lengths
– histone modifications
– epigenetic inheritance
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Objective
• Analysis of telomere length in cloned
animal and age-match control animals
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材料與方法
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(2) (2) (0.5)
M C2 C3 G G － ＋ M
(2) (2) (0.5)
M C2 C3 G G － ＋ M
Fig. 9. Chemiluminescent detection of TRFs lengths of
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cloned cattle and goats.
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17.52±0.41Kb
17.67±0.32Kb
17.07Kb
Cl
kb
21.2
O
M 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 D Lc Hc
M
8.5
5.0
3.5
Fig. 10. Detection of telomere length in cloned cattle (2-3 year-old) (Cl)
and their offspring (O). D: donor cell. Lc and Hc is low and high
molecular control, respectively. M：molecular marker.
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18.69±0.50Kb
17.66±0.32Kb
C
OC
M
kb
21.2
8.5
5.0
3.5
Fig. 11. Detection of telomere length in SCNT control cattle (2-3 year-old)
(C) and their offspring control animals (O C). M: molecular marker.
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17.48±0.31Kb
Cloned Cattle
M 1 2 3 4 D
17.07Kb
Control Cattle
1 2 3 4 5 6
17.80±1.57Kb
M
kb
21.2
8.5
5.0
3.5
Fig. 12. Telomere length in cloned cattle(3-4 year old) and
their age-match counterpart at 3-4 year-old. D: donor
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cell.
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16..07±0.32Kb
16.68Kb
17.05Kb
14.20Kb
14.32Kb
14.86Kb
Cl
M
Hc M
kb
21.2
1
2
O
3
1
2
3
4
5
D1 D2 Lc
5.0
Fig. 17. Telomere length in cloned dairy goat (Cloned) No. 1, 2 and 3 at
50, 22 and 6 months old and their offspring (Offspring). D1: donor
cell(GE1244 P2). D2: donor cell(GE09181 P8). Lc and Hc is low and
high molecular control, respectively. M：molecular marker.
16.07±0.32Kb
C
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16.43±0.36Kb
OC
M
kb
21.2
5.0
Fig. 15. Telomere length in control dairy goat (C) and
counterparts of cloned goat’s offspring (O C).
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www.anglonautes.com/.../voc_clone.htm 33
Thanks for
your attention
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