How Do You Hold a Molecule?
- the element & its bonding -
Carbon is the sixth element. Its most common isotope has an atomic mass of 12 amu. This means it contains 6
protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. C14 is radioactive. It is used in carbon dating, and it has 2 extra neutrons.
1
1
18
2
1.0079
H
HYDROGEN
3
6.941
Li
LITHIUM
11
22.990
9.0122
12
39.098
37
85.468
20
40.078
Ca
CALCIUM
38
87.62
44.956
4
22
47.867
87
(223)
Fr
FRANCIUM
88
(226)
Ra
RADIUM
63.546
12
30
C
CARBON
14
26.982
65.39
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
MANGANESE
IRON
COBALT
NICKEL
COPPER
ZINC
39
88.906
40
91.224
57-71
La-Lu
Lanthanide
72
41
92.906
42
95.94
73
178.49
180.95
MOLYBDENUM
43
(98)
74
183.84
47
107.87
48
112.41
49
Cd
In
SILVER
CADMIUM
INDIUM
75
76
186.21
Re
RHENIUM
107
(264)
190.23
77
108
(277)
192.22
Ir
Os
OSMIUM
IRIDIUM
109
(268)
78
195.08
79
196.97
Pt
Au
PLATINUM
GOLD
110
(281)
111
80
200.59
Hg
MERCURY
(272)
112
81
14.007
72.64
N
NITROGEN
15
30.974
33
10
20.180
F
Ne
FLUORINE
NEON
16
32.065
17
34
78.96
35.453
18
39.948
Cl
Ar
CHLORINE
ARGON
S
SULPHUR
35
79.904
36
83.80
As
Se
Br
Kr
SELENIUM
BROMINE
KRYPTON
118.71
51
207.2
114
121.76
Sb
ANTIMONY
83
Pb
LEAD
(285)
18.998
O
ARSENIC
82
204.38
HELIUM
Ge
TIN
Tl
74.922
15.999
17
9
OXYGEN
P
PHOSPHORUS
Sn
THALLIUM
16
8
GERMANIUM
50
114.82
Ag
W
(266)
106.42
Pd
TUNGSTEN
106
46
PALLADIUM
Ta
(262)
102.91
Rh
RHODIUM
TANTALUM
105
45
Ru
Hf
(261)
101.07
32
69.723
Ga
RUTHENIUM
HAFNIUM
89-103 104
44
SILICON
GALLIUM
TECHNETIUM
Nb Mo
NIOBIUM
31
28.086
15
7
Si
ALUMINIUM
CHROMIUM
Zr
137.33
58.693
11
29
V
ZIRCONIUM
Ba
58.933
10
28
VANADIUM
Y
BARIUM
55.845
9
27
Ti
YTTRIUM
56
54.938
8
26
TITANIUM
Sr
132.91
51.996
7
25
Sc
STRONTIUM
Cs
50.942
6
24
SCANDIUM
Rb
CAESIUM
5
23
12.011
B
Al
3
21
RUBIDIUM
55
14
6
BORON
13
24.305
Mg
MAGNESIUM
K
10.811
Be
Na
POTASSIUM
13
5
BERYLLIUM
SODIUM
19
4.0026
He
2
4
208.98
52
127.60
53
84
(209)
126.90
54
131.29
I
Xe
IODINE
XENON
Te
TELLURIUM
85
(210)
86
(222)
Bi
Po
At
Rn
BISMUTH
POLONIUM
ASTATINE
RADON
69
70
(289)
Ac-Lr
Actinide
DUBNIUM
RUTHERFORDIUM
SEABORGIUM
BOHRIUM
HASSIUM
MEITNERIUM
UNUNNILIUM UNUNUNIUM
UNUNBIUM
63
65
UNUNQUADIUM
LANTHANIDE
57
138.91
58
140.12
59
140.91
60
144.24
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
LANTHANUM
CERIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
NEODYMIUM
61
(145)
62
150.36
Sm
PROMETHIUM
SAMARIUM
151.96
Eu
EUROPIUM
64
157.25
158.93
66
67
162.50
164.93
68
167.26
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
GADOLINIUM
TERBIUM
DYSPROSIUM
HOLMIUM
ERBIUM
168.93
Tm
THULIUM
173.04
71
174.97
Yb
Lu
YTTERBIUM
LUTETIUM
ACTINIDE
89
(227)
90
232.04
Ac
Th
ACTINIUM
THORIUM
91
231.04
Pa
PROTACTINIUM
92
238.03
93
(237)
94
(244)
95
(243)
96
(247)
97
(247)
98
99
(251)
(252)
100
(257)
101
(258)
102
(259)
103
(262)
U
URANIUM
NEPTUNIUM
PLUTONIUM
AMERICIUM
CURIUM
BERKELIUM
CALIFORNIUM
EINSTEINIUM
FERMIUM
MENDELEVIUM
NOBELIUM
LAWRENCIUM
The four electrons in the outer shell of the carbon atom (1s and 3p) can exist in three different configurations (hybridisation states)
2s
2p
2s
2p
formal electronic state
actual electronic state
x
4 equivalent sp3
y
z
3 equivalent sp2
2 equivalent sp
2pz
2pz 2py
o
109
o
120
90
e.g. diamond, methane, paraffin
e.g. graphite, fullerene,
nanotube & benzene
o
e.g. carbon dioxide, cyanide & acetylene
Depending on hybridisation, a C-atom can form either four (sp3), three (sp2) or two bonds (sp) with other atoms:
sp3 hybridisation
sp2 hybridisation
sp hybridisation
All four valence electrons of carbon are
locked in four chemical bonds
Three valence electrons are locked in
chemical bonds and one can be
delocalised within the molecule
Two valence electrons are locked in
chemical bonds and two can be
delocalised within the molecule
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Permission is granted to make copies of this document for educational purposes only, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in full.
Carbon, C
1
Contact Information:
www.nottingham.ac.uk/nanocarbon
www.qipirc.org
Design by Dan Marsh, 2008