Chapter-4
Cognates identified outside the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary
o Cognate* found in literature, creative-writing and dialectical
studies etc.
o Cognates form classes.
Nouns
Nouns.
Verbs
Verbs.
Adjectives
Adverbs.
Adverbs
/V
Adjectives.
Noun identical form classes.
•
Noun
•
Noun
•
Noun
<-»
Verb.
Adverbs.
<->
Adjectives.
Verb identical form classes.
•
Verbs
<->
Nouns.
•
Verbs
<-»
Adverbs.
•
Verbs
<-»
Adjectives.
o Cognates found in Kittel’s Dictionary left-out from the DED
equivalent to Tamil.
■
Major neglected areas in DED.
• The need for dialectical studies.
• Different origin words getting native language
status.
• The need for social variation studies
o
Some other variations found in Spoken form
■
Phonetic changes in Tamil and Kannada.
■
Two forms but one meaning.
*
In Tamil one form two meaning, but in Kannada two or
more forms two or more meaning.
■
Semantic changes in Tamil and Kannada.
Chapter-4
Chapter-4
Cognates identified outside the Dravidian Etymological
Dictionary
In this chapter the words outside DED are collected and put forward
systematically. But more than 70% of words outside the DED are orally
transmitted by the speakers. The remaining data collection is done by research
Institutes which are pursuing Dravidian studies. Keeping this as a base the thesis
seeks to find out the following cognates of Tamil and Kannada.
Some of these words which are part of DED but not necessarily the
cognates of Tamil and Kannada in the thesis the word which has similarity in
meaning and context in both languages are being taken for analysis. It means that
the words collected in the DED which have been used in the present thesis may
have similarities with other Dravidian languages. E.g. a Kannada word may find
relative word in Telugu, Malayalam and Badaga etc. but other than Tamil.
112
Chapter-4
Likewise Tamil word may sound similar to that of Malayalam, Telugu and Badaga
etc. but other than Kannada.
The present thesis concentrates mainly on the cognates identified outside
the DED though it does not neglect the cognates collected by the compilers of
DED. The argument presented by the thesis revolves around the idea that the
cognates Tamil and Kannada collected in DED may have similarities in terms of
structure, meaning, but in reality there is very little similarities between the
cognates of both languages. It argues that the cognates outside the DED have more
similarities than collected ones. And to support this argument the words which
reflect this finding are systematically arranged and presented.
4.1. Cognates found in literature, creative-writing and dialectal studies.
Kannada » Tamil
Kannada » Tamil
angalu » angal
tacjahu ~ tatavu
arjtara » arjtaraun
tade ~ tatai
ajilu » alii
tere » tirai
113
ale ~ ala
torana » toranam
afa« atam
dinisi ~ tinici
arati« aratti
dise » tice
ala » alam
devaru » tevan
etta » enge(etta, ettu
daiva * teyvam
lifting up, raising,
nafa » nafikan
undertaking;)
nafi» natfkai
ongu » ongu
nacjige » nafai
kamba » kampam
nadu » nafu
kambani» kanpani
naduberaju w natuviral
kambali» kampajam
naya w nayam
kadi * kati
naja ~ nalam
kadubu » kali
nelli® nelli
kaddi * kali
pakka « pakka
kapala » kapalam
kamandala «
kamantalam
pacadi« paccati
pade » patai
kammi ® kammi
hadu » pattu
kumkum » kunkumam
pallakki» pallakku
kufumba ® kutumpam
pallavi« pallavi
keluga » keluvavan
paim « payir
kottige(stall or outhouse
(esp. for cattle), bam,
pottana ~ pottanam
room)» kottil
balake ~ valakkam
koda(earthen pitcher or
manga « manti
pot) » kutam(waterpot,
mulugu * muluku
hub of a wheel)
korike ® korikkai
guddu w kuttu
godi» kotamai
catni» catni
muguti« mukkutti
monakalu ~ mulankal
monakai« mulankai
vivara « vivaram
cutta ~ curutfu
cembu(cembu copper,
sara « caram
sudu » cupi
globular copper or glass
vessel used for drinking
water; cambige,
suflugadu « culugatu
sunna « cunnambu
tambige, tambuge
globular copper or glass
vessel.)»
cempu(cempu copper,
gold, metal vessel, liquid
measure)
jlrage » clrakam
tavare ~ tamarai
tere(a wave, billow,
hatti(patti pen or fold,
abode, hamlet;)«
palti(cow-stall,
sheepfold, hamlet,
village;)
hada » patam
haradu « paravu
hirjdi ® ph)ti
curtain, cloth for
hidita ~ pifippu
concealing oneself used
by huntsmen)« tirai
hulu ~ pulu
Chapter-4
4.2. Cognates form classes.
4.2.1. Nouns
Kannada « Tamil
»
Nouns
Kannada ~
Tamil
angalu « afigal
dise ~ tice
alilu « alii
devaru » tevan daiva
afe » ala
* taiyvam
ata« a(am
nata » nalikan
arati» aratti
nati ® nalikai
ala « alam
nadige » nalai
kamba » kampam
nadu » natu
kambani» kampam
naduberalu « natuviral
kambali» kampalam
naja » nalam
kadubu ~ kali
nelli» nelli
117
kaddi« kali
pacadi ~ paccati
kapaja » kapalam
pade ~ pafai
kamandala » kamantalam
hadu » pattu
kumkum » kunkumam
pallakki» pallakku
kunca » kuncam
pallavi» pallavi
kutumba * kutumpam
pairu « paiyar
keluga » kejuvavan
poftana « poftanam
koftige » koftil
manga ~ manti
koda » kutam
muguti» mukkutti
guddu » kuttu
monkalu ~ mulankal
godi» kotamai
monakai« mulankai
catni» eatni
vivara ~ vivaram
cufta » curittu
sara ~ caram
cembu » cempu
sudugadu » cutukatu
Chapter-4
jlrage » clragai
sunna » cunnambu
tavare » tamare
hafti * pafti
tere » tirai
hirjdi« pigti
toraija « toranam
hulu » puLu
dinisi»tinici
4.2.2. Verbs
Kannada ®
Tamil
~
Verbs.
Kannada »
Tamil
pade ~ patai
tadahu w tadavu
mulugu « mujukku
tade « talai
sudu » culu
8
I
ka^i» kadi
haradu » paravu
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Chapter-4
4.2.3. Adverbs
Kannada ~
Tamil
w
Adverbs.
Kannada ~
Tamil
etta » enge
korike » korikkai
ongu « ongu
bajake « valikkam
kammi» kammi
hitfita » pitippu
4.2.4. Adjectives
Kannada ~
Tamil
naya ~ nayam
~
Adjectives.
Kannada «
Tamil
pakka » pakka
hada « patam
4.2.5. Noun identical form classes.
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Chapter-4
4.2.5.I. Noun
4»
Verb.
ka]i(a kind of cake) <-> kali(to lose)[n. v.]
kali(a stick) 4* kali(to lose)[n. v.]
4.2.5.2. Noun
4-»
Adverb.
enge(where) o enge(how)[n. adv]
4.2.5.3. Noun
4*
Adjective.
tevan(a god) 4» teva(moisture)[n. adj.]
anki(shirt) 4* anki(number)[n. adj.]
4.2.6. Verb identical form classes.
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Chapter-4
4.2.6.1. Verbs
o
Nouns.
karai(to call) <-> kare (the call)[v. n.]
4.2.6.2. Verbs
<->
Adverbs.
karai(to call) <-> kare~kari (make them run)[v. av.] in
Karnataka during the KARAHUNNIME ‘ettina kari-hari’ that means
bulls running contest.
4.2.6.3. Verbs
Adjectives.
<->
karai(to call) <-» kare (truth)[v. adj.]
Table shows status of cognates were found in out side the DED<Tatle 112)
Kannada
Tamil
noun
verb
adverb
adjective
Total
noun
56
Ql
QL
02
61
verb
01
08
01
01
11
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Chapter-4
adverb
nil
ml
06
nil
06
adjective
nil
nil
nil
03
03
73+08*
Total
57
10
06
08
=81
among these words 08 words have different relation between Kannada & Tamil.
4.3. Cognates found in Kittel’s Dictionary left-out from the DED
equivalent to Tamil.
Dravidian Etymological Dictionary is a milestone in the collection of Dravidian
languages. The compiler of this collection M.B. Eminue and T. Burrow have
collected language information from places when they were spreading their
religion work. This is reflected in Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Because of
these reasons they were not able to include regional dialects as well as variations in
their collection.
Even though from 10
to 19
century a pretty number of
dictionaries have been published, they might not have received information on
regional dialects at the time of publication or might have taken information from
local institutes etc., the main dictionaries which have been published from 10th to
19th centuries are:
123
1. Abhidana Vastukosha of (1145)
2. Abhidana Vastukosha of (1145)
3. Abhinavabhidanam(1398)
4. Karnataka Shabdasaram (1400)
5. Karnataka Nighantu (1400)
6. Chaturasya Nighantu (1450)
7. Kabbigara kaipidi (1530)
8. Karnataka Shabdamanjari (1560)
9. Bharata nighantu (1600)
10. Shabda Ratnakara (16C0)
11. Navaratna kanda (160C)
12. Nanruta Ratnakara (1600)
13. Kavi Kantahara (1640)
14. Aksharadi Nighantu (1748)
15. Akaradi Nighantu (1775)
16. Shabdartha Manjari (1810)
17. Shabda Manjari (1830)
18. Shabda Sangraha (1874).
19. Karnataka Kalpadruma (1885).
20. Shabdamanjari (1890) and
21. Karnataka Bhaskara Shabdamanjari (1891) etc.
Chapter-4
It is strange that all these dictionaries and other eminent dictionaries like that of
Kittel, and of Karanth and a series of dictionaries by the some Kannada
organization, have ignored the dialectical usage. Kannada has rich in dialects, such
as Havyaka, Lingayata and Sanketi, apart from many regional varieties like
Dharwad, Bidar, Mysore, Hassan, and costal Karnataka etc.
The DED M.B. Eminearu and T Burrow provided the researchers with
information relating to historical, etymological, philological and critical fields of
the Dravidian languages. There are many Sanskrit and Kannada grammar texts and
lexicographical works. But they were not compiled in a systematic way. Further
they contained only words, synonyms and some time antonyms.
M.B. Emineau and T Burrow, both are great scholar in respective fields
including Sanskrit, Anthropology studied Dravidian etymologies and took up the
task of compiling a DED. They were started the compilation in a thorough and
systematic manner on the lines of the dictionaries of the Western countries,
especially English dictionary.
The compilers of the DED have some special features. The failed in traveled
throughout the length and breadth of Karnataka, contacted people of all classes,
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Chapter-4
collected the words from their dialects and vocabulary. They also failed in terms of
proverbs, colloquial terms and slang collection.
For the compilation of their DED, M.B. Emineau and T Burrow studied deeply
Tamil works, and literary works of Old Tamil, Medieval Tamil and Modem Tamil.
The have given the apt and correct meanings for all Dravidian terms. They have
further given diacritical marks to facilitate the pronunciation of Dravidian words
by non-Dravidians.
The northern state of Karnataka and the coastal belt of Karnataka have about a
more than dozen dialects of Kannada like Bidar, Bijapur, Dharwad, Havyaka,
Lingayata, Kota, Gowda, Holiya, Halakki, etc. Here, we have chosen two major
dictionaries, namely Prof. M. Mariappa Bhat’s Havyaka-English dictionary (1983).
Havyaka has two sub-dialects, namely, Northern Havyaka and Southern Havyaka.
Northern and Southern dialects usually referred to the speech of the Havyaka
people residing in North Canara and South Canara respectively.
Though we find some monographs and surveys on Kannada dialects by the
Deccan College, Pune, Prof. Bhat's dictionary is the pioneering attempt to provide
extensive materials on Kannada dialects. His work encouraged other attempts like
126
Chapter-4
the one by the renowned linguist Dr. D. N. S. Bhat's descriptive grammar of
Southern Havyaka.
In Dravidian Etymological Dictionary compiler has given prime importance to
Tamil language and has applied the same principles to other Dravidian languages
also. This implies that it has not given individual importance to other Dravidian
languages.
Dravidian Etymological Dictionary compiler has not used properly the famous
20th century i.e. Kittel’s Kaimada-English-Dictionary for reference. For example
there are some words which depict different meanings in both dictionaries. Such
words are about 1359 and are chiefly divided into 3 groups.
As mentioned in the beginning of this chapter, the words which are not found
in DED are found in public tongue i.e. in regional dialects and also found in other
Kannada sources like creative writings, research articles, research dissertation and
thesis, and some other specific dictionaries in Kannada etc. The words which are
found in respective area are explained in sub-chapter 1 & 2 of this chapter. The
main dictionary of Kannada is Reverend Kittel’s Kannada-English dictionary.
When Kittel’s dictionary is compared with M.B. Eminue and T. Buro’s Dravidian
Etymological Dictionary, the later has more Tamil words than the former. When
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Chapter-4
the compilation of the DED compilers has not able to find equivalent Kannada
words to Tamil. But they have used Tamil source for all Dravidian languages
include Kannada.
The compilers of DED have used Tamil as the model language and
neglected Kannada words in different stages. Some times they have given Tamil
meaning to Kannada also. These types of errors can be recognized in to 3 types.
i. Words that are not used in DED =1273. This includes 12 words which starts
from aspirated sound.
Ex- a) khahle = loudly, with a rough voice, ghahya the = act of putting in order,
arrangement, regulation; the out of making ready, preparation.
b) chafisu = to crackle or trustle
c) jhalli = tassels, fringes, hangings; a cowry and,
d) theb = the report of a pistol or gun.
ii. Words that are in DED with different meanings =70.
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Chapter-4
Ex- a) DED number 4559, hottu time, sun; but in Kittel dictionary // hottu = to be
bindled, etc; to be burnt at the i) bottom of the cooking vessel etc; ii) that is burnt
at the bottom of a cooking vessel.
b) DED number 1610 sippe = comb of banana; but in Kittel dictionary //sippe= the
skin of fruit, the rind of sugarcane, the fibrous coat of the cocoa and betel nut, the
refuse of chewed sugarcane. In this way words are getting one meaning in
Dravidian Etymological Dictionary and another meaning in Kittel dictionary as
well as homonymy too.
iii. Compiler has given Tamil meaning for Kannada also but Kannada has
own identity in Kittel’s Dictionary.
Ex- a) DED number 2477 Ta. cajikai = money-bag. Ka. jajige id., but in Kittel
dictionary ///jalige = cloth, raiment; and
b) DED number 3452 Ta. tekku teak, Tectona grandis. Ka. tegu, tega, tengu id.,
according to Kittel dictionary it has different meaning III terigu likeness,
resemblance etc.
Status of Kannada words found in Kittel’s Dictionary left-out from the DED
equivalent to Tamil
129
Chapter-4
Table-113
New words found in Kittel’s Dictionary
aspirated sounds
0013
1174
Used words in DED but in different meaning
0070
For Kannada words in Tamil meaning
0016
Total New words found in Kittel’s Dictionary
= 1273
In addition there is no mention of region or places while writing about
regional dialects. For ex-while mentioning about Gowda-Kannada it doesn’t
explain about the places where it was used. In Karnataka 3 types of GowdaKannada can be recognized .It is not clear whether it was the language spoken by
the Vokkaliga community or as per K. Kushalappa gowda was it the language of
Sullya or Puttur region or was it the ‘Gowdaki’ Kannada of north Karnataka.
^ Dictionaries usually neglected dialectical studies.
130
Chapter-4
While compiling of any dictionary, usually scholars in India have tended to
ignore dialect and slang forms. Kannada has a long history of dictionary-making,
beginning from the dictionary written by Rannakanda of the 10th century till the
dictionary produced by the different Kannada organisations in the 20th century.
Here we mention some dictionaries, which have published in Kannada literature in
their own way.
4.3.1. Major neglected areas in DED
Compiler of the DED mainly neglected areas as follows:
4.3.1.1. The need for dialectical studies
We need a variety of dictionaries for successful education research. A
single dictionary cannot fulfill all the demands of a student and reader. Along with
the general dictionaries, there is also a need for professional, terminological,
literal, folk and inter-linguistic dictionaries. Dialectical dictionaries help identify
the words in use and possibly will help us identify nuances that are either
forgotten due to the impact of Technology, Westernize Education system or
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Chapter-4
downright rejected for prestige reasons. Such identification of words from within a
language will enrich the vocabulary and meet the demands listed above.
4.3.1.2. Different origin words getting native language status
Every society has its own language. No society without language. Different
stages of man can be identified by language only. Example; employment
revolution brought changes in one society can be identified by people’s spoken
language. There are more probability of progress or regress of own language. Due
to employment revolution, international companies establish throughout the state
their by there is a chance of detaching of root words form own language. Along
with, words from other language come to our present language dictionary and they
acquire essence and prominence as that of root words, such occurrence can be seen
as follows:
Words oozing from native language
joining words from another language
kari halige & kadavu
white board and dense marker
pati-bajapa
note book and pen
132
Chapter-4
ance
E-mail,
kadata
E-file
Like this so many words from day to day joins as well as detach from the language
can be seen. Under these circumstances the words which detached from language
can be collected and documented systematically. No profitability in this
documentation but nothing wrong to say as important gift from the point of view
of language history.
4.3.I.3. The need for social variation studies
Language illustration is necessary for different layers of society, cultural
change in society from time lo time is common, these layers of changes eye point
of holding next generation language science has to study as language, society and
culture as inseparable organs. The language scientist peter tredgill said that “if
any language studied without societal observation then that would not be compete
scientific illustration of language. Hence this inters classical study of language and
society confirms internal relationship.
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Chapter-4
India is the country of stratified society, every layer has language and
culture, with this, even though India has unity in diversity but language types have
found diversity in societal strata. This stage studies undergoing in Kannada, but
inner type of societal distance language is another impotent phase. Hence at the
level of every taluka’s illustrative work is necessary. There are lots of changes in
our society after independence. Hence for illustration of language, people’s
societal practices, living habdts, type-typical change in employment, before and
after independence acts as modifying tools. Because of this language illustration
has to be done in the background of people. Like this in recent chapters of
language science we can find such calculations. “Within single social strata with
the help of societal differences study of social language science are minimal as like
that of finger tips” social sub-language author Dr. P. Mahadevaiah. To pro shape to
this it is necessary to look in to your social strata. Already research scholar
William bright has undertaken preliminary study as Brahman-Kannada and the
structure of Vakkaliga-Kannada can be seen in the background of social language
science. Like this Ritya machromach’s structure of Brahman, Lingayata and
Harijana Kannada in Dharwad district can also identify. If at all study of language
at different level has been Illustrated in this way there is chance of inserting
different words into DED.
Some important studies on different dialects of Kannada has been listed here:
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Chapter-4
“Nanjanagud Kannada”-1968(vakkaliga dialect) by. U.P. Upadhyaya
“A descriptive Analysis of Scliga Kannada”-1968 by. Gurubasavegowda
“Gouda Kannada”-1970 by. K. Kushalappagowda
“A descriptive study of Havyaka Kannada”-1977 by. B. Chandrashekhara Bhatt
“Kannada Literary and Colloguial: A study of two styles”-1977 by. H.M. Nayak.
“The dialects of Kannada in Mysore district” by. D.N.S. Shankar Bhat
“A descriptive grammer of Harijan dialect”-1987 by. B.N. Chandrayya
“Havyak, Nayak and Halakki of North Kannada district : A Sociolinguistic
Analysis” by. Shalini Raghunath
“Adijambava’s Kannada: A descriptive study”-1995 by. Panduranga babu
“A descriptive Analysis of Adikamataka Kannada Spoken by Mandya district”1990 by. B. Mallikaijuna
“A dexcriptive Analysis of Adikamataka Kannada Spoken by Belguam district”1995 by. Maruti Talwar
“Bagalkot Kannada: Analysis of social linguistics” by. K. Mutalik
“Bidara Kannada social and regional differences: A linguistic study”-2002 by.
Shrinavas Bendre
“Myasabedara Kannada: socio-linguistic study(special reference to chitradurg
district)”-2006 by. Anjaneya
“Adoni Kannada”-2007 by. B. Omprakash Nayak
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Chapter-4
4.4. Some other variations found in Spoken form
In this study has noticed some variation in Kannada spoken forms in different part
of the Karnataka state as below as mentioned:
4.4.1. Phonetic changes in Tamil and Kannada
c > s changes
in Tamil catu > sadu in Kannada, English meaning saint
cumangali > sumangali, English meaning married woman with ritual rights
t > s changes
in Tamil nutal
> nosal in Kannada, English meaning forehead
r > t changes
in Tamil nerd > netti in Kannada, English meaning forehead
n > 1 changes
in Tamil manal > malal in Kannada, English meaning sand
n > r changes
in Tamil manal > maral in Kannada, English'meaning sand
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Chapter-4
4.4.2. Two forms but one meaning
in Kannada, English meaning paper
in Tamil taj
kagada-kadaga
in Kannada, English meaning to cut
in Tamil kadi
kadi
malla
in Tamil mall;
in Kannada, English meaning wrestler
cikkappa
in Tamil cijrappan.
in Kannada, Father’s younger brother
sarujappa
cikkamma
in Tamil cinnamm;
in Kannada, Mother’s younger sister
sannawa
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Chapter-4
oppanda
in Kannada, English meaning agreement
in Tamil oppandam
kararu
tondar
in Kannada, English meaning complication
in Tamil tontara’
todaku
in Tamil cinna----------- cikka--------- in Kannada, English meaning small
|a
in Tamil kulam
gumpu___ in Kannada, English meaning unity/group
in Tamil muttam
Kannada, English meaning kiss
\
cakka
in Tamil vagd
barjdi
in Kannada, bullock cart/vehicle.
appara
in Tamil paqtal--------- harjadara
in Kannada, English meaning pandal
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Chapter-4
in Tamil talir
ciguru
In Kannada, English meaning a shoot
khajane
in Tamil paqjaram
bharjdara___ in Kannada, bank/treasury
motta
in Tamil mottanr
in Kannada, English meaning total
o#u
4.4.3. In Tamil one form two meaning, in Kannada two or more forms two or
more meaning
kamadi
jnirroi
in Kannada
in Tamil kannadi
kamacjaka-------spectacles
tikku~tole
in Tamil tey
to was
in Kannada
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Chapter-4
tey~mase---------to polish
in Tamil ka
black sesame
in Tamil eJJ
in Kannada
the sesame
■popped
allu~ellu
„tatte~tatu
in Tamil tai
taltu
—eaipet^^^^ in Kannada
gangalu
plate
kudalu
in Tamil mu
mudr
mudi
hair
in Kannada
lo wear (flower)
oqti----- atom
in Tamil or)
in Kannada
oqte~ogti—camel
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Chapter-4
in Tamil mati
mahadi-
in Kannada, English meaning upstair
uppange
4.4.4. Semantic changes in Tamil and Kannada
alavu (measurement)*-*
ajavu (spoil) [adv. adv. dn
natikai (actress)
nadige (walking) [n.n. dm]
natai (walking)
nati (actress) [n.n. dm]
manti (monkey)
mandi (people) [n.n. dm]
pafti (cattle)
<r>
patti (a stripe) [n.n. dm].
141