DEFINING WAVE(S)
Bert Schreiber
4519 Holly St.
Bellaire, TX 77401-5802
[email protected]
PART 1
From recent correspondence and previous research, the author realized that exactly what
waves are under current beliefs was a totally confused picture. Therefore, to this end, the
author’s discussion is going to clarify what a wave is or not once and for all.
The fundamental definition of a wave in physics is (Webster’s dictionary): A progressive
disturbance propagated from point to point in a medium or space without progress or
advance by the points themselves nor any speed of the wave. Only a half-definition.
The usage of “or” is going to cause confusion as “space” is not a “medium”. Another
scientific reference says essentially the same adding; without giving the medium as a
whole any permanent displacement.
That statement is incorrect. Space is not a medium.
First, it will be assumed that this medium is what is called the Aether. Sound obviously
requires a medium. Light (all radiation for this paper) then, can be through a medium
(gas, liquid, or solid) or space. However, note, it does not result in any advance by the
points themselves (fixed or at relative absolute rest), yet it does so. That resulted in the
conflict between a space vs. an Aether. How can light move through a “nothing” if it is a
void? That resulted in space having parameters and properties that is then called the
Aether. The existence of such an Aether has never been proven by any experiments to
exist. Exactly the opposite, no existence.
For the Devil’s Advocates, this paper is not going to present any arguments in this first
part of the text over: Is light or mass; matter or waves? Action at a length. These will be
at the end.
The major problem was the distinction between mechanical waves and radiation, a.k.a.
generically “light”. They have many properties and parameters in common, but not every
one. That results in the difficulty of defining a wave.
At the point of being repetitious, words and their meaning cause problems. So before
starting, the author is going to define the words used and their meaning. Whether the
readers accept them or not is immaterial. If you disagree, then change them to suit
yourself.
Amplitude: The absolute value of the maximum displacement from a zero value during
one period of a cycle
Crest: The highest point of a wave.
Displacement: The length between a vibration movement
Free/unrestrained: A volume or action within the Cartesian Coordinates.
Height: This is similar to amplitude and is the length between the two maximum
displacements normally used for water waves, i.e., trough to crest vertical.
Intensity: The quantity of energy per unit area with time.
Longitudinal: The apparent or real movement in a forward direction.
Oscillating: The vibrations inside.
Parameters: Numerical values attached to the units of mass, length, and time. Their
dimension(s) are understood.
Period: The time between two events (parameter).
Periodic Motion: A movement that may be repetitious with time or varying (random)
with time.
Pressure: The force that can be exerted on some unit area by the wave’s properties.
Properties: Concepts or reality such as, hot, cold, color, refraction, reflection, Index of
Refraction, stress, strain, momentum, kinetic energy, etc.
Ray: The linear component of a wave for sound or radiation.
Transverse: The apparent movement at right angles to forward direction, i.e., at right
angles (quadrature) to the longitudinal.
Trough: The lowest point of a wave.
Vibration/vibratory: A repetitious movement with time.
Others will be defined as they occur in the text.
Mechanical waves will be discussed first with their properties and parameters. The two
known are sound through a medium, normally a gas, liquid, or solid and those upon
surfaces, i.e., waves on liquid. Their definition will be: A progressive disturbance
propagated from point to point in or on the surface of a medium without progress or
advance by the points themselves nor any speed of the wave, i.e., standing or stationary.
We will start out with sound in a gas under free conditions. A small source of mechanical
movement will compress and expand the surrounding gas. Each molecule will then strike
another and rebound back to its original point. The means the molecule undergoes an
inline displacement. This means the string of molecules going outward, a ray, is
longitudinal and has no transverse component. However, this is not reality as the
molecule will hit in some cases, two others and will cause the ray to diverge. Therefore,
these rays move in a crooked line path. The overall effect is the creation of an expanding
spherical wave front, but, the SOUND WAVE ITSELF are those ray paths ONLY.
Therefore, the sound wave itself is three-dimensional having length, breadth, and width
(breadth and width the molecules dimensions).
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If this expanding wave front is frozen in place, there will be some parameters so
associated with it. Looking at a vertical cross-section, there will be noted areas of varying
gas density. Under ideal conditions, minutiae skipped, it will be noted that certain
maximum identical density points are the identical lengths apart. This length apart is
called a wavelength. There are others of the identical lower density or no change, zero,
that are also that identical length apart.
For convenience, a wavelength is normally a measurement between the two nearest to
one another normal density or zero point(s) of reference.
The wave front is now released and viewed in slow motion. It is seen that each molecule
does not move forward or backward additionally with time, but remains or returns to its
original point. It only looks (apparent) like the points are moving out, but they do not.
The interval between the two zero parameters is then defined as a cycle. It is spoken and
written as cycles per second. That is a per, not a division or cyc/sec, i.e., spoken as cycles
per second.
Next, the number of these density changes per unit of time are counted. This count,
normally for a second, is defined as frequency. It is just a number, counts (cycles) per
second. This is not division. 1/t (time) is frequency or the resultant is just a number. The
“universe’s dimension” of time is totally unknown. Do not confuse that with its equation
(units) “dimension” symbol t. Hence, in reality, number of counts/number of (for the)
seconds = a number.
It appears (apparent, not real) that the movement has some length with time or as it is
called, speed. That is, the leading surface of the wave front moves through space. The
gives the appearance that the sound itself is speeding through the gas; NO. The sound is
behind the wave front and the molecules themselves do not move and have no average
speed as it is zero, i.e., the speed of sound does not exist.
Once production is started, the speed of sound inside the medium is zero. Its expansion
speed, the wave front can be calculated if the frequency and wavelength is known
(measured); vast difference.
The speed of sound can only be measured when a parameter changes within the sound
wave itself, i.e., a change in frequency, or a known predetermined start or stop etc.
Redundant; how far off a lightning strike is can be determined by measuring the time
between the flash until the thunder is heard. Further minutiae skipped.
There is then the equation that holds true for this wave:
speed = frequency x wavelength (1)
POINTS MADE:
1. A sound wave is only that linear line of molecules’ vibrations, a ray.
2. The sound wave has an amplitude.
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3. The effect of the multiple rays creates the effect of a spherical wave front or a sphere
of “sound”. That sphere is not the sound itself, only an artifact.
The next parameter is that the intensity is decreasing with time. In fact, it is following the
inverse square law as the further out the spherical wave goes, the weaker it becomes or
quieter. It can be detected by the change of the pressure the moving molecules exert.
Further minutiae skipped.
The next is a non-spherical sound wave. For brevity, consider sound through a short,
small diameter, metal rod. Striking the end with a hammer causes that molecular
movement again, albeit the displacement is much smaller. Assuming a flat blow on the
flat end of said rod, all the molecules essentially go in a straight-line ray. However, that is
not true in reality, as some of the molecules again cause the ray to diverge and some
strike the outer wall and reflect causing other effects. Never the less, the sound wave
front does speed at a fixed rate through the rod at its maximum permitted speed.
Next we go to sound within a boundary or reflected. For brevity, there will be used a
cylinder open at both ends or one closed opposite the source of the sound. It is not the
point of this discourse to discuss all of the parameters and properties of sound.
For a cylinder of a fixed length and diameter, there will be a certain frequencies that will
resonate in this cylinder. Those are the tubes hung under xylophones, door chimes, etc.
What happens is that there is (old name) a standing wave inside this tube. That is an
oxymoron. All sound waves are standing waves as none move to start with. What is being
created are standing (fixed) pressure points going from zero to maximum. The in toto
speed of this entity is zero!
It is suggested that these 3 dimensional entities be named a wave-front. (note hyphen).
Hence, there is now a standing wave-front. An alternate could be a FROZEN WAVEFRONT.
The last configuration is sound inside a hollow sphere. Consider a small source at the
center of such a sphere. Depending on the sphere’s diameter, at some frequency there will
be multiple standing wave-fronts inside. This is the oscillatory or oscillating entity.
This brings up a peculiar property of sound. Once the source starts vibrating, the sound
wave(s) hit the inside and are reflected inwards. This creates anti-spherical (artifact)
wave fronts. Or, such out and in waves creates standing wave-fronts. However, such antispherical waves can easily be produced as an entity by simply hitting the side of a
container of water, say a pan or bathtub. However, the original waves produced are
fundamental and it is the waves that then return after hitting the center that are the antiwaves.
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Simply, if the wave starts from a disturbance at the center and goes out, the return wave
is the anti wave, but if it starts from the edge and goes in, the return wave is the anti
wave! Anti-spherical waves require their own equations and are not found (hence not
taught/studied or even of their existence) in any textbooks. Further minutiae skipped.
Sound can be focused into a cone or even a columnar propagation (volumetric) shapes,
especially for ultra-high frequencies. In these cases they are not a spherical wave-front.
Further minutiae shipped.
A sound wave is one dimension(al) in propagation. It has no transverse or vertical
component itself, hence is entirely longitudinal. The other properties for sound are; they
are capable of reflection, refraction, diffraction patterns, or the bending due to a change
in the “Refractive Index”. There is no Refractive Index for sound per se. Not clear.
Should be a medium density change. It is only comparative, i.e., speed of sound in
medium 1 compared to speed of sound in adjacent medium 2 (density difference effect).
These discussions are essentially the fundamentals for sound waves.
PART 2
At this point there will be a digression to show how words used caused much confusion.
There is a word used to describe a property of a “wave”. This word is amplitude. A
change in amplitude only occurs for mechanical action when the applied force varies.
This requires a detailed explanation.
Consider a simple sine wave such as from an AC (including radio frequencies) source fed
to an oscilloscope screen to view its parameters. First there is on the screen the view of
this wave. It will have shown most of its parameters; frequency, wavelength, and the
height of the top-bottom of the wave or its troughs and crests. The base line is a
horizontal line drawn where the wave is null or neither going up or down, i.e., that zero
reference point.
First Scenario: Assuming what the observer wants to view the power input and has so
adjusted the operating parameters of the oscilloscope to show this. Then when the power
(watts) of the input is increased, the height of the crest, its amplitude, will increase or as it
is said, its observed amplitude changed, but the wavelength does not change.
Second Scenario: The oscilloscope is observing a sound wave converted (microphone
etc.) to electrical source The sound’s loudness is increased and the crest increases once
again and the amplitude changed as the power output is increased. However, when a
pressure measuring device is located a length from the source and the sound is being
recorded (say on a second channel) on the oscilloscope as a single vertical line, it will
show an increase or decrease of pressure of the moving air molecules as the loudness
(decibels) are raised or lowered and nothing else! There is no amplitude change of the
sound wave in the air itself.
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But if this line is permitted to move, then the prior observed sine wave appears and shows
this change in height. The visual amplitude on the screen is then a human controlled
artifact.
Third Scenario: There is considered a violin string or any single vibrating string.
Depending on the parameters it will resonate at fixed frequencies and that was noted at
least 22 centuries ago.
Now, back to the standing wave using a violin string. When the player puts a small
pressure on the bow that is causing the vibrations, the sound power is low. By applying
more pressure the sound increases (decibels), The amplitude of the string cycle
increases.
Fourth Scenario: We replace that string with a long thin steel wire between two plates.
We move one plate, the second fixed, back and forth a bit. The wire bows in and out or
resonates at the frequency of the force from said plates being applied. Now here comes
the main point. When the length between the plates is shortened and all other parameters
remain fixed, the AMPLITUDE of that wire increases. The system has been force fed
into an unnatural manmade entity that does not normally exist in nature. The faster
movement of that wire due to its amplitude will cause an increase in the power of the
sound output.
How common loud speakers work is the best example of how an increase change in
power causes the cone of the speaker to move faster (displacement) as it has to move a
greater length during one cycle. But, the number of times the cone moves in and out,
“frequency”, remains fixed. The cone does not have an amplitude; it has a displacement
and that is called periodic motion. The number of displacements per unit of time is not
frequency per (1). It is the repetition rate per unit of time.
OVERKILL: To be sure the readers fully understand the Third and Fourth Scenarios now
follows as a simple illustration.
For the Third Scenario consider a piston type air pump forcing air into a reservoir that has
a small hole in it to let the air out. At some low speed, the air in = air out so the pressure
is the lowest it will be. That pressure represents the intensity of the sound. Now as the
pump speeds up, more air goes in than comes out so the pressure increases and so does
the intensity. That speeding up of the pump piston represents the vibrating string that is
itself moving faster and faster to cover that “amplitude”.
For the Fourth Scenario the pump only has a small hole in its top and the length of the
stroke can be changed and the unit of time remains the same. At small strokes the
pressure is the minimum or the lowest intensity. As the stroke is lengthened the pressure
increases. Those piston strokes are identical to the wire moving faster as it causes a
greater “amplitude” in a shorter time, hence pushes out more air faster per unit of time.
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The point being made here is: In any free vibrating/oscillating system, the amplitude of
the wave itself does not change. What that word amplitude is being used for, is the power
of the energy in said wave. This dual usage is the root cause of all problems when
radiation is discussed and its effects.
There is no way to change the amplitude of the wavelength, because to do so, changes the
frequency. This was further confounded by showing in textbooks the "old shake a rope
trick" so that the side view wavelength changed and the perpendicular loops of the rope
did increase in amplitude; shame. They got mechanical confused with quantum. If one is
going to do this trick, the rope must be a bungee cord and not a rigid material.
Apparently some physics books' authors suspected this was a bum illustration and put in
that ”bungee cord”, but didn't explain why. If one affixes both ends and then causes said
bungee cord to vibrate, the wavelength and amplitude will remain the same when in
perfect resonance. When that frequency is doubled, the amplitude is decreased by onehalf. So much for that.
Now for the overkill. The infamous Hawaiian steel guitar (without manual controlled
sound amplification) is used. A string is plucked and then a steel bar is pressed down and
then slid along the string. The frequency goes up when slid forward, and reversed when
slid backward or “wobbled”. However the sound itself does not physically increase in
intensity even when the string vibrates and changes its amplitude. To the human ear it
may appear to become louder or softer, but that is not physically. Further minutiae
skipped.
The intensity of a sound wave is due to the more rapid speed of the molecules = increased
pressure and not the displacement or the amplitude as they cannot change for a given
frequency.
It cannot be stressed enough: Models are not necessarily reality. The readers should keep
this discussion in mind, as it will be discussed later in greater detail later on.
PART 3
There needs to be a separate discussion on shock waves. This is a physical entity.
Unfortunately, this word is applied to situations that are not physical in nature but
allegorical. That is, it is said or written that some act sent a shock wave through the
community. There is the visual traffic shock wave that really does not exist. Again, its
usage is allegorical. Shock waves are only associated with sound and other non-scientific
uses of the word results in confusion.
When a sound wave is created, the leading edge of the spherical wave-front has behind it
the first single cycle shock wave. All the cycles following are not technically a shock
wave. Then if a sound wave is created and the intensity of one or more cycles is
increased, that first intensified cycle constitutes a shock wave. This will be subject to
argument and requires needless minutiae.
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The next is the familiar sonic boom caused by an object, say a jet airplane, flying at faster
than the speed of sound. The air “piles up” in the leading point of the aircraft creating a
greater pressure. That is not a shock wave. When the air then starts to flow backwards,
sound is generated by this now reduced (expanding) air pressure. This results in the
identical effect of lightning suddenly heating the air and causing thunder. This sound is
then heard away from the aircraft and is called a sonic boom. It is of short duration,
actually a short pulse of sound. This short duration sound pulse is a shock wave in the
generic sense of the word. The intensity does create a rapid rise in localized air pressure
and the accompanying loud sound (noise). Further minutiae skipped.
To wrap this us, the explosion of an atomic device creates a sonic boom. This rapid rise
in pressure (over-pressure) can destroy some structures. It is not the sound itself, that
follows immediately behind, that causes any effects, but the pressure. That could result in
making a person deaf if they survive the blast and nuclear effects. It is the wind following
the blast that does most of the damage. The first over-pressure weakens the structure and
the winds following can complete the destruction or damage. Again, it is the matter of
degree so no further minutiae will be given.
A “smoke ring” (vortex) is actually a “shock wave”, but it is of a mechanical nature (has
kinetic energy) and not a sound wave itself. It only produces sound when it itself effects
the human ear. The vortex is actually a single liner “water wave” cycle that has been bent
into a circle and the ends connected.
So that all is understood, sound is not some entity. It is merely the increase and decrease
of the pressure of the medium’s atoms/molecules converted to electrical impulses (in the
ear to our brain etc.) that we humans, if not deaf, “hear with our ears” and call sound.
And that finally answers the old question, “If a tree fell etc.” resulting in the simple
answer; no.
PART 4
The next mechanical waves are surface waves. Only water waves will be used.
The surface waves in water (keeping this simple) are the result of an undulating motion
of the molecules of the water. They simply go in a circle (in a plane at right angles to
movement) in the opposite direction to start, then reverse (relative) at the halfway point,
and never advance. [The next time you go swimming in ocean waves, do a dead man’s
float and your body will go in a small circle inside said wave. Or, take some object barely
lighter than the water and release it inside the wave.] It is the contour, or the surface
itself, which appears to move. That particular wave is a two-dimensional surface. It has
length and width as observed and measured, but those points, comprising said surface,
only go up and down vertically, and do not advance. Yet, such non-movement can cause
the force, that created it, to act at a distance.
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When those molecules smash against a barrier then their circular motion is prohibited
(stopped), then exert a force. The surface movement up and down can also be used to
extract energy from this force, and hence, some effect, i.e., on a floating object as a for
instance. Any such extraction of energy, then results in the height (amplitude) of the
wave changing and its “frequency”, or its wavelength.
A simple illustration will show this action on the surface. Take a rectangular strip of
cloth, lay on a smooth surface, and insert a stick under it at right angles to the long side.
Slide this stick along the cloth. There is a hump, the wave, which appears to move along
the surface. Then replace this stick with a dowel, and roll the dowel. That rolling dowel
describes the circular movement of the water molecules in the real water wave, but the
molecules do not advance as the molecules in the dowel are so doing. To show this
standing effect, replace the dowel with a thin flat stick. Then, simply rotate this flat stick
axially in place. After one rotation, every molecule in the stick has returned back into its
original point. One point never moved at all. Note, three distinct causes, yet only one
effect at/on the surface. It takes more flat sticks, gears, chains etc. to actually make the
moving waves appear.
This two-dimensional wave is called a transverse wave. Movements of molecules are
only in an up and down direction relative to the apparent advance of the surface wave.
That apparent advance is called a longitudinal wave.
The application of these surface waves (models) are used to explain the behavior of light
waves. Such is wrong. These waves only have certain identical/joint parameters,
properties, and behavior, i.e., amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed and diffraction,
refraction, etc.
POINT MADE:
1. Sound and surface waves cannot be applied or used as true models to explain the
parameters and properties of light. They can only show some similarities that are
common to all three of these waves. Equation (1) is applicable.
PART 5
WHAT WAVES ARE NOT
Some well-meaning persons confuse periodic motion, or undulating, with a “wave”. A
moving pendulum is not a wave as it does not result in an advance. Nor is the local effect
of the tides of the ocean “waves”. They might “advance and retract” relative to the beach
or up and down a pole in the water but that is not the definition of a wave. The usage of
the word frequency, i.e., frequency of the tides or whatever, is semantically wrong
likewise.
What is being referenced to is periodic motion. This motion can be repetitious with the
identical parameters or random. The motion of the Moon and Earth is periodic motion.
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The word frequency when so applied is a misnomer. The correct word is period. Hence, a
pendulum can have a fixed period (in theory only) and tidal effects can have a non-fixed
period (high-low etc.) though they can be predetermined. Fans at a football game can do
“the wave” whose parameters vary, hence is periodic motion.
It is not deemed worthy to continue any further minutiae on this matter. Those are not
waves.
PART 6
This will be an extremely brief synopsis on the de Broglie wave. First it is misnamed.
The late Dr. Robert L. Carroll (1910-1997) surmised that its wavelength was
circumferential. That was as far as he got. The author postulated that the de Broglie wave
is a sphere so has a boundary. The sphere’s circumference is its wavelength. Therefore
there are two wavelengths for this special spherical “wave”. The diameter in any
direction is one or the normal one drawn incorrectly in references. The other is its
circumference that is used in equations.
By using pi, the equations can be transformed from one to the other and the results are
identical, i.e., Circumference/pi = wavelength. (2)
The author postulated that what is inside this sphere is oscillatory or it oscillates. As the
boundary shrinks with speed it stores the energy and does not radiate. When its speed is
fixed it does not radiate. When its speed slows down the boundary expands and light is
released. It is one of the sources of light.
The author postulated that whatever is inside the de Broglie wave is a standing wavefront. When the speed of the mass reaches “c”, then it transforms to an oscillating wave
or breaks out of its shell. Again, how and why will forever be beyond our knowledge.
It is not a wave and would require its own (vague) definition. A sphere surrounding a
moving mass that stores and releases kinetic energy by unknown means. Its wavelength is
its circumference and goes from minimum (quantum) to maximum limits that are whole
number multiples of the quantum. See NOTE.
Therefore it has a speed and a wavelength but no frequency. Two different size masses
moving at the identical speed have different de Broglie wavelengths. Therefore it does
not quality as a wave per (1) However, it too has some identical properties as it can be
reflected and refracted. Clue to “dual” nature of mass.
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PART 7
LIGHT = RADIATION
This is where the author will part company with all current theories and associated beliefs
concerning radiation. To show all of the minutiae takes hundreds of pages of proofs. The
author is only going to give the barest minimum of points with no references. We know
nothing now and probably never will exactly what is radiation.
1. Radiation has mass as proven by experiments.
2. One source of radiation is the de Broglie wave.
3. All radiation is three dimensional like the sound wave.
4. Each cycle, proven by experiments, is a sphere.
A. Each sphere’s diameter is its wavelength.
B. What is inside this sphere are the speculated electromagnetic fields.
(1) What is drawn in ALL references is the field strengths inside this
sphere; that sine wave or two at right angles etc.
(a) Therefore, the amplitude (as drawn) is one-half the wavelength.
(2) It is assumed that whatever is inside is vibrating.
C. What the parameters are inside this sphere are unknown.
5. Line spectra have a finite wavetrain length proven by experiment.
A. This wavetrain is called a ray and is per 3. Above.
(1) More rays = intensity.
(2) The power or energy stored at any finite frequency/wavelength is FIXED and
cannot be changed.
(3) The energy in one single cycle can be from one h to multiple h’s.
(4) The wavetrain can be one cycle or many. A multiple cycle wavetrain is
identical to a string of equal diameter touching spheres (beads)
(a) For continuous radiation, each adjacent sphere has a different diameter.
(b) For spectra each sphere is identical and each wavetrain has a finite number
of such spheres, no fractional spheres permitted.
B. Any one change in the frequency/wavelength or amplitude changes the other two
parameters.
6. Black Body radiation up to ionization point is continuous radiation, i.e., frequency
modulated.
7. There is a beginning and an end to frequency/wavelength.
8. Refraction resulting in diffraction (and patterns) is not due to the holes or slits. The
radiation cycle “sphere” or a mass’s de Broglie wave is passing over their edges,
refraction, due to what is inside the sphere(s).
9. The wave (wavetrain) moves in toto and has a speed.
That is why the application of sound and water waves could not be applied as
actuality, only models to partially explain the behavior of radiation.
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PART 8
The extreme difficulty in defining a “wave” can now be understood. There are,
unfortunately, always shades of gray.
There is, at least in theory not reality, what is called a “square wave”. It can have an
amplitude, but not necessarily a frequency or even a speed. It is something usually seen
on an oscilloscope screen. Simply, its parameters can be adjusted to make it a “wave” or
make it periodic motion. Therefore, it is like a hermaphrodite.
Equation (1) does not provide for any “propagation” speed. For sound it is the speed of
advance of the linear molecule effect, i.e., the rays leading point or the wave-front itself.
The wave itself does not move. For radiation, the entire wave (wavetrain) does advance
through space in toto. And that caused all the confusion in the “original” definition of a
wave. Why radiation can and does this is unknown, but without any doubt, there is no
medium “displacement” when such is moving through space.
CONCLUSION:
A wave can now be verbosity defined as:
An entity that has the parameters of speed, frequency, and wavelength that can store
energy, whose properties are reflection and refraction and move on or through a medium
without any permanent displacement of the medium itself or through space as applicable,
that can result in action at a length from its source.
Scientific: An entity that satisfies the equation: v = ν x λ. (3)
EPILOG:
All mass at all times is below the speed of light and has associated with it, its
accompanying de Broglie wave. Therefore, it depended entirely on what experiment was
being conducted as to the “nature” of a mass. Its wave form made it behave exactly as a
sound, light, or water wave. Light has mass and was proved to do so back in 1901 and
experiments by others after that. Therefore it too, can behave as a mass (Some of the
Photoelectric Effects can be just as easily be explained on light’s mechanical mass
properties.) or as a wave for refraction resulting in diffraction.
Common usage of “heat” or heating or a cooling of a mass can be perfectly explained on
the gain or loss of the kinetic energy, as a gain or loss of mass, of the mass nature of
radiation to the last known decimal place!
The answer is neither as mass OR waves. Both are conature at all times as it has both
forms at all times. It was the usage of the word “dual” that confused the issue.
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OVERKILL:
Like arguing over is a hermaphrodite a male OR female, or, is a “square wave” a wave or
not. Reductio ad absurdum. Correct answer: Cosexed or conature, i.e., conatured for
either one will likewise do.
Also, in case the readers did not understand, the Earth’s tide (not tides) itself is a
hermaphrodite as (forget the minutiae) the points comprising same do not advance etc.
This tide is fixed to space when the frame of reference (line extended through) is the Sun
center-Earth center. It has a trough and crest, varying heights, and a wavelength, but no
period and so is not a wave. One crest faces the Sun’s center and is away from the Earth’s
center. The other crest faces away from the Sun’s center and from the Earth’s center.
Both troughs are at right angles (perpendicular/transversal) to the Sun-Earth line. It is the
Earth’s rotation that causes this tide to appear to move around the Earth. That Earth’s
surface frame of reference then makes it a “wave” (shape) as it then has a period, but not
the moving wave period, vast difference in the word meaning. The Moon’s orbital
motion only causes a change in the height.
For information purposes, the waves formed when a pebble is dropped in water are called
capillary waves. This information was given to me by Dr. Matt Howard of College
Station (TAMU), TX for which he receives my thanks.
EPILOG II:
While researching for water waves in deep water, an oceanographer gave me over the
telephone a simple equation to calculate the wavelength if the period was known.
Unfortunately I misplaced it and his name. Then through the efforts of Dr. N. G. Hogg of
Woods Hole, MA, he reconstructed it for height. Apparently it is a very old one and no
longer given in oceanography text or reference books.
P is period, h is height. That gives: P2 x (0.32) = h
factor is (1.05)
in meters For height in feet, the
I found the original later buried in a pile of papers.
It is: P2 x 5.12 = wavelength.
NOTE: This is a digression, unfortunately, but of extreme importance.
That symbol “c” only has one correct definition: The maximum speed of radiation
through free space. Radiation’s speed through anything other than space is through a
medium and its speed is always less than c. Therefore, in and for all other uses, it should
be designated cm that is understood automatically to be its maximum permitted speed
through that specific medium. cm cannot be substituted for c and vice versa.
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Every particle has a de Broglie wave. Therefore, it has fixed limits as to its circumference
(wavelength). Obviously, the longest wavelength must be when any particle is going at
its smallest permitted speed where its wavelength is the numerical value of that c, to
where it is going at c the smallest wavelength. (The Theory of Relativity prohibits any
mass reaching c.) The latter calculated nonexistent value is called its Compton
Wavelength.
But, particles can be moving at a speed greater than cm and this creates a problem. The
particle must slow down (de Broglie wavelength increases) and that causes the
production of radiation called Çerenkov Radiation. This radiation has its own parameters
and properties or its own identifying “fingerprint” It has a very close relationship to the
sonic boom.
Now here is the proof that the de Broglie wave must be a sphere surrounding the moving
mass with a boundary. Those wavelengths were fixed limits and did NOT EXTEND
beyond the permissible wavelength, or that sphere’s circumference in ANY
DIRECTION. Therefore, it does not extend into space, nor does it itself
“oscillate/vibrate” and give off any known or unknown form of radiation when the mass
is moving at a steady speed or accelerating.
Its wavelength is fixed when it moves at a fixed speed. When the mass is accelerated or
speeds up, the wavelength shrinks and that stores the kinetic (as potential) energy. Again
it cannot radiate (but many falsely claim it can do so). Then when it decelerates, the
wavelength expands and the stored energy is released as radiation. Therefore, it is one
source (of at least seven sources) of radiation from any particle (mass) jumping,
synchrotron radiation, Çerenkov Radiation, etc.
Note of thanks: While corresponding with Dr. Harold Puthoff of Austin, TX, he sent me a
science paper he had written that used a shock wave in one of its figures. This brought to
my attention that I had not actually defined what a shock wave was or was not. Therefore
I added in PART 3 to cover this deficiency and for that he receives my serendipitous
thanks.
November 2003
Updated July 2006
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