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Chemistry 110
Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell
Ninth Edition
Introduction to General,
Organic and Biochemistry
Chapter 10
Organic Chemistry
Lewis and VSEPR Bonding
The Octet rule & Predicting Bond Angles
C
Carbon has 4 covalent bonds &
no unshared pairs!
N
Nitrogen has 3 covalent bonds &
one unshared pair!
O
Oxygen has 2 covalent bonds &
two unshared pairs!
Cl
Halogens have 1 covalent bond &
three unshared pairs!
If all bonds are single, angles are ~109.5E
VSEPR Model and Predicting Bond Angles
H H
H C C H
H H
ethane, 109.5
H
H
H
C C
H
H
ethylene, 120
methylamine, 109.5
H
C N
H
methanol, 109.5
H C N
H
hydrogen cyanide, 180
methyleneimine, 120
H H
H
C O
H C O H
H
acetylene, 180
H
H C N H
H H
H C C H
H
formaldehyde, 120
H C C Cl
H H
ethyl chloride, 109.5
Functional Groups
Functional Groups determine reactivity!
¾They are sites for chemical reaction. A
particular functional group undergoes the same
type of chemical reaction, in any compound!
¾They are the units by which we divide organic
compounds into classes.
¾They serve as the basis for naming organic
compounds.
Functional Groups
Functional Groups determine reactivity!
H
H
H C O H
H
methanol, 109.5
C C O H
H
a primary alcohol
the alcohol functional group
H
C C O H
C
a secondary alcohol
C
C C O H
C
a tertiary alcohol
Functional Groups
Functional Groups determine reactivity!
H
H
H C N H
C C N H
H H
H H
methyl amine, 109.5
a primary amine
the amine functional group
H
H
C C N C
C C N C
H H
H C
a secondary amine
a tertiary amine
Functional Groups
The Carbonyl Group, 120E angles
O
C
Aldehydes and Ketones
Functional Groups
Aldehydes & Ketones
O
O
C
C
Ketones
Aldehydes
H
C
C
H
O
O
O
C
C
C
H
methanal
formaldehyde
H3C
H
ethanal
acetaldehyde
H3C
CH3
propanone
acetone
dimethyl ketone
Functional Groups
The Carboxyl Group, 120E& 109E angles
O
C
O
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Functional Groups
The Carboxyl Group, 120E& 109E angles
O
-COOH
C
O
O
carboxyl group
C
O
H
C
CH3
(methyl) ester
O
O
O
H3C
acetic acid
O
O
carboxylic acid
C
-COOCH3
H
C
CH3
O
H3C
methyl acetate
Writing Chemical Formulas
H H
H C C
H H
H H
H H
C C H
H H
H C C
O H
H H
H
O
H C
C
O H
H
Lewis Structures
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2OH
CH3COOH
Condensed Structural Formulas