REVIEW LISTS FROM REA AP ART HISTORY STUDY GUIDE
Key Female Artists and Patrons
The AP Art History committee strives to construct exams that represent the contributions of prominent female artists and patrons. Most tests have
included two or three multiple-choice questions on female artists and patrons. In addition, exams have almost always contained at least one slide-based
multiple-choice question or short essay devoted to the work of a female artist. The following list briefly identifies the most important female artists and
patrons from Ancient Egypt to the present.
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Hatshepsut (ruler of Egypt from 1473--1458 BCE)
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First great female ruler whose name has been recorded
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Built a famous mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri
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Painted reliefs in Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple constitute the first great
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tribute to a woman's achievement in history or art
Nefertiti (queen from approximately 1348-1336 BCE)
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Akhenaton's queen
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Reigned during the New Kingdom
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Famous painted limestone bust is a good example of the naturalistic Amarna style
Theodora (500-548 CE)
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Justinian's empress
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One of the most remarkable women of the Middle Ages
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Portrayed leading a procession in a famous mosaic in San Vitale, Ravenna
Isabella d'Este (1479-1539)
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Daughter of the duke of Ferrara and wife of Francesco Gonzaga, marquis of Mantua
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Most important female patron during the Renaissance
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Subject of a famous portrait by Titian
Sofonisba Anguissola (1527-1625)
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Renowned for painting informal and charming group portraits
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Court painter to Philip II of Spain
Caterina van Hemessen (1528-1587)
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Flemish artist
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Painted the first known northern European self-portrait by a woman
LavmaTeerlmg(1515-1576)
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Flemish artist
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Best known for her life-size portrait of Queen Elizabeth I
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653)
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Baroque artist
– A Caravaggista, or follower of Caravaggio
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Best known for painting several versions of Judith slaying the Assyrian general Holofernes
Marie de'Medici (1573-1642)
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Wife of Henry IV, the first of the Bourbon kings of France
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Commissioned Rubens to paint a series of monumental paintings glorifying her career
Judith Leyster (1609-1660)
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Dutch Baroque artist who developed a thriving career as a portraitist
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Influenced by Hals
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Her famous Self-Portrait demonstrates her skill and status
Rachel Ruysch( 1663-1750)
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Dutch Baroque artist
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Renowned for her detailed floral paintings
Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun (1-755-1842)
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Famous for her portraits of Mane Antoinette
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One of the few women admitted into the French Royal Academy
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Contemporary of Adelaide LabilIe-Guiard
Adelaide Labille-Guiard (1749-1803)
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Famous for her portraits of French sri-'tc"^-01--:
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One of the few women admitted into the French Royal Academy
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Contemporary of Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun
Angelica Kauffmann (1741-1807)
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Neoclassical artist
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Best known for her panning titled Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi (or Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures)
Edmonia Lewis (1845-1909)
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African American Neoclassical sculptor
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Best known for her sculpture Forever Free, depicting freed African American slaves
Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)
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One of the most famous portrait photographers in Victorian England
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Known for images with a slightly blurred focus
17. Rosa Bonbeur (1822-1899)
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The most celebrated woman artist of the nineteenth century
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Famous for her realistic paintings of animals
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The Horse Fair is her most famous work
18. Gertrude Kasebier (1852-1934)
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American photographer
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Famous for photographs with symbolic themes
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Blessed Art Thou Among Women is her most famous photograph
19. Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
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Impressionist artist
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Married Manet's brother and often posed for Manet
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Praised for the grace and delicacy other work
20. Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)
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American impressionist
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Exhibited regularly with the Impressionists
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Best known for her portraits showing the relationship between mother and child
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Influenced by Degas and Japanese woodblock prints
21. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946)
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Important patron of Picasso, Matisse, and other avant-garde artists living in Paris
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Subject of an important portrait by Picasso
22. Hannah Hoch (1889-1978)
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Dada artist
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Known for her photomontages
23. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986)
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American Precisionist
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Best known for her detailed paintings of flowers and bones
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O'Keefe simplified her subjects almost to the point of complete abstraction
24. Kathe Kollwitz (1867-1945)
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German Expressionist
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Best known for her poignant depictions of grief and loss
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Worked in a variety of printmaking techniques, including woodcut lithography, and etching
25. Meret Oppenheim (1913-1985)
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Surrealist artist
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Best known for Object (or Le Dejeuner en fourure), a fur-lined teacup
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inspired by a conversation with Picasso
26. Frida KahIo (1907-1954)
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Mexican Surrealist artist
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Married to muralist Diego Rivera
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Best known for her series of self-portraits
27. Barbara Hepworth (1903-1975)
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Influenced by Brancusi's dictum that sculptors should strive to represent the essence of things
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Oval Sculpture is her most famous work
28. Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)
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Preeminent American photographer of the Great Depression
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Most famous picture is Migrant Mother
29. Helen Frankenthaler (1928-present)
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A Post-Painterly Abstractionist
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Best known for her color field paintings
30. Maya Lin(1960-present)
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Minimalist sculptor
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Best known for designing the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.
31. Louise Nevelson (1899-1988)
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American sculptor
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Best known for creating assemblages—artworks constructed from existing objects
32. Audrey Flack (1931-present)
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American Superrealist
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Most famous work is Marilyn
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Marilyn can be compared with Dutch vanitas paintings
Key Figures in American Art
Beginning with the Neoclassical architecture of Thomas Jefferson, American artists, sculptors, and architects have played a prominent role in
most artistic styles. This has been particularly true in architecture and in twentieth-century art. Indeed, American artists have played a dominant role in
artistic trends since the advent of Abstract Expressionism in 1950.
Most AP Art History exams now have five to six multiple-choice questions devoted to American artists. In addition, there have been seven slidebased multiple-choice questions and five short essay questions since 1999. Our list briefly identifies key figures in American art from Thomas Jefferson to
the present.
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Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
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Spearheaded movement to adopt Neoclassicism as a national architecture
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Designed Monticello, influenced by the Villa Rotunda and Chiswick House
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Designed the Virginia State Capitol, influenced by a Roman temple in Nimes in southern France
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Designed the rotunda at the University of Virginia, influenced by the Pantheon in Rome
Edmonia Lewis (1845-1909)
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African American Neoclassical sculptor
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Best known for Forever Free. depicting freed African American slaves
Thomas Cole (1801-1848)
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Leader of the Hudson River School
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Famous for his landscape paintings featuring the unspoiled woods and valleys of the Hudson River
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Best known for The Oxbow
Winslow Homer (1836—1910)
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American Realist
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Best known for his drawings of the Civil War and paintings of the sea
Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)
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Preeminent American Realist
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Famous for his portraits and genre paintings
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Best known for The Gross Clinic
Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)
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Realist photographer
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Best known for his photographic studies of sequential motion
John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)
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American Realist
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Best known for his fashionable portraits of leading figures in Europe and America
Henry Osswa Tanner (1859-1937)
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Realist artist who studied with Eakins
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African American artist
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Works feature dignified portraits of ordinary people
Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)
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American Impressionist
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Exhibited regularly with the impressionists
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Best known for her portraits showing the relationship between a mother and her children
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Influenced by Degas and Japanese prints
Louis Sullivan (1856—1924)
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Called the first truly modern architect
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Renowned for his dictum that, “form follows function”
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His synthesis of industrial structure and ornamentation perfectly expressed the spirit of late nineteenth-century commerce
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Best known for designing the Guaranty (Prudential) Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Carson, Pirie, Scott Building in
Chicago, Illinois
John Sloan (1871-]951)
– Leading member of the Ashcan School
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Captured the social realities of American urban life in the early 1900s
Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946)
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Established the "291" Gallery to promote avant-garde art
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Renowned photographer and organizer of photographic exhibits
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Best known for The Steerage, a work showing immigrants returning to Europe in the second-class lower decks of a luxury liner
Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986)
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American Precisionist
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Best known for her detailed paintings of flowers
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O'Keeffe simplified the form of her flowers almost to the point of complete abstraction
Aaron Douglas (1898-1979)
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Leading artist in the Harlem Renaissance
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Influenced by Synthetic Cubism
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
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Considered by many America's greatest architect
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Believed there should be an organic or harmonious relationship between a building and its site
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Incorporated concrete cantilevers into his homes
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Believed that the hearth should be the core of a home
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Best-known works include the Robie House in Chicago as well as Falling water in Bear Run, Pennsylvania
Alexander Calder (1898-1976)
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Fascinated by motion
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Invented mobiles—delicately balanced sculpture with movable parts set in motion by air currents
Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)
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Preeminent American photographer of the Great Depression
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Most famous picture is Migrant Mother
18. Edward Hopper (1882-1967)
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Paintings portray the loneliness and isolation of life in the United Slates
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Best known for Nighthawks, a haunting portrait of urban alienation
19. Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)
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Works focus on the culture and history of African Americans
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Best known for The Migration of the Negro, a sixty-painting series depicting the exodus of black labor from the southern United
States
20. Grant Wood (1891-1942)
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American Regionalist
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Works focus on rural scenes in Iowa
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Best known for American Gothic
21. Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975)
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American Regionalist
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Works focus on life in Missouri
22. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)
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Leading Abstract Expressionist artist
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Works exemplify gestural abstraction
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Best-known action paintings include Lavender Mist and Autumn Rhythm: Number 30
23. Barnett Newman (1905-1970)
– Work exemplifies chromatic abstraction
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Works often include narrow bands called zips
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Best known for Vir Heroicus Sublimis (Heroic Sublime Man)
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Newman used abstraction to convey metaphorical meaning
24. Mark Rothko (1903-1970)
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Work exemplifies chromatic abstraction
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Best known for creating works with two or three large rectangles of pure color that seem to float on the canvas
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Used abstraction to convey metaphorical meaning
25. Ellsworth Kelly (1923-Present)
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Hard Edge artist
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Works feature clearly delineated shapes with razor-sharp edges
26. Frank Stella (1936-Present)
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Hard Edge artist
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Images often include evenly spaced pinstripes
27. Helen Frankenthaler (1928-Present)
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A Post-Painterly Abstractionist artist
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Best known for her color field paintings
28. David Smith (1906—1965)
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Best known for his Cubi series of balanced stainless steel cubes and cylinders
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Although cantilevered into space, the squares and rectangles convey a sense of poised balance
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Smith's work had a strong influence on the Minimalists
29. Donald Judd (1928-1994)
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Minimalist sculptor
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Best known for machine-made stainless steel, Plexiglas, and plywood boxes arranged in horizontal or vertical rows on walls
30. Maya Ying Lin (1960-Present)
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Minimalist sculptor
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Best known for designing the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.
31. Louise Nevelson (l899~l988)
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Known for creating assemblages—artworks constructed from exists objects
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Best known assemblages include Sky Cathedral and Tropical Garden
32. Romare Bearden (1911-1988)
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Influenced by Cubism
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Best known for photocollages that depict aspects of the African American experience
33. Jasper Johns (1930-Present)
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Pop artist
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Works such as Flag have highly textured surfaces resulting from John's use of encaustic
34. Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997)
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Leading Pop artist
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Selected many scenes from romance comic books
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Works often include benday dots—a printing technique that involves the modulation of color through the placement of
individual colored dots
35. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)
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Leading Pop artist
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Renowned for Pop Art images of consumer goods such as Coke bottles and celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe
36. Claes Oldenburg (1929—present)
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Pop sculptor
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Known for large works of ordinary objects such as spoons, clothespins, and baseball bats
37. Audrey Flack (1931-Present)
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Leading Superrealist
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Most famous work is Marilyn
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Marilyn can be compared with Dutch vanitas paintings
38. Duane Hanson (1925-1996)
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Superrealist sculptor
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Known for sculptures that depict stereotypical average Americans
39. Robert Smithson (1938-1973)
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Leading Environmental or Earth anis
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Best known for Spiral Jetty, a mammoth coil of black basalt, limestone rocks, and earth that extends into the Great Salt Lake in
Utah
40. Frank Gehry (1929-Present)
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Deconstructivist architect
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Designed the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, which is renowned for its dramatic titanium-clad exterior
Key Points about Art Beyond the European Tradition
It is very important to understand what the AP Art History committee means by “art beyond the European tradition." According to the Art
History Course Description booklet, artworks from the ancient Near East, Egypt, and Middle East are considered to be beyond the European tradition.
This test review book provides comprehensive chapters on each of those topics.
Not covered by this book are Africa (other than Egypt), the Americas, and Asia as the remaining areas that are beyond the European tradition.
These cultures created a vast amount of art that could easily generate a full exam, but so far, have not. Previous AP Art History exams have typically
included just three to five multiple choice questions on these three cultural areas. In addition, students must use an example of art from beyond the
European tradition to illustrate one of the 25-point essay questions. It is important to remember that you can use examples from the ancient Near East,
Egypt, and Middle East to illustrate your answer to that question.
From a purely pragmatic point of view, we recommend that you spend only a modest amount of time reviewing art from Africa (other than
Egypt), the Americas, and Asia. Five multiple-choice questions are only worth 3.5 of the 200 points on your exam. The following list of key points is not
intended to be a comprehensive review of art beyond the European tradition. It is, however, a reasonably complete list of key points asked on recent
exams.
Native Arts of the Americas before 1500
– The OImecs are best known for carving colossal basalt heads of their rulers.
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Codices and large narrative murals are the most important forms of painting found in ancient Mesoamerica.
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The Toltecs erected colossal atlantids. An atlantid is a male statue-column.
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The Mississippians constructed effigy mounds built in the form of animals and birds. The Serpent Mound is an effigy mound located in
Ohio.
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The Anasazi constructed impressive pueblos in the Chaco Canyon and at Mesa Verde. A pueblo is a communal multistoried dwelling
made of stone or adobe brick.
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At their height in 1500, Aztec and Incan empires were contemporary to Renaissance Europe.
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Mexican Muralists (Twentieth Century)
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Jose Clemente Orozco (1883-1949) painted public murals that depicted scenes from Mexican history. One of his finest mural cycles.
The Epic of American Civilization: Hispano-American, is located in the Baker Library at Dartmouth College.
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Diego Rivera (1886-1957) also achieved great renown for painting large public murals depicting scenes from Mexican history.
Benin Art (Africa)
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Located in what is now Nigeria, the Benin Kingdom thrived between 1400 and 1897. A long line of Obas, or kings, decorated their
palace columns with bronze plaques and commemorative busts.
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Cast in bronze, commemorative busts adorned shrines dedicated to the Obas' ancestors. The heads are idealized representations of
Benin rulers rather than idealized portraits of the deceased.
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The Obas sometimes wore ivory pendant masks. One famous example is believed to represent the queen mother. The oba may have
worn the mask at rites commemorating his mother.
Buddhist and Hindu Art
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When the Hindu god Shiva appears in human form, he frequently has four arms. The Dancing Shiva is the most widely known sculpted
image of Shiva.
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A stupa is a large, mound-shaped Buddhist reliquary shrine.
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In Buddhist and Hindu iconography, a mudra is a stylized and symbolic hand gesture.
Chinese Art
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A pagoda is a Chinese tower, usually associated with a Buddhist temple. It has a multiplicity of winged eaves, thought to be derived from
the Indian stupa.
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Ink was the favorite medium used to paint Chinese hand scrolls.
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Calligraphy, or the art of writing, was (and still is) highly esteemed in China.
Japanese Art
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Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) and Utagawa Hiroshige (1797-1858) were Japan's greatest woodblock artists.
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The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai is a woodblock print.
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Japanese woodblock prints featured areas of flat color and cropped edges.
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Japanese woodblock prints influenced Impressionists such as Manet and Cassatt and Post-Impressionists such as Van Gogh and Gauguin.
Fifty Terms You Absolutely, Positively Have to Know
Art historians use a large number of terms to describe works of art. The glossaries of most art history texts contain between seven hundred
and eight hundred terms. Fortunately, the AP Art History exam will not cover all those terms. This chapter provides you with a list of the fifty terms that
are most frequently included on exams and therefore most important for you to know. Because these terms are used in multiple-choice questions, you do
not have to memorize the definitions. Instead, read over the list, and familiarize yourself with each term. Once again, remember: Familiarize, Don't
Memorize!
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Pylon: A pair of truncated, pyramidal towers flanking the entrance to an Egyptian temple. The Temple of Horus at Edfu has a particularly
well-preserved pylon entrance.
Hypostyle: A hall with a roof supported by rows of columns. The Temple of Amon-Re at Karnak has an enormous hypostyle hall.
Hierarchical scale: The representation of more important figures as larger than less important ones. The sculptor who carved the Victory
Stele of Narim-Sin used hierarchical scale to indicate Narim-Sin's lofty status.
Register: One of a series of rows in a pictorial narrative. For excellent examples of registers, see the Standard of Ur and the Palette of
King Narmer.
Repousse: A technique in which a relief is formed on the front by hammering a metal plate from the back. The funerary masks
discovered at Mycenae were created using the repousse technique.
Corbelled vault: A vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an
arch. The Lion's Gate at Mycenae provides an excellent example of a corbelled vault and a relieving triangle.
Kouros: An Archaic Greek statue of a standing nude male.
Kore: An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, draped female.
Caryatid: A column carved to represent a woman. The Erechtheum is famous for its porch of caryatids.
Pediment: In Classical architecture, the triangular section of a temple roof often decorated with sculpture.
Entablature: In Classical architecture, the part of a building above the columns and below the roof. The entablature of a Classical temple
includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
Contrapposto: The relaxed natural pose, or "weight shift," first introduced in Greek sculpture in 480 BCE. First used in Kritios Boy,
contrapposto separates Classical from Archaic Greek statuary.
Frieze: In Classical architecture, a frieze is a continuous horizontal band of sculptural decoration. The Ionic frieze in the Parthenon
depicts the Panathenaic Procession.
Mosaic: Images composed of small pieces of colored glass or stone. The Alexander Mosaic shows Alexander me Great pursuing Darius III
at the Battle of Issus. The Romans often used mosaics to decorate their floors,
Voussoir: A wedge-shaped block used in the construction of a true arch. The central voussoir, which sets the arch, is called the
keystone.
Pendentive: The concave triangular section of a vault that forms the transition between a square or polygonal space and the circular base
of a dome.
Pendentives, or dome supports, enabled Byzantine architects to construct the dome for Hagia Sophia.
Iconoclasm: A movement in the Byzantine Empire that favored banning and destroying images. The destroyers of images were known as
iconoclasts.
Encaustic: A painting technique m which pigment is mixed with wax and applied 10 the surface while hot. Sixth- and seventh-century
Byzantine artists used encaustic to create panel paintings. Interestingly, Jasper Johns used encaustic in his famous painting titled Flag.
Enamel: A technique in which powdered glass is applied to a metal surface in a decorative design.
Mihrab: A semicircular niche set into the qibla wall of a mosque.
Westwork: The facade and towers at the western end of a medieval church, principally in Germany.
Ambulatory: The passageway around the apse and choir of a church. The ambulatory was originally a feature of Romanesque churches
that developed in connection with their use as pilgrimage centers.
Tympanum: The lunette-shaped space above the portals of Romanesque and Gothic churches.
Clerestory: A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.
Barrel vault: A vault is a roof or ceiling. A barrel vault is in effect a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches. Roman architects
used barrel vaults in the construction of the Colosseum and me Baths of Caracalla. Barrel vaults are one of the characteristic features of
Romanesque churches.
Groin vault: Vault formed at the point at which two ban-el vaults intersect at right angles. Groin vaults are one of the characteristic
features of Gothic cathedrals.
Crypt: A vaulted space usually located under the apse of a church, Because a crypt is wholly or partly underground, it is not found in the
nave elevation of a church
Vellum: Calfskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting. The Lindisfarne Gospels use tempera on vellum, and the calendar pictures of
Les Tres Riches Heures use ink on vellum.
Diptych: A two-paneled painting or altarpiece. The Melun Diptych by Jean Fouquet is a famous example of a diptych.
Triptych: A three-paneled painting or altarpiece. Famous examples of triptychs include the Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymous
Bosch, the Merode Altarpiece by Robert Campin, and the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes.
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Predella: The painted or sculpted lower portion of an altarpiece that relates to the subjects of the upper portion.
Chiaroscuro: In drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially by gradations of light that produce the effect of
mottling. Masaccio demonstrated his mastery of chiaroscuro in the Tribute Money.
Cartoon: In painting, a full-size preliminary drawing from which a painting is made. Da Vinci's Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant
Saint John is a famous example of a cartoon.
Ecorche: A figure painted or sculpted to show the muscles of the body as if without skin. Pollaiuolo's Baltic of the Ten Nudes is a famous
example of an engraving that uses ecorche.
Orthogonal: A line imagined to be behind and perpendicular to the picture plane. The orthogonals in a painting appear to recede toward
a vanishing point. The orthogonal s can be clearly seen in Perugino's Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom.
Intaglio: A graphic technique in which the design is incised, or scratched, on a metal plate, either manually (engraving) or chemically
(etching). The incised lines of the design take the ink, making this the reverse of the woodcut technique.
Impasto: Technique in which the artist applies thick layers of oil paint. Both Rembrandt and Van Gogh used impasto m their works.
Japonisme: The French fascination with all things Japanese. Japonisme emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century. The
Impressionists and Post-Impressionists were particularly impressed with the use of bold contour lines, flat areas of color, and cropped
edges in Japanese woodblock prints.
Avant-garde: Late nineteenth- and twentieth-century artists whose work emphasized innovation and challenged established conventions.
Bauhaus: A school of architecture in Germany in the 1920s under the leadership of Walter Gropius.
Ready-made: An ordinary object that, when an artist gives it a new context and title, is transformed into an art object. Ready-mades
were important features of the Dada and Surrealism movements of the early twentieth century. Marcel Duchamp's Fountain is a famous
example of a ready-made.
Cantilever: A beam or structure that is anchored at one end and projects horizontally beyond its vertical support. In Falling water, Frank
Lloyd Wright made a particularly dramatic use of cantilevers.
Biomorphic: An adjective used to describe forms that resemble or suggest shapes found in nature. Biomorphs are therefore not abstract
shapes. An excellent example of a work that uses biomorphs is Painting and Composition by Joan Miro.
Assemblage: An artwork constructed from existing objects. Louise Nevelson is famous for creating assemblages such as Sky Tower and
Tropical Garden.
Photomontage: A composition made by pasting together pictures or parts of pictures, especially photographs. Also called a
photocollage. Hannah Hoch and Romare Bearden created noteworthy examples of photomontages.
Stupa: A large, mound-shaped Buddhist shrine.
Pagoda: A multistoried Chinese tower, usually associated with a Buddhist temple, having a multiplicity of projecting eaves.
Pueblo: A communal multistoried dwelling made of stone or adobe brick by the Native Americans of the Southwest. The Cliff Palace at
Mesa Verde is an excellent example of a pueblo.
Mudrah: In Buddhist and Hindu iconography, a stylized and symbolic hand gesture.
Ukiyo-e: Japanese for "pictures of the floating world." A style of Japanese genre painting that influenced nineteenth-century Western art.
Our Top Picks
Art history textbooks are usually more than a thousand pages long. Theoretically, any image or fact could be on the AP Art History exam.
Fortunately, the exam committee focuses on key facts and works of art. Here are the key facts and works of art that are our top picks. Good luck!
Our Top Ten Sculptures
1. Bust of Nefertiti
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A painted limestone bust
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Carved in the Amarna style
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Created during the New Kingdom of Egypt
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Nefertiti was one of Akhenaton's queens
2. Doryphoros
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Carved by Polykleitos
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Best described as depicting an ideal athlete or warrior
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Originally known as the Canon because it epitomized the ideal proportions of Classical Greek sculpture
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Excellent example of contrapposto
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Dates to between 450 and 440 BCE
3. Statue of Augustus from Primaporta
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Pose is based on the Doryphoros
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Illustrates Roman use of art as propaganda
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Presents the image of a godlike leader who never aged
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Breastplate depicts the return of a Roman military standard
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Cupid reminds us of Augustus' divine ancestory
4. Tetrarchs
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Originally in Constantinople, now in Saint Mark's, Venice
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Portrays the four Roman rulers of the tetrarchy
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Drapery is schematic, and bodies are shapeless
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Faces are emotionless masks
5. Gero Crucifix
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Commissioned by Archbishop Gero
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Style is Ottoman
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Carved in oak and then painted and gilded
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Six-foot-tall image of Christ nailed to the cross is both a statue and a reliquary
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Powerful image that emphasizes Christ's suffering
6. Nymph and Satyr
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Carved by Clodion
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Style is Rococo
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Standing just under 2 feet high, illustrates the Rococo penchant for small works
7. Forever Free
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Carved by Edmonia Lewis
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Style is Neoclassic
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Depicts freed African American slaves
8. George Washington
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Carved by Jean-Antoine Houdon
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Style is Neoclassic
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Natural contrapposto pose
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Washington wears a general's uniform, but the sword, no longer needed in peacetime, is suspended from a bundle of thirteen rods,
one for each of the original states
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Plow behind his feet symbolizes peace
9. Jaguar Devouring a Hare
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Sculpted by Antoine-Louis Barye
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Style is Romantic
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Demonstrates the Romantic interest in strong emotion and untamed nature
10. Ivory Belt Mask of a Queen Mother
– Commissioned by Oba Esigie, the Benin king who ruled from 1504 to 1550
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The mask probably represents the queen mother, Idia
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Made of ivory
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Heads are symbolic references to Benin's trade and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese
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The mudfish are symbolic references to Olokun, god of the sea, wealth, and creativity
Our Top Ten Works of Architecture
1. Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
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Designed by Imhotep
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Imhotep is the first named artist in recorded history
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Built during the Old Kingdom
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Located at Saqqara
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Composed of a series of mastabas of diminishing size
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A tomb, not a temple platform
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Deigned to protect Djoser's mummy and symbolize his power
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All columns in the Saqqara complex are engaged or attached. Still, this marks the first appearance of columns in the history of
architecture.
2. Parthenon
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Commissioned by Pericles
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Centerpiece of a massive building project on the Acropolis
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Doric temple designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates
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Sculptural program designed and supervised by Phidias
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Temple dedicated to Athena and celebrates wisdom
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Contains Doric metopes and an Ionic frieze depicting the Panathenaic Procession
3. Arch of Titus
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Product of imperial Rome
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Relief sculptures celebrate Roman military victories
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Shows Romans carrying the seven-branched menorah from the Temple in Jerusalem
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Spandrels contain figures representing Victory, known in Greek as Nike
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Arch was placed on the Sacred Way into the Forum Romana
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Admired by Napoleon, who used it as the model for the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
4. Pantheon
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Temple dedicated to all the gods
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One of the best-preserved buildings of antiquity
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Traditional front portico
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Rotunda consisting of a drum and a dome
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Dome is a huge hemisphere 142 feet high and 142 feet in diameter
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Dome's weight was lessened through the use of coffers, or sunken decorative panels
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Round opening or oculus allows light to enter the building
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Influenced Palladio's design for the Villa Rotunda
5. San Vitale, Ravenna
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Built during the reign of Justinian
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Plan is best described as centralized
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Odd angle of the narthex has never been explained
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Contains the most complete collection of surviving Byzantine mosaics,
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including mosaics depicting Justinian and Theodora
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Design of San Vitale influenced the design of the Palatine Chapel of
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Charlemagne
6. Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
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Style is Late Gothic
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Served as Siena's town hall and thus the city’s secular center
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Tower served as a fortified lookout
7. Sant' Andrea, Mantua
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Commissioned by Ludovico Gonzaga
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Designed by Alberti
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Facade pilasters run uninterrupted through three stories in an early application of the colossal or giant order later used by
Michelangelo
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Facade also includes a triumphal arch derived from Roman arches
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Pilasters and an arch support a classically inspired pediment
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Facade's height and width are equal
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Interior barrel vault may have been inspired by the ruined Basilica Nova of Constantine
8. Villa Rotunda
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Designed by Palladio
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A country villa
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Had a significant influence on Neoclassical architects
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Strongly influenced the design of Chiswick House
9. Casa Mila, Barcelona
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Designed by Antonio Gaudi
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Style is Art Nouveau
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Building is an apartment house
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Rough surface of the stone walls suggests naturally worn rock
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Gaudi's passionate naturalism inspired Expressionist painting and sculpture
10. Robie House, Chicago
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Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
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Fulfills Wright's dictum that a building should be an organic part of its environment
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Uses dramatic cantilevers
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Rooms are grouped around a huge central fireplace
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Illustrates Wright's naturalism—his adjustment of a building to its site
Our Top Ten Paintings and Engravings
1. Carpet Page from (he Lindisfarne Gospels
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Style is Hiberno-Saxon
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Work is tempera on vellum
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Produced by monks for devotional worship
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Called a carpet page because it resembles a beautiful carpet
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Features intricate interlace patterns
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The interlaced patterns are based on earlier Celtic metalwork
2. Merode Altarpiece
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Painted by Robert Campin, the Master of Flemalle, during Flemish Renaissance
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Work is a triptych
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Subject is the Annunciation
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Campin makes extensive use of disguised symbols
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During the time in which the Merode Altarpiece was painted, patronage shifted from ecclesiastical patrons to private donors
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The couple portrayed on the left wing are the donors
3. Battle of the Ten Nudes
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Pollaiuolo is the graphic artist
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Medium is engraving
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Focus is on the human figure in action
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Pollaiuolo's figures are so lean and muscular that they appear ecorche—as if without skin
4. The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus
– Drawn by Leonardo Da Vinci
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Demonstrates Leonardo's interest in the scientific study of anatomy
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Drawing is from Leonardo's extensive collection of notebooks
5. School of Athens
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Commissioned by Pope Julius II
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Painted by Raphael
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Work is a fresco
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Raphael was trained by Perugino
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Work expresses Neoplatonic ideas
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Work includes a self-portrait
6. The Fall of Man
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Durer is a German graphic artist who worked in engraving
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Engraving enabled artists to create multiple copies of a work
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Durer was the first Northern Renaissance artist to fully absorb the innovations of the. Italian Renaissance
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Ideal human forms of Adam and Eve are based on Classical models Durer studied during his trips to Italy
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Durer's distinctive signature is a Renaissance trademark
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Detailed forest is clearly Northern Renaissance
7. Arrival of Mane de' Medici at Marseilles
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Commissioned by Marie de' Medici
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Painted by Rubens
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Part of a series of twenty-one huge historical-allegorical paintings
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Style is Flemish Baroque
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Rubens also painted landscapes, portraits, and ceiling paintings
8. The Nightmare
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Painting is by Henri Fuseli
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Style is Romantic
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Artist is interested in human psychology
9. The Great Wave of Kanagawa
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Graphic artist is Katsushika Hokusai
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Work is a woodblock print
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Created during the Edo period
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Part of a series thirty-six prints
10. The Migration of the Negro
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Part of a series of sixty paintings by Jacob Lawrence
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Paintings in this series show the influence of Cubism
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Artist uses expressive colors and rhythmic patterns
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Paintings depict the northward migration of African Americans after World War l
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Lawrence's interest in social justice for everyday people places him in the tradition of artists such as Honore Daumier
Our Top Ten Key Facts
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Early Christian figures are usually carved from ivory.
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Pietro Cavallini's Seated Apostles influenced Giotto.
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Louis Le Nain's paintings of peasants are most similar to those of Breugel the Elder.
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A cartoon is a full-scale sketch.
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Michelangelo's Moses was intended to be part of the tomb of Pope Julius II,
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Annibale Carracci's ceiling fresco titled Loves of the Gods was influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling.
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Antonio Canova was a Neoclassical sculptor who was especially popular during the early 1800s.
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The Pre-Raphaelites worked in England during the second half of the nineteenth century.
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Chemist Michel-Eugene Chevreul's color theories had an important influence on the work of Seurat and other Post-Impressionists.
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The Dinner Party by Judy Chicago is a multimedia work designed to educate viewers about women's role in history.
Our Top Five Topics for the Free-Response Question Requiring Students to Incorporate at
Least One Example of Art Beyond the European Tradition
Works of art that have a healing function:
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Matthias Grunwald, Isenheim Altarpiece
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Nail Figure, Knisi Nkonde, Kongo
Sculptures that depict ordinary people in genre scenes:
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Hellenistic, Old Market Woman
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Duane Hansen, Tourists
Landscapes based on views of mountains:
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Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire
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Hokusai, The Great Wave off Kanagawa
Monuments that are funerary works of art:
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Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial
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Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput
Works of art that express war in a highly expressive, symbolic way:
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Picasso, Guernica
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Victory Stele of Naram-Sin