Mexico City
THE FACTS
City: Mexico City (Federal District)
Major Cities: Azcapotzalco, Benito Juárez, Coyoacán,
Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Cuauhtémoc, Gustavo A.
Madero, Iztacalco, Iztapalapa, Magdalena Contreras,
Miguel Hidalgo, Milpa Alta, Álvaro Obregón, Tláhuac,
Tlalpan, Venustiano Carranza, Xochimilco, Tizayuca
(Since 2005, there are also 40 other conurbation
municipalities of the State of Mexico that, along with
the aforementioned, make up what is referred to as
La Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. This
report refers only to the part of Mexico City known
as the Distrito Federal)
Country: Mexico
Population: 8,851,080 (2010) 19,463,000 estimated as of 2012
Source: Largets UrbanAreas in the World: Megacities (Table 1) New Geography
http://www.newgeography.com/content/002808-world-urban-areas-population-and-density-a-2012-update
Population Density: 5,920/km2 (2010) 9,500 estimated as of 2012 Source:
Largest Urban Areas in the World: Megacities (Table 1) New Geography
http://www.newgeography.com/content/002808-world-urban-areas-population-and-density-a-2012-update
Sex Profile:
Male: 4,233,783 (47.8%)
Female: 4,617,297 (52.2%) (2010)
Ratio: 91.7 M : 100F
Governance Structure: Mayor/Municipal President who is voted in by
election. Mayors work alongside indirectly elected municipal councils.
ECONOMY AND LABOUR FORCE
Occupational Typology (C/S/W): 12.5%i / 28.6%ii / 55.0%
Top Employers:
Major industries
Tourism
Manufacture of auto parts, food products, electrical equipment, electronics, machine
tools, and heavy machinery
Auto Manufacturers
Nissan
General Motors
Volkswagen
Electronics Manufacturers
Sony Ericsson
Samsung
Other
Cemex
Bimbo
America Movil (which is a Fortune 500 company dominating Latin America)
Wal-Mart de Mexico (Mexico’s largest retailer and biggest private employer with
2,138 in 2012, and has over 238,000 employees in Mexico and Central America.)
Age Profile:
Years
Population
Share
0–14
1,982,642
22.4%
15–59
5,841,712
66.0%
60+
1,026,725
11.6%
Mexico City
Labour Force Distribution by Sector:
Civilian employment in Mexico: Breakdown by employment for 2009
Branch of Activity
Total
Proportion of Total
5,557, 000
12.9%
Mining and quarrying
196,000
0.50%
Manufacturing
7,177,000
16.7%
Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing
Electricity, gas and water
229,000
0.50%
Construction
3,500,000
8.13%
Wholesale and retail trade; restaurants and hotels
12,105,000
28.1%
Transport, storage and communications
2,032,000
4.72%
Financing, insurance, real estate, and business services
2,648,000
6.15%
Community, social, and personal services
9,300,000
21.6%
303,000
0.70%
43,047,000
100%
Activities not adequately defined
Total
Mexico City: Distribution of occupied population according to major economic activities for 2000
Branch of Activity
Total
Proportion of Total
Primary
0.5%
12.9%
Secondary
26.8%
0.5%
Distribution Services (Trade and Transport)
28.2%
16.7%
8.7%
0.5%
Producer Services
Social Services
16.3%
8.1%
Personal Services
20.4%
28.1%
GDP: US$201,869M (2010), US$18,381 per capita (2005), US$411.4 billion (2012), US$19,940 (2012)
Source: Global Metro Monitor, The Brookings Institution (http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3)
Economic Growth Rate: The Mexican economic growth rate in 2011 was 3.9%, and is expected
to be between 3% and 4% for 2012.
Mexico City’s Composting Project
Mexico City generates 12,600 tons of trash on a daily basis.
In an effort to discover alternative ways of disposal, Mayor
Marcelo Ebrard has closed down Bordo Poniente, a massive landfill in the city, to develop a composting plant. Bordo
Poniente was a 927-acre landfill held, that released about 72
million tons of trash and that releases about 2 million tons of
carbon dioxide into the air annually. The Mayor’s initiative to
better manage the city’s waste management began in late
2011 with the closing of the landfill and was accompanied
by an announcement to install 700 additional public garbage
containers throughout the city.
This followed with the opening of the city’s first largescale compost plant at Bordo Poniente, and the largest in
Latin America. It is situated on 75 acres of the land where
each day tractor-trailers dump every kind of organic matter
from the city. Since the beginning of the year when the plant
began operation, the city has been able to compost about
80% of its organic waste. Currently, the compost is being
used as fertilizer for green spaces and the city is trying to get
it up to farming quality so that it can be sold to agricultural
producers in and around the city.
A possible additional benefit to the program is the establishment of a biogas-fuelled electricity plant, which some
city officials optimistically believe could power the city’s
new Metro Line. The new compost plant would naturally
produce large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane,
which constitute biogas, and this biogas could be captured
and converted into electricity.
2
Mexico City
TALENT SCORECARD
Talent
Score
Justification
A
2.1% percent of the national population is illiterate based on
2010 data. Mexico City has the highest literacy rate in the
country. According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics,
105% of children in Mexico complete primary education.iii
There are over 2000 digital classrooms with broadband
computers in public primary schools in Mexico City.
C-
8 out of 10 secondary school students in Mexico cannot
multiply and many private schools do not provide better
educational facilities than public schools. Secondary School
attainment rates in Mexico are low, but increased between
2000 to 2010; from 16.6% to 22.0%.
Educated Population:
Post-secondary
C-
Based on 2010 data 1,698,490 inhabitants of Mexico City
over the age of 18 (25%) have professional level education, and 171,270 persons over the age of 18 (2.5%) have a
graduate degree. One half of all Mexicans with advanced
degrees reside in Mexico City. In 2000, 8.4% of the Mexican
population attained tertiary level education, 9.8% in 2005,
and 11.5% in 2010.
Educational Institutions:
College
B+
There are 108 technical professional institutions in the
Federal District. No information was found on the quality
of the institutions.
A-
There are many public and private universities, and academic institutions in Mexico City, including the country’s
best universities and most important science and technology institutions - such as the country’s very highly ranked
public Autonomous National University, which is ranked
among the world’s top 200 universities, it is also one of the
largest and most prestigious Spanish-speaking universities
in the world.
C
More than 20% of Mexico’s total public expenditure is dedicated to education. In 2007, Mexico spent about 4.2% of
GDP on education (a little less than the 2007 OECD average
of 4.6%), with the majority of this spending going to primary
education. However, much of this money is put towards the
compensation of staff, leaving very few resources for infrastructure, supplies, and training. Due to these low education
spending levels on students, the performance of Mexican
secondary school students in math, reading, and science
is the lowest of all OECD countries (ranking well below the
OECD average).
Educated Population:
K–8 (Primary)
Educated Population:
9–12 (Secondary)
Educational Institutions:
University
Education Spending
3
Mexico City
Talent
Creative Class Share
Overall score for talent
Score
Justification
B-
As of 2006, semi-skilled and skilled laborers made up about
one-third of the Mexican labour market, and the agricultural
sector has been shrinking as people move to major cities
in search of manufacturing employment. While the financial and technology sectors are growing, Creative Class
occupations do not make up the majority of the Mexico City
workforce. Based on calculations from the labor distribution, the Creative Class in the Mexico City Federal District
is only about 12.5%. However, this estimate is probably low
given that Mexico City contributes 18% of Mexico’s GDP
and is the country’s business and culture infrastructure
centre. Additionally, Mexico’s national Creative Class share
is 18.48% according to the 2010 Global Creativity Index.
C+
There are 3,443 special education teachers in Mexico City,
and over 9,089 schools throughout the city. Students in
Mexico spend an average of 4.5 hours in school, compared
with students in the U.S. and Korea who spend 6 hours and
8 hours respectively. Additionally, teachers in Mexico do not
face evaluations or measurements of competency. Primary
education in Mexico City receives a high grade as 105%iii of
children in the city complete primary school and much of the
city’s budget allocated to education it spent on the primary
level. However, secondary education is of a much lower caliber as only about 22% of the population graduates from high
school. Despite the high ranking of some of its universities, such as Autonomous National University, only 25% of
inhabitants have achieved a professional level education and
only 2.5% have attained a graduate level education. Talent
in Mexico starts off well at the primary level but begins to
decrease as higher educational levels are reached.
4
Mexico City
TECHNOLOGY SCORECARD
Technology
Patents
Innovation
Job Growth
Score
Justification
B
Mexico City produces one-third of all patents in Mexico.
Mexico’s intellectual property regime has been criticized,
with regard to the degree of development (within the city)
that it assumes for promoting innovation and the commercialization of ‘new knowledge’, relative to Mexico’s actual
capabilities for generating and absorbing innovation. Its high
levels of complication and bureaucracy attract further criticism. The number of patent applications made by residents
in Mexico increased by only 4% between 1991 and 2005,
from 564 to 584. By 2006, it declined to 574, and then rose
to 951 by 2010. The number of patent applications made by
non-residents tripled between 1991 and 2005, moving from
4,707 to 13,852. During the time period of 2006 to 2010,
patent concession increased approximately 75%. In 2006
the Institute of Science & Technology in Mexico City was
created to drive and better facilitate the patenting of Mexican inventions.
B+
Mexico City contributes to 80% of the total research and
development activities done in Mexico. The city created the
Institute for Science & Technology that serves to strengthen
research and development efforts within both the private
sector and academia. The Institute also facilitates the patent
application process, sponsors brainstorming workshops,
holds fairs where innovators can pitch directly to companies
or venture capitalists, and invests directly in innovations that
can solve health, transportation, and sustainability problems. Mexico City, while the largest contributor to patents
and R&D in Mexico, still produces innovation at a lower rate
than expected given the abundance of science and technology training institutes. This is due in part to the historical
disconnect in Mexico between the laboratory/academia and
the business world/marketplace, and the lack of ‘businessminded culture’ in academia. It is very possible that the
bureaucracy associated with Mexico’s patent system has
dis-incentivized innovation.
B+
As of 2006, semi-skilled and skilled labourers made up
about one-third of the Mexican labour market, while the
agricultural sector has been shrinking as people move to
major cities in search of employment in manufacturing. As of
January 1, 2012, the Mexican unemployment rate had fallen
to 7% (less than the U.S.’s 9% at the time). For the Federal
District specifically, the unemployment rate fluctuated within
the range of 3.90% and 6.90% of the metro’s population
during the period 2000 to 2010. It was particularly high
between 2004 and 2009.
5
Mexico City
Technology
Creative Class Share
High-Tech Index
Sustainability/
Green Economy
Score
Justification
B-
As of 2006, semi-skilled and skilled laborers made up about
one-third of the Mexican labor market, and the agricultural
sector has been shrinking as people move to major cities in
search of employment in manufacturing. While the financial
and technology sectors are growing, Creative Class occupations do not seem to make up the majority of the Mexico
City workforce. Based on calculations from the labor distribution, the Creative Class in the Mexico City Federal District
is only about 12.5%. However, this estimate is probably low
given Mexico City’s contribution to the Mexican economy,
and Mexico’s national Creative Class share of 18.48%
according to the 2010 Global Creativity Index.
B
The Institute for Science & Technology, created in 2006, has
aided in the creation of two high-tech companies and facilitated the commercialization of forty-four patented projects.
The 2003 GCI Component Index ranked Mexico 43 out of
102 countries for technology. Given that Mexico City contributes to most of the patents and R&D, it is likely that this
ranking is primarily attributable to the city. The Technology
ranking was broken down as follows: 59th for innovation,
48th for information and communications technologies, and
6th for technology transfer, out of 102 countries.
A-
Congestion and air pollution are two serious environmental
problems facing Mexico City, which are exacerbated by its
topography (high altitude and surrounded by mountains) and
urban transport. However, infrastructural investments have
been made, and several public sector urban freight transport
restrictions and regulations have been put in place in order
to reduce emissions. The private sector has sought to contribute to emissions reduction through the increased use of
technology in vehicles, inventory reduction, and adjustment
to logistics practices. Overall, Mexico City ranks as average
in the Latin America Green Cities Index with the ranking
breakdown as follows: well above average for environmental
governance, above average for energy and CO2, land use,
buildings and transport, average for waste and water (more
than 60% of waste is inorganic, and water system leakage
rates is about 37%), below average for sanitation and air
quality. Thus far, the city’s green plan has conserved over
13,600 hectares of environmentally sensitive property, led
to the introduction of monetary incentives for firms that
use biodegradable material in their packaging, a ban on
free plastic bags in shops, and an increase in water tariffs.
Although Mexico City ranks average overall in the Latin
American Green Cities Index, it ranks high in environmental
governance, giving the city a greater capacity to successfully
implement a more sustainable and greener economy.
6
Mexico City
Technology
Entrepreneurship
Overall score
for technology
Score
Justification
B+
The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation ranked Mexico 53rd for doing business in 2012 out of
183 economies. The same Doing Business ranking placed
Mexico 75th for starting businesses, 40th for getting credit,
and 46th for protecting investors in 2012. Additionally,
establishing a business in Mexico is easier and generally
less expensive than in most countries of Latin America.
There are only about 6 procedures required for registering
a firm (as opposed to 9 in the most of Latin America & the
Caribbean),and it takes about 9 days to register a firm as
opposed to 54 within most of the region, and costs on
average 11.2% of income per capita as opposed to 37.3%.iv
B+
Mexico City is advancing in the development of its technology
industry and is growing in research and development. However, due to the disconnect between academia and the business world, as well as the lack of ‘business-minded thinking’
in academia, the growth of innovation will be hindered. Additionally, the Creative Class share is very small and may not be
sufficient to advance the metro’s technology industry. While
air pollution is still a major problem in the metro, Mexico City
is taking major steps to ‘green’ its economy and has one of
the most sustainable plans in Latin America.
7
Mexico City
TOLERANCE SCORECARD
Tolerance
Diversity
Immigration
Visible Minority
Score
Justification
B
In the Federal District, less than 1% of the population
(122,411) speaks any of the indigenous languages; Nahautl,
Mixteco, Otomi, or Mazateco. Of that demographic 14 out
of every 100 persons do not speak Spanish. The City is also
very multicultural with approximately 18% of persons in the
metro of non-indigenous background.
B
In 2005, 491,199 persons left the Federal District to live in
other regions of the State of Mexico, while 187,373 persons
migrated from elsewhere in the State of Mexico to the Federal District. In 2000, 59,368 persons left the Federal District
to live in the United States. Mexico City can be a dangerous
place for South Central American migrants (especially
undocumented migrants), as there is a high risk of suffering
human rights abuses such as detention, kidnapping and
trafficking. Most South American migrants come from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Mexican citizenship can
be attained by birth in the country, marriage to a Mexican
national, or by consideration – residence in Mexico for 5
years or more, or 2 years or more in the case of persons
from Latin America, South America or the Iberian Peninsula or person married to Mexicans. Dual citizenship is also
allowed in Mexico, and while the filing fee is relatively cheap
(equivalent to about US $300), applicants must prove knowledge of Mexican history, be able to speak Spanish, and
demonstrate integration into the national culture.
D
People with indigenous ancestry, American Indians and
Mestizos, primarily constitute the city’s middle and lower
classes, while those of visibly European descent (“whites”
or criollos) comprise the wealthier classes. Race is a strong
determining factor for social mobility in the Metro, though
many will not openly acknowledge the existence or implications of racial discrimination, particularly the ability to obtain
higher paying jobs and quality of place.
8
Mexico City
Tolerance
Integration
Multiculturalism
Gay and Lesbian
Population
Score
Justification
B-
There are several cultural and historical resources available
to aid people seeking to learn Spanish or indigenous languages such as Náhuatl, Mixtec, or OtomÍ, including formal
language classes or universities. It is unlikely that this would
be affordable for low-income earning immigrants. Lack of
integration is a problem for migrants primarily from South
Central America, and many of them are at risk of human rights
abuses. However, several integration initiatives and facilities
have been established such as the Cáritas Hermanos Indígenas y Migrantes, the Center for Alternatives for the Social
Development, the Mexican Commission for the Promotion
and Defense of Human Rights, and the Jesuit Service for
Immigrants. Attainment of citizenship requires proof of integration into national culture and the ability to speak Spanish,
which should help to facilitate better integration into the city.
B+
As of 2010, 19% of the Federal District population consists
of non-natives of Mexico. Mexico City is one of the most
diverse cities in Latin America. Although, Mexican society
consists primarily of persons of European and African descent; there are several other cultures and ethnicities represented including: Germans, Lebanese, Jewish, Chinese, and
Spanish. Historically, ethnic communities formed in Mexico
City because of their right to asylum, and the city has a
long tradition of establishing policies that protect the rights
of individuals. In 2010, Mexico City was in the process of
adopting a law titled “Hospitality, Intercultural Attention to
Migrants and Human Mobility in the Federal District.”
B
In 2006, newly elected Mayor Marcelo Ebrard passed legislation that sanctioned gay unions, in addition to existing
laws that penalize anti-gay discrimination. Current laws
also include penalization for discriminatory behavior.
Furthermore,there are programs for integration and the
protection of the rights of persons within the LGBTQ community that have been established by the Director General
of Equality and Social Diversity. These programs include
processes for transgender Mexicans to legally change their
sex, and access hormone therapy. Mexico City is one of the
few cities in the country that seeks to protect the rights of
the LGBTQ community. Unfortunately, there is still significant
discrimination and violence against the community. While
the Mexico City government has charged law enforcement
with collecting statistics on violent crimes against gays, a
non-profit called “Letra S” has had to take up the mandate.
The non-profit found that about 67 murders of members of
the LGBTQ community were committed each year between
2004 and 2008. A 2005 report by the National Committee to
Prevent Discrimination found that 74% of LGBTQ Mexicans
said that they had faced discrimination at work, and over
16% have been victims of domestic abuse.
9
Mexico City
Tolerance
Religious Diversity
Openness
Civil Rights
Bohemians
Overall score
for tolerance
Score
Justification
C-
As of 2000, an estimated 7 million residents of the city
identified as Roman Catholic, 277,400; Protestant, 7,852;
Seventh-Day Adventist, 21,893; Mormons, 74,140; Jehovah’s Witnesses; and Jewish, 18,380, while 280,000 people
reported no religion.
A
Mexico City is quite liberal, relative to the rest of Mexico;
defending the rights of women, the gay and lesbian population, and allowing abortion. Citizenship is fairly easy to
attain, and while Roman Catholicism and other Christian
faiths, the city’s policies protect the religious and cultural
rights of individuals.
A-
Mexico City’s government has established legislation and
policies that encourage and enforce respect for political
and social liberties, in part because it believes that this contributes to economic growth, which will in turn attract more
foreign investment. The city passed Latin America’s first gay
marriage law and is among the few cities that have legislated
in favor of LGBTQ adoption of children. Additionally, Mexico
City has de-penalized abortion, and adopted gender equity
laws. However, racial inequality is still a major problem,
though not openly acknowledged.
A+
Graffiti is illegal in Mexico City, however stencil art and
legitimate (legally sanctioned) graffiti art are becoming
more popular. For example, transforming underpasses,
overpasses, and “wantonly vandalized” walls into works
of art done by professional graffiteros, such as the Dearh
& Smithe crew. The works, are not vandalized due to an
unspoken ‘code of honor’ among graffiti artists where the
work of respected artists are not tampered with. Mexico City
is considered to be a center of art and culture, Institutions
such as the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA) seek to
promote the arts, artistic education and research and preserve moveable and immovable artistic heritage all over the
city. The INBA has several enclosures and concert halls that
facilitate a variety of artistic expression.
B
While the Federal District is open to persons from a variety
of backgrounds, is fairly multicultural, and has legislation in
place to support the rights of minorities such as the LGBTQ
community, there are several challenges to Mexico City
being more tolerant. Religious diversity is limited and racial
discrimination is evident, but widely unacknowledged, and
immigrants find it difficult to integrate into the society and
are at risk of human rights abuses. While there are Spanish
language classes provided by some universities, they are
inaccessible to poorer immigrants given the costs.
10
Mexico City
AMENITIES AND QUALITY OF PLACE SCORECARD
Amenities and
Quality of Place
The SOBs
(Symphony,
Opera, Ballet)
Museums
Entertainment
and Nightlife
Score
Justification
A-
There are three major orchestras in the city La Academia:
de Música del Palacio de Minería y la Orquesta Sinfónica de
Minería (The Academy of Music of the Palace and The Symphony Orchestra of Mineria), which operate as one entity,
and a children’s symphony orchestra There are also several
ballets operating in the city, including: the Ballet Folklórico
Nacional de Mexico (National Folk Ballet of Mexico), the
Ballet Independiente, Ballet Neoclásico, and Ballet Contemporánea. Internationally, the Compañía Nacional de Danza
is well known as a more representative company of classic
ballet from Mexico. The Opera Nacional de Mexico is open
daily from March to December, and can accommodate
2,000 people.
A+
There are approximately 127 museums and galleries in
Mexico City, offering exhibitions on Mexican Viceroyal
Art, Modern and Contemporary Art, Science and Technology, Indigenious art, Ethnology, History, Literature.
Some museums cater specifically to children while others
offer exhibitions on subjects such as comics, engraving,
and legal and false coins. Many of the museums offer
music recitals and films. The National Museum of Anthropology is world-renowned.
A
There are approximately 37 theaters and auditoriums sponsoring plays, concerts, and other types of performances
and many cinemas have half-price shows on Wednesdays.
There are many bars in Mexico City, which offer urban ambience, southern ambience, and a few offer more traditional
(Agave) beverages such as Pulquerias. Options also include
British style pubs, mariachi clubs, and sports bars. There
are three well-frequented ballrooms with live music, often
by orchestras. The many clubs in the city have a variety of
music options such as pop, rock, house and electronic,
jazz, Afro-Latin, Mexican, Country and Disco. Entry fees can
range from 40 to 300 pesos (US$ 3 to US$ 22) depending on
the venue.
11
Mexico City
Amenities and
Quality of Place
Crime Rate
Recreation Facilities
Neighbourhoods
Score
Justification
C+
The crime rates in the city have decreased in recent years.
Interestingly, traffic accidents take more lives than street
crimes each year. While there has been a recent uptick in
violence between street-level drug dealers in some marginalized communities, Mexico City has reported lower murder
rates than smaller neighboring cities. These are almost comparable to that of smaller U.S. cities such as Los Angeles,
New York, and Chicago that reported 297, 536, and 449
murders respectively in 2010, with Mexico City reporting 318
murders. In 2009, the murder rate was 8 per 100,000; four
times lower than that of Washington DC in 2008. Taxicab
robberies, once a major problem for both tourists and locals
has fallen by almost 50% since 2009. A network of closedcircuit cameras and a large contingent of private and public
security may have contributed to the falling rates.
A-
Since 2006, several new recreational options have been
developed. For example, the Paseo de la Reforma and other
thoroughfares to traffic on Sunday mornings for exclusive
access by cyclists and skaters. Additionally, urban beaches
have been created by pouring sand alongside several public
swimming pools, and during the winter, an ice-skating rink
is installed in the Zócalo skates can be borrowed free of
charge. There is also a Six Flags theme park in the city,
and there are over 600 children’s playgrounds. Bull fighting
is also very popular. Mexico City has over 600 hotels with
more than 50,000 hotel rooms.
B-
Closed (gated) neighborhoods increase in number in
proportion to indicators of the levels of crime. They tend
to be walled/fenced and have few entrances and exits,
where access may be limited to vehicles that belong to
residents. Some neighborhoods resemble, quiet, slowpaced, rural villages, while others are bustling, overbuilt,
cosmopolitan, heavy-traffic areas. However, the majority
of the city’s residents live in working class neighbourhoods
or sprawling shantytowns.
12
Mexico City
Amenities and
Quality of Place
Scenes
Public Transit
Score
Justification
B+
Soccer is the most popular participatory and spectator
sport in Mexico City. The championship match of the World
Cup finals twice (1970 and 1986). Bullfighting is also popular,
though less so now, with Mexico City being home to the
largest bullring in the World. The club scene is also very
vibrant in the Metro as clubs and bars offer a wide range of
music options, from rock to country music. Mexico City is
rich with history and culture, largely in the form of its architecture and ancient structures. There are over 100 museums
and archaeological sites in the city There are also a few
newer features that add to the vibrancy and aesthetics of the
metro. The Pink Zone is a Bohemian neighborhood known
for its shopping and pseudo-European charm. Coyoacan,
is another Bohemian area filled with galleries, theatres, and
museums, also known for its stately mansions that have
been occupied by famous political and cultural leaders.
Reforma Avenue is an upscale commercial area filled with
banks, embassies, luxury hotels and exclusive art galleries.
A-
The subway system in Mexico City runs through a large
portion of the city for most of the day. The RBT (Rapid Bus
Transit) is the main public transit system servicing Mexico
City. The Metrobus is an important RBT corridor that services the longest street in Mexico City, Avenida de los Insurgentes. 97 new metrobuses replaced 350 standard buses
and have reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 35,000 tons
annually, helping the city combat severe air pollution problems. There are many types of taxis in Mexico City (ranging
from street-side cabs to private charter), as well as a range
of buses (the microbus to the regular buses, electric trolley
buses, and modern metrobuses). Unfortunately, some taxis
are not legitimate and do not carry the new tracking-enabled
license plates issued by the Mexican government. Poor road
conditions and reckless driving make public transportation
by road somewhat hazardous. Some of the bus lines provide
transportation into the areas outside of the city. Free bike
loans (requiring no more than a driver’s license or passport
for a two hour loan) or cheap rentals are also available.
There is one passenger airport, Aeropuerto Internacional
Benito Juárez, that has 24 million passengers annually, and
is the largest airport in Latin America. In 2007, a new terminal was added, which increased the airport’s capacity by
10 million passengers.
13
Mexico City
Amenities and
Quality of Place
Bike Paths
Civic Capital
(NGOs, Non-Profits)
Built Form Investment
Score
B+
B
B+
Justification
On Sunday mornings, the Paseo de la Reforma and other
thoroughfares are closed to traffic for exclusive access by
cyclists and skaters. On February 16, 2010 traffic regulations
were changed to expand the road rights of bike riders, in
conjunction with the shared bicycle-based health and sustainability program called EcoBici. While road safety is still a
major concern for cyclists and a lot of work needs to be done
to improve biking infrastructure, it is anticipated that the
EcoBici program will encourage the government to do more.
There are about 60 non-profit organizations in Mexico City,
most of which focus on urban improvement, human rights
and health (such as gay rights) and ecology and environmental protection. Some non-profit interests include social
development, education, and arts and culture. Although
most non-profits are local, there are many international
organizations with a presence in the city. These include:
the Red Cross, Greenpeace, Global Youth Action Network,
Transparency International, Save The Children, and Habitat
for Humanity.
In 2000, after a significant change in political climate,
Andrés Manuel López Obrador led massive redevelopments
of the city – in particular, areas around the Centro Historico,
Alameda Central corridor, and Paseo de la Reforma. These
included renovations to the cobblestone streets and building
facades, the installation of new lighting, an increase in street
security and the removal of unauthorized vendors from the
streets. There has also been a note-worthy amount of new
construction since 2000 due to, increased foreign direct
investment at that time, combined with low interest rates,
and a stable currency. An improved transportation and
infrastructural system (including elevated highways) has also
resulted in less smog and traffic congestion, though both
are still a major problem.
14
Mexico City
Amenities and
Quality of Place
Infrastructure
(Utilities, Roads, etc.)
Score
C
Justification
The metro spent approximately 779 million pesos (US$58.4
Million)[i] upgrading the Federal District’s electrical infrastructure. A significant share of the metro’s residents have
access to essential utilities: 97.8% have access to piped
water and potable water (2005), 98.9% have access to
sewage services (2008), 99.5% of homes have electricity,
and well over a million homes have a personal computer.
Despite this high penetration of services, the city’s infrastructure faces major challenges. For example, the public
transportation system lacks integration and repairs and
upgrades are needed to existing water and sanitation facilities that are prone to leaking. Furthermore the region is
plagued by traffic problems. In fact, Mexico City scored the
highest in IBM’s Global Commuter Pain Survey; it has the
worst traffic, commuting time, start-stop traffic, and drivers
angered by traffic.
Looking at Health Services, Mexico falls behind developed
nations in terms of personnel and physical infrastructure. For
example, in 2008 there were over 23,000 medical personnel
(a ratio of approximately 1 care giver to 382 people): 312
doctors per 100,000 inhabitants, 439 nurses per 100,000
inhabitants, 170 hospital beds per 100,000 inhabitants, and
6.5 operating rooms per 100,000 inhabitants.
Overall score for
amenities and
quality of place
B+
A lot of work has been done to improve the quality of place
in the Federal District through built form investment, transportation, and recreational facilities. However, due to high
crime rates, neighbourhoods are becoming more and more
enclosed and restrictive. Shantytowns and lower class residential areas are still very much present. Additionally, while
infrastructure facilities are well placed and widespread, they
are in great need of upgrading.
15
Mexico City
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16
Mexico City
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Technology:
Antún, Juan Pablo. (2011) TURBLOG Deliverable 3.4: Urban Logistics Practices — Case Study: Public Policies for Urban
Logistics in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. TURBLOG, Seventh Framework Programme. Retrieved July 27, 2012 from
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28, 2012 from http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/mexico-city-patents-program-spurs-innovation/1721
17
Mexico City
Tolerance:
Canning, P. (2011, August 30). VIDEO: Mexico stages first national march against anti-gay hate crimes. San Diego Gay
and Lesbian News. Retrieved August 30, 2012, from
http://www.sdgln.com/news/2011/08/30/video-mexico-stages-first-national-march-against-anti-gay-hate-crimes
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18
Mexico City
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19
Mexico City
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Sidebar:
Villagran, L. (2011, December 21). Mexico City shuts last landfill, envisions composting, recycling | SmartPlanet.
Smart Planet. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/mexico-city-shuts-last-landfill-envisions-composting-recycling/1605
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2012, from http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/mexico-city-launches-massive-composting-project/5590
Endnotes:
i
Currency conversion to US as of July 21, 2009 using http://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/
ii
Calculated as 20.4% + (0.5*16.3%)
iii
The rate is higher than 100% when students older or younger than the theoretical entrance age enter the last grade
iv The Doing Business Ranking for Mexico actually uses the data from Mexico City to generate the rankings for the country.
20