The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 01:
AM1C01AY0N / AAH2101
Prehistoric Cultures of India
1
1
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
The primary aim of this course is to enable students to identify prehistoric cultures
through artifacts and other archaeological remains. It introduces the idea of prehistory, its
scope and objectives which is followed by sequential development of prehistoric Stone Age
cultures and their geographical distribution in India. The environmental background and
technological development in successive prehistoric cultural periods are also discussed in
order to understand the changing economic activities, especially food gathering to food
production and its spread.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
8 hrs
1.
2.
3.
4.
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
Introduction to prehistory and scope of prehistoric studies
General framework of Human evolution and development.
Environmental background and Human bio-cultural development.
Physical Features of Indian Subcontinent and their
effects on prehistoric and Proto-historic cultures of
India.
5. Prehistoric research in India in historic perspective.
Prehistoric cultures
Lower Paleolithic period
Pioneering discoveries and major finds. Tools and typological variation, rawmaterialfor tools and technology of production. Primary context and secondary
context sites.Stratigraphy and chronological dimensions, Sohan industries and the
Potwar geo-stratigraphy in perspective, Acheulian assemblages and geographical
distribution,Type sites form different regions and major river valleys. Authors of
Acheulian andissues of Hominin fossil ancestors in India. Evidence of cultural
patterns and recentadvances in research.
Prehistoric Cultures
Middle Palaeolithic period
Nevasa and Middle Palaeolithic culture, Tools and typological variation, Rawmaterialsfor tools and technology of production. Stratigraphy and chronological
position. MajorMiddle Palaeolithic sites in India, Primary and secondary context
sites. Evidence ofcultural patterns and recent advances in research.,
Upper Paleolithic period.
Upper Palaeolithic discoveries and problems of periodization,Tools and typological
variation, Lithic raw-materials and technology ofproduction.
Stratigraphy and chronological position. Regional nature of Upper Palaeolithic
culturaldevelopment. Major Upper Palaeolithic sites in India. The Upper
Palaeolithic and theemergence of anatomically modern humans. Evolution of
different strands of behavioralmodernity.
Prehistoric rock-art: Review of relevant evidence.
Prehistoric Art and behavioual modernity. Antiquity of prehistoric art in India.
8 hrs
12 hrs
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
Evidenceof prehistoric art: rock paintings, engravings, figurines. Important prehistoric rock-art sites.
Prehistoric art and social dimensions
Prehistoric Cultures
Mesolithic period
Mesolithic cultural development and its scope. The Holocene environment and
Mesolithic culture in India. Tools and typological variation, Raw-materialsfor tools
and technology of production. Stratigraphy and chronological position. Major
Mesolithic sites in India and regional variations in artifact assemblages
Neolithic period
Neolithic period and beginning of food production. Major Neolithic regions in India.
Neolithic stone tools and technology of production. Domestication of cattle, sheep
andgoat and cultivation of food grains. Evidence of structures and storage
devices.Popularization of pottery and other containers.Neolithic society and
Changing social production and relations of production
Practicals: (this will run concurrent to the preceding units)
Practical Identification of stone tools from different periods and Training in artifact
drawing and documentation
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
Agrawal, D. P- The Archaeology of India, Curzon Press, London. 1982
Agrawal, D.P and D.K.Chakrabarti- Essays in Indian Protohistory, B.R.Publishing Co,
Delhi, 1979
Allchin, B.R.and D.K.Chakrabarti- A Source Book on Indian Archaeology, M.M
Publishers Pvt. limited, New Delhi , 1979
Allchin. B, A.Goudie, K.T.M.Hegde- The Prehistory and Paleogeography of the Great
Indian Thar Desert, Academic Press, London, 1978
Allchin, B. and R. Allchin- The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge
University Press, London, 1983
9 hrs
10 hrs
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Dennell, Robin The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 2009
Dikshit, K.N. (Ed)- Archaeological Perspective of India since Independence, Bulletin of the
Archaeological Society, (Special Issues) Nos.13-14, 1984.
Erwin Newmayer- Lines on Stone: Prehistoric Rock Art of India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1993.
Fuller, D. Q- 2007 Neolithic Cultures in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of Archaeology
Academic press, New York:756 – 67
Misra, V. N. Indian Prehistory, Ecological perspective, Man and Environment
Paddayya, K 2007 The Palaeolithic cultures in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of
Archaeology, Academic pres, New York: 767-78
Petraglia, D. M., and Ravi Korisettar, 1998. Early Human Behavour in Global Context
Sankalia, H.D.- Stone Age Tools: Their Techniques, Names and Probable Functions,
Deccan College, Pune, 1982
H.D.Sankalia- Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Deccan
college, Pune, 1974
Subbarao, B.- Personality of India, Baroda, 1958
B.K.Thapar,B. K.- Recent Archaeological Discoveries in India, UNESCO Publication, 1985
Wheeler, R E M- Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London,, 1959
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
1
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 02:
AM1C02AY0N / AAH2102
Palaeography and Epigraphy
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to make students proficient in identifying and
reading ancient Indian scripts through a study of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts and selected
inscriptions, edicts of ancient India starting from the Mauryan period to the time of Guptas. It
traces the development of script through time and makes students aware of the importance
of epigraphy as a major source of archaeology and history
UNIT-I
Introduction to Ancient Indian Script
(i) Antiquity of Writing in India
(ii) Origin of Brahmi and Kharoshthi Scripts
(iii) Introduction to South Indian Script-Vattezhuthu
(iv) Decipherment of Ancient Indian Scripts
(v) Development of the letters of Mauryans, W. Ksatrapas,
Guptas scripts
Early Inscriptions I
(i) Junagarh Rock Eddict XIII of Asoka
(ii) PillarEddict II of Asoka
(iii) Dhamma of Asoka
(iv) Besnagar Garuda Pillar Inscription of Bhagabhadra
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
9 hrs
8 hrs
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
(v) Hathigupha Inscription of Kharavela
Inscriptions of different dynasty
(i) Mathura Stone Inscription of Huvishka
(ii) Nanaghat Cave Inscription of Naganika
(iii) Nasik Cave Inscription of Gautami Putra Satakarni
(iv) Junagarh Rock Inscription Of Rudradaman I
Gupta Inscription
(i)Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta
(ii)Mathura Pillar Inscription of Chadraguta Vikramaditya
(iii)Junagarh Rock Inscription Of Skandagupta
UNIT -V
8 hrs
10 hrs
10 hrs
(i)Practical training in reading and writing of ancient scripts,
(ii)Transliteration and reading ancient Indian scripts of different
periods (This unit will run concurrent to the previous units)
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Ahmed Hasan Dani, Indian Palaeography, New Delhi
Bajpai, K.D., K.Agrawal, S Bajpai, 1992: Ayitihasik Bhartiya Abhilekh,
Publication Scheme, Jaipur
Basak Radhagovind, Asokan Inscription,
Buhler,G. 1959: Indian Palaeography: Indian Studies, Calcutta
Cunningham, A, 1961: Inscriptions of Asoka, Indological Book House, Delhi
Cunningham, A., 1961,: Inscriptions of Ashoka, Indological Book House Delhi. 7..Diskalkar, D.B,
1977: Selections from Sanskrit Inscriptions, ClassicalPublications, New Delhi.
Fleet, J., 1971: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 3, New Delhi
Gupta, S.P. & Ramachandran, The Origin Of Brahmi Script
Hultzch, F., 1969: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol.1
Jha Amiteshwar, 2003, Bharatiya Sikke, Ak Ayitihasik Parichay, IIRNS Publication, Mumbai
Mirashi, V.V., 1955 Corpus Inscritionum Indicarum, Vol. 4
Mookherji, R.K., 1959, Ashokan Inscription, Calcutta Progressive Publishers, Calcutta
Pandey Rajbali, 1984, Indian Palaeography, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi.
Rana, M. S., 1978, Bhartiya Abhilekh, Bhartiya Vidhya Prakasan, Delhi
Ramesh, K.V., 1984: Indian Epigraphy, Vol. I , Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi
Soloman Richard, Indian Epigraphy
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
1
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 03:
AM1C03AY1N /AAH2103
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Architecture, Sculpture and Iconography – I
Objectives
The main aim of this course is to make students acquainted with the major forms of Art
and Architectural heritage of Ancient India. In the 1st part, it traces the origin and
development of early Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jain architecture. It also provides a
review of sculptural arts in ancient India from the Indus civilization to the Gupta period.
UNIT-I
Historiography of Indian Art
Architecture as a Source of Cultural Studies and Methods of its
Interpretation.
Rock-Cut Architecture: Main Features and stages of development of
Chaitya Halls.
(i) Barabar Hill Group
(ii) Udaigiri-Khandgiri (Orissa)
(iii) Western Indian Group: Bhaja, Kanheri, Kondane, Pitalkhora,
Ajanta, Junnar, Karle, Nasik, Ellora.
Stupas and Viharas: Origin, Architectural Characteristics
Development of Stupa Architecture:
(i) Central India: Sanchi, Bharut
(ii) South India: Amravati, Nagarjunakonda, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala.
(iii) North-Western India: Gandharan Stupas –
Dharmarajika,
Takht-i-Bahai,
Jamalgadhi,
Taxila, Mirpurkhas, Devnimori etc.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
11 hrs
11 hrs
(iv) Gangetic Basin: Dhamek, Nalanda etc.
(v) South-East Asia: Borobudur, Buddhanath.
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
Sculpture as a Source of Cultural Information
i) Mauryan Sculptures,
(ii) Sunga Sculptures
(iii) Mathura School of Art
(iv) Gandhar School of Art
Buddhist Iconography
Origin of the Buddha Image
(i) Symbolic and Iconic Depictions of Buddha in Indian Art.
(ii) Dhyani Buddhas, Manushi Buddhas, Boddhisattvas, Maitreya
(iii) Tara, Manjushri, Prajna-Paramita, (iv) Panuchika-Hariti, Jambhal etc.
UNIT -V
8 hrs
5 hrs
10 hrs
Practical training in identifying structural details of ancient Indian architecture
and sculptures through site visits and photographs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Debala Mitra
S. Nagaraju
Percy Brown
Buddhist Monuments. Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta. 1971.
Buddhist Architecture of Western India. Agamkala Prakashan, Delhi. 1981.
Indian Architecture. Vol. I, D.B. Taraporvala and Co., Bombay. 1959
C.B. Pandey
Mauryan Art. Bhartiya Vidhya Prakashan. 1982
V.S. Agrawal
Indian Art. Prithvi Prakashan, Varanasi. 1965
Stanislaw J. Czuma and Rekha Morris Kushan Sculpture. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Indiana,
USA.1985
J.C. Harley
Gupta Sculpture. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1974
Western Indian Art’. Special issue of Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art. New Series, Vol. I,
Calcutta. 1966
Bhagwat Sahai
Iconography of Minor Hindu and Buddhist Deities. Abhinav Publication,
NewDelhi. 1975
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
1
1
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 04:
AM1C04AY1N /AAH2104
Archaeological Methods and Theory - I
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
The course covers the definition and history of archaeology, data collection
methods and its analysis, dating methods in archaeology, conservation and
preservation of archaeological objects and sites and also the basic theoretical
frameworks that are useful in interpreting archaeological data. It is an analytical
paper that allows a student how to do archaeology, the merits and limitations of
Archaeological data and its interpretation methods.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
Introduction to Archaeology and Archaeological Methods
9 hrs
Introduction
History of Development of Archaeology
Introduction to the three age system
Interdisciplinary Nature of Archaeology
8 hrs
Culture in Archaeology
Archaeology and its relation with other natural and physical sciences
UNIT-III
Archaeological Methods and Records
10 hrs
Nature of Archaeological Data
Exploration methods
Excavation methods Recording of Archaeological Data
Ordering of Archaeological Data, Classification of Archaeological
Data
UNIT-IV
Conservation and Preservation
Causes of Deterioration of different types of metal and nonmetal antiquities and monuments ) Treatment and Preservation
of metal and non-metal antiquities and monuments)
UNIT -V
8 hrs
10 hrs
Practicals in methods of artifact conservation and preservation
(this will run concurrent to the preceding units)
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
Aitken M.J. (1974) Physics and Archaeology (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon
Press.
Atkinsen R.J. (1953) Field Archaeology. London: Methuen.
Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press.
Brothwell D. &Higgs E.(Ed.) (1963) Science in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson.
Childe V.G.(1956) A Short Introduction to Archaeology. London: Fredrick Muller Ltd.
Childe V.G.(1956) Piecing together the Past: The Interpretation of Archaeological Data. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Clarke D.L. (1968) Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen
Cleator P.E.(1957) The Past in Pieces. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Cronyn J.M. (1990) The Elements of Archaeological conservation. London: Routledge.
Daniel G. (1975) Hundred and Fifty Years Of Archaeology. London: Dockworth.
Flower P.J. (1977) Approaches to Archaeology. London.
Gosh A. (Ed.) (1953) Ancient India IX. Delhi: ASI.
Heizer F.R. (Ed.) (1959) A Guide to Archaeological Field Methods. California.
Hodder I. (1991) Reading The Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kempton W. (1981) The Folk Classification of Ceramics: A Study of Cognitive Prototypes. London:
Academic Press.
Leute U. (1987) Archaeometry: An Introduction to Physical Methods in Archaeology and the History
ofArt. New York: VCH
Miller D. (1985) Artifacts as Categories: A Study of Ceramic Variability in Central India. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Plenderleith H. Conservation of Antiquities and works of art. London: Oxford University Press
Roy S. (1961) The story of Indian Archaeology (1784-1947). New Delhi.
Trigger B.G. (1968) Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. London: Holt, Rinehart
& Winston
Trigger B.G. (1989) Towards A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Wheeler R.E.M. (1954) Archaeology from Earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
1
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 05:
AM1C05AY0N / AAH2105
Political History of India (700 BC to 700 AD)
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
Objectives
The overall objective of the course is to introduce students to the historical background of
UNIT-I
Early history of India
(a) Definition and scope of historic archaeology of India
(b) Archaeological and literary sources
(c) Brief review of the archaeology of
the Pre-Mauryan period (late
phase of PGW and early phase of
NBPW)
(d) Pre-Mauryan India: Monarchial and Republican states during
the 6th Century B.C - Sixteen
Mahajanapadas, Rise of Magadhan
imperialism and effect of Persian and
Greek invasion
Mauryan period
(a) Sources of the Mauryan period
(b) Chandragupta succession
(c) Ashoka’s political conquests, his Dhamma, Administration
(d) Downfall of the Mauryas
Post-Mauryan period
(a) Post-Mauryan rules of North, North-Western and Western India
– Sungas, Kanvas, Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Pahlavas, Western
Kshatrapa
(b) Kushanas – Early history of Kanishka, his Career and Achievement
(c) Satavahanas – Political history and their Contribution
Gupta and Post-Gupta period
(a) Early history and political expansion of Guptas
(b) Cultural developments in the Gupta-Vakataka period till
Harshavardhan
3
45
ancient India, so that they are able to locate cultural events in the right historical
perspective. The 1st part of course aims at providing the historical background for
understanding the cultural developments in different parts of India from the beginning of
Early Historic period up to 8th Century AD. It essentially deals with political history and
concomitant cultural history that will help students to appreciate the archaeological records
in the right perspective
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
(c) Harshavardhan – his
Conquest, Administration,
Religious
policy
and
Personality.
(d)Chalukyas of Badami
11 hrs
11 hrs
11 hrs
12 hrs
Activities
Tutorial presentations and Class room discussions
(This will run concurrent to the preceding
units)
REFERENCES
1
Allchin R. 1989. Patterns of City Formation in Early Historic South Asia, South Asian Study
6:163-147
Bhattacharya, H. 1953. Cultural Heritage of India. Vol IV. The Ramakrishna Mission. Calcutta.
Champakalakshmi, R. 1996. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization. South India 300 B.C. to
A.D.1300. Delhi
Chattopadhyaya, S. 1984. Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarides. Delhi
Chopara, P. N., Ravindran, T. K., Subramanian, N. 1979. History of South India. Vol I. S.Chand
and Co. New Delhi.
Devabhuti ,J. S. 1990. Harsha, Oxford University Press
Ghosal, U. N. 1957. Studies in Indian History and Culture. Oriental Longmans Calcutta.
Kosambi, D. D. 1985. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (reprint) Bombay: Popular
Prakashan.
Majumdar, A. K. 1983. Concise History of India, Vol. I, II, III. Munshiram Manoharlal Pub. House,
New Delhi.
Majumdar, R. C. (ed.).1960. Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan Volumes (History and Culture of theIndian
People). Vol.IV. The Age of the Imperial Kanauj. Vol V. The Struggle for Empire.Bombay.
Majumdar, R.C. et al.(ed.). 1960. The History and Culture of Indian People. Vol. I. Vedic Age.
Vol. II. Age of Imperial Unity. Vol III Classical Age. Bahrtiya Vidhya Bhavan. Bombay.
Goyal S.R. 1986. Harsha and Buddhism. Meerut: Kusumajali Prakashan.
Mirashi, V. V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas and the
WesteernKshatrapas. Bombay: Sytate Board of Literature.
Narain, A.K. 1957. The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Roy, R.N. 1983. The Ganges Civilization: A Critical Study of the PGW and NBPW Periods ofthe
Ganga Plains of India. New Delhi: Ramananda Vidya Bhavan.
Shastri, K. A. N. 1952. The Age of Nandas and Mauryas. Banaras, Motilal Banarsiadas
Tripathi V. 1976. The Painted Grey Ware: An Iron Age Culture of Northern India. New Delhi:
Concept Publishing House.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
1
Master of Arts: Regular
Inter-disciplinary Elective – 01
AM1I01AY0N /AAH2107
Elements of Archaeology
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
This course aims to introduce the students to understand the past and its significance. It
will give an overall idea of culture and its association with the surrounding environment.
UNIT-I
Introduction to Archaeology
• Definition of Archaeology
• History of Archaeology
• Definition of various terms in archaeology
• Sources of Archaeology and History
General methods of archaeological field work
Archaeology and multiple ways of reading the past
• Cultural background of Human past
o Culture and major trends in cultural evolution
• Evolutionary background of Humans
o Fossil records and modern genetics
o Environmental background of bio-cultural evolution
Premises of Archaeological explanation
• Traditional approaches
and
normative
models o Culture
History models
• New archaeology and Processual approach
o Cultural ecology and systemic models
 Post-Processual archaeologies.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
15 hrs
15 hrs
15 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Agrawal D.P. 1992 Man and Environment in India through Ages. New Delhi: Books and
Books.
Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press.
Brothwell D. & E.S. Higgs 1970 Science in Archaeology. London : Thames and Hudson.
Brothwell D. &Higgs E.(Ed.) (1963) Science in Archaeology. London: Thames and
Hudson.
Butzer K.W.1971 Environmental Archaeology : An Ecological Approach to Prehistory. Chicago:
Aldine
Butzer K.W.1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach.
Charlsworth J.K.1966 Quaternary Era Vol I & II . London.
Childe V.G.(1956) A Short Introduction to Archaeology. London: Fredrick
Muller Ltd. Clarke G. (1965) Archaeology and Society. London: Metheun.
Daniel G. (1975) Hundred and Fifty Years Of Archaeology. London: Dockworth.
Ember, C. R and Melvin Ember 1992: Anthropology; A Brief Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood
cliffs, New Jersey.
Fagan, Brain, M. 1991: In the Beginning- an Introduction to Archaeology. Harper
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Collins Imbrie J. & N. Newell (ed.) 1964 Approaches to Palaeoecology. New York
Jones, S., R. Martin and D. Pilbeam 1992 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution,
edited book, Cambridge University Press
Kottak, C. P. 2008: Cultural Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New
York Lewontin, R. 1995 Human Diversity. Scientific American
Library.
Prucel, R. W 1991 Processual and Post-Processual archaeologies Centre for Archaeological
Investigations (CAI) Southern Illinois, University of Carbondale - Occasional Papers No. 1
Relethford John, H., 2006: The Human Species: an introduction to Biological Anthropology,
McGraw Hill, New York
Relethford, J.H.1997 The Human Species. An Introduction to Biological Anthropology. Mayfield
Publishing Company
Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and
the Development of Human Societies, Thames and Hudson Ltd.
London
Trigger , B. 1991 A History of Archaeological Thought
Wadia, S., R. Korisettar and V.S. Kale (Eds.) (1995) Quaternary Environments and
Geoarchaeology of India. Essays in honour of Professor S.N. Rajaguru. Memoir No: 32,
Geological Society of India, Bangalore.
Wheeler R.E.M. (1954) Archaeology from Earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
2
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 06:
AM2C06AY0N / AAH2201
Proto-historic Cultures of India
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The main objective of this course is to introduce basic features of the Chalcolithic and Iron
Age Proto-historic cultural developments in different part of India. It deals with the early
stages of Chalcolithic cultural developments in the Indus valley and other parts of India
followed by the Harappan Urbanism and its decline. It also discusses Chalcolithic and Iron
Age cultures that immediately preceded the beginning of Historic period in India.
UNIT-I
History of Proto-historic research in India
Beginning of Chalcolithic cultural development in the Indus and
the Ghaghar-Saraswati basins and adjoining regions.
The Harappa Culture
a. Pre-Urban/Early Harappan cultural developments
b. Urban/Mature Harappan
c. Post-Urban Harappan
Chalcolithic Cultural developments outside the periphery of Indus Civilization
Ahar-Banas Chalcolithic complex in southern Rajasthan
Kayatha assemblage in Central India
Savalda assemblages in the Tapi basin of northern Decca
Other Post-Harappan Chalcolithic cultures
OCP and Copper Hoard remains
Malawa culture
Jorwe culture
Iron Age cultures
a. Painted Grey Ware and beginning of Iron Age
b. Northern Polished Black ware and cultural progress of Iron
Age. Iron Age the second urbanization.
c. Spread of Iron and Megalithic culture in South India
Practicals (this will run concurrent to the preceding units)
Training in identification of different ceramic types and other selected artefacts,
training in pottery drawing and other methods of documentation.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Agrawal, D. P- The Archaeology of India, Curzon Press, London. 1982
Agrawal, D.P and D.K.Chakrabarti- Essays in Indian Protohistory, B.R.Publishing Co,
Delhi, 1979
Allchin, B.R.and D.K.Chakrabarti- A Source Book on Indian Archaeology,
M.M Publishers Pvt. limited, New Delhi , 1979
Allchin, B. and R. Allchin- The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge
University Press, London, 1983
Banerjee, N. R.- The Iron Age in India, M.M. publications, New Delhi, 1965.
Dhavalikar, M.K.- Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India, Books and
Books, New Delhi, 1995.
Fairservis, W.A.- The Roots of Ancient India, The University of Chicago press, Chicago, 1975
16 hrs
6 hrs
6 hrs
7 hrs
10 hrs
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Joshi, J.P- Excavation at Surkotada in 19721-72 and Exploration in Kutch, Memoirs of the
Archaeological Survey of India,87,1990
Lal, B.B.- The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 1979
Lal,B.B and S.P.Gupta- Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, Books and Books, NewDelhi, 1984
Misra, V.N. Ed- The Eastern Anthropologist, Vol. 45, Nos. 1-12 (Indus Civilization Special
Number) 1992.
Possehl, G.L.- Indus Civilization in Saurashtra, B.R.Pblishing Corporation, Delhi, 1980.
Possehl, G.L- Harappan Civilization, Oxford and I.B.H Publishing Co, New Delhi , 1982
Rao, S.R. – Lothal And Indus Civilization, Asia Publication House, Bombay, 1973.
Rao, S.R. – Lothal- A Harappan Port Town, 1955-62, Memoir of the Archaeological
Survey of India 78(II), 1979
Rao, S.R. – Lothal- A Harappan Port Town, 1955-62, Memoir of the Archaeological
Survey of India 78(II), 1985.
H.D.Sankalia- Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Deccan college, Pune, 1974
Subbarao, B.- Personality of India, Baroda, 1958
R.E.M.Wheeler, R.E.M - The Indus Civilization, University Press, London, 1968
Wheeler, R E M- Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London,, 1959
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
2
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 07:
AM2C07AY0N /AAH 2202
Epigraphy & Numismatics
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The main objective of this course is to make students proficient reading in some of the
important Early Medieval epigraphs and to introduce importance of ancient coins as a
major source of archaeological records and to impart training in identifying coins of
different periods of history.
UNIT-I
Selected Inscriptions
(i) Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II
(ii) Gwalior Prasasthi of Bhoja Pratihara
(iii) Baroda Copper Plates of Toramana
(iv) Devnimori Relic Casket Inscription
(v) Uttarameru Chola inscription
Technique of numismatic studies
(i)Antiquity & Technique of minting Coins in Ancient India
(ii) Punched Mark Coins of Ancient India
(iii) Coinage of Indo-Greeks
(iv) Indo Scythian coins & Indo Parthians Coins
Coins of Ancient times
(i) Satavahana Coins
(ii) Kushana Coins
(iii) Western Kshatrapa coins
(iv) Gupta Coins
(v)Chola coins
10 hrs
Tribal Coins
7 hrs
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
8 hrs
10 hrs
(i) Yaudheya Coins
(ii) Kuninda Coins
(iii) Audambaras Coins
UNIT -V
10 hrs
Practical training in reading inscription and identifying coins of
different periods
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
Allen J, 1962, Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi.
Bajpai, K.D., K.Agrawal, S Bajpai, 1992: Ayitihasik Bhartiya Abhilekh, Publication Scheme,
Jaipur.
Brown, C.J., 1973: Coins of India, Indo logical Book House, Delhi
Chattopadhyay Bhaskar, 1967: The Age of the Kushanas- A Numismatic Study, Punthi Pustak
publication, Calcutta
Chakraborty, S.K., Indian Numismatics- From the Earliest Time to the Rise of the Imperial Guptas,
Bhartiya Kala Prakashan, New Delhi.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Diskalkar, D.B, 1977: Selections from Sanskrit Inscriptions, Classical Publications, New
Delhi.
Fleet, J., 1971: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 3, New Delhi
Goyal ,S.R., 1994: Indigenous Coins Of Early India, Kusumanjali Prakashan, Jodhpur
Gupta, P.L., 1991: Coins , Natioal Book Trust of India New Delhi
Gupta, P.L., : Prachin Bharat ke Pramukh Abhilekh, Vol.I – (Maurya Kal se Gupta Purva Kal Tak),
University Publication, Varanasi
Hultzch, F., 1969: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol.1
Jha Amiteshwar, 2003, Bharatiya Sikke, Ak Ayitihasik Parichay, IIRNS Publication, Mumbai
Jha A., & Dilip Rajgor, 1992, Studies in the Coinage Of the Western Kshatrapas, IIRNS
Publication, Mumbai
Lahiri, A.N., 1965: Corpus of Indo Greek Coins, Poddar Publication, Calcutta.
Rajgor, Dilip, 2004, Punch Mark Coins of Early Historic India, Reesha Publication,Mumbai
Rajgor Dilip 1992, Studies in the Coinage of the Western Kshatrapa, IIRNS, Nasik
Rana, M. S., 1978, Bhartiya Abhilekh, Bhartiya Vidhya Prakasan, Delhi
Ramesh, K.V., 1984: Indian Epigraphy, Vol. I , Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi
Sharan Mahesh K, 1969, Tribal Coins- A Study( The Yaudheya, The Malavas, The Audambaras
and The Kunindas,Abhinav Publications, Delhi
Sirkar, D.C., 1984, Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi
Sirkar, D.C., 1968, Studies In Indian Coins, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
2
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 08:
AM2C08AY2N / AAH2203
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Architecture, Sculpture and Iconography – II
Objectives
The main aim of this course is to make students acquainted with the major forms of Art
and Architectural heritage of Ancient India. In the 2nd part, it traces the origin and
development of early temples and evolution of temple architectural styles in different
regions in the medieval period. The course also deals with ancient Indian paintings and its
heritage. It further deals with ancient Indian coins as a major archaeological source.
UNIT-I
Indian Temples: Concept, Origin, Antiquity and Development; it’s Plan and
Elevation
.(i) Gupta and Post-Gupta Temples
(ii) North Indian Style of Temple Architecture
(iii) Temples of Gujarat and Rajasthan
(iv) Bhumija Temples of Central India
(v) Khajuraho Group of Temples
(vi) Temples of Orissa
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
12 hrs
10 hrs
(i) Temples of Aihole
(ii) Southern Style of Temple Architecture
(iii) Mahabalipuram
(iv) Monolithic Kailasnath Temple
(v)Temples of Tanjor, Kanchi
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
Iconography: Origin and Development of Image Worship.
(i) Principal Iconographic Features of: Brahma, Surya, Navagraha, Digpalas
etc.
(ii) Forms of Shiva: Shivalingas, Saumya, Ugra and Sanharmurtis of Shiva
(iii) Forms of Vishnu: Garuda, Characteristic Forms of Dasavataras.
(iv) Syncretic Images of Hindu Iconography.
(v) Karttikeya, Ganesh, Nandi etc.
(vi) Forms of Shakti, Parvati, Durga, Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Lajja Gauri, Maitrikas
Main Features of Tirthankar Images
(i) 24 Tirthankars,
(ii) Yaksha and Yakshinis of the Tirthankaras.
UNIT -V
8 hrs
5 hrs
10 hrs
Practical training in identifying structural details of ancient Indian architecture
and study of sculptures through site visits and photographs and project work
on a standing monument
REFERENCES
1
2
Percy Brown
Indian Architecture. Vol.I, D.B. Taraporvala and Co., Bombay. 1959
Michael Mesiter and Madhusudhan Dhaky (Eds.) Encyclopaedia of Indian Temples. American
Instituteof Indian Studies, Delhi. 1991
3
4
Krishna Deva
5
T.A.G. Rao
Delhi.1968
J.N. Banerjea
Sheo Bahadursingh
R.S. Gupte
Co.,Bombay. 1972
Bhagwat Sahai
NewDelhi. 1975
Kalpana Desai
U.P. Shah
6
7
8
9
10
11
Temples of India. Vol. I and II, Aryan Books International, New Delhi. 1995
Pramod Chandra (Ed.) Studies in Indian Temple Architecture. American Institute of Indian
Studies,Varanasi. 1975
Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. I and II. Motilal and Banarasidas,
The Development of Hindu Iconography. Calcutta University. 1956
Brahmanical Icons of Northern India. Sagar Publication, New Delhi. 1972
Iconography of the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. D.B. Taraporvala and
Iconography of Minor Hindu and Buddhist Deities. Abhinav Publication,
Iconography of Vishnu. Abhinav Publication, New Delhi. 1973
Jaina-Rupa-Mandana. Vol. I, Abhinav Publication, New Delhi. 1987
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
1
2
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 07:
AM2C09AY2N /AAH2204
Archaeological Methods and Theory - II
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
The 2nd part of the course covers various dating methods in archaeology, field
methods that are
used in archaeological data collection and sampling and the basic theoretical
frameworks that are useful in interpreting archaeological data. It is an
analytical paper that allows a student how to do archaeology, the merits and
limitations of Archaeological data and its interpretation methods
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
Dating Methods I (Relative Dating Methods)
Stratigraphy
Chemical Analysis of Bones
Varves
Obsidian Hydration
Problems in Relative Dating
Chronometric Dating Methods
Dendrochronology
Radiocarbon Method (c14 Method )
Thermoluminescence Method (TL)
Problems in Chronometric Dating
Archaeological Theories
New Archaeology and General Theories
Middle Range Theory
Systems Theory
Postprocessual Archaeology
Introduction to Field Methods
Field Methods (Surveying, Use of Field Equipment, Sampling Methods etc.)
Field Work
9 hrs
9 hrs
14 hrs
5 hrs
12 hrs
4 weeks field training in archaeological excavations and explorations.
The students are expected to submit Fieldwork report towards the end of
the
semester which will be assessed as per the University Examination
System
REFERENCES
1
Agrawal D.P.& M.G. Yadava (1995) Dating the Human Past.
Pune: ISPQUS.
2
3
Aitken M.J. (1974) Physics and Archaeology (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press
Aitken M.J. (1990) Science based Dating in Archaeology.
London: Longman.
4
Arnold D.E. (1985) Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Atkinsen R.J. (1953) Field Archaeology. London: Methuen
Binford L.R.(1972) An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press.
Binford L.R. (1983) In Pursuit of Past. London: Thames
and Hudson.
Binford S.R.& Binford L.R. (1968) New Perspectives in
Archaeology. Chicago: Aldine.
Brothwell D. &Higgs E.(Ed.) (1963) Science in Archaeology. London:
Thames and Hudson.
Chakrabarti D.K.(1988) Theoretical issues in Indian Archaeology.
New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
Childe V.G.(1956) Piecing together the Past: The Interpretation of
Archaeological Data. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Clarke D.L. (1968) Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen.
Clarke G. (1965) Archaeology and Society. London: Metheun.
Cleator P.E.(1957) The Past in Pieces. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Fleming S.(1976) Dating in Archaeology: A Guide to Scientific
Techniques. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
Flower P.J. (1977) Approaches to Archaeology. London.
Gosh A. (Ed.) (1953) Ancient India IX. Delhi: ASI.
Grinsell L., Rahtz P. & Willims D.P. (1974) The Preparation of
Archaeological Report.
London. Heizer F.R. (Ed.) (1959) A Guide to Archaeological Field
Methods. California.
Hodder I. (Ed.) (1987) Archaeology of Contextual Meanings. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Hodder I. (1991) Reading The Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in
Archaeology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kempton W. (1981) The Folk Classification of Ceramics: A Study of
Cognitive Prototypes. London: Academic Press.
Leute U. (1987) Archaeometry: An Introduction to Physical Methods in Archaeology and the
History of Art. New York:
VCH Libby W.F.(1955) Radiocarbon Dating. London.
Michaels W.J.(1973) Dating Methods In Archaeology. London
Miller D. (1985) Artifacts as Categories: A Study of Ceramic
Variability in Central India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paddyya (1990) The New Archaeology and its aftermath, a view from
outside the Anglo-American world. Ravish Pune.
Renfrew, A.C. 1974. Before Civilization. New York: Knopf
Renfrew A.C. & E.B.W.Zubrow (Ed.) (1994) The Ancient Mind:
Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Renfrew A.C.(1983) Towards An Archaeology of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Renfrew A.C., M.J.Rowlands & B.A.Segraves (Ed.) (1982) Theory
And Explanation in Archaeology. New York : Academic Press.
S. Settar and R. Korisettar, 2002. Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: vol. 1 and 3, ICHR, Delhi:
Manohar
Shanks M. & Tilley C. (1987) Re-constructing Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
Shiffer M.B. Behavioral Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Trigger B.G. (1968) Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Trigger B.G. (1989) Towards A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Wheeler R.E.M. (1954) Archaeology from Earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
1
2
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 10:
AM2C10AY0N / AAH2205
Political History of India (700 AD to 1200 AD)
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
This is the second part of the political history course. As in the first part, the second part
of the course is meant for providing the necessary historical background for understanding
the cultural developments in different parts of India from the 8th Century AD to 12th Century
AD. It essentially deals with political history and concomitant cultural history that may help
students of archaeology to appreciate historic records in the right perspective.
UNIT-I
Emergence of independent powers in Northern India
Yasovarman of Kanauj
Gurjara Pratiharas
The Chamanas of Sakambari
The Karkotka dynasty
Maitrakas of Vallabhi
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
8 hrs
7 hrs
The Parmaras of Malwa, The Chandellas of Jajakabhuti (Bundelkhand)
UNIT-III
The Palas (Gopala, Dharmapala, Devapala, Narayanapala,
Mahipala–I,
Nayapala, Nayapala’s successors, Ramapala, end of the dynasty.
The Kalachuris of Tripuri
Important dynasties of the Deccan and South India
(a) Sangam age – Polity and Society
(b) Political and Cultural Developments – Chalukyas,
Pandya, Cheras, Chola and Pallava
(c) The Chalukyas of Kalyana :
(d) The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta
UNIT-IV
10 hrs
10 hrs
The Pallavas of Kanchi (Beginning of Power, Simhavishnu,
Mahendravarman – I,
Narasimhavarman – I, Parameshvaravarman – I,
Narasimhavarman – II, Nandivarman and his
successors.
The Pandyas and their times
The Cholas: (Vijayalaya, Aditya–I, Parantaka–I, Rajaraja,
Rajendra–I,
Rajadhiraja–I, Rajendra–II, Virarajendra, Adhirajendra,
Koluttunga–I,
Successors of Koluttunga –I)
UNIT -V
10 hrs
Term Paper writing and submission
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Allchin R. 1989. Patterns of City Formation in Early Historic South Asia, South Asian Study
6:163-147
Bhattacharya, H. 1953. Cultural Heritage of India. Vol IV. The Ramakrishna Mission. Calcutta
Bhattacharya, N. N. 1989. Medieval Bhakti Movenments in India. Delhi
Champakalakshmi, R. 1996. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization. South India 300 B.C.to
A.D. 1300. Delhi
Chattopadhyaya, S. 1984. Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarides. Delhi
Chopara, P. N., Ravindran, T. K., Subramanian, N. 1979. History of South India. Vol I.
S.Chand and Co. New Delhi.
Ghosal, U. N. 1957. Studies in Indian History and Culture. Oriental Longmans Calcutta.
Gopal, L. 1965. The economic Life of Northern India (AD. 700-1200). Delhi
Hall, K.R. 1980, Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cholas. Delhi
Kosambi, D. D. 1985. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (reprint) Bombay:
Popular Prakashan.
Majumdar, A. K. 1983. Concise History of India, Vol. I, II, III. Munshiram Manoharlal Pub. House,
New Delhi.
Majumdar, R. C. (ed.).1960. Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan Volumes (History and Culture of the
IndianPeople). Vol.IV. The Age of the Imperial Kanauj. Vol V. The Struggle for Empire.Bombay
Majumdar, R.C. et al.(ed.). 1960. The History and Culture of Indian People. Vol. I. Vedic Age. Vol. II.
Age of Imperial Unity. Vol III Classical Age. Bahrtiya Vidhya Bhavan. Bombay.
Shastri, K. A. N. 1966. History of South India (IIIrd ed.) Oxford, Oxford University Press.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
2
3
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 11:
AM3C11AY1N / AAH2301 / AAH2301C11
Compulsory Course
World Prehistory - I
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
The overall objective of this paper (in two part) is to introduce students to the major
prehistoric cultural development in most part of the world from the very beginning of human
origin and make them aware of major theoretical and methodological issues of prehistoric
study. After providing a brief history of the idea of prehistory and theoretical and
methodological background of prehistoric investigations, the 1st part of the course examines
archaeological evidence that are available for understanding the prehistoric cultural
developments in Africa, Europe, West Asia, South East Asia and China through the
Palaeolithic period. It encourages students to critically examine issues of origin,
development and expansion of prehistoric cultures in different parts of the world.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
10 hrs
Meaning and scope of prehistory, History and development of prehistoric
archaeology,Methods and principles of prehistory. Introduction to prehistoric
culturalsequence Prehistory and geological time frame,Human antiquity and fossil
records.Prehistoric stone tool techniques,Stone Age primary and secondary sites.
UNIT-II
10 hrs
Lower Palaeolithic Cultures in Africa, Europe and West Asia.
Pre-Acheulian and Acheulian developments.
Contributions of Olduvai Gorge in the Palaeolithic study,
Lower Palaeolithic in Europe,
Acheculian and Non-Handaxe industries.
Hominid fossil records. Cultural patterns of the early hominins
UNIT-III
5 hrs
Prehistory of China and Southeast Asia
Lower Paleolithic culture in China and in Southeast Asia.
Hominin fossil records
UNIT-IV
10 hrs
The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cultures of Europe;
Stratigraphy and chronology.
Hominid fossil records.
Near Modern and Modern Humans,
Modern human expansion and migration.
Emergence of Behavioural modernity and Upper Palaeolithic Art.
UNIT -V
10 hrs
Practical training in identification and drawing of Stone tools
Visit to Stone Age primary and secondary sites. (This will run concurrent to
the preceding units)
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Bordes, Fancois 1968
The Old Stone Age McGraw Hill, U.K
Butzer, K. W.
1982. Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge University Press: New York
(reissued in 2006)
Butzer, K.W and G.L. Isaac (Eds.) 1975 After the Australopithecene, The Hague
Clark, J. G. D 1977 World Prehistory: New Perspective, Cambridge
Daniel, G. 1976
Hundred years of Archaeology Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University
Press
Daniel, G. and Colin Renfrew 1987 The Idea of Prehistory New York: Columbia University Press
Isaac, G. L 1971 “The Diet of Early Man”. World Archaeology 2:278 -229
Klein, R. G 1999 The Human Career, Human Biological and Cultural Origins, The
University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Lee, R. B. and De Vore, I (Eds.) 1968 : Man the Hunter Chicago: Aldine LeoriGourhan, A. 1982 The Dawan Of European Art: An Introduction to Palaeolithic
Cave Painting, Cambridge , Cambridge University Press.
Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2010 Understanding physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Patricia Philip. 1980 The Prehistoric Europe Allen Lane, London
Paddayya, K 1990
New Archaeology and Aftermath. Ravish publishers, Pune
----1994 C. J. Thomsen and the Three Age System, Man and Environment XVIII (2):
129-140.
Philipson , D.W 1988 African Archaeology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill,
Boston
Prucel, R. W. 1991
Processual and Post-Processual Archaeologies Multiple Ways of
Knowing the Past CAI, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Occasional Paper No.10
18
Renfrew, c. and Bahn, P. 2014 The Cambridge world Prehistory Vol.1: Africa, South and Southeast
Asia and the Pacific Cambride University Press: 85-105
19
Roe, Derek The Palaeolithic. In Peter Hammond (Ed.) Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology
Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies,
Thames and Hudson Ltd. London
Smith, Fumiko Ikava (ed.) 1978 Early Palaeolithic in South East Asia. World Anthropology 54, Uni. of
Michigan; Mouton, The Hague
Trigger, B.G 2006
A History of Archaeological Thought (reprint) Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Wenke, R. J and Deborah I. O. 2006
Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years:
Oxford University Press
Wu Rukang and Olsen, J.W. (eds.)1985 Palaeoanthropology and PalaeolithicArchaeology in
20
21
22
23
24
Peoples Republic of China. Orlando.Fl. Academic Press
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
2
3
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 12:
Code AM3C12AY1N / AAH2302 / AAH2302C12
Compulsory paper
Ethno and Experimental Archaeology - I
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology has a very recent history in
archaeological studies. It involves the investigations of contemporary behavior and material
culture from archeological perspective. It is broad field of inquiry that encompasses all
aspects of human adaptation from selection of raw material to ideological basis for the use
of specific symbols. The overall objective of this course is to provide an opportunity to learn
constructively and access reading material on the subject. After basic introduction to the
history and development of the subject, various technologies will be constructively and
critically examined. While discussing ancient technologies students would be encouraged to
express their ideas about specific topics and get constructive feedback. This course will also
briefly introduce students with general and specific scientific principles of artifact
examinations- with emphasis on their interpretive limitations and use. After introductory
classes students would be asked critically examine and review various ethnoarchaeological
and experimental studies carried out in India and Pakistan
UNIT-I
General Introduction
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
12 hrs
a)Archaeology, Analogy, Ethnoarchaeology, Experimental Archaeology
UNIT-II
b)General Principles of
artifact examination
Limitations: sample size,
corrosion / decay,
Physical examination
Qualitative and quantitative Analyses
Stone working
General qualities of raw material
Procurement: Mining / quarrying and beginning of pyrotechnology
Knapping: Flaking Methods
Abrading: Rubbing, sawing, drilling and polishing
Pulverizing
Examination of Stone artifacts
Stone bead Making: Past and Present
Ceramic Production
10 hrs
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
Raw materials: Clays and fillers
Farming Process
Secondary Formation Process
Surface decoration
Drying and firing
Firing sequence and Bonfire, pitkiln, updraft, downdraft, Muffle kiln
Technological studies of Indian Protohistoric Pottery
Advance Ceramics
Glazes & refectory clays
Glass & enamel
Indus Faience and Stone making
Practical
Students will be give practical training in artifact examination and
identification of important indicators associated with the above
mentioned craft
5 hrs
8 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Agrawal, D. P 2009: Harappan Technology and Its Legacy. Rupa and Infinity Foundation series.
New Delhi
Bhan, K. K. and D. Gowda 2003: Shell Working at Nagwda (North Gujarat) with Special
Reference toShell Industries of the Harappan Tradition in Gujarat.Man and EnvironmentXXVIII
(2): 51-80
Bhan K. K., M. Vidale and. J. M. Kenoyer 1994: Harappan Technology: Theoretical
andMethodological Issues,Man and EnvironmentXIX (1-2): 141-157
Charlton, T. H. 1981: Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Ethnology: Interpretive Interface, in
Advancein Archaeological Methods and Theory, Vol. 4 (ed.) M. B. Schiffer, pp. 129-159. Academic
Press
Hodges, H. 1971: Artifacts. Academic Press
Hegde, K. T. M. 1991: An introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy, Geological Survey of India.
Inizan M.-L H. Roche and J. Tixier 1992: Technology of Knapped Stone. Meudon:
CREP
Kenoyer, J. M. 1983: Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An
Archaeological andEthnographic Perspective.Doctoral Dissertation, Department of
South and Southeast Asian studies,University of California. Barkley
Kenoyer, J. M. 1994: Faience from the Indus Valley Civilizations. Ornament 17(1-2): 39-54
Kenoyer, J. M 1994: Experimental Studies on Indus Valley Technology at Harappa, in South
AsianArchaeology 1993, Vol. I. (ed.) A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio. Helsinki.
Kenoyer, J. M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1991: Contemporary Stone Bead Making in Khambhat,
India: patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in
archaeological record. World Archaeology23 (1): 44-63.
Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1994: Carnelian Bead Production in Khambhat India:
AnEthnoarchaeological Study, inLiving Traditions: Studies in Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia,
(ed.) B.Allchin, pp. 281-306. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
Kenoyer, J. M. and H. M.-L Miller 1999: Metal Technology of the Indus Valley Tradition, in The
AncientMetallurgy of the Asian Old world, University Museum Monograph no. 89 (ed.) V. Pigott. The
University ofPhiladelphia
Krishnan, K. and K. T. M. Hegde 1987: Chemical and Petrographic Studies in pottery
HarappanCulture in Gujarat.Journal of M. S. University of Baroda(Humanities) 35-36, 1
(1986-87) 27-56.
Krishnan, K. 1992: An analysis of Decorative Pigment on Harappan Pottery of Gujarat. South Asian
Archaeology 8: 125-
16
17
18
19
Mehta Nikita 1997: Preliminary Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Traditional Copper/Bass
casting inWestern India.M. A. Dissertation. Department of Archaeology, M. S. University of Baroda
MillerRice Prudnce M 1994: The Archaeology Study of specialized Pottery production: Some
aspects ofMethods and Theory, inPots and Potters(ed.) P. Rice. Monograph XXIV, pp. 45-54. Los
Angeles:Institute of Archaeology.
Shepard, A. D: 1956: Ceramics for Archaeologists, Washington.
Vidale, M. 2000: The Archaeology of Indus Craft: Indus Craftspeople and Why We Study
Them, IsIAO – Rome
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
2
3
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 13:
AM3C13AY0N / AAH2303 / AAH2303C13
Compulsory Course
Methods of Archaeological Research
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to orient the students in different methods and
techniques of data collection and analyses along with introducing them to various social
science research methodologies. Students will be introduced to philosophy of sciences. The
second part of the paper in semester IV of MA, involves a minor project work under the
supervision of a teacher which will lead to the submission of a dissertation
UNIT-I
Introduction
Introduction to the Philosophy of Science; Fundamentals of Social Science
Research methodology;
Approaches in Research: Quantitative and Qualitative; Ethical Issues
Designing and Developing Research Proposal
Developing a conceptual framework, literature review in research and its analysis,
research questions, hypothesis formulation, designing the study, data needed
and sourcing it, sampling methods, traditional data analyses, statistical data
analyses
Recent Trends in Archaeological Research
Application of the scientific methods in archaeology,
Different models used for explanation / interpretation
Interaction
Design and formulation of Dissertation project;
Writing the project/dissertation proposal with the help of the respective guiding
teacher
Dissertation Project Presentations and finalization
Practical demonstration and training in presentation of dissertation/project plan
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
(Each student shall select a topic for dissertation in the 3rd Semester, write a
proposal and make a presentation of the proposal before the end of the same
semester. The dissertation work completed and submitted in the 4th semester will
be assessed in the Semester end examination)
REFERENCES
8 hrs
10 hrs
10 hrs
10 hrs
7 hrs
1
2
3
4
5
Atkinsen R.J. (1953)
Field Archaeology. London: Methuen.
Binford L.R. (1983)
In Pursuit of Past. London: Thames and Hudson.
Binford L.R.(1972)
An archaeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press.
Binford S.R.& Binford L.R. (1968)
New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago: Aldine.
Bryman, A. 2002
Social Research Methods, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press. Oxford
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Chakrabarti D.K.(1988) Theoretical issues in Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers.
Childe V.G.(1956)
Piecing together the Past: The Interpretation of Archaeological Data. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Clarke D.L. (1968)Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen.Criticism and growth of Knowledge,
Cambridge University Press
Clarke G. (1965)Archaeology and Society. London: Metheun
Cleator P.E.(1957)The Past in Pieces. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Flower P.J. (1977)Approaches to Archaeology. London.
Grinsell L., Rahtz P. & Willims D.P. (1974)The Preparation of Archaeological Report. London
Hodder I. (1991)Reading The Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in
Archaeology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hodder I. (Ed.) (1987) Archaeology of Contextual Meanings. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
Kuhn, Thomas.The Structure of Scientific RevolutionLakatos, J.I. and P.W. Musgrave.
Paddyya (1990)The New Archaeology and its aftermath, a view from outside the AngloAmericanworld. Ravish Pune.
Popper, K.R.The logic of Scientific Discovery
Renfrew A.C. & E.B.W.Zubrow (Ed.) (1994)The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive
Archaeology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Renfrew A.C.(1983)Towards An Archaeology of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Renfrew A.C., M.J.Rowlands & B.A.Segraves (Ed.) (1982)Theory And Explanation in
Archaeology.New York : Academic Press
Renfrew, A.C. 1974.Before Civilization. New York: Knopf
S. Settar and R. Korisettar, 2002.IndianArchaeology inRetrospect: vol. 1 and 3, ICHR,
Delhi:Manohar
Shanks M. & Tilley C. (1987)Re-constructing Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
Shiffer M.B.Behavioral Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Trigger B.G. (1968)Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Trigger B.G. (1989)Towards A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge
UniversityPress.
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
2
3
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
CORE 14 (Optional):
AM3C14AYaN / AAH2304 / AAH2304C14-a
Arts and Crafts of Ancient India –I
Credit
Hours
3
45
The overall objective of this course is to emphasis the importance of arts and craft
objects in the archaeological context and to highlight the technology and social context of
their production. The 1st part of the course deals with technology of ceramic production
from the Neolithic time onwards. Students are expected learn main ceramic types
belonging to different regions and different periods and examine their patterns of
production, distribution and consumption.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
7 hrs
(i) Definition of art and craft
Development of Humans into tool maker, Early forms of societies
(ii) Artifact classification, organization and analysis
UNIT-II
8 hrs
(i)Ceramics
Introduction to clay, processing clay, manufacture of pottery and application of
decorations
UNIT-III
6 hrs
Characters and Features of:
(i) Neolithic Pottery
(ii)Pre/Early Harappan Pottery
(iii)Harappan Pottery
UNIT-IV
6 hrs
Characters and Features of:
(i) Late Harappan Pottery (Gujarat)
(ii) Malwa Ware
(iii) Banas Ware
(iv) Jorwe Ware
(v)Ochre Coloured Ware
UNIT -V
Practical
6 hrs
Characters and Features of:
(i) Painted Grey Ware
(ii) Northern Black Polished Ware
(iii) Megalithic Ware
(iv) Early Historic Pottery
Identification of Pottery, pottery drawing and documentation,
(this will run concurrent to the preceding units)
REFERENCES
1
2
Childe, V.G. 1954.
Rotary Motion. In C. Singer, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.)
History of Technology, pp. 187-215. Oxford
Clarke, D.L. 1978. Analytical Archaeology. New York.
10 hrs
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Dales, G.F. & J.M Kenoyer. 1986. Excavations at Mohenjodaro, Pakistan: The Pottery.
Pennsylvania
Hodges, H. 1964. Artifacts. An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology. London.
Khan, F.A. 1961. Excavations at Kot Diji. Pakistan Archaeology II: 11-85.
Rao, S.R. 1962-63. Excavation at Rangpur and other Explorations in Gujarat. Ancient India
18&19: 5-207.
Rao, S.R. 1966. Excavations at Amreli. Baroda.
Roy, T.N. 1986. A Study of Northern Black Polished Ware Culture. Delhi.
Rye, O.S. 1981. Pottery Technology. Principles and Reconstruction. Washington.
Saraswati, B. 1978. Pottery-Making Cultures and Indian Civilization. Delhi
Shepherd, A.O. 1954. Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Washington
Singer, C, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) A History of Technology. 2 volumes. Oxford.
Sinha, B.P. 1969. Potteries in Ancient India. Patna.
Sinopoli,C. 1991. Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics. New York.
Tripathi, V. 1976. The Painted Grey Ware. Delhi
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
2
3
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 14 (Optional)
AM3C14AYbN / AAH2305 / AAH2305C14-b
Bio-anthropology
Credit
Hours
3
45
This course aims at introducing the bioanthroplogical background of Human evolution based
on fossil records. This provides the appropriate biological background of prehistoric cultural
evolution. After a brief introduction of the fundamental methods and models of bioanthropology it discusses the biological evolution and fossil records of anatomically modern
humans from their primate ancestors. Competing theories of modern human origin and
migration are presented for critical appreciation. It discusses human variation and the fallacy
of race concept and introduces students to the study of human skeletons from Indian subcontinent belonging to the Mesolithic through the Early Historic period
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
8 hrs
1) Introduction to Biological Anthropology
- Methods and Paradigms, Subjects of Study (Human Variation,
Population Adaptation, Origins, Role of Molecular Biology,
Behavior);
- Language of Biological Anthropology (Taxonomy and
Systematics, Species, Subspecies, Phylogenetic
Systematics/Cladistics, Ecology and Evolution)
- Development of evolutionary ideas and different theories of
Evolution, Contributions of Linnaeus, Buffon, E. Darwin,
Lamark, De Vries and C. Darwin
1) Primates: Origins and Evolution
- Definition and Classification
- Living Primates
- Fossil Primates (Paleocene to Miocene)
- Adaptive Radiation of Primates preceding the emergence of hominids
2) Plio-Pliestocene hominins
- Pre-Australopithecines
- Australopithecines
-Paranthropines
UNIT-II
10 hrs
1) Early Homo
- Homo habilis
- Phylogeny of Australopithecines and early Homo
1) Later Homo of the Early to mid-Quaternary
- Homo erectus
- Early "archaic" Homo sapiens
- Early hominid behavior
2) Late Quaternary Humans
- Classic Neanderthals and their Origin
- The contemporaries of the classic Neanderthals
- Neanderthal Behaviour: Cultural variability, economy, technology, and
society
-Fate of the Neanderthals
UNIT-III
9 hrs
1) Anatomically Modern Humans
- Origins of Modern Humans: fossil and archaeological evidence
- Late Pleistocene cultural variability, economy, technology, society, and
- population spread
2) Molecular Evidence
- Mitrochondrial, Nuclear, and other DNA and Human Evolution
- "Out of Africa" or "Eve" hypothesis versus multi-regional model
3) Human Biology and Variation
- Nature of human genetic variation
- The "Race " concept and classification
- The fallacy of "Race" and the inadequacy of traditional racial classifications
- Relationship between Biological evolution and Cultural change
UNIT-IV
8 hrs
1)
UNIT -V
Skeletal evidence from Indian Sub-continent from the Mesolithic
to Early Historic period Adoption to local environment
- The skeletal changes from hunting-gathering to pastor-agricultural
subsistence
- Palaeopathology and Palaeodemography. Model for
interpretation of physiological stress indicators in past
population
- Migration verses invention (Aryan Invention? Theory)
Practical
1) Introduction to human skeleton, identification of bones from
archaeological excavation, side identification of bones, dentition
- Age and sex determination
- Measurements and morphological observation on human bones
- Identification of dentition
- Morphometric analysis of dentition
2) Identification of pathologies from skeletal and dental remains
3) The excavation methods of human remains; Treatment of human
bones in field; methods of cleaning and reconstruction of post
excavation stage in the lab.
10 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
Relethford, J.H. 1997 The Human Species. An Introduction to Biological Anthropology. Mayfield
Publishing Company.
Boaz, N.T. and A.J. Almquist
1997 Biological Anthropology: A Synthetic Approach to Human
Evolution, Prentice Hall.
Klien, R. C.
1989 The Human Career. The University of Chicago Press.
Jones, S., R. Martin and D. Pilbeam
1992 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human
Evolution, edited book, Cambridge University Press.
Nitecki, M.H and D.V. Nitecki 1994 Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, edited book, Plenum
Press.
6
7
Lewontin, R.
1995
Human Diversity. Scientific American Library.
Montagu, A. 1997
Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race, AltaMira Press.
Additional relevant articles from edited volumes and journals will be given as teaching progresses.
Texts and required readings will be made available for students in the Zooarchaeology cum
Anthropology Laboratory
YEAR
Semester
2
3
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 14 (Optional)
AM3C14AYcN / AAH2306 / AAH2306C14-c
Exploration of Human Diversity - I
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The overall objective of this course is to provide a broad perspective of Anthropology with
focus on the human diversity in distinctive cross-cultural perspective. In the third semester
we will be examining field methods of anthropology and understand the anthropological
perceptive of culture that will be followed by development of early hominid and emergence
of modern humans and their culture. The last unit in the third semester we also examine the
cultural evolution, adaptive strategies and origin of food production.
In the fourth semester we will examine the economic and social stratification, political
organization and structure of band, tribe, chiefdom and non industrial state, followed by
anthropological view of marriage and religion.
UNIT-I
Introduction
• Scope of Anthropology, -General Anthropology, -The subdisciplines of Anthropology -Anthropology and other human
sciences
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
•
Field Methods
-Ethnography: Anthropology’s distinctive strategy; -Difference
between Survey Research and Ethnography; -Ethnographic
techniques: Observation, Participant observation, Conversation,
interviewing and -interview schedules, life histories
•
What is Culture
-Culture is all encompassing, -Culture is learned, -Culture is
symbolic, -Culture is shared -Culture is general and specific, Levels of culture; -Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism -Levels
of culture
•
Introduction to biological evolution
-Creationism, catastrophism and evolution; -The
Theory of Natural Selection -Hereditar; -Sources of
variability;
11 hrs
UNIT-II
-The Origin of Species; -Natural Selection and Behavioral traits; -The
Evolution of culture
Evolution
• Form Early Primates to Hominids
-Taxonomy and Primate Order , - Common Primate Traits, Common human traits - The emergence of Primates, - The
Emergence of Anthropoids
•
15 hrs
Introduction Early hominids and their culture
-Trends in hominids evolution, -Australopithecines: The Earliest definite
hominid
-Early Species of Homo, -Early Hominid culture, -Homo erectus, -Homo
erectus culture
Introduction to the emergence of Homo sapiens and their culture
-The transition between Homo erectus to Homo
sapiens,-Neanderthal and other definite Homo sapiens,
-Middle Paleolithic culture
-The emergence of modern humans
(Homo sapiens sapiens) -Upper
Paleolithic culture
- The earliest humans and their
culture in the New World
Cultural Evolution and adaptive Strategies
• Evolution
-the main trends of general evolution; - Leslie White and evolution of
culture
- Unilinear evolution, Specific, multilineal and convergent evolution
•
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
Strategies of adaptionForging: Correlates of forging
- Cultivation: horticulture, agriculture, and the cultivation continuum,
intensive agriculture
- Pastoralim
The Origin of food production
• The origin of food production in Middle East
• Genetic changes and human selection
• Adaptive eras in the transition of food production
•
•
9 hrs
10 hrs
The emergence of food production in other old world areas,
The First American Farmers
-Americas first immigration, -Early food production
in Mexican highlands -The early village forming
communities, - From early farming to civilization
Activities
Tutorial assignments and presentations
(This will run concurrent with the preceding units)
REFERENCES
1
2
Ember, C. R and Melvin Ember 1992: Anthropology; A Brief Introduction, Prentice Hall, Englewood
cliffs, New Jersey.
Ferraro Gary, Wenda Trevatham and Janet Levy 1992: Anthropology: An Applied Perspective,
West Publishing company, New York.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Kottak, C. P. 2008: Cultural Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York
Kottak, C. P. 1991: Anthroplogy: The Exploration of Human Diversity McGraw Hill, New York
Lewin R., 1982:Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution, Smithsonian Books,
Washington DC
Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2007: Understanding physical Anthropology
andArchaeology, Thomson Wadsworth
Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, New York
Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human
Societies Thames and Hudson Ltd. London
Relethford John, H., 2006: The Human Species: an introduction to Biological Anthropology,
McGraw Hill, New York
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
2
3
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 15 (Optional)
AM3C15AYaN / AAH2307 / AAH2307C15-a
Bronze Age: Mesopotamia, Egypt and China -I
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The Overall objective of this course is to apprise students of the development of early
Bronze Age Civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China.In the 1st part, after a brief
introduction to the concepts and nature of the Bronze Age civilizations the course discusses
in detail developments of various political institutions and their structure in all the three
centres. Students are expected to critically evaluate the developmental course and
comparative features for understanding the process of development of public institutions
UNIT-I
Understanding Early Civilizations
Concepts of Civilization, Bronze Age and
Urbanism Archaeological and Textual sources
Origin and Chronology, Geographical setting, regions and physical
features, soil and fertility, raw material sources
Political Structures and Institutions of Egypt
Political History of Egypt - Pre-dynastic Egypt, Unification of Egypt,
Early Dynastic times to Old Kingdom. Intermediate periods, Pharaos
Nomarchs and Necropolis, Political relations and administration, rules and laws
Literacy- Evidence of writing, Rosetta stone, development of writing and its use,
recording system etc.
Temples (mortuary and ritual temples) and Pyramids
Royal Tombs and Palace – their origins, development, plans, organization etc
Giza Pyramid complex, Valley of Kings, Karnak Temple complex etc
Political Structures and Institutions of Mesopotamia
Political History of Mesopotamia – Ubaid to Uruk Period – regional cultures of
Hasunna, Halaf etc. emergence of cities and city states, unification of city
states - Sumerian and Akkadian Civilizations, Political relations and administration,
rules and laws
Literacy- Evidence of writing, development of writing and its use, recording system
– Cuneiform tablets, envelops, Cylindrical seals.
Ziggurats and Palace as socio-political institutions – their origins, development
plans, organization etc. Temples of City Gods, White Temple at Uruk, Eye temple
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
10 hrs
12 hrs
12 hrs
UNIT-IV
at Tell Brak, Temple at Khafaje and others. Palce E and D from Uruk.
Socio-Political Structures and Institutions of China
Political History of China – regional cultures of yellow river valley – Yangzhou,
Longshan etc. Bronze Age China and Shang Dynasty, Political relations and
administration, rules and laws
Literacy- Evidence of writing, development of writing and its use- Inscribed
shells and oracle bones. Shang Oracle script.
Temples, Palace and stamped massive earthen mud walls– their origins,
development,…Templesans,oforgAnanizationya etc.,
11 hrs
Activity
Tutorial presentations, discussions and Orientation for Term paper , etc.
(this will run concurrently with the preceding units)
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1. Childe, V.G. 1942. What Happened in History. Harmondsworth
Childe, V.G. 1957.The Bronze Age. Past and Present 12
Adams, R.M. 1966. The Evolution of Urban Society, London.
Adams, R.M. 1981. Heartland of Cities. University of Chicago Press, London, Chicago
Butzer,H.1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Chang,K.C.1968. The Archaeology of Ancient China. Yale University Press.
Trigger, B.G. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations – A Comparative Study. Cambridge University
Press.UK
Ellis,M.deJ 1983.Correlation of Archaeological and Written evidence for the study
ofMesopotamian institutions and Chronology. American Journal of Archaeology 87.
Brewer Douglas, J, and T, Emily, 1999: Egypt and Egyptian, Cambridge University Press , London
Bierbrier, M.1982. The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs. London. British Museum Publications
Nissen,H.J., 1988 : The Early History of Ancient Near East, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago
Lloyd,S. 1984: The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Stone Age to Persian Conquest,
Thames & Hudson Ltd. London
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
YEAR
Semester
2
3
Core -15 (Optional)
AM3C15AYbN / AAH2308 / AAH2308C15-b
Credit
Hours
3
45
Environmental Archaeology- I
Objectives
The course aims at introducing the environmental changes that took place on earth
from the Pleistocene epoch onwards. The idea of teaching this paper is to make
the students understand (1) how human species have adopted to different
environmental conditions in the past (2) how to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental
conditions and
(2) how the bio-cultural evolution can be related with environmental changes.
The paper also introduces various methods of artefact analysis using
scientific methods
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
Introduction to Environmental Archaeology
Nature and scope
Development of Environmental Archaeology as an interdisciplinary field for
the study of man-land relationships
Introduction to Quaternary Period
Geological Time Scale
Quaternary Period
Zonal Concept of Environment
Distinctive features of Quaternary Period and their methods of their Study
Glacial
Fluvial
Aeolian
Marine
8 hrs
9 hrs
10 hrs
Lacustrine
UNIT-IV
Quaternary Stratigraphy of Western India: Case Studies
Western Indian Rivers
Western Indian Aeolian Stratigraphy
8 hrs
Sea Level Fluctuations in Western India
UNIT -V
Practical and Field studies
10 hrs
The practical and field studies and a report of the same will be
evaluated as per the University Examination System
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Agrawal D.P. 1992 Man and Environment in India through Ages. New Delhi : Books and Books.
Brothwell D. & E.S. Higgs 1970 Science in Archaeology. London : Thames and Hudson
Butzer K.W.1971 Environmental Archaeology: An Ecological Approach to Prehistory. Chicago:
Aldine
Butzer K.W.1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
Charlsworth J.K.1966 Quaternary Era Vol I & II . London.
Dimbleby G.W. Plants and Archaeology (2nd ed.). London: John Baker
Allchin B. , Goudie A. & K.T.M. Hegde 1978 Prehistory and Palaeogeoraphy of Great Indian
Desert.London : Academic Press
Evans J. 1978 An Introduction to Environmental Archaeology. New York.: Cornell University
Press.
Faegri K.& J. Iversen 1975 Text book of Pollen Analysis (3rd ed.) New York: Hafner
George Rapp Jr. and John A. Gifford. 1985. Archaeological Geology. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press.
Hamilton E.I. & L.H. Ahrens 1965
Applied Geochronology. London Academic Press.
Henderson – Sellers A. & P.J. Robinson 1986 Contemporary Climatology.Essex:Longman.
Imbrie J. & N. Newell (ed.) 1964
Approches to Palaeoecology. New York.
Wadia, S., R. Korisettar and V.S. Kale (Eds.) (1995) Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology
of India. Essays in honour of Professor S.N. Rajaguru. Memoir No: 32, Geological Society of India,
Bangalore.
YEAR
Semester
2
3
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 15 (Optional)
AM3C15AYcN / AAH2309 / AAH2309C15-c
Archaeology of South Asian Urbanism - I
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The overall objective of this course is to provide a detailed understanding of the development of
UNIT-I
Background of South Asian Urbanism.
Geographical and environmental features; Environmental setting and
archaeological background, Geographical regions and cultural regions.
Anthropological background of cultural diversity.
Roots of Urbanism
Prehistoric cultures and their environmental setting
Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic cultural developments.
Formative stages of regional variability and Mesolithic cultures
Neolithic cultural regions and apparent regional variability
Issues of Neolithic beginning
Beginning of urbanism in the Indus valley.
Introduction to the concept of urbanism
Chalcolithic beginnings and Pre/Early-Harappan settlements in the North Western
and adjoining regions in the Indian subcontinent.
Pre-Urban and proto-Urban settlements.
Indus valley civilization and urban settlements
The Harappa culture: Urban characteristics, Settlements, civic amenities,
Economic set up; Craft &art, trade and exchange, Agriculture and pastoralism
Politico-religious set up, Urban rural dichotomy
Practical (this will run concurrent to the preceding units).
Identification and description of various antiquities belonging to Prehistoric and
Proto-historic period of South Asia
urbanism and early urban centres in South Asia. The 1st part of the course, after providing brief ideas on
the concept of urbanism, introduces students to the geographical and anthropological background of South
Asian urbanism. It then traces the roots of urbanism in the prehistoric cultural developments in the
subcontinent and presents the first appearance of urban centres in the Indus valley as a cultural
continuum. It examines multiple technological and social factors responsible for the Indus urbanism and
encourages students to evaluate them critically.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
5 hrs
10 hrs
10 hrs
10 hrs
10 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Adams, R. M. 1966
The Evolution of Urban Society. Aldine Press, Chicago
Ajithprasad P. 2002 The Pre-Harappan Cultures of Gujarat by Ajithprasad.P. In S. Settar and
Ravi Korisettar (eds.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect Vol.IIProtohistory: Archaeology of the
Harappan Civilization ICHR ManoharNew Delhi. pp.129-158
Ajithprasad P. 2004
Holocene Adaptation of the Mesolithic and Chalcolithic Settlements in North
Gujarat by Ajithprasad. P. In Yasuda, Y and Vasant Shinde (Eds.) “Monsoon
and Civilizations” Roli Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. pp115-132.
Allchin F.R. 1995
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States.
Cambridge University Press, London.
Allchin, F. R. and B. Allchin 1982 The raise of civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press
Bhan, K. K., M. Vidale and J.M. Kenoyer 1994 Harappan Technology: Theoretical and Methodological Issues.
InMan and Environment XIX (1-2)
Chakrabarti, D. K. 1984 Origins of the Indus Civilization: Theories and Problems. In Lal, B.B and S. P. Gupta,
(Eds.) Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Books and Books, New Delhi
Child, V. G. 1950
The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review Vol. 21(1).
Fairservis, W. A. 1975
The Roots of Ancient India. Chicago Uni. Press
Jacobson, Jerome (Eds.) 1987 Studies in Archaeology of India and Pakistan.
Jaya Menon 1995
Craft Production in the Harappan Culture. Man and Environment XX(1):37-57
Kennedy K. A. R and G. L. Possehl, (Eds.) 1984 Studies in Archaeology and Anthropology of South Asia.
Oxford andIHB, New Delhi.
Kenoyer, J. M. (Ed.) 1989 Old Problems and New Perspectives in Archaeology of South Asia. Wisconsin,
Archaeological Report Vol.2
Lennoy, Rechard 1971 The Speaking Tree: A study of Indian Culture and Society.
Oxford University Press, New York.
Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta, (Eds.)1984 Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Books and Books,
New Delhi
Lal, B. B. 1997
The Earliest Civilization of South Asia. Aryan Book International\, New Delhi
Lucas, J. R. (Ed.) 1984
The People of South Asia. Plenum, New York
Mughal, M. R. 1990
Further Evidence of the Early Harappa Culture in the Greater Indus Valley, South Asian
Studies 6:175-199
Possehl, G. L. (Ed.) 1982 Harappan Civilization: Contemporary perspective. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
Possehl, G. L. and M. H. Raval, 1989 Harappan Civilization and Rojadi. Oxford and IHB,
New Delhi.
Ratnagar, Shereen 1994 Harappan Trade in Its’ “World” Context.
Man and Environment XIX (1-2): 115-129
Redman, Charles 1978
The raise of Civilization. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco
Sonawane, V. H. and P. Ajithprasad, 1994 Harappan Culture and Gujarat. Man and Environment XIX(1-2):
129-139
Sonawane, V.H., P. Ajithprasad. K.K. Bhan, K. Krishnan, S. Pratapachandran, Abhijit Majumdar,
Ajita K. Patel and Jaya Menon 2004. Excavations at Bagasra 1996-2003: A preliminary Report.
Man and Environment XXVIII (2) 2003: pp.21-50
Spate, O.H.K. 1954
India and Pakistan: A general and Regional Geography. Methuen London
Subbarao, B. 1958
The Personality of India. The M. S. University Archaeology Series 3
Ucko, P.J., R. Tringham and G.W. Dimbleby, (Eds.)1972 Man, Settlement and Urbanism
Duckworth and Co., Cambridge
Wheeler, R. E. M.1968
The Indus Civilization Oxford Uni. Press. London
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
2
3
Master of Arts: Regular
Interdisciplinary Elective – 03
AM3I02AY0N / AAH2311 / AAH2311E03
Archaeology of India
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The paper provides a synoptic view of the cultural developments from the prehistoric
times to the beginning of historic period. Material evidence for reconstructing the past life
ways during the prehistoric periods and the emergence of civilization based on urban
growth are discussed in the archaeological background
UNIT-I
India and her Prehistoric past
• Introduction to Indian prehistory and its scope
• Hunter-gatherer origins/beginnings and Palaeolithic culture
• Hunter-gatherer transition and Neolithic origins
The Mesolithic and the Neolithic farming
Indus Civilization and the Copper-bronze Age
• Chalcolithic period and the emergence of Urban centres
• Indus civilization and its legacy
• Contemporary Chalcolithic regional cultures
Regional interactions
Archaeology of the Iron Age
• Antiquity of Iron. Iron technology and urban growth
• Early Iron Age settlements and emergence of the second urbanization
Megalithic culture and spread of Iron technology.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
15 hrs
15 hrs
15 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
Agrawal, D. P. The Archaeology of India, Curzon Press, London. 1982
Allchin, B. and R. Allchin- The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan, Cambridge
Allchin, B.R.and D.K.Chakrabarti- A Source Book on Indian Archaeology,
Archaeology, Academic pres, New York: 767-78
Banerjee, N. R.- The Iron Age in India, M.M. publications, New Delhi, 1965.
Dhavalikar, M.K.- Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India, Books and Books, New
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
14
Delhi, 1995
Fairservis, W.A.- The Roots of Ancient India, The University of Chicago press, Chicago,
Fuller, D. Q- 2007 Neolithic Cultures in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of Archaeology
Lal, B.B.- The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 1979.
M.M Publishers Pvt. limited, New Delhi , 1979
Misra, V. N. Indian Prehistory, Ecological perspective, Man and Environment
Paddayya, K 2007 The Palaeolithic cultures; in Pearsall, D.M., (Ed) Encyclopedia of World
Prehistroy
Petraglia, D. M., and Ravi Korisettar, 1998. Early Human Behavour in Global Context
Pune, 1974
Sankalia, H.D.- Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan, Deccan college,
Sankalia, H.D.- Stone Age Tools: Their Techniques, Names and Probable Function
Subbarao, B.- Personality of India, Baroda, 1958
Thapar,B. K.- Recent Archaeological Discoveries in India, UNESCO Publication, 1985
University Press, London, 1983
Wheeler, R E M- Early India and Pakistan, Thames and Hudson, London,, 1959
Wheeler, R.E.M - The Indus Civilization, University Press, London, 1968
YEAR
Semester
2
4
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core -16
AM4C16AY2N / AAH 2401 / AAH2401C16
Compulsory Course
World Prehistory - II
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
Continuing from the 1st part, the 2nd part of the course deals with the Mesolithic huntergatherers and the beginning of food production in different parts of the world. It encourages
students to examine events leading towards domestication and agriculture at multiple
centres in the world and critically evaluate archaeological evidence for appreciating
competing ideas of food production. Evidence form West Asia, China, Africa and the
Americas are examined in detail. Post-Acheulian cultural developments in Africa and West
Asia are also included in the 2nd part of the course for providing an appropriate background
for the Epi-Palaeolithic/Mesolithic developments in those regions
UNIT-I
Post Acheulian developments in Africa and West Asia.
Middle and Late Stone Age cultural developments in sub-Saharan Africa.
Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cultural developments in North Africa
Stratigraphy and chronology.
Hominid fossil records.
Evidence of behavioral modernity and early forms of Art.
Mesolithic culture and environmental Background
Mesolithic culture of Europe and changing resource management
strategies.
Mesolithic/Epi-palaeolithic developments in West Asia.
Neolithic culture and the beginning of domestication of plants and animals,
Development of Neolithic culture in West Asia.
Early domestication in other parts of the world.
China, Europe, Africa, North and Meso-American centres
Prehistory of the Americas and Australia
Antiquity of Prehistoric Americas, Prehistoric remains and Palaeo-Indians.
Prehistoric remains in Sahul and their Antiquity
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
REFERENCES
2
3
4
5
12 hrs
8 hrs
3 hrs
10 hrs
Practical training in identification and description of Prehistoric tools and
implements, familiarization of faunal remains as well as seeds and other plant
remains. (This will run concurrent to the preceding units)
1
12 hrs
Aldine Wendorf, Fred and R. Schild 1981. The Earliest Food Producers.
Archaeology 34 (5):30-36
Braidwood. R. J. (ed) 1968. Courses towards Urban Life
Clark, J. G. D 1977. World Prehistory: New Perspective, Cambridge
---1935 The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe, Cambridge
Flannery, K.V. 1973. The Origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2: 217-310
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Hoffecker J.F et al. 1993. The colonization of Beringia and the Peopling of the
New World. Science 259: 46-53
Klein, R. G 1999. The Human Career, Human Biological and Cultural Origins,
The University of Chicago press, Chicago
Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2010. Understanding physical Anthropology
andArchaeology, Wadsworth Cengage Learning
Petrecia Philip 1980
Prehistoric Europe Allen Lane, London
Philipson , D.W 1988African Archaeology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, Boston
Reed, Charles.A (ed.) 1977.Origin of Agriculture. The Hague Mouton Publishers
Ucko, P. J and G.W. Dimbleby 1969. The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals.
Chicago.
Wenke, R. J and Deborah I. O. 2006Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years:
Oxford University Press
Wenke, R. J 1987Patterns in Prehistory Chicago, University of Chicago Press
White, P. J and Connell, J.F . 1982. A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Saul.New York,
Academic Press
Wilkinson, Paul F. 1972. “Oomingmak: A Model for Man-Animal Relationship in Prehistory”,Current
Anthropology 13 (1): 23-44
Wright. G. A. 1972“Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia: A summary of Ideas” Current
Anthropology 12 (4&5): 447-77
YEAR
Semester
2
4
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core -17
AM4C17AY2N / AAH2402 / AAH 2402C17
Compulsory paper
Ethno and Experimental Archaeology - II
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The overall objective of this course is to provide an opportunity to learn constructively and
access reading material on the subject. After basic introduction to the history and
development of the subject, various technologies will be constructively and critically
examined. While discussing ancient technologies students would be encouraged to express
their ideas about specific topics and get constructive feedback. This course will also briefly
introduce students with general and specific scientific principles of artifact examinationswith emphasis on their interpretive limitations and use. After introductory classes students
would be asked critically examine and review various ethnoarchaeological and experimental
studies carried out in India and Pakistan
UNIT-I
Copper Metallurgy
Ores, Mining, Preparation of ore, Roasting and smelting, Furnaces
Alloys
Casting
Working: Annealing, hammering, sinking, raising, spinning, drawing and
joining
Harappan Copper Metallurgy
Iron, steel & Zinc
Ores, Mining, Preparation of ore, Smelting
Iron Working: Annealing, Quenching, forging and joining
Examination of Metal Objects
organic Material
Woodworking
Leather, bone, horn, shell, Ivory and adhesives
Fuels
Textile
Evaluation of following ethnographic works
Ethnoarchaeological studies of Stone bead making in Khambhat
Harappan ceramic technology
Copper, zinc and Iron technology as reconstructed by Prof. K. T. M. Hegde
Ethnoarchaeological of Shell working in India
Practical
Students will be given practical training in artifact examination and
identification
of important indicators associated with the above mentioned craft
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
8 hrs
8 hrs
13 hrs
8 hrs
8 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
Agrawal, D. P 2009: Harappan Technology and Its Legacy. Rupa and Infinity Foundation series.
New Delhi
Bhan, K. K. and D. Gowda 2003: Shell Working at Nagwda (North Gujarat) with Special
Reference toShell Industries of the Harappan Tradition in Gujarat.Man and EnvironmentXXVIII
(2): 51-80.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Bhan K. K., M. Vidale and. J. M. Kenoyer 1994: Harappan Technology: Theoretical
andMethodological Issues,Man and EnvironmentXIX (1-2): 141-157
Charlton, T. H. 1981: Archaeology, Ethnohistory and Ethnology: Interpretive Interface, in
Advancein Archaeological Methods and Theory, Vol. 4 (ed.) M. B. Schiffer, pp. 129-159. Academic
Press
Hodges, H. 1971: Artifacts. Academic Press
Hegde, K. T. M. 1991: An introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy, Geological Survey of India.
Inizan M.-L H. Roche and J. Tixier 1992: Technology of Knapped Stone. Meudon:
CREP
Kenoyer, J. M. 1983: Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological
andEthnographic Perspective.Doctoral Dissertation, Department of South and Southeast Asian
studies,University of California. Barkley
Kenoyer, J. M. 1994: Faience from the Indus Valley Civilizations. Ornament 17(1-2): 39-54
Kenoyer, J. M 1994: Experimental Studies on Indus Valley Technology at Harappa, in South
AsianArchaeology 1993, Vol. I. (ed.) A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio. Helsinki.
Kenoyer, J. M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1991: Contemporary Stone Bead Making in Khambhat,
India: patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in
archaeological record. World Archaeology23 (1): 44-63.
Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan 1994: Carnelian Bead Production in Khambhat India:
AnEthnoarchaeological Study, inLiving Traditions: Studies in Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia,
(ed.) B.Allchin, pp. 281-306. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
Kenoyer, J. M. and H. M.-L Miller 1999: Metal Technology of the Indus Valley Tradition, in The
AncientMetallurgy of the Asian Old world, University Museum Monograph no. 89 (ed.) V. Pigott. The
University ofPhiladelphia
Krishnan, K. and K. T. M. Hegde 1987: Chemical and Petrographic Studies in pottery
HarappanCulture in Gujarat.Journal of M. S. University of Baroda(Humanities) 35-36, 1 (1986-87)
27-56
Krishnan, K. 1992: An analysis of Decorative Pigment on Harappan Pottery of Gujarat. South Asian
Archaeology 8: 125Mehta Nikita 1997: Preliminary Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Traditional Copper/Bass
casting inWestern India.M. A. Dissertation. Department of Archaeology, M. S. University of Baroda
MillerRice Prudnce M 1994: The Archaeology Study of specialized Pottery production: Some
aspects ofMethods and Theory, inPots and Potters(ed.) P. Rice. Monograph XXIV, pp. 45-54. Los
Angeles:Institute of Archaeology.
Shepard, A. D: 1956: Ceramics for Archaeologists, Washington
Vidale, M. 2000: The Archaeology of Indus Craft: Indus Craftspeople and Why We Study
Them, IsIAO – Rome
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
2
4
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 18
AM4C18AY0N / AAH2403 / AAH2403C18
Compulsory Course
Dissertation
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Dissertation work on a topic selected and researched by individual students with
the help of a supervising teacher.
(Each student shall select a topic for dissertation in the 3rd Semester, write a
proposal and make a presentation of the proposal before the end of the same
semester. The dissertation work completed and submitted in the 4th semester will
be assessed in the Semester end examination).
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
UNIT-I
2
4
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 19 (Optional)
AM4C19AYdN / AAH2404 / AAH2404C19-a
Arts and Crafts of Ancient India - II
Credit
Hours
3
45
The overall objective of this course is to emphasis the importance of arts and craft
objects in the archaeological context and to highlight the technology and social context of
their production. The 2nd part of the course deals with examination of several art and craft
objects of metal, stone, bone, horn, Ivory and shell and technologies of their production.
Social contexts of craft production and the emergence of specialized craftsman in centers
of production are discussed in the course. It also presents prehistoric rock-art and
development of art through different cultural periods up to the Classical Gupta period.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
Introduction to Archaeology
10 hrs
(i) Metal objects: Metals, Processing ores, Manufacture of Artefacts.
(ii) Stone objects: Flaking methods, Manufacture of Artefacts.
UNIT-II
6 hrs
(i) Bead Industry
(ii) Terracotta objects
UNIT-III
6 hrs
(i) Bone and Ivory objects
(ii) Shell Industry
UNIT-IV
5 hrs
(i) Prehistoric Art
(ii) Protohistoric Art
UNIT -V
Practical
8 hrs
(i) Mauryan Art
(ii) Kushana Art
(iii) Gupta Art
Identification of beads, bangles, terracotta objects and other
artefacts, their drawing and documentation.
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Agrawal, D.P. 1971. The Copper Bronze Age in India. Delhi.
Bharadwaj, H.C. 1979. Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology. Delhi.
Census Report. 1967. Ivory Works in India through the Ages. Delhi.
Childe, V.G. 1954. Rotary Motion. In C. Singer, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.)
A History of Technology, pp. 187-215. Oxford.
Clarke, D.L. 1978. Analytical Archaeology. New York.
Dikshit, M.G. 1949. Etched Carnelian Beads. Poona.
Dwivedi, V.P. 1976. Indian Ivories. Delhi.
Hegde, K.T.M. 1991. An Introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy. Bangalore
Hegde, K.T.M., R.V. Karanth & S.P. Sychanthavong. 1982. On the Composition and
Technology of Harappan Microbeads. In G.L. Possehl (ed.) Harappan
10 hrs
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, pp. 239-44. Delhi
Hodges, H. 1964. Artifacts. An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology. London
Jayaswal, V. & K. Krishna. 1986. An Ethno-archaeological View of Indian Terracottas. Delhi.
Kenoyer, J.M. 1984a. Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological
and Ethnographic Perspective. Ann Arbor
Kenoyer, J.M. 1984b. Shell Industries at Mohenjodaro, Pakistan, in M. Jansen and G. Urban (eds.)
Reports on Field Work at Mohenjodaro: Interim Reports, Vol 1,
pp. 99-115. Aachen & Rome.
Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale & K.K. Bhan. 1991. Contemporary Stone Beadmaking in Khambhat,
India: Patterns of Craft Specialization and Organization of Production as
Reflected in the Archaeological Record. World Archaeology 23,1: 44-63.
Lorblanchet, M. (ed.) 1992. Rock Art in the Old World. Delhi.
Mackay, E.J.H. 1937. Bead making in Ancient Sind. Journal of the American Oriental Society
57: 1-15.
Mitterwallner, G.v. 1989. Yaksas of Ancient Mathura. In D. Srinivasan (ed.) Mathura: The
Cultural Heritage, pp. 368-82. Delhi.
Neumayer, E. 1993. Lines on Stone. Delhi.
Pandey, S.K. 1993. Indian Rock Art. Delhi.
Possehl, G.L. 1981. Cambay Beadmaking. Expedition 23,4: 39-47.
Ray, N.R. 1975. Maurya and Post-Maurya Art. A Study in Social and Formal Contrasts. Delhi.
Singer, C, E.J. Holmyard & A.R. Hall (eds.) A History of Technology. 2 volumes. Oxford
Tripathi,V. & A.K. Srivastava. 1994. The Indus Terracottas. Delhi.
Whallon, R. & J.A. Brown (ed.) 1982. Essays on Archaeological Typology. Evanston
Williams, J. 1982. The Art of Gupta India, Empire and Province. Princeton
Williams, J. 1989. The Case of the Omitted Hundreds: Stylistic Development in Mathura
Sculpture of the Kusana Period. In D. Srinivasan (ed.) Mathura: The
Cultural Heritage, pp. 325-31. Delhi
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
2
4
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 19 (Optional)
AM4C19AYeN / AAH2405 / AAH2405C19-b
Bio-archaeology
Credit
Hours
3
45
The overall objective of this course is to introduce principals of bio-archaeology and
primary methods of bio-archaeological studies. It introduces students to the methods of
zoo-archaeology and arcaheo-botany that includes study of phytoliths, pollen, charcoal etc.
The processes and markers of domestication in different parts of the world are presented
in detail for a broader understanding of the application of bioarchaeology and its
significance. Special emphasis is given in the paper for integrated and critical
understanding of the issues involved in the origin and spread of agriculture and pastoralway of life in South Asia.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
6 hrs
1) Bioarchaeology
- Introduction to the bioarchaeology
- Zooarchaeology, Palaeoethnobotany, Palynology, Phytolith studies
- Methods (recovery procedures, identification, modern
comparative zoological and botanical collections)
1) Bioarchaeological Interpretations and Implications
- reconstructing past environments
- subsistence studies of hunter-gatherers
- origins of agriculture
- origins of pastoralism
UNIT-II
8 hrs
1) Markers of Domestication for plants
2)
for animals
Transitions to Agriculture in Western Asia
The late epipalaeolithic Natufian (dog, cereal gathering and
cultivation) Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (domestication of plants:
wheat, barley, oats, and legumes) Pre-pottery Neolithic B
(domestication of bovids and pigs)
UNIT-III
10 hrs
1) Independent centers of agricultural and pastoral origin
(with focus on plants and animals well known in South
Asia today)
- China (millets and rice)
- Africa (sorghum and millets)
- New World (maize, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, squash, chilies,
chocolate)
- The steppes (horse and Bactrian camel) and deserts (dromedary and
donkey)
2) Origins of agriculture in South Asia (another center?)
- Mehrgarh and early rabi crop agriculture (wheat, barley, jujube,
grapes)
The beginnings and development of kharif crop agriculture (rice, mallets, sorghum,
and dates – local versus imports)
UNIT-IV
10 hrs
1)
UNIT -V
Origins of pastoralism in South Asia (another center)
- Mehrgarh and sheep/goat husbandry
- Zebu domestication (including DNA/ chromosome evidence)
- Other animals (water buffalo, dogs, horses, etc.)
1) Spread of plants and animals and local adaptations in South Asia
- Are origins important?
- textual versus archaeological versus Bioarchaeological evidence
- First, Second, and Third agricultural and
pastoral "revolutions" and their impact on
economy and society
Practical
Identification of animals, Skeletal anatomy of selected domestic animals
like cattle, horse, sheep, goat, pig and dog (cranial and post cranial elements)
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Relethford, J.H. 1997The Human Species. An Introductionto
BiologicalAnthropology.MayfieldPublishing Company.
Boaz, N.T. and A.J. Almquist1997 Biological Anthropology: A Synthetic Approach to Human
Evolution, Prentice Hall.
Klien, R. C.1989 The Human Career. The University of Chicago Press.
Jones, S., R. Martin and D. Pilbeam1992 TheCambridge Encyclopediaof Human Evolution, edited
book, Cambridge University Press.
Nitecki, M.H and D.V. Nitecki1994 Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, edited book,
PlenumPress.
Lewontin, R.1995 Human Diversity. Scientific American Library.
Davis, S.M.J.1987 The Archaeology of Animals, B.T. Batsford Ltd.
Smith, B.D.1995The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library.
Price, T. D. and A.B. Gebauer1995 LastHunters, First Farmers. Santa Fe: School of
AmericanResearch Press.
Harris, D.R.1996 The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL
Press/Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Cowan, C.W. and P.J. Watson1992 The Origins of Agriculture: an International
Perspective.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
Price, T. D. and A.B. Gebauer1992 Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. Madison, WI:
PrehistoryPress.
YEAR
Semester
2
4
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 19 (Optional)
AM3C19AYfN / AAH2406 / AAH2406C19-c
Exploration of Human Diversity -II
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The overall objective of this course is to provide a broad perspective of Anthropology with
focus on the human diversity in distinctive cross-cultural perspective. In the fourth semester
the course examines the economic and social stratification, political organization and
structure of band, tribe, chiefdom and non industrial state, followed by anthropological view
of marriage and religion.
UNIT-I
Economics and social stratification
• Allocation of resources
-Natural resources, land & technology
• The conservation of resources
-Incentives of labor, forced labor, division of labor, decision making
• The distribution of goods and work
-Reciprocity, redistribution, market and commercial exchange
• Social stratification, rank and society, class society, class system
The emergence of stratification
Political and social Organization
• Band and Tribes
- Politics, types and trends, Tribal Cultivators, Pastoralism
• Chiefdom
- Political and economic system, social system, status
• State
- Population control, judiciary, enforcement, hydraulic system,
ecological diversity, long distance trade routes
Religion and Magic
 Origin, function and expression of religion
 Variation in religious beliefs
 Variation in religious practices
 Religion and adoption
Sex and Marriage
Sex
-sex differences
-sexuality
Marriage
- Anthropological perceptive of marriage and family.
Term Paper
Students are expected to carry out Ethnographic fieldwork and write a short term
paper on it
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
REFERENCES
1
Ember, C. R and Melvin Ember 1992: Anthropology; A Brief Introduction, Prentice Hall,
Englewood cliffs, New Jersey.
8 hrs
8 hrs
8 hrs
9 hrs
12 hrs
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ferraro Gary, Wenda Trevatham and Janet Levy 1992: Anthropology: An Applied Perspective,
West Publishing company, New York.
Kottak, C. P. 2008: Cultural Anthropology, McGraw Hill, New York
Kottak, C. P. 1991: Anthroplogy: The Exploration of Human Diversity McGraw Hill, New York
Lewin R., 1982: Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution, Smithsonian Books,
Washington DC
Lewis Barry, Robert Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore 2007: Understanding physical
Anthropology andArchaeology, Thomson Wadsworth.
Price Douglas T. & Gary M. Feinman 2008: Images of the Past. McGraw Hill, New York
Scarre Chris (ed.) 2005: The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of
HumanSocieties, Thames and Hudson Ltd. London
Relethford John, H., 2006: The Human Species: an introduction to Biological Anthropology,
McGraw Hill, New York
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
YEAR
Semester
2
4
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 20 (Optional)
AM4C20AYdN / AAH2407 / AAH2407C20-a
Bronze Age: Mesopotamia, Egypt and China -II
Academic Year
2016-2017
Credit
Hours
3
45
Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to apprise students of the development of early
Bronze Age civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. The second part of the course
on Ancient Cities deals with social and economic order dominant in the three centres. It
provides details of craft production and trade that supported the prevailing economic setup
in all the three centres of civilization. A study of monumental architecture is also part of this
course as it helps to appreciate the role of economic investment in social sectors in the
urban growth.
UNIT-I
Society
Social Structures - kinship, social hierarchy, social classes,
urban relations
Subsistence Economy – State and non state Sectors
Land ownership, Food Production, productivity and maximization strategies,
Irrigation pattern and techniques
Institutional arrangements for production and distribution
Trade – State and non-state sectors
Mechanisms for exchange: royal expeditions, merchant endeavors
Internal exchanges and long distance network
Craft Specialization
General understanding of craft specialization, Craftsmen, Organization of work,
Technological developments, workshops, tools
Composite objects of Pre Sargonic Mesopotamia, Egyptian stone working,
relief works, Shang bronzes etc.
Religion and social life
mythology, cosmology, Priests, Polities of supernatural,
Temple cults, rituals, sacrifices, festivals, Shamanism, Oracles
Term Paper project
Each student has to submit a term paper based on chosen topic of study
for evaluation at the semester end examination.
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
UNIT - VI
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Adams, R.M. 1965. Land behind Baghdad. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Algaze,G.1993. The Uruk World System. University of Chicago Press, London, Chicago
Butzer,H.1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Carter,E & M.Stolper 1984 Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. University of
California Publications
Chang,K.C.1968. The Archaeology of Ancient China. Yale University Press
Chang,K.C. 1980. Shang Civilization. Yale University Press
Chang,K.C. 1983. Art, Myth and Ritual. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Childe V.G.1934. New Light on the Most Ancient East. London
5 hrs
7 hrs
7 hrs
8 hrs
8 hrs
10 hrs
9
10
11
12
Ehrich,R.H. 1965. Chronologies in Old world Archaeology. Chicago Press
Ellis,M.deJ 1983.Correlation of Archaeological and Written evidence for the study ofMesopotamian
institutions and Chronology. American Journal of Archaeology 87.
Downing, T.E&Mc.G.Gibson(eds.) 1974. Irrigation’s Impact on Society. Anthropological papers of
the University of Arizona, No.25.Arizona.
Brumfiel,E.M., and T.K.Earle,eds.1987. Specialization, Exchange and ComplexSocieties.
Cambridge University Press.Cambridge
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
YEAR
Semester
2
4
Core - 20 (Optional)
AM4C20AYeN / AAH2408 / AAH2408C20-b
Credit
Hours
3
45
Environmental Archaeology- II
Objectives
The course aims at introducing the environmental changes that took place on earth
from the
Pleistocene epoch onwards. The idea of teaching this paper is to make the
students understand (1) how human species have adopted to different
environmental conditions in the past (2) how to reconstruct
palaeoenvironmental conditions and (2) how the bio-cultural evolution can be
related with environmental changes. The paper also introduces various
methods of artefact analysis using scientific methods
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
10 hrs
Soils of Archaeological Significance (Anthrosols) :
Factors contributing to the formation of soils
Types of soils
Laboratory methods for studying the soils
Dating methods
OSL Dating
Potassium Argon Dating
Electorn Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Fission Track method
Amino Acid Recimisation
Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions
Parameters for Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions
Reconstructing Ancient Vegetation
Reconstructing Ancient Fauna
Reconstructing Climatic Variations from Sediments
Correlation of various stages of Quaternary Period with bio-cultural
evolution of man
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
1
6 hrs
10 hrs
9 hrs
Introduction to Artefact Analyses using Chemical and Geological Methods
Introduction to Compositional Analyses
Provenance Studies
Practicals
REFERENCES
Agrawal D.P. 1992 Man and Environment in India through Ages. New
Delhi : Books and Books.
10 hrs
Study of Anc
2
Agrawal D.P.& M.G. Yadava (1995) Dating the Human Past. Pune:
ISPQUS
3
4
5
6
Aitken M.J. (1990) Science based Dating in Archaeology. London: Longman.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Aitken M.J. 1962 Physics in Archaeology. London.
Brothwell D. & E.S. Higgs 1970 Science in Archaeology. London : Thames and Hudson.
Bullock P. , N. Fedoroff , A.Jogerius , G. Stoops , Tusina & Babel 1985 Hand book for Soil
thin section Description. Woverhampton: Wain Research Publican.
Butzer K.W.1971 Environmental Archaeology : An Ecological Approach to Prehistory.
Chicago: Aldine
Butzer K.W.1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual
Approach. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
Carddock P.T.1995 Early Metal Mining and Production. Edinburgh:
University Press Ltd.
Charlsworth J.K.1966 Quaternary Era Vol I & II . London
Cornwall I.W.1958 Soils for the Archaeologist. London: Phonix House.
Dimbleby G.W. Plants and Archaeology (2nd ed.).
London: John Baker.
Faegri K.& J. Iversen 1975 Text book of Pollen Analysis (3rd ed.) New York: Hafner.
Fitzpatrick E.A. 1984 Micromorphology of soils.
London:Champman & Hall.
Fleming S.(1976) Dating in Archaeology: A Guide to Scientific Techniques. London: J.M.
Dent & Sons Ltd.
George Rapp Jr. and John A. Gifford. 1985. Archaeological Geology. New Haven and
London: Yale University Press.
Hamilton E.I. & L.H. Ahrens 1965 Applied Geochronology. London Academic Press.
Hegde K.T.M. 1991 An Introduction to Ancient Indian Metallurgy. Banglore : GSI
Henderson – Sellers A. & P.J. Robinson 1986 Contemporary
Climatology.Essex:Longman. Imbrie J. & N. Newell (ed.) 1964
Approches to Palaeoecology. New York.
Kompe D.R.C. & A.P. Harvey 1983 The Petrology of Archaeological Artefacts Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Leute U. (1987) Archaeometry: An Introduction to Physical Methods in Archaeology and the
History of Art. New York: VCH
Libby W.F.(1955) Radiocarbon Dating. London
Michaels W.J.(1973) Dating Methods In Archaeology. London.
Wadia, S., R. Korisettar and V.S. Kale (Eds.) (1995) Quaternary Environments and
Geoarchaeology of India. Essays in honour of Professor S.N. Rajaguru. Memoir No: 32,
Geological Society of India, Bangalore
YEAR
Semester
Objectives
2
4
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Vadodara, India 390002
Academic Year
2016-2017
Master of Arts: Regular
Core – 20 (Optional)
AM4C20AYfN / AAH2409 / AAH2409C20-c
Archaeology of South Asian Urbanism - II
Credit
Hours
3
45
In continuation of the 1st part of this course, the 2nd part presents a critical view of
the factors responsible for the decline of Indus Civilization and its legacy in the growth of
urban centers in the Gangetic valley. The role of iron technology in the new urban
development and the emergence of new schools of socio- philosophical thoughts are
emphasized in the course so that students are in a position to appreciate the processes of
cultural development
COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
8 hrs
Factors of Urban growth and decline in the Harappan perspective
Decline of Indus Urbanism and the Post-Urban Phase.
Post-urban Phase in the Indus valley, Rajasthan, Hariyana and Gujarat.
UNIT-II
5 hrs
Growth of urbanism in the Gangetic valley
The role and legacy of Indus urbanism and the development of Urban
centers in the Gangetic valley.
The Vedic period and the Aryan legacy.
UNIT-III
12 hrs
PGW and the roots of urban life in the Gangetic valley.
Urban growth and the role of iron and the NBPW in north India.
Mauriyan empire and the culmination of urbanization.
Early Historic Urban centers and Economic production.
Consolidation of Political and cultural landscape
UNIT-IV
UNIT -V
10 hrs
Spread of Ancient Indian Philosophy and thought.
The Kushan times
The Guptas and the subsequent urban decay
Emergence of Classical age
The urban decay and coping up the poor bench marks
Practical training (this will run concurrent to the preceding units)
Identification and description of various antiquities belonging to Proto-historic to
the early Historic period of South Asia
10 hrs
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Adams, R. M. 1966
The Evolution of Urban Society. Aldine Press, Chicago
Allchin F.R. 1995 The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities
andStates. Cambridge University Press, London.
Allchin, F. R. and B. Allchin 1982 The raise of civilization in India and Pakistan.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bhan, K.K. 1992
Late Harappan Gujarat. Eastern Anthropologist 45(1-2):173-192
Chakraborti, D. K.1984-85Iron and Urbanization: an Examination of the Indian Context.Puratattva
No. 15:68-74 Lal, B.B. and S.P.Gupta, (Eds.) 1984Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Books and
Books, New Delhi
Child, V. G. 1950The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review Vol. 21(1).
Dikshit, K. N. 1984Late Harappan in Northern India. In Frontiers of the Indus CivilizationLal, B.B.
and S. P. Gupta (Eds.) Books and Books, New Delhi.
Fairservis, W. A. 1975The Roots of Ancient India. Chicago Uni. Press
Jacobson, Jerome (Eds.) 1987 Studies in Archaeology of India and Pakistan
Jaya Menon 1995Craft Production in the Harappan Culture. Man and Environment XX(1):37-57
Kennedy K. A. R and G. L. Possehl, (Eds.) 1984 Studies in Archaeology and Anthropology of South
Asia.Oxford and IHB, New Delhi
Kenoyer, J. M. (Ed.) 1989Old Problems and New Perspectives in Archaeology of South
Asia.Wisconsin, Archaeological Report Vol.2
Lennoy, Richard 1971The Speaking Tree: A study of Indian Culture and Society. Oxford
UniversityPress, New York.
Lal, B. B. 1981The Two Indian Epics vis-à-vis Archaeology. Antiquity VI 27-34
Lal, B. B. 1997The Earliest Civilization of South Asia. Aryan Book International\, New Delhi
Majumdar, R. C. et al. (Eds.) 1961 An Advanced History of India
Possehl, G. L. and M. H. Raval, 1989Harappan Civilization and Rojadi. Oxford and IHB, New Delhi.
Prasad, Kameshwar 1984Cities, Crafts and Commerce Under the Kushanas. Agam
KalaPrakashan, New Delhi.
Redman, Charles 1978 The raise of Civilization. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco
Roy, T.N. 1986A Study of Northern Black Polished Ware Culture. Ramanand Vidhya Bhavan,New
Delhi.
Sonawane, V. H. and P. Ajithprasad,1994Harappan Culture and Gujarat. Man and
EnvironmentXIX(1-2): 129-139
Subbarao, B. 1958The Personality of India. The M. S. University Archaeology Series 3