International Journal of Sport Studies.
ISSN (online) 2251-7502
Vol., 6 (7), 450-454, 2016
www.ijssjournal.com
Initial symptoms of overtraining syndrome check and compare the
prevalence of this disease Athletes selected in Mazandaran province
Akbar Rostami*
Master of Physical Education
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this study, Initial symptoms of overtraining syndrome check and compare
the prevalence of this disease in elite athletes is a sport. Statistical sampling procedure,
which includes 87 athletes (60 men and 27 females) field the football, weightlifting,
volleyball and sailing as participants of this study were selected. To collect
Questionnaires more suggested exercises Medical Association Sport France (SFMS)
been. Using descriptive statistics and analytic data from the questionnaires were
examined and the following results have been achieved:
Between the incidence of overtraining in different athletes and also there was a
significant difference between men and women athletes. Between psychological and
physiological symptoms as well as the physiological symptoms of fatigue and
overtraining in athletes with this condition showed significant differences. When
symptoms of overtraining in athletes who were compared by sex, any there is no
difference between men and women athletes. But when the symptoms were compared
in terms of sport, the Psychological symptoms of overtraining in athletes with
symptoms showed significant differences in different fields.
Key words: syndrome of overtraining, questionnaires SFMS, elite athletes
Introduction
According to some experts, sports, overtraining
syndrome, a disorder nervous-hormone (Pituitary Hypothalamus) and when the training stimulus
overload is more of recovery time (Jackson et al.,
2004; Robert et al., 2005). The only effective
treatment this complication, long-term rest has
been reported that athletes from participating in the
tournament and may lose the motivation and quit
the sport, so prevention is the best way to deal with
it (Miranda, 2005).
One of the methods for early detection of
overtraining syndrome in recent years using a
questionnaire Assembly French Sports Medicine is
(SFMS). This simple questionnaire, low-cost and
accessible and complete it will need to spend a lot
of time does not. It also analyzes its results in
comparison with other diagnostic tests (blood tests
and urine) easy accepts (Brun, 2003; Elloumi et al.,
2005; Maso et al., 2004a; Maso et al., 2005b).
Maso et al In 2004 the questionnaire among 1984
athletes aged French men and women who
geographic region, type and fitness levels were
different, distribute .The average score obtained in
this study was 7.9 ± 8. 9. 11percent of athletes score
of 25 and higher than it gained, which showed
signs of overtraining. The athletes significantly
younger than the subjects who had had a score of
less than 25 and more practiced. Score women
Higher than men and also individual sports athletes
achieved higher scores than team sports athletes
(Maso et al., 2005b).
Since most studies in the field of overtraining, its
prevalence in male and female athletes and
contradictory. The researchers report due emphasis
on early detection of the disease, the main purpose
of this study is that we provided a simple
diagnostic tool (questionnaire Medical Association
Sport France) incidence of overtraining in athletes
of the province Mazandaran choice studied in
multiple sports and this variable among different
disciplines as well as in women and men compare
the determine the type of initial symptoms of
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Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 6 (7), 450-454, 2016
overtraining in sports to the men and women of
other targets Study.
formed signs and symptoms: 20 questions related
to psychological symptoms, 17 questions related to
physiological signs as well as 17 questions were
related to fatigue (3, 6, and 7).
After collecting data, analysing the data both
descriptive statistics (Mean, standard deviation and
draw the frequency distribution tables and charts)
and inferential statistics (Analysis of variance, test
t, test t-two and Tukey post hoc test) there have
been.
Materials and Methods
This research is descriptive and scientific
comparison. The sample consisted of 78 elite
athletes make up the Mazandaran province. How
sampling is sampling. The 35 members of Team
Men's Football in the Premier League and ligue1
games and 7 male athletes in weightlifting,
volleyball and handball respectively 23 and 13
female athletes participated in this study.
The tools used to collect information a
questionnaire were French society of sports
medicine. Questions of three Groups have been
Results
In Table1, Participants of this study is overall
characteristics.
Table 1: The general characteristics of subjects
Sports
Football
Volleyball
weightlifting
Handball
total
sex
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
man
35
44.9
0
0
7
9
0
0
50
64.1
women
0
0
23
29.5
0
0
13
16.6
28
35.9
As reflected in the table (1) shown, in this study, 78
male and female athletes of four football fields
(35), volleyball (23), weightlifting (7), and
handball (13) were involved. 44.9 percent of
subjects soccer, volleyball 29.5 percent, 9percent
weightlifters and 16.6 percent of its where handball
.of this number, 50 of them were male (64.1 %) and
28 women (35.9 %).
Table 2: Descriptive data related to the subjects age
Statistical Indicators
Average age (years)
Standard deviation
All subjects
man
women
21.62
21.60
21.69
3.750
3.847
3.506
As shown in Table (2), the mean age of participants
was 21.62 ± 3.750 years ،the average age of men
and women Very close and respectively is 21.69 ±
3.506 and 21.60 ± 3.847.
Table 3: Data subjects' descriptions of the overall score
Statistical
Indicators
average
Standard
maximum
minimum
Score
deviation
score
score
All subjects
man
All subjects
12.948
14.16
9.31
As shown in Table (3) is determined by the average
scores obtained by all participants of this study
12.94 ± 9.219 and minimum score of 0 and a
9.219
9.446
6.719
46
46
30
0
0
1
maximum score of 46 and the mean score of men
14.16 ± 9.446 Posts women rated is 9.31 ± 6.719.
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Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 6 (7), 450-454, 2016
Table 4: Descriptive data athletes with symptoms of overtraining
Sports
sex
Football
Volleyball
weightlifting
Handball
total
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
Abundance
Percent
man
10
28.57
0
0
1
14.28
0
0
11
22
women
0
0
5
21.74
0
0
3
23.1
8
28.57
As shown in Table (4), from a total of 78 subjects,
16 patients with symptoms of overtraining were
given a Score 20 or more than it earns. The 8 men
and 8 women in football (10), weightlifting (1) and
volleyball (5) and handball (3 persons) are 28.57 %
of footballers and 14.28 percent of weightlifters,
21.74 percent Volleyball and 23.1 percent of
handball players, symptoms, complications more
the exercise showed.
Table 5: Descriptive data related to different symptoms of overtraining score in subjects with this
condition
Statistical
Indicators
average
Standard
maximum
minimum
deviation
score
score
Rating
Questionnaire
General
25.73
5.381
46
20
Fatigue
8.63
3.156
16
2
Psychological
10.30
3.007
18
5
Physiologically
2.107
6.80
12
3
As shown in Table (5), the average score achieved
by people suffering from overtraining 25.73 ±
5.381 and minimum score of 20 and a maximum of
46 of them. Average score on questions of fatigue
8.63 ± 3.156, related to psychological questions
10.30 ± 3.007 and related to physiological
questions is 2.107 ± 6.80.
The hypothesis test, using inferential statistics (ttwo test, analysis of variance, tukey post hoc test, t
Independent and dependent) test research
hypotheses and the results have been analysed the
analysis results show that:
1- Between the prevalence of elite athletes training
in different sports there is a significant difference.
2- Between the incidence of overtraining in athletes
and elite men and women, there is a significant
difference.
3- Initial symptoms of overtraining syndrome in
athletes with this condition there is no significant
difference in different fields.
4- Fatigue symptoms of overtraining syndrome in
athletes with this condition there is no significant
difference in different fields.
5- Psychological symptoms of overtraining
syndrome in athletes with this condition there is a
significant difference in different fields.
6- Between the physiological signs of overtraining
syndrome in athletes with this condition there is no
significant difference in different fields.
7- Initial symptoms of overtraining syndrome in
male and female athletes with this condition there
is no significant difference.
8- Fatigue symptoms of overtraining syndrome in
male and female athletes with this condition there
is no significant difference.
9- Psychological symptoms of overtraining
syndrome in male and female athletes with this
condition there is no significant difference.
10- Between the physiological signs of overtraining
syndrome in male and female athletes with this
condition there is no significant difference.
11- Psychological symptoms and fatigue symptoms
of overtraining in athletes with this condition there
is no significant difference.
12- The physiological symptoms of fatigue and
overtraining syndrome in athletes with this
condition there is a significant difference.
13- Psychological and physiological symptoms of
overtraining syndrome in athletes with this
condition there is a significant difference.
Discussion and Conclusion
The mean score of the questionnaire overtraining
by the participants of this study were 12.94 ± 9.219
and the incidence of overtraining in these athletes
25.86 percent compared with Maso et al (2004) to
assess
French
sports
Medicine
Society
questionnaire was conducted in early detection of
overtraining syndrome, higher values are obtained.
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Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 6 (7), 450-454, 2016
The average overall score achieved by 2874 French
athletes 8.9 ± 7.9 and the incidence of overtraining
in these athletes is 11%.
But the average rating athletes with overtraining
syndrome in this study, 25.73 ± 5.381 and almost
the same as the average foreign research discussed
in the amount of is 25.8 ± 5.
Due to differences in overall mean prevalence in, it
could be that subjects Maso et al in 2004 from
different levels of professional sports to have been
amateurish, while the athletes participating in the
study are all Selected athletes Mazandaran
Province. Despite being on different levels of
sports overtraining syndrome occurs, but the
probability of its occurrence in professional athletes
and top to the surface because of the amount and
intensity of exercise is a great deal more (Miranda
et al., 2005; Urhausen and Kindermann, 2002;
Uusitalo, 2001). The difference may be due to the
existence of scientific planning and optimization
French athletes are in training programs. According
to fitness experts , the most important cause of
overtraining , improper planning in volume and
intensity as well as Recovery period is insufficient
(Miranda et al., 2005; Urhausen and Kindermann,
2002; Uusitalo, 2001). Of course, other aspects
such as nutrition, stress, economic and social on
The exercise also involved in the development of
athletes and equipment.More attention is likely to
educators and practitioners Sports France to these
factors, has led to the investigation Maso et al
(2004), a very small proportion of French athletes
with Symptoms of overtraining are introduced.
Minimum and maximum scores obtained in the two
studies were similar in both studies so that a
minimum score of zero And a maximum score of
46 and in the research study by researchers in
France 42.
The number of men with symptoms of overtraining
in this study is that women are equal with Maso et
al (2004). Inconsistent and it is notable that in this
study, Samples of men and women are not the
same. In the study, French researchers, there were
female gymnasts, with an average score of
overtraining and the incidence of this complication
is very was high. The reason for this, low mean age
of the subjects and hours of endurance training
have been reported.But in this study not only this
group of athletes not participating, but the average
age of women and men as well as hours of training
these people have been very close, almost identical
(the mean age 21.69 ± 3.506 and the average age of
men 21.60 ± 3.847). Also recall that soccer players
and weightlifting workout duration of the study
compared with women volleyball and handball
have been much higher.
The highest prevalence of overuse in football has
been observed, despite the fact that the participants
in season Preparations were before race. This is due
to high-intensity workouts can be compared to
other areas of the sport in this study. The second
group had the highest risk of overtraining, athletes
have sports volleyball have, since the athletes in the
final weeks of the league, questionnaires were
completed overtraining, due to the volume of
training and League and probably the lack of
adequate rest athletes as well as psychological
pressure exerted on them is justified. The third and
fourth groups will discuss complications, handball
and weightlifting athletes have. It should be noted
that during the weightlifting men who had fewer
symptoms of overtraining due to the high pressure
and volume of exercise that not enough people in
addition to the pressures of competition were also
not tolerate it. Between the incidences of
overtraining in athletes of Mazandaran different
sports in this province are significantly different.
According to the sports field of the study of both
team and individual sports, the difference Report
by justifiable. In research Maso et al (2004) also no
significant difference in the incidence of
overtraining in these two categories each subject
was reported. The signs of overtraining syndrome
in athletes with this condition significantly different
in different sports there are similar results in fatigue
and physiological symptoms have also been
reported between various disciplines. But the early
signs of overtraining syndrome in athletes of
various sports psychology, there is a difference and
the difference was obvious between football and
weightlifting.
According to the participants of soccer matches in
the final weeks of the season, questionnaires more
training completed, because of the difference could
be that football players in the crucial period of the
season Competitions have been psychologically
and therefore were also under pressure.
The general symptoms of overtraining syndrome in
male and female athletes with this condition as well
as psychological symptoms, Physiological and
fatigue, this condition is not significantly different
in the two groups. Due to the fact that 11 athletes
were men and only 8.
Female athletes suffering from overtraining have
been reported results beyond expectation.
Psychological symptoms of overtraining and
fatigue in athletes with no significant difference,
but the difference between psychological and
physiological symptoms as well as symptoms and
physiological fatigue were significant. In the
psychological
symptoms,
Physiological,
psychological and compared the symptoms of
fatigue and physiological average score, the mean
score was related to questions of fatigue, In other
words, the psychological symptoms of overtraining
and fatigue appear earlier than physiological signs.
The results correspond with what is accepted by
researchers because it is believed that changes in
psychological states and performance to
physiological changes happen (Halson et al., 2002).
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Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 6 (7), 450-454, 2016
According to the results obtained in this study, we
find that the problem is quite serious overtraining
athletes province threatens. The incidence of this
complication in the subjects of this study, slightly
more than double the amount reported by French
researchers has been. It should also bear in mind
that the number of athletes participating in the
research Maso et al (2004) more than the number
of subjects in this study. This conclusion, coaches
and sports officials need to pay more attention to
the issue Championship this province. Because if
not prevent overtraining syndrome or at least in the
early stages under control and left untreated,
damage to the athlete imported. Athletes with
overtraining symptoms gradually lost motivation
and training will be even more reluctant to leave
the sport. One result of this study is that
psychological symptoms of overtraining syndrome
appear earlier than physiological symptoms.
Accordingly, the foremost psychological control
athletes and coaches should be experts. The
questionnaire used in this study as well as the
psychological and physiological status and partly
also to evaluate the athletes. So you can use this
questionnaire as a tool to athletic trainers
convenient and easy to timely prevent the
occurrence of this complication help.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest
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