POLIM3022 - MILITARISATION, MILITARISM AND WAR
2015
Dr Paul Higate
[email protected]
Office Phone: 0117 331 0848 (Internal x 10848)
Office Hours: Wednesday 13.00 – 15.00
Office Location: 3 Priory Road, Room 1.9
(Stretched vehicle based on U.S military ‘Humvee’)
‘I learned early on that war forms its own culture. The rush of battle is a potent and often
lethal addiction, for war is a drug. It is peddled by mythmakers – historians, war
correspondents, filmmakers, novelists, and the state – all of whom endow it with qualities it
often does possess: excitement, exoticism, power, chances to rise above our small stations in
life, and a bizarre and fantastic universe that has a grotesque and dark beauty. It dominates
culture, distorts memory, corrupts language, and infects everything around it, even humour,
which becomes preoccupied with the grim perversities of smut and death. Fundamental
questions about the meaning, or meaninglessness, of our place on the planet are laid bare
when we watch those around us sink to the lowest depths. War exposes the capacity for evil
that lurks not far below the surface within all of us. And this is why for many it is so hard to
discuss when it is over.’ (Chris Hedges, War is a Force that Gives Us Meaning. New York:
Anchor Books, 2002:3).
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THE UNIT
This unit deals with the concepts of militarisation, militarism and war with a focus on the
United States and the United Kingdom. Specifically, it explores the material and social
relations of militarisation and militarism through an inter-disciplinary approach. The unit has
two main aims. First, to develop a critical engagement with the ways in which processes of
militarisation and ideologies of militarism shape social relations across a wide range of
substantive areas, and second to investigate the role these processes and ideologies play in the
potential genesis and sustaining of war. The unit aims to further students’ understanding of
militarised themes and concepts that have in recent years become increasingly relevant to
many spheres of everyday life and remain amenable to close theoretical and political analysis.
METHODS
The following methods will be outlined and used in the seminars:
Essay Writing;
Analysis of texts;
Listening and speaking in discussion;
Working in small groups;
Presenting both individually and as group spokes-person.
UNIT OBJECTIVES
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To become familiar with issues relating to militarisation and militarism;
To provide an introduction to various explanations of militarisation and militarism;
To consider the implications of militarisation and militarism within both substantive
and theoretical contexts.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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Knowledge of approaches to understanding militarisation and militarism;
Ability to understand a range of relevant concepts related to the nexus linking
militarisation, militarism, culture and everyday life;
Ability to integrate theoretical and empirical material;
Ability to write articulately, concisely and persuasively;
Ability to engage in constructive discussion.
TEACHING ARRANGEMENTS
There are ten one and a half hour seminars in the unit. Seminars provide you with an
opportunity, amongst other things, to ask questions about matters relating to the course that
you don’t understand within the context of a safe learning environment. We strongly
encourage active participation from all members of the seminar group and each student will
be asked to contribute.
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LEARNING HOW TO LEARN
Outside of seminars, try to think through the extent to which the course materials give you
additional insight into the everyday, mundane aspects of militarised and militarist social
practices as you observe and, likely experience them. How can we think about demilitarisation here? What might said about those aspects of social life that appear ‘free’ from
militarist ideology and influence? How far is the presence of the military in everyday life an
ethical or perhaps moral matter?
REQUIRED WORK
1 assessed essay of 4000 words; due 11.00am Friday 15th May 2015.
ASSESSED ESSAYS
Full details about all requirements and rules regarding assessed essays – including length,
formatting, submission, pass marks, extensions, feedback, resubmissions, and so on – are in
the SPAIS Postgraduate Taught Handbook:
We strongly advise you to familiarise yourself with the main aspects of this information
source.
To write a good essay
ANSWER the question (don’t just summarise);
EXPLAIN in the introduction the context of the question, your basic argument and how the
essay will proceed step by step (the structure), and
SIGNPOST the structure throughout the essay, indicating the logical progression from
paragraph to paragraph and section to section;
Drawing on the literature, be sure to include definitions of the key concepts you will be using.
FEEDBACK
You will receive a feedback sheet with your essay
SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR POSSIBLE PURCHASE
No single book covers all of the issues addressed by this unit. You should give serious
consideration to acquiring the following:
Enloe, C. (2007) Globalization and Militarism. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield.
Enloe, C. (2000) Maneuvers, California: Berkeley Press.
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Stavrianakis, A. and Selby, J. [eds.] (2012) Militarism and International Relations: Political
Economy, Security, Theory. London: Cass Military Studies.
Turse, N. (2008) The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives. London:
Macmillan/Metropolitan Books.
READING
Each week’s seminar will proceed on the assumption that you have completed ALL of
that week’s required reading and in addition and if possible, a reading from the
supplementary list. If you are unable to complete the reading prior to the session, please
phone or email me in advance to let me know. Failure to complete the required reading
will have an adverse effect on both yourself and the wider student group where there is
a mutual reliance on pre-seminar preparation.
Note that some items will be in the Short Loan Collection even if they are not marked as
such, as they may have been put on short loan for another unit. Most other books are
available on 3 day loan in order to maximise your access to them.
An increasing number of print journals taken by the library are available in electronic form.
These can be located via a list that is linked to the Library homepage:
http://www.bris.ac.uk/library/#page=page-2
A growing number of sources are available on the web and some (but by no means all) of
these sources are indicated in this syllabus. As with all sources you should treat items posted
on the web critically. You should not rely solely on sources taken from the Internet when
writing essays
**Guiding Question Approach to Reading**
You are expected to cover a wide range of reading with regard to both theory and substantive
topic.
One way in which to maximise your learning experience within the context of reading is to
approach each text with a guiding question uppermost in your mind.
As you will see, each week proceeds on the basis of a guiding question intended to focus your
reading on the theoretical or substantive kernel of the text in question.
When engaged in reading, it is helpful to stop at regular intervals and recall the designated
guiding question in relation to the material you are scrutinising. This will give you an
opportunity to ask yourself whether or not you are digesting the material with this question in
mind.
It is a good idea to supplement and update the assigned material by reading current
newspapers/periodicals.
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Title of Weekly Topics
1. Introduction to Militarisation, Militarism and War
2. The Concepts of Militarisation and Militarism
3. Militarism and the Seduction of War and Killing
4. Veteran Bodies and Militarism
5. The Military and the Media
6. Militarising Anthropology or Civilianising the Military?
7. Militarising Popular and Consumerist Culture
8. Divergence or Convergence? Militarism in the US and the UK
9. Women, Men and Challenges to Militarisation and Militarism
10. Conclusion/Questions & Answer Session/Mini-debate
Unit Structure
1. Introduction to Militarisation, Militarism and War
Introduction and overview of the unit. This will be followed by screening of visual material,
short discussion and small group working.
Visual Material: Excerpts from the DVD’s Armadillo and Standard Operating Procedure
Seminar Question:
What is war? What is militarism and militarisation? Who are the soldiers and who are the
civilians? Is it important to study this topic? Why?
Learning Outcomes:
To gauge and reflect on the depth, breadth and range of knowledge held by the class in
respect of the key concepts of militarisation, militarism and war, civilian life and military life.
To examine the extent to which we can justify their study and to analyse the ‘civil-military
gap’ in cultural, political and ideological terms.
Required Reading:
Introduction in Stavrianakis, A. and Selby, J. [eds.] (2012) Militarism and International
Relations: Political Economy, Security, Theory. London: Cass Military Studies
Chapter 2 ‘Tracking the Globalized Military Sneaker’ in Enloe, C. (2007) Globalization and
Militarism. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield.
2. The Concepts of Militarisation and Militarism
Seminar Question:
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What do you understand by the terms’ militarisation and militarism and why have they fallen
out of favour in recent decades?
Learning Outcome:
To encourage an analytical sensitivity to the key concepts of militarisation and militarism
together with an understanding of their relative absence in the Political Science and
International Relations literatures.
Required Reading:
*Stavrianakis, A. And Selby, J. (2012) ‘Militarism and International Relations in the twentyfirst century’, in A. Stavrianakis and J. Selby [eds]. Militarism and International Relations,
London: Routledge (pages 3 – 18).
*Enloe, C. (2002) ‘Demilitarization – or more of the same? Feminist questions to ask in the
postwar moment’, in C. Cockburn and D. Zarkov (eds.) The Postwar Moment: Militaries,
Masculinities and International Peacekeeping. London: Lawrence and Wishart. (Pages 22 –
32).
*Enloe, C. (2000) ‘How do they militarize a can of soup?’ in C. Enloe, Maneuvers,
California: Berkeley Press. (Pages 1-34).
Supplementary Reading
Barkawi, T. and Brighton, S. (2011) ‘From War to Security: Security Studies, the Wider
Agenda and the Fate of the Study of War’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies,
39(3): 701-716,
Hamamoto, D. (2002) ‘Empire of Death: Militarised Society and the Rise of Serial Killing
and Mass Murder’ in New Political Science. 24(1): 105-120.
Boggs, C. and Pollard, T. (2007) ‘Militarism in American Popular Culture’ in C. Boggs and
T. Pollard (eds.) The Hollywood War Machine: US Militarism and Popular Culture.
Paradigm Publishers. PN1995.9.W3 BOG
Davis, M. 1992. “Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarisation of Urban Space.” Variations on a
Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space. Michael Sorkin (ed.) New
York: The Noonday Press. HT123 VAR
Dunn, T. J. (2001) ‘Border Militarization Via Drug And Immigration Enforcement: Human
Rights Implications’ in Social Justice, 28(2): 7-30.
Edmonds, M. (1989) Armed Services and Society. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
U21.5 EDM
Elliott, L. and Cheeseman, G. (eds.) (2004) Forces for good. Cosmopolitan militaries in the
twenty-first century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
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Foucault, M (1977) Discipline and Punish. London: Penguin Books. (Pages 170-194)
HV8666 FOU
Gillis, J. R.(ed.) (1989) The Militarisation of the Western World. US: Rutgers University
Press. UA11 MIL
Gregory, D. (2004) The Colonial Present. London: Blackwell. DS63.2.U5 GRE
Johnson, C. (2003) Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic. New
York: Metropol Press.
Lutz, C. (2001) Homefront: The Military City and the American Twentieth Century. Boston:
Beacon Press. F264.F28 LUT
Martinot, S. (2003) ‘The militarization of the police’ in Social Identities. 9(2): 205-224.
Ross, A. L. (1987) ‘Dimensions of Militarization in the Third World’, in Armed Forces and
Society, 13(4): 561-578.
Shaw, M. (1991) Post Military Society. Cambridge: Polity Press. (Pages 1 – 29) U21.5 SHA
Turse, N. (2008) The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives. London:
Macmillan/Metropolitan Books. HC110.D4 TUR
3. Militarism and the Seduction of War and Killing
Seminar Questions:
How might the ‘seduction of war’ be linked with the dynamic of militarisation? For whom is
war seductive? Who might reject such a notion and why?
Learning Outcome:
To facilitate an awareness of the connections between the potential human appeal of war and
its influence on the possibilities for military intervention.
Required Reading:
*Hedges, C. (2003) War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. New York: Anchor Books.
(Pages 1-42)
*Bourke, J. (1999) An Intimate History of Killing. London: Granta Books. (Pages 13-43)
Supplementary Reading:
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Aulich, J. and Hewitt, J. (2007) A Seduction or Instruction?: First World War Posters in
Britain and Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press. D522.25 AUL
Bacevich, A. (2005) The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced By War.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Pages 175-204) UA23 BAC
Ben, A. (2003) ‘The celebration of violence: A live fire demonstration carried out by Japan’s
contemporary military’, American Ethnologist, 30(4): 540-555.
Cohn, C. (1987) ‘Sex and death in the world of defense intellectuals’ in Signs (12): 687-718.
Dawson, G. (1994) ‘Playing at soldiers. Boyhood phantasies and the pleasure-culture of war’,
in G. Dawson Soldier Heroes. British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities.
London: Routledge. PR468.M25 DAW (Pages 233-258).
Ferguson, N. (1999) The Pity of War. London: Penguin. D523 FER
Goldstein, J. (2001) ‘Heroes: the making of miltarized masculinity’ in, J. Goldstein War and
Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press. U21.5 GOL (Pages 251 – 283)
Herr, M. (1978) Dispatches. London: Picador. DS559.5 HER
Loyd, A. (2002) My War Gone By. I Miss it So. London: Black Swan. DR1313.3 LOY
Stevenson, D. (2004) Cataclysm. The First World War as Political Tragedy. London:
Penguin Books. D521 STE
4. Veteran’s Bodies and Militarism
Seminar Questions:
By what means are veteran’s bodies politicised? What is the relevance of embodiment to the
military and wider civilian life? Do bodies ‘matter’ in IR and Political Science?
Learning Outcome:
To develop an insight into the corporeal terrain of the military and its wider significance for
host societies.
Required Reading:
*King, T. (2010) ‘The Afghan War and ‘postmodern’ memory: commemoration and the dead
of Helmand’, British Journal of Sociology, 61(1): 1-25.
*Higate, P. (2000) Higate, P ‘The Private Militarized and Security Contractor as
Geocorporeal Actor’, International Political Sociology, 6(4) 355-372.
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Supplementary Reading:
Armitage, J. (2003) ‘Militarized Bodies: An Introduction’, Body & Society, 9(1): 1-12
Armitage, J. (2003) ‘On Ernst Jünger’s ‘Total Mobilization’: a Re-evaluation in the Era of the
War on Terrorism’, Body & Society 2003 9: 191-213
Bourke, J. (1999) ‘Re-membering’, J. Bourke, Dismembering the Male, London: Reaktion
Books.
Cooper, N. and Hurcombe, M. (2008) ‘The body at war: wounds, wounding and the
wounded’, Journal of Culture and War Studies. 1(2): 119-121
Carden-Coyne, A. (2008) ‘Painful bodies and brutal women: remedial massage, gender
relations and cultural agency in military hospitals, 1914–18’ Journal of Culture and War
Studies. 1(2): 139-158.
Higate, P. (2001) 'Theorizing Military-Civilian Continuity' Armed Forces and Society, 27,
(3):443-460.
Hurcombe, M. (2008) ‘Raising the dead: visual representations of the combatant's body in
interwar France’, Journal of Culture and War Studies, 1(2): 159-174
Peniston-Bird, C. (2003) ‘Classifying the Body in the Second World War: British Men in and
Out of Uniform’ Body & Society 2003 9: 31-48
Shapiro, M. J. (2003) ‘Perpetual War’ Body & Society 2003 9: 109-122.
Also – see the veterans pages on the Ministry of Defence website:
http://www.veterans-uk.info/
5. The Military and the Media
Seminar Questions:
How do you understand the relationship between militarism, militarisation and the media?
Can the media be ‘demilitarized’?
Learning Outcomes:
To develop an insight into the nature of the conflict/media interface in the contemporaneous
examples of the US and the UK. To analyse how far the media can be said to be militarised.
To think through the wider implications of such a proposition.
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Required Reading:
*Humphreys, J. (2005) ‘The Iraq Dossier and the Meaning of Spin’ in Parliamentary Affairs’
58(1): 156-170.
* Lewis, J. (2004) ‘Television, Public Opinion and the War in Iraq’ in the International
Journal of Public Opinion Research, 16(3): 295-310.
Supplementary Reading:
Allen, T & Seaton, J. (eds) (1999) The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and
Representations of Ethnic Violence, New York: St Martin’s Press. PN1992.8.W3 MED
Atkinson, P. (1999) ‘Representations of conflict in the Western media: The manufacture of a
barbaric periphery,’ in Tracey Skelton and Tim Allen, [eds]., Culture and Global Change,
London: Routledge. (Pages 102-108). GN358 CUL
Walsh, J. [ed] (1995) The Gulf War did not happen: politics, culture, and warfare postVietnam. Aldershot: Arena. DS79.72 GUL
Carruthers, S. L. (2000) The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in the Twentieth
Century, London: Macmillan. P96.W3 CAR
Cohler, D. (2006) ‘Keeping the Home Front Burning: Renegotiating Gender and Sexuality in
US Mass Media after September 11,’ Feminist Media Studies 6(3) pp.245-261.
Der Derian, J. (1997) ‘The simulation syndrome: From war games to game wars,’ in Terrell
Carver and Matti Hyvärinen, eds., Interpreting the Political: New Methodologies, London
and NY: Routledge. (Pages 158-164). JA71 INT
Girardet, E. (1996) ‘Reporting humanitarianism: Are the new electronic media making a
difference?’ in Robert I. Rotberg and Thomas G. Weiss, eds, From Massacres to Genocide:
The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crisis, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
(Pages 45-67). HV553 FRO
Glasgow University Media Group (1985) War and Peace News. Milton Keynes: Open
University. P96.W3 WAR
Herring, E. and Robinson, P. (2003) ‘Too polemical or too critical? Chomsky on the study of
news media and US foreign policy’ in Review of International Studies, 29: 553-568.
Keeble, R. (1998) Secret State, Silent Press: New Militarism, The Gulf and the Modern
Image of Warfare. London: University of Luton Press. DS79.739 KEE
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Kellner, D. (2004) ‘9/11, Spectacles of Terror and Media Manipulation’ in Critical Discourse
Studies, 1(1): 41-64.
Kellner, D. (1995) ‘Reading the Gulf War: Production/text/reception,’ in his Media Culture:
Cultural Studies, Identity and Politics between the Modern and the Postmodern, London and
New York: Routledge. (Pages 199-228). P92.U5 KEL
Kumar, D. (2004) ‘War Propaganda and the (Ab)uses of Women: Media Constructions of the
Jessica Lynch Story,’ Feminist Media Studies 4(3) 297-313.
Mould, D. (1996) ‘Press pools and military-media relations in the Gulf War: A case study of
the Battle of Khafji, January 1991,’ Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 16(2):
133-159. PN1993.H5
Norris, P, Kern, M. and Just, M. [eds.] (2003) Framing Terrorism. The News Media, the
Government and the Public. London: Routledge. (Pages 43-58) P96.T47 FRA
Preston, A. (1996) ‘Television news and the Bosnian conflict: Distance, proximity, impact,’
in James Gow, Richard Paterson, and Alison Preston, eds., Bosnia by Television, London:
British Film Institute. DR1313.7.M3 BOS
Rutherford, P. (2004) Weapons of Mass Persuasion. Marketing the War Against Iraq.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DS79.76 RUT
Solomon, N. (2005) War Made Easy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. PN4784.W37 SOL
Thetela, P. (2001) ‘Critique discourses and ideology in newspaper reports: A discourse
analysis of the South African press reports on the 1998 SADC’s military intervention in
Lesotho,’ Discourse and Society, 12(3) 347-370.
6. Militarising Anthropology or Anthropologising the Military?
Seminar Questions:
How and why has the US military attempted to co-opt anthropologists into their occupations
of Iraq and Afghanistan? Might this be viewed as a militarisation of anthropology or an
anthropologising of the military? Does the Human Terrain Programme save lives?
Learning Outcomes:
To show how changing political and military conditions ‘on the ground’ have social and
ideological influence far beyond their immediate regional manifestation. To reflect on the
politicisation and possible militarisation of academic knowledge.
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Required Reading:
*Khalili, L. (2011) ‘Gendered practices of counterinsurgency’, Review of International
Studies, 37:1471-1491.
* McFate, M. (2005) ‘Anthropology and Counterinsurgency: The Strange Story of their
Curious Relationship’, Military Review, March-April: 1-19
*Gonzales, R. (2007) ‘Towards mercenary anthropology? The new US Army
counterinsurgency manual FM 3-24 and the military-anthropology complex’, Anthropology
Today, 23(3): 14-19
*Kipp, J. Grau, L., Prinslow, K. and Smith, D. (2006) ‘The Human Terrain System’ Military
Review
Supplementary Reading:
Barkawi, T. (2004) ‘Connection and Constitutions: Locating War and Culture in
Globalization Studies’, Globalizations 1(2): 155-170.
Beeman, W. O. (2008). "Iraq's Lethal Fieldwork," Middle East Online, March 7. Access at
http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/Default.pl?id=24692
Beyerstein, L. (2007). "Anthropologists on the Front Lines," In These Times, November 30.
Access at http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3433/anthropologists_on_the_front_lines/
The Diane Rehm Show. "Anthropologists and War." October 10. Access at
http://wamu.org/programs/dr/07/10/10.php#13756
Fattah, K. (2007). "US Army Enlists Anthropologists." BBC News. October 16. Access at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7042090.stm
Glenn, D. (2007). "Petitioners Urge Anthropologists to Stop Working with Pentagon in Iraq
War." Chronicle of Higher Education News Blog, September 19. Access at
http://chronicle.com/news/article/3063/petitioners-urge-anthropologists-to-stop-workingwith-pentagon-in-iraq-war.)
González, R. Price, D. H. (2007). "When Anthropologists Become Counter-Insurgents."
CounterPunch, September 28. Access at http://counterpunch.org/gonzalez09272007.html
González, R. J. (2007). "We Must Fight the Militarization of Anthropology." Chronicle of
Higher Education, February 2. Download at gonzalez-militarization.doc.
Gusterson, H. (2008). "The U.S. Military's Quest to Weaponize Culture," Bulletin of Atomic
Scientists, June 20. Access at http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hughgusterson/the-us-militarys-quest-to-weaponize-culture
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Gusterson, H. (2007) ‘Anthropologists and War: A Response to David Kilcullen’,
Anthropology Today, 23(4)
Gusterson, H. and Lutz, C. (2007). "Open Letter to Richard Shweder, " November 11. Access
at OpenLettertoRichardShweder.doc
Jandora, J. W. (2006) ‘Military Cultural Awareness: From Anthropology to Application’,
Institute of Land Warfare Publication, 6(3): 1-7 (photocopy available from me)
Kilcullen, D. (2007). "Ethics, Politics, and Non-State Warfare: A Response to González."
Anthropology Today, 23(3) Access at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/anth/23/3
Langley, C. (2005) ‘Soldiers in the Laboratory. Military involvement in science and
technology and some alternatives’. Oxford: Published by Scientists for Global Responsibility.
See: http://www.sgr.org.uk/ArmsControl/MilitaryInfluence.html
McFate, Montgomery (2007). "Building Bridges or Burning Heretics." Anthropology Today
23(3) Access at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/anth/23/3
McFate, M. (2005). “The Military Utility of Understanding Adversary Culture,”Joint Force
Quarterly July: 42-48. Access at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine /jel/jfq_pubs/1038.pdf
McFate, M. and Jackson, R. (2005) "An Organizational Solution for DOD's Cultural
Knowledge Needs," Military Review July-August: 18-21. Access at
www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/ mcfate2.pdf
New York Times (2007). "Anthropologists in War Zones: Questions of Ethics." Letters to the
editor. Access http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/10/opinion/lweb10anthropology.html?
_r=2&ref=opinion&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
Peterson, S. (2007). "US Army's Strategy in Afghanistan: Better Anthropology." Christian
Science Monitor, September 7. Access at http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0907/p01s08wosc.htm
Price, D. H. (2002). "Lessons from Second World War Anthropology: Peripheral, Persuasive,
and Ignored Contributions." Anthropology Today 18(3). Access at
http://homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/dprice/price-at-6-02-WWII.pdf
Price, D. H. (2002). "Present Dangers, Past Wars, Future Anthropologies." Anthropology
Today 18(1). Access at http://homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/dprice/price-at1.pdf
Price, D. H.(2004). "'Like Slaves': Anthropological Notes on Occupation." CounterPunch,
January 6. Access at http://www.counterpunch.org/price01062004.html
Price, D. H. (2007). "Anthropology and the Wages of Secrecy." Anthropology News, March.
Access at http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/an.2007.48.3.6
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Price, D. H. (2007). "Buying a Piece of Anthropology, Part II: The CIA and Our Tortured
Past." Anthropology Today, 23(5) Access at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/anth/23/5
Renzi, R. (2006). “Networks: Terra Incognita and the Case for Ethnographic Intelligence.”
Military Review Sept.-Oct.: 16-22. Access at
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/renzi.pdf
Rohde, D. (2007). "Army Enlists Anthropologists in War Zones." New York Times, October
5, p. A1. Access at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/world/asia/05afghan.html?
em&ex=1191729600&en=4993ab9a6cbbf28b&ei=5087%0A.)
Shachtman, N. (2008). "2nd 'Human Terrain' Social Scientist Slain in 7Weeks (Updated),"
Wired Blog Network, June 25. Access at http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/06/second.html
Shweder, R. A. (2007). "A True Culture War," New York Times, October 27. Access at
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/27/opinion/27shweder.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
Stamets, B. (2008). "Anthropologists at War," In These Times, June 19. Access at
http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3749/anthropologists_at_war/
Vine, D. (2007). "Enabling the Kill Chain," Chronicle of Higher Education, November 30, p.
B9. Access at http://chronicle.com/weekly/v54/i14/14b00901.htm
YouTube Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnj9D5pr8f8 (anthropologists and human terrain mapping)
7. Militarising Popular and Consumerist Culture
Seminar Questions
How far is popular and consumerist culture militarised? Does this matter and how far can it
be seen to be a political concern?
Learning Outcomes:
To provide empirical examples of some of the ways in which popular and consumerist
cultures are shaped by militarist ideologies. To consider what it might mean to demilitarise
popular and consumerist culture.
Required Reading:
*Carruthers, S. (2003) ‘Bringing it all back home: Hollywood returns to war’ in Small Wars
and Insurgencies, 14(1): 167-182.
*Power, M. (2007) ‘Digitized Virtuosity: Video War Games and Post 9/11 CyberDeterrence’, Security Dialogue, 38(2): 271-288.
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Supplementary Reading:
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Boggs, C. and Pollard, T. (eds.) The Hollywood War Machine: US Militarism and Popular
Culture. Paradigm Publishers. PN1995.9.W3 BOG
Cardenas, E. and Gorman, E. (2007) The Hummer: Myths and Consumer Culture. Lexington
Books. T235.6 HUM
Crampton, A. and Power, M. (2005) ‘Frames of Reference on the Geopolitical Stage: Saving
Private Ryan and the Second World War/Second Gulf War Intertext’, Geopolitics, 10(2):
244-265.
Lipschutz, R. (2001) The Cold War Fantasies: Film, Fiction and Foreign Policy. London:
Roman and Littlefield. PN1995.9.W3 LIP
Mendieta, E. (2005) ‘The axle of evil’, City, 9(2): 195-204
Robb, D. L. (2004) Operation Hollywood. How the Pentagon Shapes and Censors the
Movies. New York: Prometheus Books. (Pages 13-22 and 29-39).
You Tube Clips
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1KkUtwCYKg (Critical investigation of links between
Hollywood and The Pentagon)
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=m8yeSgJpJq0 (Critical examination of the links between the
military, the war in Iraq and toys)
8. Divergence or Convergence? Militarism in the U.S and UK
Seminar Questions:
How does militarisation and militarism play out in the contrasting contexts of the US and the
UK? How do you account for both similarity and difference here? Is this a matter of culture
and history, or are some other social forces at play?
Learning Outcome:
To understand the influence of culture, history and geography on militarism and
militarisation.
Required Reading
*The Government’s Response to the Enquiry into the National Recognition of
National recognition of our Armed Forces
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*Public Attitudes to the UK’s Armed Forces; see
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/iop/news/records/2012/September/Armed-Forces.aspx
*Bacevich, A. (2005) The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced By War.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Pages 175-204) UA23 BAC
Supplementary Reading:
Anderson, P. (2003) ‘Force and consent. Aspects of US Hegemony’ in New Left Review. 19:
http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR19.shtml
Andreas, P. and Price, R. (2001) ‘From War Fighting to Crime Fighting: Transforming the
American National Security State’ in International Studies Review, 3(3): 31-52.
Boggs, C. (2002) ‘Militarism and Terrorism: the deadly cycle’. Democracy and Nature
8(2):24-259.
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Burbach, R. and Tarbell, J. (2004) Imperial Overstretch. George W. Bush and the Hubris of
Empire. London: Zed Books. E902 BUR
Callinicos, A. (2003) The New Mandarins of American Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
E902 CAL
Gibson, J. W. (1994) Warrior Dreams. Paramilitary culture in Post-Vietnam America. New
York: Hill and Wang. E169.04 GIB
Gilmore, R.W. (1998-1999) ‘Globalisation and US prison growth: from military
Keynesianism to post-Keynesian militarism’, in Race and Class 2(3): 171-188
Giroux, H. (2003) ‘Zero Tolerance, Domestic Militarization and the War Against Youth’ in
Social Justice, 30(2): 59-65
Golub, P. (2004) ‘Imperial politics, imperial will and the crisis of US hegemony’ in Review of
International Political Economy, 11(4): 763-786
Harvey, D. (2003) The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. E840 HAR
Kraska, P. [ed.] (2001) Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System. Northeastern
University Press. HV8138 MIL
Kundani, A. (2004) ‘Wired for war: military technology and the politics of fear’ in Race and
Class, 46(1): 116-125.
Lutz, C. (2002) ‘Making War at Home in the United States: Militarization and the Current
Crisis’ in American Anthropologist 104(3): 723-735
Mahajan, R. (2003) Full Spectrum Dominance. US Power in Iraq and Beyond. New York:
Seven Stories. HV6432 MAH
Mann, M. (2003) Incoherent Empire. London: Verso Books. E902 MAN
Parenti, M. (2003) ‘Rulers of the Planet: Why US Leaders Intervene Everywhere’ in Global
Dialogue 1(2): 91-104
YouTube Clip
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_E0Ji8tkvw&feature=related (Critical clip arguing that the
US is ‘addicted to war’)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoK-HpkVKT4 (UK soldiers beat Iraqis)
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9. Women, Men and Challenges to Militarisation and Militarism
Seminar Questions:
Does gender matter when it comes to (1) the preparation for, and execution of war and (2)
resistance to war, militarisation and militarism? How far can challenges to militarism be said
to have succeeded? How far might challenges to war and militarism be seen as unpatriotic?
Required Reading:
*Goldstein, J. (2001) War and Gender. Polity Press: Cambridge. (Pages 34-58). U21.5 GOL
*Orr, J. (2004) ‘The Militarization of Inner Space’ in Critical Sociology, 20(2): 451-481.
Supplementary Reading:
Adelman, M. (2003) ‘The Military, Militarism, and the Militarisation of Domestic Violence’
in Violence Against Women, 9(9): 118-1152.
Cockburn, C. and Zarkov, D. (eds.)( 2002) The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities
and International Peacekeeping. London: Wishart.
Enloe, C. (1989) Bananas, Beaches & Bases. Berkeley: University of California Press.
HQ1236 ENL
Enloe, C. (2003) ‘Creeping Militarization’ in International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5(3):
463-464.
Enloe, C. (1993) The Morning After: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War. California:
University of California Press. HQ1233 ENL
Enloe, C. (2000) Maneuvers. California: California Berkley Press. U21.75 ENL
Ehrenheich, B. (1987) The Hearts of Men. London: Anchor Books. HQ1090 EHR
Gerson, J. and Birchard, B. (eds.) (1991) The Sun Never Sets. Confronting the Network of
Foreign US Military Bases. Boston: South End Press. UA26 SUN
Gul, A. A. (2004) The Myth of the Military Nation. Militarism, Gender and Education in
Turkey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Higate, P. (ed.) (2003) Military Masculinities: Identity and the State. New York:
Greenwood/Praeger. U21.5 MIL
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Higate, P and Hopton, J. (2005) ‘War, Militarism and Masculinities’ in M. Kimmel, J. Hearn
and R. Connell (eds.) Handbook of Studies on Men & Masculinities. London: Sage. 432-447.
HQ1090 HAN
Kwon, I. (2005) ‘How Identities and Movement Cultures Became Deeply Saturated with
Militarism: Lessons from the Pro-democracy Movement in South Korea’, Asian Journal of
Women’s Studies, 11(2): 7-40.
Laufer, P. (2006) Mission Rejected: US Soldiers Who Say No to Iraq. White River Junction:,
VT: Chelsea Green.
Liddington, J. (1989) The Road to Greenham Common. Feminism and Anti-Militarism in
Britain since 1820. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. JX1965 LID
Liebknecht, K. (1917/2002) Militarism. Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. JX1952 LIE
Lorentzen, L. and Turpin, J. (1998) The Women and War Reader. New York: New York
University Press. D810.W7 WOM
Lutz, C. (ed) The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle Against US Military Posts. London:
Pluto Press.
Masters, C. (2005) ‘Bodies of Technology. Cyborg Soldiers and Militarised Masculinities’ in
International Journal of Feminist Politics. 7(1): 112-132.
Masters, C. (2005) ‘Bodies of Technology. Cyborg Soldiers and Militarised Masculinities’ in
International Journal of Feminist Politics. 7(1): 112-132.
McCaffrey, K. (2002) Military Power and Popular Protest: The US Navy in Vieques, Puerto
Rico. NJ: Rutgers University Press. F1981.V5 MAC
Morgan, D. (1994) ‘Theatre of War: Combat, the Military and Masculinities’ in H. Brod and
M. Kaufman (eds.) Theorizing Masculinities. London: Sage. KM208.6 THE
Morris, M. (1996) ‘By Force of Arms: Rape, War and Military Culture’ in Duke Law
Journal, 44(4): 652-782.
Razack, S. (2004) Dark Threats & White Knights. The Somalia Affair, Peacekeeping and the
New Imperialism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. JZ6377.C3 RAZ
Sarikakis, K. (2002) ‘Violence, militarism, terrorism: faces of a masculine order and the
exploitation of women’ in Feminist Media Studies, 2(1): 151-153
Theweleit, K. (1987) Male Fantasies. Cambridge: Polity Press. HQ18.G5 THE
Whitworth, S. (2004) Men, Militarism & Peacekeeping. A Gendered Analysis. London:
Lynne Rienner. JZ6374 WHI
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You Tube Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh8qBkrAuEM (Anti war protest against Canadian role
in Afghanistan)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZ8VLBgaQvc (condensed GI Jane clip)
10. Mini Debate
The final week provides the opportunity to (1) conclude the unit (2) instigate a question and
answer session and (3) a mini debate in which the class is split into two groups. Debating
point is: ‘Militarisation: Good or Bad?’
Here, drawing on prior preparation, the class will be split into two groups. The first will argue
that militarisation is a force for good and the second will counter this, arguing that
militarisation is a retrograde step in terms of the search for a peaceful and secure society.
Further details to be announced in at the beginning of the unit.
General School Regulations
PLEASE REFER TO THE SPAIS PGT HANDBOOK (PARTS 2 AND 3) FOR
DETAILS OF ASSESSMENT AND PROGRESS MONITORING
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