Ancestors and Photography in China Jeanne Boden Abstract: This paper looks at the relation between ancestor worship and photography in China in general and more VSHFL¿FDOO\LWIRFXVHVRQDVHULHVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\SKRWRJUDSKVGHDOLQJZLWKGHDWKRIIDPLO\PHPEHUV LQ &KLQD:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶V Before and after grandmother passed away (1989-1994). In recent times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¶VWUDGLWLRQ Résumé: &HWDUWLFOHDQDO\VHOHUDSSRUWHHQWUHOHFXOWHGHVDQFrWUHVHWODSKRWRJUDSKLHHQ&KLQHSOXVVSpFLDOHPHQW GDQVXQHVpULHGHSKRWRVFRQWHPSRUDLQHVVXUOHWKqPHGHODPRUWGHPHPEUHVGHODIDPLOOHBefore and after grandmother passed awayGH:DQJ<RXVKHQ5pFHPPHQWGHQRPEUHX[FKHUFKHXUV GRQWPRLPrPHRQWH[DPLQpOHVFRQGLWLRQVSRVWFRORQLDOHVSRVWWUDGLWLRQQHOOHVHWSRVWVRFLDOLVWHVGH O¶DUWFKLQRLVHWVRXOLJQpOHVOLPLWHVG¶XQHWKpRULHRFFLGHQWDOHSRXUO¶pWXGHGHO¶DUWHWGHODSKRWRJUDSKLH FRPPHH[SUHVVLRQDUWLVWLTXHHQ&KLQH(Q&KLQHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVPHPEUHVGHODIDPLOOHDOLHX GDQVXQFRQWH[WHFKLQRLVHWF¶HVWELHQGHFHWWHSHUVSHFWLYHOjTX¶LOLPSRUWHGHUHJDUGHUFHW\SHG¶LPDJHV &RPPH LO V¶DJLW GH PRUW HW GH YLH OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ QH FRQFHUQH SDV VHXOHPHQW OHV PHPEUHV GH OD IDPLOOHHQFRUHHQYLHPDLVDXVVLOHVDQFrWUHV/¶H[LVWHQFHG¶XQOLHQHQWUHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVDQFrWUHVHW SKRWRJUDSKLHGHSXLVOHVRULJLQHVGXPpGLXPPHSRXVVHjH[SORUHUSOXVDYDQWODSKRWRJUDSKLHGHIDPLOOH HWOHVWKqPHVGHYLHHWGHPRUWGDQVO¶DUWGH:DQJ<RXVKHQGDQVODSHUVSHFWLYHGXFXOWHGHVDQFrWUHV &¶HVWSRXUPRLXQHIDoRQGHPRQWUHUTXHODSKRWRJUDSKLHG¶DUWFRQWHPSRUDLQHGH&KLQHSHXWrWUHpWXGLpH jODOXPLqUHGHVWUDGLWLRQVDUWLVWLTXHVGXSD\V Keywords: &KLQDDQFHVWRUVSRUWUDLWXUHGHDWKSRVWFRORQLDOSKRWRJUDSK\ IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 114 Ancestors and Photography in China This paper looks at the relation between ancestor worship and photography in China in general and more VSHFL¿FDOO\LWIRFXVHVRQDVHULHVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\SKRWRJUDSKVGHDOLQJZLWKGHDWKRIIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQ &KLQD:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VBefore and after grandmother passed away (1989-1994). :DQJ<RXVKHQ %HLMLQJ JUDGXDWHG IURP WKH &HQWUDO$FDGHP\ RI )LQH$UWV LQ %HLMLQJ 8SRQJUDGXDWLRQKHEHFDPHHGLWRURIWKHBeijing Youth Daily (beijing qingnian bao ), a QHZVSDSHURIPDMRULPSRUWDQFHLQUHSRUWLQJRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\&KLQHVHDUWVLQFHWKH 1980s.1+HZDVHGXFDWHGDVDSDLQWHUEXWKHVRRQEHFDPHNQRZQIRUKLVSHUIRUPDQFHVmand installations LQZKLFKKHXVHVSKRWRJUDSKVDQGQHZVSDSHUV2([DPSOHVDUHThe newspaper man (baorener , IRUZKLFKKHFUHDWHGDFRVWXPHRIQHZVSDSHUVDQGZDONHGWKURXJKWKHVWUHHWVRI%HLMLQJDQGWKH Newspaper – Advertising: Great Wall (baozhi-guanggao-changcheng , 1993) a wrap- XS LQVWDOODWLRQ RI D VHYHQWHHQ E\ WZHOYH PHWHU SDUW RI WKH *UHDW:DOO XVLQJ VLONVFUHHQ SULQWV ZKLWH cotton cloth and newspapers.3,QVRPHRIKLVZRUNV:DQJ<RXVKHQXVHVSKRWRJUDSKVRIKLVRZQIDPLO\ PHPEHUV$QH[DPSOHLVKLVLQVWDOODWLRQNutritious Soil (ying yang tu IURPLQZKLFKKH FRPELQHVREMHFWVDQGPDWHULDOVOLNHVRLODQGSKRWRJUDSKVIURPKLVIDWKHU4 In 2013 he created a second LQVWDOODWLRQZLWKSLFWXUHVRIKLVJUDQGPRWKHUDWWKH5HJLV&HQWUHIRU$UW8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD5 This SDSHUIRFXVHVRQKLV¿UVWZRUNVWDJLQJKLVJUDQGPRWKHUBefore and after grandmother passed away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¿UVW ZKHQVKHLVVWLOODOLYHVHFRQGO\ZKHQKHUERG\KDVGLHGDQGLVEHLQJSUHSDUHGDQGWKLUGO\ZKHQVKHLV JRQHDQGRQO\SKRWRJUDSKVRIKHUDUHOHIW Photography and Death *HQHUDOO\SRUWUDLWXUHDQGIDPLO\SRUWUDLWXUHLVDQLPSRUWDQW¿HOGLQWKHDQDO\VLVRIERWKDUWSKRWRJUDSK\ DQGYHUQDFXODUSKRWRJUDSK\3KRWRJUDSK\DOVRSOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQGHDWKFXOWVDQGLQUHPHPEHULQJ WKHGHDGLQ&KLQDDQGLQWKH:HVW7KLVNLQGRISKRWRJUDSK\LVDOZD\VORFDWHGLQDVSHFL¿FFXOWXUDO FRQWH[W 1. KWWSZZZFKLQDVRUJ¿OHVLQWHUYLHZZ\VIW¿QDOLVHGBSGILQ0DQGDULQ&RQVXOWHG 22/02/2015). /X+RQJ6XQ=KHQKXD<LKXDGH5RXVKHQ=KRQJJXR;LQJZHL<LVKX&KLQD3HUIRUPDQFH$UW6KLMLD]KXDQJ +HEHL 0HLVKX &KXEDQVKH , 1979 2004, 133-134. *DR0LQJOX7KH:DOO5HVKDSLQJFRQWHPSRUDU\&KLQHVH$UW$OEULJKW.QR[$UW*DOOHU\1HZ<RUN8QLYHUVLW\ RI%XIIDOR$UW*DOOHULHV%HLMLQJ0LOOHQQLXP$UW0XVHXP $OH[DQGHU7ROQD\,QJULG0|VVLQJHU'RULW0DUKHQNH$QGUHDV6FKPLG;X;LDR\X=HLWJHQ|VVLVFKH)RWRNXQVW DXVGHU9RONVUHSXEOLN&KLQD+HLGHOEHUJ(GLWLRQ%UDXV 5. KWWSZZZDDDRUJKN%H\RQG$$$:RUOG(YHQWV'HWDLOV&RQVXOWHG IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 115 9DULRXV DXWKRUV KDYH H[SORUHG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ SKRWRJUDSK\ DQG GHDWK$QGUp %D]LQ GUDZV DWWHQWLRQWRWKHIDFWWKDWLQDQFLHQW(J\SWHPEDOPLQJWKHGHDGDLPHGDWVXUYLYDORIWKHFRUSRUHDOERG\ DWWHPSWLQJWRVQDWFKLWIURPWKHÀRZRIWLPHKRSLQJIRUSUHVHUYDWLRQRIOLIHE\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIOLIH 7KURXJKRXWDUWKLVWRU\LPDJHVRISHRSOHKDYHEHHQFUHDWHGLQDQHIIRUWWRHVFDSHREOLYLRQ7KHPHGLXP RISKRWRJUDSK\EURXJKWQHZSHUVSHFWLYHVE\FRQIHUULQJDTXDOLW\RIFUHGLELOLW\IRUFLQJXVWRDFFHSWDV UHDOWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHREMHFWUHSURGXFHG)RU%D]LQDSKRWRJUDSKHPEDOPVWLPHDQGSUHVHUYHVWKH REMHFWµHQVKURXGHGDVLWZHUHLQDQLQVWDQWDVWKHERGLHVRILQVHFWVDUHSUHVHUYHGLQWDFWRXWRIWKHGLVWDQW SDVWLQDPEHU¶ )RU 5RODQG %DUWKHV GHDWK LV DW WKH FRUH RI SKRWRJUDSK\ ,Q Camera Lucida KH DUJXHV WKDW D SKRWRJUDSK UHSUHVHQWV WKH VXEWOH PRPHQW ZKHQ ³, DP QHLWKHU VXEMHFW QRU REMHFW EXW D VXEMHFW ZKR IHHOVKHLVEHFRPLQJDQREMHFW,WKHQH[SHULHQFHDPLFURYHUVLRQRIGHDWK´73KRWRJUDSKVFDQQHYHU EHµOLIHOLNH¶WKH\DUHQRPRUHWKDQDWDEOHDXYLYDQWµD¿JXUDWLRQRIWKHPRWLRQOHVVDQGPDGHXSIDFH EHQHDWKZHVHHWKHGHDG¶8 %DUWKHVHPSKDVL]HVWKHSKRWRJUDSK¶VLQWHQVHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWLPH7KHHVVHQFHRISKRWRJUDSK\ LVWKHUHIHUHQWµ7KDWKDVEHHQ¶³:KDW,VHHKDVEHHQWKHUH«LWKDVEHHQDEVROXWHO\LUUHIXWDEOHSUHVHQW DQG\HWDOUHDG\GHIHUUHG´9%DUWKHVVHHVDVXSHULPSRVLWLRQRIUHDOLW\DQGRIWKHSDVWSKRWRJUDSKVVKRZ UHDOLW\LQDSDVWVWDWHDWRQFHWKHSDVWDQGWKHUHDO7LPHLVLPPRELOL]HGLQDSKRWRJUDSK7KHSKRWRJUDSK SURGXFHVGHDWKZKLOHWU\LQJWRSUHVHUYHOLIH In 'LH 7RGH GHU )RWRJUD¿H 7RWHQIRWRJUD¿H XQG LKU VR]LDOHU *HEUDXFK .DWKDULQD 6\NRUD UHVHDUFKHVWKHVRFLDOPHDQLQJRISKRWRJUDSKVRIGHDGSHRSOH106KHGUDZVDQDORJLHVLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLS between death and photography and the relationship between reality and imagination. While we can QHYHU WUDQVFHQG LQWR GHDWK WKH ERGLO\ UHPDLQV SDUDGR[LFDOO\ UHSUHVHQW ERWK SUHVHQW DQG DEVHQW OLIH DQGGHDWK7KHHQFRXQWHUZLWKDFRUSVHWKXVUHVXOWVLQDFULVLVRISHUFHSWLRQ7KLVFULVLVLVGXSOLFDWHGLQ SKRWRJUDSKVRIDGHDGSHUVRQZKRLVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHUHDQGQRWWKHUH$OWKRXJKVXFKDSKRWRJUDSK VHHPVWRUHIHUWRDQLPPHGLDWHUHDOLW\LWLVXQFOHDUZKDWNLQGRIUHDOLW\WKDWLV6\NRUDVHHVVLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQSKRWRJUDSK\DQGGHDWKLQWKLVFULVLVRISHUFHSWLRQZLWKWKHUHIHUHQWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\VKRZLQJLWVHOI DQGHVFDSLQJUHDOLW\6\NRUD¶VUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQGHDWKULWXDOVLQWKH:HVW/LNHZLVH$XGUH\/LQNPDQ in Photography and DeathIRFXVHVPDLQO\RQSKRWRJUDSKVLQD:HVWHUQRIWHQ&KULVWLDQFRQWH[W11 ,Q&KLQDWKHGHSLFWLRQRIIDPLO\PHPEHUVREYLRXVO\WDNHVSODFHLQD&KLQHVHFRQWH[WDQGWKH SLFWXUHVZHORRNDWKHUHVKRXOGEHDSSUHFLDWHGDVVXFK6LQFHZHGHDOZLWKWKHLVVXHRIOLIHDQGGHDWKQRW RQO\SKRWRJUDSKVRIOLYLQJIDPLO\PHPEHUVEXWDOVRWKHGHSLFWLRQRIDQFHVWRUVFRPHVLQWRVFRSH ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ERWK%D]LQDQG%DUWKHVUHODWHWRWLPH:LWKLQD:HVWHUQFKURQRORJLFDOVHTXHQWLDO WLPHIUDPHGHDWKLVWKHLQHVFDSDEOHUHVXOWRIWKHSDVVLQJRIWLPH'HDWKULWXDOVWDNHSODFHDWWKHIXQHUDO $QGUp%D]LQWUDQVO+XJK*UD\7KH2QWRORJ\RIWKH3KRWRJUDSKLF,PDJH)LOP4XDUWHUO\9RO1R 6XPPHUS8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVVDFFHVVHG 5RODQG%DUWKHV&DPHUD/XFLGD5HÀHFWLRQVRQ3KRWRJUDSK\WUDQVO5LFKDUG+RZDUG/RQGRQ9LQWDJH%RRNV 2000, 14. 8. Ibid. 32. 9. Ibid. 77. .DWKDULQD6\NRUD'LH7RGHGHU)RWRJUD¿H7RWHQIRWRJUD¿HXQGLKUVR]LDOHU*HEUDXFK0XQFKHQ)LQN $XGUH\/LQNPDQ3KRWRJUDSK\DQG'HDWK/RQGRQ5HDNWLRQ%RRNV IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) WKHHQGRIOLIH,Q&KLQDWLPHDQGVSDFHDUHRQHLQWHUUHODWHGDQGF\FOLFDO'HDWKULWXDOVQRWRQO\WDNH SODFHDWWKHHQGRIDSHUVRQ¶VOLIHEXWDVDQFHVWRUVUHPDLQSDUWRIWKHIDPLO\ULWXDOVIRUWKHGHDWKDUH RQJRLQJDQGDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIOLIH Contemporary Photography as a Continuation of Tradition ,QHDUOLHUUHVHDUFK,KDYHGLVFXVVHGWKHOLPLWVRI:HVWHUQWKHRU\LQWKHDQDO\VLVRIDUWDQGDUWSKRWRJUDSK\ IURP&KLQD122WKHUVFKRODUVOLNH3KLOLSSH&DOLDDQG6DUD6WHYHQVRQKDYHDOVRDSSURDFKHGFRQWHPSRUDU\ SKRWRJUDSK\IURPDSRVWFRORQLDOYLHZSRLQW13:KLOHLWLVRIFRXUVHSRVVLEOHWRLQYHVWLJDWHDQ\SKRWRJUDSK ZLWKLQD:HVWHUQWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUN,ZLOOLQWHUSUHWWKHVHULHVRISKRWRJUDSKVLQIRFXVKHUHDJDLQVW D&KLQHVHEDFNJURXQG5DWKHUWKDQYLHZLQJFRQWHPSRUDU\DUWSKRWRJUDSK\DVDUXSWXUHZLWK&KLQD¶V SDVWZHFDQDOVRLQWHUSUHWLWDVDFRQWLQXLW\RILW7KHIDFWWKDWWKHUHKDVEHHQDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ DQFHVWRUSRUWUDLWXUHDQGSKRWRJUDSK\VLQFHHDUOLHVWWLPHVPRWLYDWHVWKHH[SORUDWLRQRI:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶V SKRWRJUDSKVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDQFHVWRUZRUVKLS 7UDGLWLRQDOO\&KLQHVHIDPLOLHVDUHVWUXFWXUHGDURXQGDQGEDVHGRQ&RQIXFLDQG\QDPLFVZLWK¿OLDO piety (xiao DVRQHRIWKHFRUHDVSHFWV)DPLOLHVDUHLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHVXUQDPHUHIHUULQJWRGHVFHQWLQ WKHPDOHOLQH7KHPHPEHUVRIDKRXVHKROGDUHFRQVLGHUHGWKHOLYLQJUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIDOLQHRIGHVFHQW VWUHWFKLQJIURPWKHHDUOLHVWUHPHPEHUHGDQFHVWRUVGRZQWRWKHSUHVHQWGHVFHQGDQWVDQGRQZDUGVWRWKH IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV ZKR ZRXOG FRQWLQXH WKH IDPLO\ OLQH14 7KH EHOLHI WKDW DQFHVWRUV FRQWLQXH WR KDYH LQÀXHQFHDIWHUWKHERG\KDVGHFHDVHGKDVOHGWRDQFHVWRUZRUVKLSDQGDFRPSOH[GHDWKFXOWWKURXJKRXW the millennia. )DPLO\PHPEHUVKROGWKHLUSDUWLFXODUSRVLWLRQZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\5LWXDOVli ) maintain order DQGKDUPRQ\$QFHVWRUZRUVKLSPHDQVORRNLQJDIWHURQH¶VSDUHQWVLQOLIHDQGLQGHDWK:DQJ<RXVKHQ SUHVHQWVSKRWRJUDSKVRIKLVJUDQGPRWKHUIURPIDWKHU¶VVLGHKLVnainai. who traditionally holds a more LPSRUWDQWSRVLWLRQZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\V\VWHPWKDQWKHJUDQGPRWKHUIURPPRWKHU¶VVLGHZKRLVFDOOHG waipo , waiPHDQLQJWKHµH[WHUQDOVLGH¶ $QFHVWRUZRUVKLSFRQWLQXHVWREHSDUWRIZHGGLQJULWXDOVLQ&KLQDWRGD\$VWKHPDMRUHYHQWLQ WKHZHGGLQJULWXDOFDOOHGWKHµWKLUGGD\ZRUVKLS¶baisan ) the groom worships his ancestors and YLVLWVKLVFORVHVHQLRUSDWHUQDOIDPLO\PHPEHUVWKUHHGD\VDIWHUWKHZHGGLQJ15 $¿OLDOVRQVKRXOGSHUIRUPWKHULJKWULWXDOVIRUKLVSDUHQWVZKHQWKH\DUHDOLYHDQGGXULQJWKHIXQHUDOZKHQ they die. The Chinese term xiaoPHDQVERWKµ¿OLDOSLHW\¶DQGµPRXUQLQJ¶7KHAnalectsRI&RQIXFLXV SUHVFULEH ³7KH H[SUHVVLRQ µVDFUL¿FH DV WKRXJK SUHVHQW¶ LV WDNHQ WR PHDQ µVDFUL¿FH WR WKH VSLULWV DV WKRXJKWKHVSLULWVDUHSUHVHQW¶´ The Classic of Filial Piety (xiao jing GHVFULEHVWKHEHKDYLRXU -HDQQH%RGHQ:KDWLV&KLQHVHLQFRQWHPSRUDU\&KLQHVHDUW"*KHQW*KHQW8QLYHUVLW\ 3KLOLSSH&DOLDKWWSZZZXSIHGXIRUPDBSGIYROIRUPDBYROBFDOOLDSGI&RQVXOWHG 6DUD6WHYHQVRQµ7KH(PSLUH/RRNV%DFN6XEYHUWLQJWKH,PSHULDO*D]H¶+LVWRU\RI3KRWRJUDSK\0D\ +VXLQ1RUPDQ6WRFNPDQ8QGHUVWDQGLQJ&KLQHVH6RFLHW\&DPEULGJH0DOGRQ3ROLW\3UHVV 0\URQ&RKHQ.LQVKLS&RQWUDFW&RPPXQLW\DQG6WDWH$QWKURSRORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHVRQ&KLQD6WDQIRUG 6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV $QDOHFWVLQ5RJHU7$PHV&RQIXFLDQ5ROH(WKLFV$9RFDEXODU\+RQJ.RQJ7KH&KLQHVH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 117 RIWKH¿OLDOVRQDVIROORZV³,QVHUYLQJKLVSDUHQWVDSLRXVVRQGHPRQVWUDWHVKLVVLQFHUHUHYHUHQFHZKLOH DWKRPHKHVXSSRUWVWKHPZLWKJUHDWSOHDVXUHZKHQWKH\DUHLOOKHVKRZVKLVDQ[LHW\LQPRXUQLQJ IRUWKHPKHIHHOVWKHGHHSHVWJULHILQVDFUL¿FLQJWRWKHPKHPDQLIHVWVKLVJUHDWHVWVROHPQLW\,IKHKDV IXO¿OOHGWKHVH¿YHGXWLHVWKHQKHLVUHJDUGHGDVVHUYLQJZHOOKLVSDUHQWV´17 $OVR7DRLVWFRQFHSWVLQÀXHQFHDQFHVWRUZRUVKLS/LIHDQGGHDWKDUHUHODWLYHDQGGHDWKLVMXVW DQRWKHUVWDWHWREHLQ,QFODVVLFDOFRVPRORJ\DOOWKLQJVDUHLQWHUUHODWHGDQGLQFRQVWDQWÀX[7KH7DRLVW =KXDQJ]LGH¿QHVWKHVHOIDVSDUWRIQDWXUH³:KHQ\RXORRNDW\RXUVHOIDVSDUWRIWKHQDWXUDOVFKHPHRI WKLQJV\RXDUHHTXDOWRWKHPRVWPLQXWHLQVLJQL¿FDQWFUHDWXUHLQWKHZRUOGEXW\RXUH[LVWHQFHLVJUHDW EHFDXVH\RXDUHLQXQLW\ZLWKWKHZKROHXQLYHUVH´182QHRI=KXDQJ]L¶VIDPRXVVWRULHVLVWKHGUHDPRI WKHEXWWHUÀ\=KXDQJ]LGUHDPVKHLVDEXWWHUÀ\+HÀXWWHUVKDSSLO\DURXQG:KHQKHDZDNHVKHGRHV QRWNQRZLIKHLVDEXWWHUÀ\ZKRGUHDPVKHLVDKXPDQEHLQJRUDKXPDQEHLQJZKRGUHDPWKHZDVD EXWWHUÀ\)RU=KXDQJ]LDOOWKLQJVDUHUHODWLYHHYHQOLIHDQGGHDWK7KHVHOILVDWLQ\SDUWRIDKROLVWLF V\VWHPDQGVXEMHFWWRWKHFRQVWDQWÀX[WKHUHLQLWLVDPLFURFRVPRVLQDPDFURFRVPRV(YHQOLIHDQG GHDWKDUHUHODWLYH³6RLQWKHXQLYHUVHQRWKLQJFDQEHVDLGWREHVXSHULRUWRRWKHUVQRURQHIRUPRI H[LVWHQFHFDQEHVDLGWREHVXSHULRUWRDQRWKHU,QOLIHZHDVVXPHRQHIRUPRIH[LVWHQFH'HDWKVLPSO\ PHDQVWKDWZHKDYHWRJLYHXSWKLVIRUPRIH[LVWHQFHDQGWRDVVXPHDQRWKHU,IWKLVIRUPLVJRRGWKHUH LV QR UHDVRQ WR VXSSRVH WKDW WKH RWKHUV DUH QRW´19$QFHVWRU ZRUVKLS DQG IDPLO\ UHODWLRQV VKRXOG EH XQGHUVWRRGDJDLQVWWKLVFRQWH[WRILQWHUUHODWHGQHVV Photography and Ancestors In the 19th&HQWXU\SKRWRJUDSKVLQVSLUHGE\WUDGLWLRQDO&KLQHVHDQFHVWRUSDLQWLQJVSRSXODULQWKH4LQJ '\QDVW\VHUYHGWKHJRDORIVWHUHRW\SLQJWKHH[RWLF(DUO\SKRWRJUDSKVLQ&KLQDZHUHWDNHQ E\:HVWHUQHUVWREHVKRZQWRD:HVWHUQSXEOLFDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIORFDOFRVWXPHVFXVWRPVVFHQHVDQG SHRSOHIURPWKHFRORQL]HGDUHDV,QWKHVHSRUWUDLWVSHRSOHZHUHVKRWLQDIURQWDOSRVHORRNLQJVWUDLJKW LQWRWKHFDPHUD7KHIURQWDOGHSLFWLRQRISHRSOHEHFDPHWREHSHUFHLYHGDVRQHRIWKHHOHPHQWVW\SLFDO RI &KLQHVH SRUWUDLW SKRWRJUDSK\ :X +XQJ DUJXHV WKDW WKH &KLQHVH ³SHFXOLDULWLHV´ LQ SRUWUDLW WDNLQJ EHFRPHDUHFXUUHQWWRSLFRIULGLFXOHLQ:HVWHUQDFFRXQWV7KHBritish Journal of PhotographyQR SXEOLVKHGLQVKRZHGDGUDZLQJPDGHE\-RKQ7KRPVRQWRPRFN&KLQHVHSRUWUDLWXUHVW\OH³DORFDO VLWWHUDOZD\VGHPDQGVDIXOOIURQWDOYLHZZLWKERWKHDUVVKRZLQJDOZD\VORRNVVWUDLJKWLQWRWKHFDPHUD OHQVLQDFRQIURQWDWLRQDOPDQQHUDOZD\VVLWVVTXDUHO\QH[WWRDVLGHWDEOHZLWKDUWL¿FLDOÀRZHUVRQLW DOZD\VKDWHVVKDGRZVRQKLVIDFHDOZD\VZHDUVKLVEHVWFORWKHVDQGKROGVDIDYRXULWHREMHFWVXFKDVD IDQRUDVQXIIERWWOHDQGDOZD\VGLVSOD\VKLVORQJQDLOHG¿QJHUVGLVWLQFWO\´20 3KRWRJUDSKHU0LOWRQ0LOOHUDFWLYHLQ&KLQDDWWKHWLPHZDVRQHRIWKHSHRSOHZKRKHOSHGFUHDWLQJ ZKDWZRXOGODWHUEHSHUFHLYHGDVDW\SLFDO&KLQHVHVW\OH:X+XQJVHHVVLPLODULWLHVLQWKHFRPSRVLWLRQ )X *HQTLQJ /LX 5XL[LDQJ /LQ =KLKH 7KH &ODVVLFDO RI )LOLDO 3LHW\ ;LDR -LQJ 6KDQGRQJ 6KDQGRQJ )ULHQGVKLS3UHVV 'LHQSLQ*DR*H6WHOOD7LQJ7RRPH\&RPPXQLFDWLQJ(IIHFWLYHO\:LWKWKH&KLQHVH7KRXVDQG 2DNV/RQGRQ1HZ'HOKL6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV )HQJ<RXODQ$7DRLVW&ODVVLF&KXDQJ7]X%HLMLQJ)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH3UHVV :X+XQJµ,QYHQWLQJD³&KLQHVH´SRUWUDLWVW\OHLQHDUO\SKRWRJUDSK\7KHFDVHRI0LOWRQ0LOOHU¶LQ-HIIUH\: &RG\)UDQFHV7HUSDO%UXVK6KXWWHU(DUO\SKRWRJUDSK\LQ&KLQD/RV$QJHOHV7KH*HWW\5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH 2011, 80. IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 118 EHWZHHQWKHVRFDOOHGW\SLFDO&KLQHVHVW\OHWKDW0LOWRQ0LOOHUFUHDWHVDQGWUDGLWLRQDO&KLQHVHDQFHVWRU SRUWUDLWVZLWKWKHLUIURQWDOSRVWXUHGLUHFWORRNHPSW\EDFNJURXQGVSDWLDOUHGXFWLRQDQGHQKDQFHGWZR GLPHQVLRQDOLW\DQGIHHOLQJRIVWLOOQHVVDQGODFNRIDQLPDWLRQ21 In reality, while Westerners claimed to GHSLFWWKHW\SLFDO&KLQHVHWKHLUSLFWXUHVRSSRVHGWKH&KLQHVHZD\RISRUWUDLWXUH:HVWHUQHUVFRQVWUXFWHG D &KLQHVH SRUWUDLW VW\OH WR VHUYH WKHLU RZQ JRDO WR VKRZ WKH H[RWLF RWKHU E\ FRQWUDVWLQJ WKH (XUR $PHULFDQLGHDORISRUWUDLWSKRWRJUDSK\,QWHUHVWLQJO\:HVWHUQSKRWRJUDSKHUVKHOSHGFUHDWLQJDGLVWLQFW &KLQHVHSRUWUDLWVW\OHWKDWZLWKLQWKHFRORQLDOFRQWH[WFDPHWREHVWHUHRW\SHGDQGFRQVLGHUHGDVW\SLFDO Chinese by Chinese photographers as well.22 :KHWKHU RU QRW WKH µW\SLFDO &KLQHVH¶ VW\OH ZDV LQLWLDWHG RQO\ E\ :HVWHUQHUV UHPDLQV WR EH researched. The Chinese series Old Photographs (lao zhaopian ) created in the 1990s depicts DGUDZLQJRIDQSKRWRJUDSKVWXGLRVHWXS,QWKHGUDZLQJZHVHHDVHDWHGPDQDQGZRPDQIDFLQJ WKHFDPHUDVHDWHGDJDLQVWDEDFNJURXQGRIDODQGVFDSHSDLQWLQJLQEHWZHHQWKHPDWDEOHZLWKDYDVH ZLWKÀ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randmother Passing Away In Before and after grandmother passed away:DQJ<RXVKHQSUHVHQWVQLQHSKRWRJUDSKV RIKLVJUDQGPRWKHU6LOYLD)RNDVVRFLDWHV:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VVHULHVZLWKWKHHDUO\&KULVWLDQDQGPHGLHYDO triptych.27,Q&KULVWLDQWULSW\FKVKRZHYHUWKHFHQWUHSLHFHLVDOZD\VWKHFRUHDQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUW,W LVD¿[HGDQGFOHDUO\RXWOLQHGXQLW7KHVLGHSDUWVVHUYHWRVXSSRUWWKHFHQWUH,Q:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VZRUN we see a seriesRISLFWXUHVWKDWGHDOZLWKWKHprocessIURPOLIHWRGHDWKWRDIWHUGHDWK5DWKHUWKDQSXWWLQJ :DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VZRUNLQWKH&KULVWLDQFRQWH[WRI+HDYHQDQG+HOOZKHUHOLIHHQGVZLWKWKHGHDWKRID SHUVRQDIWHUZKLFKWKHVRXOLVMXGJHGDQGUHZDUGHGRUSXQLVKHGE\DVXSHUQDWXUDOJRGZHSXWLWLQWKH FRQWH[WRIDQFHVWRUZRUVKLSLQVSLUHGE\HDUWKO\&RQIXFLDQLVPDQG7DRLVP,Q:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VZRUN WKHLGHDRIDQFHVWRUZRUVKLSORRNLQJDIWHUIDPLO\PHPEHUVWKHF\FOHDQGFRQWLQXDWLRQRIOLIHLVVWURQJ 'HDWKGRHVQRWPHDQWKHHQG 21. Ibid. 81. 22. Ibid. 85. )HQJ.HOL/DR=KDRSLDQ,2OG3KRWRJUDSKV,-LQDQ6KDQGRQJKXDEDRFKXEDQVKH ³ ´ )HQJ.HOL:X%LQ/DR=KDRSLDQ,,,,,2OG3KRWRJUDSKV,-LQDQC6KDQGRQJKXDEDRFKXEDQVKH ³ ´ )X *HQTLQJ /LX 5XL[LDQJ /LQ =KLKH 7KH &ODVVLFDO RI )LOLDO 3LHW\ ;LDR -LQJ 6KDQGRQJ 6KDQGRQJ )ULHQGVKLS3UHVV ,FRQVFLRXVO\XVHµKH¶EHFDXVHDQFHVWRUSRUWUDLWVDUHRIWHQPDOHLQWKHSDWULDUFKDOIDPLO\V\VWHP )RN6LOYLD/LIH'HDWK$UWDQGWKHERG\LQFRQWHPSRUDU\&KLQD%ULVWRO&KLFDJR,QWHOOHFW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 119 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\&RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 120 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 121 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 122 :H¿UVWPHHWWKHJUDQGPRWKHUVLWWLQJRQWKHVLGHRIWKHEHGORRNLQJLQWRWKHFDPHUD7KHEODFNVKDGRZ LQWKHXSSHUOHIWWRSFRUQHURIWKHSLFWXUHUHVRQDWHVZLWKWKHEODFNFXSERDUGLQWKHORZHUULJKWERWWRP 7KLVLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVLQWKHWLVVXHRQWKHZDOODQGWKHYHUWLFDOOLQHVRIWKHEHG IUDPHDQGFXSERDUGVHHPWROLWHUDOO\RXWOLQHWKHVSDFHZKHUHWKHZRPDQ¶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¿UVWDQGVHFRQGLPDJHFUHDWHWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWWKHOLIHRI WKHZRPDQLVUHGXFHGWRDµFDVHGLQ¶µFRFRRQOLNH¶H[LVWHQFHZKHUHOLIHLVUHGXFHGWRZDLWLQJ ,QWKHWKLUGSKRWRJUDSKEODFNDQGZKLWHVWURQJO\FRQWUDVW7KHOLJKWRQO\UHYHDOVWKHIDFHWKH SLOORZ VKH UHVWV RQ DQG D SDUW RI KHU DUP 7KH VNLQ RI KHU DUP LV ZULQNOHG +HU H\HV ORRN GU\ DQG ZLWKGUDZQ +HU IDFH JLYHV WKH LPSUHVVLRQ RI SDUFKPHQW DV LI WKH ERG\ LV DOUHDG\ PXPPL¿HG 7KH KDLUOLQHVFRQWUDVWZLWKWKHZULQNOHVRQWKHZRPDQ¶VIRUHKHDGWKHKDLURIWKHZRPDQLVQLFHO\FRPEHG $JDLQZHFDQVXJJHVWWKDWVRPHRQHLVORRNLQJDIWHUKHUWDNLQJFDUHRIKHU,QVSLWHRIWKHIDFWWKDWKHU OLIH LV QRZ HYHQ PRUH UHGXFHG WR ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH HQG WR FRPH WKH LPDJH ZH VHH LV QRW DQ LPDJH RI KRSHOHVVQHVVRUGHVSDLU,WLVDSHDFHIXOLPDJHRIFDUHDQGORYH IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 123 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 124 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 125 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW ,Q WKH QH[W WKUHH SKRWRJUDSKV WKH ZRPDQ KDV GLHG 7KH JUDQGPRWKHU¶V OLIH LV QRZ LQ D WUDQVLWLRQDO VWDJH:HIROORZWKHSURFHVVRISUHSDULQJWKHERG\7KHZKLWHXQLIRUPRIWKHSHUVRQSUHSDULQJWKHERG\ FRQWUDVWVZLWKWKHEODFNFORWKLQJRIWKHGHDWKSHUVRQ7KHYHUWLFDOOLQHRIWKHMDFNHWRIWKHSHUVRQWDNLQJ FDUHDQGWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHRIWKHVWUHWFKHUDJDLQµFDVHLQ¶WKHERG\7KHPHWDOWZHH]HUVFRQWUDVWZLWKWKH ÀXII\FRWWRQEDOOV7KHOLIHOHVVERG\KDVEHFRPHDQREMHFW,QWKLVVWHULOHHQYLURQPHQWWKHZHGGLQJULQJ XQH[SHFWHGO\VWDQGVRXWDVDVWURQJV\PEROIRUOLIHDQGORYHDQGIDPLO\$JDLQZHUHFRJQL]HWKHFDULQJ IRUDQGWDNLQJFDUHDVDQRQJRLQJSURFHVV,QWKHQH[WSKRWRJUDSKZHVHHWKHFRUSVHZLWKWKHORQJKDLU VSUHDGRXWWKHKHDGUHVWO\LQJRQWKHFKHVW7KHKDLUJLYHVDVSHFLDOHIIHFW7KHSLFWXUHLVVKRZQXSVLGH GRZQ:HJHWWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWWKHERG\KDVOLIWHGRIIÀ\LQJLQWKHDLU7KHMX[WDSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQ WKLVSKRWRJUDSKDQGWKHQH[WRQHVKRZLQJWKHFRUSVHLQGHWDLOHQKDQFHVWKHHIIHFWRISDVVLQJRQDQG RIWKHLGHDWKDWWKHVSLULWLVOHDYLQJWKHSK\VLFDOERG\DQGLVQRZÀ\LQJDERYH/LIHLVÀRDWLQJWRZDUGV DKD]\ZRUOG)LQDOO\LQWKHODVWSKRWRJUDSKZHVHHWKHGHDGERG\LQSHDFHDQGWUDQTXLOOLW\LQDVHUHQH SRVH7KHKHDGUHVWLQJRQWKHKHDGUHVWLVZUDSSHGXSLQDZDUPFDSHYRNLQJWKHIHHOLQJRIFRVLQHVKHU ERG\FRYHUHGZLWKEODFNDQGZKLWHWLVVXH7KHQHDW¿QHOLQHVRIWKHUDYHOVIURPWKHZKLWHWLVVXHWKH¿QH IROGVLQWKHEODFNPDWHULDODQGWKHVWUDLJKWOLQHVRIWKHNQLWWHGFDSPDNHWKHGHHSO\ZULQNOHGIDFHRIWKH ZRPDQVWDQGRXWWHOOLQJXVKHUOLIHVWRU\:HDUHOHIWZLWKGHHSIHHOLQJRIUHVSHFW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 127 )LJXUH:DQJ<RXVKHQ%HIRUHDQGDIWHUJUDQGPRWKHUSDVVHGDZD\ &RXUWHV\RIWKHDUWLVW 7KH¿QDOWKUHHSKRWRJUDSKVGHDOZLWKWKHIDFWWKDWOLIHJRHVRQDIWHUDEHORYHGSHUVRQKDVGLHG7KUHH SKRWRJUDSKV LQ FRORXU HYRNH WKH KDUVK UHDOLW\ DIWHU WKH JUDQGPRWKHU KDV JRQH %XW WKH SLFWXUHV DOVR V\PEROL]HKRZ:DQJ<RXVKHQWULHVWRNHHSKLVJUDQGPRWKHUZLWKKLPE\ZD\RISKRWRJUDSK\$IWHU WKHJUDQGPRWKHUKDVGLVDSSHDUHGIURPUHDOLW\DOOWKDWLVOHIWLVPHPRU\DQGSKRWRJUDSKV7KHSURFHVVRI SKRWRJUDSK\LWVHOIEHFRPHVV\PERORISDVVLQJDZD\DQGFRPLQJEDFN%\GHYHORSLQJWKHSKRWRJUDSKV E\ZDVKLQJWKHPKHEULQJVEDFNKLVJUDQGPRWKHU:HVHHWKH¿UVWSLFWXUHRIWKHGHDGERG\EHLQJZDVKHG LQWUD\RIFKHPLFDOGHYHORSLQJOLTXLG7KHFROGJUHHQOLJKWLQWKHURRPLVPLUURUHGLQWKHOLTXLG7KH WZHH]HUVKROGLQJWKHSLFWXUHVHHPDFRQWLQXDWLRQRIWKHWZHH]HUVLQWKHSLFWXUHSXWWLQJIRUZDUGWKHLGHD RIFRQWLQXDWLRQRUHYHQZRUOGVZLWKLQZRUOGV7KHVTXDUHWLOHVLQWKHVTXDUHPHWDOEDVLQQRZVTXDUHLQ WKHSLFWXUHRIWKHJUDQGPRWKHU7KHUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHSLFWXUHLQWKHURXQGPHWDOWXEHHYRNHVWKHIHHOLQJDV LIWKHVSLULWRIWKHJUDQGPRWKHULVVWLOOWKHUH%XWWKHPDFKLQHOLNHREMHFWLQUHGDQGJUHHQPDNHVUHDOLW\ WDQJLEOHDQGFROG7KHVHFRQGSLFWXUHVKRZVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSLFWXUHRIWKHSUHSDUHGSHDFHIXO DQGWUDQTXLOGHDGERG\7KHFROGJUHHQOLJKWRIWKHSUHYLRXVSLFWXUHLVQRZUHSODFHGE\ZDUPUHG,QWKH EDFNJURXQGZHGHWHFWREMHFWVWKDWORRNDVLIWKH\DUHEXUQWUHPLQGLQJXVRIEXUQLQJWKLQJVIRUWKHGHDG LQDQFHVWRUZRUVKLSSUDFWLFHV7KHUHGOLJKWRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJVUHÀHFWVLQWKHPHWDOWZHH]HUVGULYLQJ DZD\WKHFROGQHVV,QWKHODVWSKRWRJUDSK:DQJ<RXVKHQVLWVRQRQHVLGHRIWKHEHGLQDZKLWHURRP ZLWKEDUHZDOOV/LNHLQKLVJUDQGPRWKHU¶VKRXVHWKHRQO\REMHFWLQWKHURRPLVWKHEHG1RZWKHEHGLV FRYHUHGZLWKSLFWXUHVRIWKHJUDQGPRWKHUZKLOHVKHZDVVWLOODOLYH2QWKHÀRRUSLFWXUHVDUHVSUHDGRXW OLNHIRRWVWHSVRQDSDWKZD\DVLIWKHJUDQGPRWKHUKDVVLOHQWO\VOLSSHGDZD\:DQJ<RXVKHQVHHPVWR FDUHIXOO\DUUDQJHDQGVHOHFWWKHSKRWRJUDSKVRIKLVJUDQGPRWKHUZKHQVWLOODOLYH,QKROGLQJRQHRIWKH IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 128 SKRWRJUDSKVLQKLVKDQGKHFRQQHFWVZLWKKHU6KHLVQRWJRQHVKHLVWKHUHZLWKKLP:DQJ<RXVKHQ DQGWKHJUDQGPRWKHUERWKµVLW¶RQRSSRVLWHVVLGHVRIWKHEHG7KHEHGEHFRPHVDV\PERORIFRQWLQXDWLRQ :KHUHDVLQWKH¿UVWVHULHVWKHJUDQGPRWKHUVLWVRQWKHEHGLQWKH¿QDOVHULHV:DQJ<RXVKHQVLWVRQWKH EHGZLWKWKHLPDJHVRIKLVJUDQGPRWKHU 7KH SDVVDJH RI OLIH DQG GHDWK LV PLUURUHG LQ WKH SLFWXUH DUUDQJHPHQW WKH SKRWRJUDSK RI WKH ZRPDQLQKHUDOPRVWPXPPL¿HGVWDWHUHVWVRQWKHVLGHRIWKHEHGWKRVHRQWKHÀRRUGHSLFWWKHGHDG ERG\7KHVHWXSFDQEHUHDGDV:DQJ<RXVKHQVXSSRUWLQJDQGDFFRPSDQ\LQJKLVJUDQGPRWKHURQKHU ZD\WRWKHKHUHDIWHUDQGHVWDEOLVKLQJDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHP 0HOLVVD &KLX FODLPV WKDW DUWLVWV OLNH :DQJ <RXVKHQ PDNH OLWWOH RYHUW UHIHUHQFHV WR &KLQHVH traditions.281HYHUWKHOHVVZKHQZHORRNDWWKHVHSLFWXUHVZLWKWKH&KLQHVHDQFHVWRUWUDGLWLRQLQPLQG LWPD\EHQRFRLQFLGHQFHWKDW:DQJ<RXVKHQXVHVWKHQXPEHUVWKUHHDQGQLQH6LQFHDQFLHQWWLPHVWKH kowtow ZDV SHUIRUPHG IRU DQFHVWRUV DQG KLJKUDQNLQJ RI¿FLDOV7KH KLJKHVW IRUP RI kowtow was to NQHHOGRZQWKUHHWLPHVHDFKWLPHNRZWRZLQJWKUHHWLPHVUHVXOWLQJLQQLQH7KHSUH,PSHULDOFODVVLF the Zhou Li ( ) or Rites of ZhouGHVFULEHVWKHµQLQHVDOXWDWLRQV¶jiubai ,QWKH4LQJG\QDVW\ WKHµWKUHHNQHHOLQJVDQGQLQHNQRFNLQJVRIWKHKHDG¶sangui jiukou ) became obligatory at 29 LPSHULDODXGLHQFHV Today to kowtowWKUHHWLPHVUHPDLQVWKHZD\WRKRQRXUDGHFHDVHGSHUVRQ 7KH QXPEHU WKUHH LV DOVR V\PEROLF LQ ZKDW D ¿OLDO VRQ VKRXOG GR LQ PRXUQLQJ KLV SDUHQWV DV &RQIXFLXVSUHVFULEHVLW³:KHQDSLRXVVRQLVPRXUQLQJIRUDGHFHDVHGSDUHQWKHLVFKRNHGZLWKWHDUV EXWGRHVQRWZDLOZLWKDSURORQJHGVREELQJLQSHUIRUPLQJWKHFHUHPRQ\KHSD\VQRDWWHQWLRQWRKLV DSSHDUDQFH KLV ZRUGV DUH VLPSOH DQG XQSROLVKHG KH IHHOV XQHDV\ WR ZHDU ¿QH FORWKHV KH WDNHV QR SOHDVXUHLQOLVWHQLQJWRWKHPXVLFKHKDVQRDSSHWLWHIRUIRRGLQFOXGLQJGHOLFDFLHVDOOWKLVUHÀHFWVKLV UHDOVHQWLPHQWRIJULHIDQGVRUURZ7KUHHGD\VDIWHUWKHGHDWKRIKLVSDUHQWVKHEHJLQVWRKDYHIRRG WKHUHE\WKHSHRSOHDUHWDXJKWWKDWWKHOLYLQJVKRXOGQRWEHLQMXUHGEHFDXVHRIWKHGHDGDQGWKHPRXUQLQJ PXVWQRWEHFDUULHGVRIDUDVWRGHVWUR\WKHOLIHRIWKHOLYLQJWKLVLVWKHUXOHVHWE\WKHVDJHV7KHGXUDWLRQ RIPRXUQLQJGRHVQRWH[FHHGWKUHH\HDUVWKXVVKRZLQJWKDWWKHUHPXVWEHDQHQGWRWKHPRXUQLQJ´30 What comes to mind in looking at the series is the process RI G\LQJ DQG EULQJLQJ EDFN WKH JUDQGPRWKHUWKURXJKSKRWRJUDSK\'HDWKLVQRWD¿QDOHQGWKHF\FOHRIOLIHDQGGHDWKLVRQJRLQJ'HDWK is a passageIURPRQHVWDWHWRDQRWKHU7KHpassageLVHPSKDVL]HGLQWKHIRUPDWRIDVHULHVRISLFWXUHV,Q YLHZLQJWKHVHULHVWKHVSHFWDWRUKDVWRVSHQGWLPH7KHSDVVLQJRIWLPHLVQRWRQO\SUHVHQWLQWKHSLFWXUHV LWLVDOVRSDUWRIWKHYLHZLQJSURFHVV,QORRNLQJDWWKHSLFWXUHVRQHE\RQHLQREVHUYLQJDQGDQDO\]LQJ WKHSURFHVVRIDJLQJGHDWKDQGSRVWGHDWKWKHYLHZHUEHFRPHVSDUWRIWKHSURFHVVDQGF\FOHRIOLIHDQG death. 7KH WLWOH DOVR VXJJHVWV WKDW GHDWK LV QRW WKH HQG 7KH &KLQHVH WLWOH LV Wo nainai qu shi qian hou/ LVWUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVKDVBefore and After my grandmother passes away. The WHUPµqian hou¶OLWHUDOO\PHDQVµEHIRUHDIWHU¶EXWLWFDQDOVREHWUDQVODWHGDVµDURXQG¶RUµDERXW¶,IZH &KLXS (QG\PLRQ:LONLQVRQ&KLQHVH+LVWRU\$0DQXDO&DPEULGJH0DVVDFKXVHWWV/RQGRQ+DUYDUG<HQFKLQJ ,QVWLWXWH0RQRJUDSKV6HULHV )X *HQTLQJ /LX 5XL[LDQJ /LQ =KLKH 7KH &ODVVLFDO RI )LOLDO 3LHW\ ;LDR -LQJ 6KDQGRQJ 6KDQGRQJ )ULHQGVKLS3UHVV IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 129 translate the title as Around the time my grandmother passed awayWKHFRQFHSWRIµWKHHQG¶RUDSDUWLFXODU VWDWHRIEHLQJEHIRUHDQGDIWHUEHFRPHVOHVVH[SOLFLW Photographs in photographs 7KHDUWLVWH[SORUHVWKHPHGLXPRISKRWRJUDSK\LWVHOI&ODLUH5REHUWVVWDWHV³7KHVHULHVSURPSWVWKH YLHZHUWRFRQVLGHUWKHQDWXUHRISKRWRJUDSK\LWVHOIWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQGRFXPHQWDU\DQGFRQFHSWXDO SKRWRJUDSK\ DQG LGHDV RI SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH REMHFWLYH DQG VXEMHFWLYH PDWHULDO DQG VSLULWXDO´31 3KRWRJUDSK\ VHUYHV WKH SXUSRVH RI EULQJLQJ EDFN WKH GHFHDVHG IDPLO\ PHPEHU 7KH ZDVKLQJ RI WKH SLFWXUHV HYRNHV WKH LGHD RI SDVVDJH DQG RQJRLQJ 7KH SURFHVV RI GHYHORSLQJ SLFWXUHV KLJKOLJKWV WKH IXQFWLRQRISLFWXUHVDVPHPRU\,QWKHODVWSLFWXUHZLWKPXOWLSOHSKRWRJUDSKVLQKLVSKRWRJUDSK:DQJ <RXVKHQVWDJHVKLPVHOIDVDSKRWRJUDSKHU+HFRQQHFWVKLVSHUVRQDOIDWHZLWKWKDWRIKLVJUDQGPRWKHU We can interpret the photographs in photographs as worlds within worlds and realities within realities, RUDQFHVWRU¶VSUHVHQFHLQWKHUHDOLW\ZHOLYHLQ Remembering ancestors :DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VZRUNSUHVHQWVDUHÀHFWLRQRQOLIHDQGGHDWKRQERG\DQGVSLULWRQFDULQJIRUIDPLO\ PHPEHUV DQG RQ WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKRVH ZKR KDYH SDVVHG DZD\ DQG WKRVH ZKR DUH OHIW EHKLQG 7KHUHÀHFWLRQLVSKLORVRSKLFDOEXWZDUPDQGHQJDJHG:DQJ<RXVKHQ¶VVHULHVUHÀHFWVRQWKHSURFHVV RI DFFRPSDQ\LQJ DQG VXSSRUWLQJ KLV IDPLO\ PHPEHU LQ OLIH DQG GHDWK DQG RQ KLV UHODWLRQ ZLWK KLV JUDQGPRWKHU/RRNLQJDWWKLVVHULHVRISKRWRJUDSKVUHYHDOVWKDWWKHUHLVDFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHFRQWH[W WKH\DUHFUHDWHGLQDFRQWH[WWKDWLVLQÀXHQFHGE\VKDUHGWUDGLWLRQVRIGHVFHQW Jeanne BodenLVQRWDSHUVRQRIRQHZRUOG6RPHSHRSOHNQRZKHUDVDZULWHUUHVHDUFKHURI&KLQHVH DUWDQGFXOWXUHRWKHUVNQRZKHUDVDOHDGHUFURVVFXOWXUDOH[SHUWOHFWXUHUWUDLQHUDQGFRDFK$&KLQHVH IULHQGRQFHFDOOHGKHUDGHHUKRSSLQJEHWZHHQZRUOGV)RU-HDQQHDOOWKHVHZRUOGVRYHUODS+HUPRVW UHFHQWSXEOLFDWLRQLV&RQWHPSRUDU\&KLQHVH$UW3RVWVRFLDOLVW3RVWWUDGLWLRQDO3RVWFRORQLDO $63 2015) (PDLOMHDQQH#MHDQQHERGHQFRP &ODLUH5REHUWV3KRWRJUDSK\LQ&KLQD/RQGRQ5HDNWLRQ%RRNV IMAGE [&] NARRATIVE Vol. 16, No. 2 (2015) 130
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz