Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України
Дніпропетровський національний університет ім. Олеся Гончара
О.І. ПАНЧЕНКО, Ю.В. БЕСПАЛОВА, С.В. ЗАЙЦЕВА
МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ З ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ
САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ З ФАХОВИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН
Дніпропетровськ
РВВ ДНУ
2012
1
УДК 811
П54
Рецензенти: к.ф.н., доц.Зінукова Н.В.
к.ф.н., доц. Ворова Т.П.
П54. Панченко, О.І. Методичні вказівки з організації самостійної роботи з
фахових дисциплін [Текст] / О.І. Панченко, Ю.В. Беспалова, С.В. Зайцева. – Д.:
РВВ ДНУ, 2012. – 32 с.
У методичному виданні представлено рекомендації по самостійному
навчанню таким видам мовленнєвої діяльності, як читання, переклад, перекази.
Надано вказівки по вивченню граматики та опануванню перекладацьких
трансформацій.
Методичні вказівки призначені для студентів першого курсу спеціальності
«Переклад».
Навчальне видання
Олена Іванівна Панченко
Юлія Володимирівна Беспалова
Світлана Валеріївна Зайцева
Методичні вказівки з організації самостійної роботи з фахових
дисциплін
Друкується у відповідності з рішенням Вченої ради факультету української
й іноземної філології та мистецтвознавства, протокол № 1 від 11 вересня 2012
р. Панченко О.І, Беспалова Ю.В., Зайцева С.В.
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INTRODUCTION
Dear students!
You have entered the Translation department of Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk
National University. Congratulations!
During your being freshers you will have to fulfill various tasks, to study
various things connected with translation. So this booklet is just a condensed
reflection of the activities you will be doing during your first year of study.
You will:
read, translate and analyze texts;
study grammar and do exercises;
study vocabulary connected with topics and discuss them;
analyze translation transformations;
play language games etc.
Let’s try!
Part 1. READ, TRANSLATE AND ANALYZE TEXTS.
How to get the most out of English texts or Reading for content
Normally, when reading a text, people use a strategy that is called "reading for
content". The goal of this strategy is to get the main idea of the text as quickly as
possible and with as little effort as possible.
Here are some characteristics of "reading for content":
Not seeing "grammar words" like a, the, in, of, through, that. The eye only stops
at content words (main nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs).
Not seeing word forms: Was it look or looked? Has looked or had looked?
Not noticing the exact spelling. It is well known that the brain recognizes
whole words — it does not analyze them letter by letter. Native speakers see the
word piece all the time, but many of them still misspell it as peice, because the two
spellings have similar shapes.
Ignoring difficult words that are not essential to understanding the meaning
(here: primeval, constrictor). Who has the time to use a dictionary?
Reading for content is a great, time-saving way to extract information from
written content. The problem is that you may not need grammar words
to
understand a text, but you do need them to produce a text. If you skip over grammar
words while reading, you may have difficulty using them correctly in your own
sentences.
Don't try to focus on every phrase. Some phrases are not useful. Some phrases
are just too advanced for you. Try to focus on things that are within your reach, i.e.
one level above your current level.
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Task 1. What is true?
1.
Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom.
2.
About 60 million people live in England.
3.
The Thames is the longest river in Britain.
4.
Most people in Britain live in a flat, not a house.
5.
DIY ("Do it yourself) is a popular hobby in Britain.
6.
Free weekdays are usually called "Red Days" in Britain.
7.
More than 300 languages are spoken among people living in London.
8.
The political party in power at the moment is the Conservative Party.
9.
The House of Lords makes laws and decides taxes people should pay.
10. Most children in Britain go to private schools.
11. British children must start school by the age of 5.
12. It costs nothing to go to a doctor in Britain.
13. July, 4 is Thanksgiving Day in the USA.
14. Washington is the capital of the USA.
15. The 50th state joined the USA in 1960.
16. The Australians eat meat more than fish.
17. Sydney is the capital of Australia.
18. People speak French in Canada.
19. South Africa is a dangerous country to live.
20. India and Pakistan used to be one country.
Task 2. Read and answer the questions.
NEIGHBOURS FROM THE HELL
I used to think that my little corner of urban England was somewhere I could get
away from the stresses and strain of modern-day life - until they moved in next door.
There are two of them. They are white, woolly and probably have sharp teeth as well as a
loud bark. Every time their constant barking interrupts my sleep and I remind myself
that I'm lucky: the neighbours don't hold all-night parties, nor do they shout or throw
crockery at each other, and though dogs may bark, they don't bite.
According to a recent consumer magazine report, dogs are the fifth most common
source of bad relations between neighbours. Noise of any description heads the list of
complaints, followed by DIY (do it yourself: making and repairing things in your own
home) enthusiasts, parking disputes, and arguments over house extensions.
So what alternatives are there? One is to take legal action. But this can be timeconsuming and expensive and does nothing to improve already difficult relationship. The
other alternatives are to sell up and go, or to try to reach a solution with the help of
someone neutral. Mediation UK - the United Nations equivalent of garden fence conflicts
- was set up in 1984 to help resolve community disagreements. The Bristol-based charity
acts as an umbrella organisation for 60 regional groups. In most cases officers find that
lack of communication is the main cause of conflict and that peace can be negotiated.
Buyers of houses may be put off by the external appearance of neighbouring
houses. Anything from wild, uncared for gardens to unusual external colour schemes can
put off buyers -even though the offending property is next door. But it_could be worth. As
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most problems offend the ears rather than the eyes it's surprising that so few buyers take
the trouble to check out their future neighbours.
I recently went to view a house which looked promising - - until I saw the
neighbouring zoo. I decided I could live with the birds, the rabbits and the cats, but when
I spotted the dogs I had my doubts. "Do they bother you at all?" I asked.
"No, no", they replied, "not at all".
"Oh, yes, they do,' insisted their six-year-old son. 'They bark all night and keep
us awake'. Another lucky escape.
Comprehension
1.
Why doesn't the writer like her next-door neighbours' dogs?
a They wake her up.
b They sometimes bark.
c They are aggressive.
d They remind her of sheep.
2.
According to the report most people argue about
a dogs
b noise
c parking
d DIY
3.
What does the article say about the Mediation UK?
a It gives a lot of money to charity.
b It has over 50 groups around the world
c It was established by the United nations.
d It has its head office in Bristol.
4.
Some people decide not to buy a house because they don't like
a the house which is next door
b the other houses in the street
c the appearance of the garden
d the colour of the paint work.
5.
What does it refer to?
a the colour scheme b the garden c the situation
d the house
6.
The writer decided not to buy the house because
a it didn't have a good view
b it was next door to a zoo
c she didn't trust the owners
d she disliked dogs.
Task 3. Read, translate by yourself and compare with the professional
translation.
O’Henry
THE GIFTS OF THE MAGI
One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And sixty cents of it was in
pennies. Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the
vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of
parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Della counted it. One dollar
and eighty- seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas. There was clearly
nothing to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it.
5
Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles,
with sniffles predominating.
While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the
second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat at $8 per week. It did not exactly
beggar description, but it certainly had that word on the lookout for the mendicancy
squad.
In the vestibule below was a letter-box into which no letter would go, and an
electric button from which no mortal finger could coax a ring. Also appertaining
thereunto was a card bearing the name "Mr. James Dillingham Young."
The "Dillingham" had been flung to the breeze during a former period of
prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income
was shrunk to $20, though, they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest
and unassuming D. But whenever Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and
reached his flat above he was called "Jim" and greatly hugged by Mrs. James
Dillingham Young, already introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good.
Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag. She
stood by the window and looked out dully at a gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray
backyard. Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to
buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this
result. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been greater than she had
calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present for Jim. Her Jim. Many a
happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and
rare and sterling--something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honor of being
owned by Jim.
There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have
seen a pier-glass in an $8 flat. A very thin and very agile person may, by observing
his reflection in a rapid sequence of longitudinal strips, obtain a fairly accurate
conception of his looks. Della, being slender, had mastered the art.
Suddenly she whirled from the window and stood before the glass. her eyes
were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its color within twenty seconds. Rapidly
she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length.
Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which
they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's
and his grandfather's. The other was Della's hair. Had the queen of Sheba lived in the
flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out the window some day
to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts. Had King Solomon been the
janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his
watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy.
So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her rippling and shining like a cascade
of brown waters. It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her.
And then she did it up again nervously and quickly. Once she faltered for a minute
and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn red carpet.
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On went her old brown jacket; on went her old brown hat. With a whirl of
skirts and with the brilliant sparkle still in her eyes, she fluttered out the door and
down the stairs to the street.
Where she stopped the sign read: "Mne. Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds."
One flight up Della ran, and collected herself, panting. Madame, large, too white,
chilly, hardly looked the "Sofronie."
"Will you buy my hair?" asked Della.
"I buy hair," said Madame. "Take yer hat off and let's have a sight at the looks
of it."
Down rippled the brown cascade.
"Twenty dollars," said Madame, lifting the mass with a practised hand.
"Give it to me quick," said Della.
Oh, and the next two hours tripped by on rosy wings. Forget the hashed
metaphor. She was ransacking the stores for Jim's present.
She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was
no other like it in any of the stores, and she had turned all of them inside out. It was a
platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design, properly proclaiming its value by
substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation--as all good things should do.
It was even worthy of The Watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be
Jim's. It was like him. Quietness and value--the description applied to both. Twentyone dollars they took from her for it, and she hurried home with the 87 cents. With
that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any
company. Grand as the watch was, he sometimes looked at it on the sly on account of
the old leather strap that he used in place of a chain.
When Della reached home her intoxication gave way a little to prudence and
reason. She got out her curling irons and lighted the gas and went to work repairing
the ravages made by generosity added to love. Which is always a tremendous task,
dear friends--a mammoth task.
Within forty minutes her head was covered with tiny, close-lying curls that
made her look wonderfully like a truant schoolboy. She looked at her reflection in the
mirror long, carefully, and critically.
"If Jim doesn't kill me," she said to herself, "before he takes a second look at
me, he'll say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl. But what could I do--oh! what
could I do with a dollar and eighty- seven cents?"
At 7 o'clock the coffee was made and the frying-pan was on the back of the
stove hot and ready to cook the chops.
Jim was never late. Della doubled the fob chain in her hand and sat on the
corner of the table near the door that he always entered. Then she heard his step on
the stair away down on the first flight, and she turned white for just a moment. She
had a habit for saying little silent prayer about the simplest everyday things, and now
she whispered: "Please God, make him think I am still pretty."
The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very
serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty-two--and to be burdened with a family! He
needed a new overcoat and he was without gloves.
7
Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail. His
eyes were fixed upon Della, and there was an expression in them that she could not
read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror,
nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her
fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face.
Della wriggled off the table and went for him.
"Jim, darling," she cried, "don't look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and
sold because I couldn't have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.
It'll grow out again--you won't mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows
awfully fast. Say `Merry Christmas!' Jim, and let's be happy. You don't know what a
nice-- what a beautiful, nice gift I've got for you."
"You've cut off your hair?" asked Jim, laboriously, as if he had not arrived at
that patent fact yet even after the hardest mental labor.
"Cut it off and sold it," said Della. "Don't you like me just as well, anyhow? I'm
me without my hair, ain't I?"
Jim looked about the room curiously.
"You say your hair is gone?" he said, with an air almost of idiocy.
"You needn't look for it," said Della. "It's sold, I tell you--sold and gone, too.
It's Christmas Eve, boy. Be good to me, for it went for you. Maybe the hairs of my
head were numbered," she went on with sudden serious sweetness, "but nobody could
ever count my love for you. Shall I put the chops on, Jim?"
Out of his trance Jim seemed quickly to wake. He enfolded his Della. For ten
seconds let us regard with discreet scrutiny some inconsequential object in the other
direction. Eight dollars a week or a million a year--what is the difference? A
mathematician or a wit would give you the wrong answer. The magi brought valuable
gifts, but that was not among them. This dark assertion will be illuminated later on.
Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.
"Don't make any mistake, Dell," he said, "about me. I don't think there's
anything in the way of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my
girl any less. But if you'll unwrap that package you may see why you had me going a
while at first."
White fingers and nimble tore at the string and paper. And then an ecstatic
scream of joy; and then, alas! a quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wails,
necessitating the immediate employment of all the comforting powers of the lord of
the flat.
For there lay The Combs--the set of combs, side and back, that Della had
worshipped long in a Broadway window. Beautiful combs, pure tortoise shell, with
jewelled rims--just the shade to wear in the beautiful vanished hair. They were
expensive combs, she knew, and her heart had simply craved and yearned over them
without the least hope of possession. And now, they were hers, but the tresses that
should have adorned the coveted adornments were gone.
But she hugged them to her bosom, and at length she was able to look up with
dim eyes and a smile and say: "My hair grows so fast, Jim!"
And them Della leaped up like a little singed cat and cried, "Oh, oh!"
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Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present. She held it out to him eagerly upon
her open palm. The dull precious metal seemed to flash with a reflection of her bright
and ardent spirit.
"Isn't it a dandy, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You'll have to look at
the time a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch. I want to see how it looks
on it."
Instead of obeying, Jim tumbled down on the couch and put his hands under
the back of his head and smiled.
"Dell," said he, "let's put our Christmas presents away and keep 'em a while.
They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your
combs. And now suppose you put the chops on."
The magi, as you know, were wise men--wonderfully wise men--who brought
gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents.
Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones, possibly bearing the privilege of
exchange in case of duplication. And here I have lamely related to you the uneventful
chronicle of two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed for each other
the greatest treasures of their house. But in a last word to the wise of these days let it
be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest. O all who give and
receive gifts, such as they are wisest. Everywhere they are wisest. They are the magi.
Part 2. STUDY GRAMMAR AND DO EXERCISES
How to learn grammar
Grammar is an aspect of language about which learners have different opinions.
Some learners are very interested in finding out or learning grammar rules and doing
lots of grammar exercises. Others hate grammar and think it is the most boring part of
learning a new language. Grammar is simply the word for the rules that people follow
when they use a language. We need those rules in the same way as we need the rules
in a game.
You can learn the rules of a game by simply playing the game. You will
certainly make mistakes; you may even get hurt. Eventually, however, you will know
how to play. Of course, the rules of a language are very much more complicated than
the rules of any game, but in fact this is exactly how you learned your own language.
So what IS the best way to learn English grammar? Many teachers believe in
the importance of grammar lessons devoted to a study of language rules and lots of
practice exercises. Other teachers feel that grammar is best learned by doing different
language activities without focussing so directly on the rules. Whatever your opinion
about grammar, and whichever is the way you are taught, here is some advice that
may help you to learn grammar more effectively.
9
Be aware of grammar. Think about grammar. Notice the aspects of English
grammar that are the same as or very similar to those in your language. Notice also
the way that English expresses an idea differently to
how it is done in your
language.
Read a lot of English books - this may sound strange but in fact all the time
you are reading English (and also listening to English), you are taking in models of
correct grammar that will help you in your own writing and speaking.
Concentrate on the aspects of grammar you personally find most difficult.
Learn the common irregular verbs If you can use these verbs automatically, it
will give you more time to concentrate on other aspects of what you want to say.
Task 1. Do the test
1. You write and thank Aunt Louise for your present.
A must В need
С can
2 ........................................... No announcement about the results
so far.
A has made
В has been made С was made
3 .....He
his teeth checked once every six months.
A is having
В has had
С has
4 ....... You wear a coat. It is very warm outside.
A must В needn't С could
5 ............................................ I can't come to the cinema tonight. I
work.
A could В needn't С have to
6 ...................... The children are at school at the moment.
A В а
С the
7 ......... She got
of presents on her birthday.
A several В a great deal С a great number
8 ............................ I brush my teeth twice day.
А а
В the
С one
9 ..................... The play was said
because the lead actor was ill.
A to be cancelled В to have been cancelled С to have cancelled
10 ........................... He was very nervous. He
for this moment all his life.
A had waited В had been waiting С has been waiting
11.............................. The advice you gave me
really useful.
A were В are
С was
12 .....I read interesting article in the newspaper today.
А а
В an
С the
13 ...................No information to the new staff yet.
A has given
В has been given
С was given
14 ................... It's late. Mark have forgotten about the meeting.
A might В will
С ought
15 ... He
be at work. His car isn't outside his house.
A would В can't
С must
16
we have lunch in the garden today?
A Shall В Mustn't С Would
17 ...... Sam carry the box. It was too heavy.
10
A couldn't
В could
С can't
18 ..... We go shopping because we had plenty of food.
A needn't have В didn't need to С need to
19 ............. The news
at six o'clock last night.
A announced
В were announced
С was announced
20
you help me with my homework, please?
A Will В Shall
С Must
Task 2. Use correct tenses
When Carol (call) last night, I (watch) my favorite show on television. 2. I
(work) for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I
retire! 3. Sharon (love) to travel. She (go) abroad almost every summer. Next year,
she plans to go to Peru.. Thomas is an author. He (write) mystery novels and travel
memoirs. He (write) since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) seven novels,
three collections of short stories and a book of poetry. 5. We were late because we
had some car problems. By the time we (get) to the train station, Susan (wait) for us
for more than two hours. 6. Sam (try) to change a light bulb when he (slip) and
(fall)7. Everyday I (wake) up at 6 o'clock, (eat) breakfast at 7 o'clock and (leave) for
work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get) up at 6:30, (skip) breakfast and
(leave) for work late because I (forget) to set my alarm. 8. Right now, Jim (read) the
newspaper and Kathy (make) dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) the same thing.
She (cook) and he (read) the newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) the
same thing. She (prepare) dinner and he (read). They are very predictable people! 9.
By this time next summer, you (complete) your studies and (find) a job. I, on the
other hand, (accomplish, not) anything. I (study, still) and you (work) in some new
high paying job.
Task 3. Study tenses and answer the questions
1.
Jane talks on the phone. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour.
Mary is talking on the phone.Who is not necessarily on the phone now?
2.
I'm going to make dinner for Frank.I'm making dinner for Judy.I'll make
dinner for Mary.I make dinner for Ted.I will be making dinner for Tony.Who are you
offering to make dinner for?
3.
Jane left when Tim arrived. Bob left when Tim had arrived. Tim arrived
when Mary was leaving. John had left when Tim arrived. After Tim arrived, Frank
left. Who did not run into Tim?
4.
Jane is talking in class. Bob always talks in class. Mary is always talking
in class. Whose action bothers you?
5.
Jane never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown. Who is still
alive?
Task 4. Use correct articles
…United Kingdom of ... Great Britain and ... Northern Ireland is situated on ...
British Isles, the largest of which are… Britain and ... Ireland. ... British Isles are
separated from ... continental Europe by ... North Sea and English Channel,...
narrowest part of which, ... Straight of Dover |is 33 kms wide. In …west ... British Isles
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are washed by ... Atlantic Ocean. …Irish Sea separates ... Great Britain from ...
Ireland. …United Kingdom consists of ... England, ... Wales, ... Scotland ... Northern
Ireland. …Northern part of ... island of ... Great Britain (...Scotland) is occupied by
... mountains which are called ... Highlands of... Northern Scotland and ... Southern
Uplands with Central Lowland of ... Scotland between them. Highlands of Northern
Scotland are divided into ... Northwestern Highlands and ... Grampians. ... highest
mountain Sit Britain is ... Ben Nevis; it is situated in ...Grampians. …Pennines are
... mountains situated in ... central part of… island of... Great Britain, ... Pennines are
separated from …Southern Uplands by ... valley of ... river Tyne. ...Tyne flows into ...
North Sea. Wales is ... mountainous part of ... Great Britain. It is occupied by by ...
Cambrians. ... highest mountain in ... Cambrians is... Snowdon. …longest river in ...
Great Britain is ... Severn. It rises in …Cambrians and flows into ... Bristol Channel.
…Thames in not so long as ... Severn but it is ... most important river in ... Great
Britain. ... London, ... capital of …United Kingdom, is situated on ... Thames.
…United Kingdom of ... Great Britain and ... Northern Ireland is situated on ...
British Isles, the largest of which are… Britain and ... Ireland. ... British Isles are
separated from ... continental Europe by ... North Sea and English Channel,...
narrowest part of which, ... Straight of Dover |is 33 kms wide. In …west ... British Isles
are washed by ... Atlantic Ocean. …Irish Sea separates ... Great Britain from ...
Ireland. …United Kingdom consists of ... England, ... Wales, ... Scotland ... Northern
Ireland. …Northern part of ... island of ... Great Britain (...Scotland) is occupied by
... mountains which are called ... Highlands of... Northern Scotland and ... Southern
Uplands with Central Lowland of ... Scotland between them. Highlands of Northern
Scotland are divided into ... Northwestern Highlands and ... Grampians. ... highest
mountain Sit Britain is ... Ben Nevis; it is situated in ...Grampians. …Pennines are
... mountains situated in ... central part of… island of... Great Britain, ... Pennines are
separated from …Southern Uplands by ... valley of ... river Tyne. ...Tyne flows into ...
North Sea. Wales is ... mountainous part of ... Great Britain. It is occupied by by ...
Cambrians. ... highest mountain in ... Cambrians is... Snowdon. …longest river in ...
Great Britain is ... Severn. It rises in …Cambrians and flows into ... Bristol Channel.
…Thames in not so long as ... Severn but it is ... most important river in ... Great
Britain. ... London, ... capital of …United Kingdom, is situated on ... Thames.
Task 5. Do the test
Test 1
1.She didn't arrive yesterday,...?
a) is she; b) did she; c) was she; d) didn't she
2.I wonder...
a) what time it is; b) what is the time; c) what time is it;
d) what is it
time.
3.He ... for ten minutes when the accident happened.
a) was driving; b) drove; c) had been driving; d) has been driving.
4.Since the beginning of the twentieth century, medical scientists ... many
important discoveries.
a) make; b)made; c) have made; d) are making.
12
5.I think his opinion ... very much
a) respect; b) respected; is respected; d) respectful
6.I'm tired because I've been working.
a) hardly; b) hard; c) hardly; d) hardness.
7.Please do not talk ...the orchestra is playing.
a) during; b) while; c) otherwise; d) that.
8.The price of petrol has ... up again.
a) risen; b) got; c)gone; d) stood.
9.Are you sure Ann ... use your camera?
a) knows to; b) knows how to; c) knows the; d) knows how.
10.When I saw the girl I was sure I ... her before.
a) meet, b) met; c) have met; d)had met.
Task 6. Do the translation
Як на вашу думку, чи буде колонізовано Марс одного дня? Планета Марс
відома всім як червона планета. Її ґрунт червоного кольору, а поверхня вкрита
вулканами. Донедавна вважалося, що ніщо не в змозі там жити, але протягом
останньої космічної місії було проведено ряд дослідів і тепер вважають, що
одного дня життя на Марсі може бути можливим. Під час експериментів, які
було проведено у космосі, для дослідження планети використовувалося
спеціальне обладнання. Але поки що не було знайдено жодної форми життя і
планету вважають непридатною для проживання. Хоча вченими висловлюється
думка, що до 2020 року представників людства буде відправлено на Марс, і в
той самий день почнуть будуватися там спеціальні міста, в яких одного дня ми
зможемо жити. Є надія, що до 2150 року, Марс перетвориться на чудове місце
для проживання. І все ж таки, якщо буде збудовано колонії на Марсі, чи ти там
житимеш?
РЕЧЕННЯ
1.
Ми очікували, що вони приїдуть у неділю.
2.
Ймовірно, він приїде вранці.
3.
Нехай він розкаже нам про цей випадок.
4.
Очікують, що літак прибуде до Москви о 6 годині
5.
Ви хочете, щоб я розповів їм усю правду?
6.
Виявилося, що його будинок знаходиться у центрі міста.
7.
Ми знали, що він ховається зараз від поліції.
8.
Відомо, що студенти вивчають англійську 3 роки.
9.
Я дуже сподіваюся, що ти помиляєшся.
10. Здавалося, що фрукти доставили з саду до столу.
13
PART 3. STUDY VOCABULARY CONNECTED WITH TOPICS
AND DISCUSS THEM
- How to learn vocabulary
- Learning vocabulary is a very important part of learning a language. The
more words you know, the more you will be able to understand what you
hear and read; and the better you will be able to say what you want to when
speaking or writing.
- Which words to learn – here are some suggestions:
- learn the words that are important to the subjects you are studying
- learn the words that you read or hear again and again
- learn the words that you know you will often want to use yourself
- do not learn words that are rare or not useful (your teacher can help you
with this)
- How to learn words – here are a few ideas:
- write the words in a notebook (with their translations or definitions)
- write the words and definitions on small cards
- say the words many times (if you have an electronic dictionary you can
hear how the word is pronounced)
- put the words into different groups (you could use a graphic organiser)
- write them in a file for use with a computer program
- make associations (in pictures or with other words)
- ask someone to test you
- use the words in your own speaking or writing /
- Learning vocabulary by reading
- The way you learned very many of the words in your own language was by
meeting them in the books and magazines you read. The context of a new
word in a sentence or story was often enough for you to guess the meaning.
Meeting the word again and again in your reading helped you learn it for
use in your own speaking and writing. Doing lots of extra reading for
pleasure - both fiction and non-fiction - is an excellent way to learn new
English words, too.
- Things to know about the words you learn
- You have to learn:
- how it is spelled
- how it is pronounced
- how it is inflected (i.e. how it changes if it is a verb, noun or adjective)
- other grammar information about it
- how it collocates (i.e. what other words are often used with it)
Task 1. Study the vocabulary and do exercises
Christmas
a carol
N. a traditional Christmas song
a chimney
N. a part of a fire place which extends up through the roof and
14
carries smoke out of the house
Christmas
Eve
eggnog
a mass
mistletoe
N. the night before Christmas
N. a traditional Christmas drink made with milk, egg, vanilla and
rum
N. the name of a service in certain churches (like the Catholic
church)
N. a plant which is often hung from the ceiling at Christmas
(When two people walk under the plant, they are supposed to kiss.)
an
N. a decoration which is hung on a Christmas tree; any decoration
ornament
a reindeer
N. a type of deer from Northern Europe
a sleigh
N. a vehicle which travels on snow
stockings
N. a knitted sock; a traditional foot covering
Susan : Merry Christmas, come on in and take off your coat - it's cold out
there. Stephan : Merry Christmas. Let me take off my boots, I don't want to get snow
all over the place. Susan : Would you like some ______________________ ? It's a
traditional Christmas drink made with milk, eggs, vanilla and rum. Stephan : That
sounds delicious! I'd love some. Susan : So, are you ready to decorate the tree? The
kids are in the living room right now unpacking the ______________________ and
preparing
the
lights...
Oh,
Stephan,
you're
standing
under
the
______________________! You have to give me a kiss. Stephan : That's a nice
Christmas tradition. I brought you a little gift. It's a CD of traditional Christmas
_____________________ from my country. I hope you like it. Susan : Oh, how
wonderful, let's put it on right now while we are decorating the tree. Stephan : I don't
really know much about Christmas in America. How do you celebrate it here? Susan :
Well, usually the family gets together on ______________________ and has a nice
dinner. Some people go to midnight ______________________ , others stay at home
and celebrate with their families and friends. Some people open a gift or two, but my
family is very traditional. We wait until Christmas morning to open the gifts from
Santa. Stephan : I have heard American children talking about Santa Claus. How do
you describe him in the States? Susan : In America, we have a very set picture of
Santa Claus. He dresses in red and white clothes and travels in a magic
______________________ pulled by flying ______________________ . He enters
your house by climbing down the ______________________, and he leaves gifts
under the Christmas tree and in _________ which we hang above the fire place.
decorative
festive
frosty
Adj. used as a decoration
Adj. having a party-like atmosphere
Adj. cold, chilly, icy
15
holy
homemad
e
glistening
jingling
jolly
merry
Adj. of special religious importance or significance
Adj. made or prepared in the home, not store bought
Adj. reflecting flashes of light; sparkling, glimmery
Adj. sounding like small ringing bells
Adj. very happy, joyful, fun-loving (used to describe people)
Adj. full of happiness or enjoyment (mostly used with Christmas)
Adj. misbehaving, not well-behaved (We often say that Santa will
naughty
not give gifts to naughty children.)
1. Santa knows whether you've been ______________________ or nice. So,
you had better be good this year, or he might bring you a lump of coal. 2. As Santa
landed on the roof of our house, we could hear the tapping of little reindeer hooves
and a symphony of ______________________ sleigh bells. 3. Every Christmas, my
grandmother bakes a batch of ______________________ sugar cookies shaped like
snowmen. 4. Marie made a beautiful, ______________________ wreath out of pine
branches and red flowers. (A wreath is a traditional Christmas decoration made of
branches twisted into the shape of a circle. It is often hung on the front door to greet
visitors.) 5. The ______________________ ornaments looked like stars on the
Christmas tree. 6. In America, Santa Claus is usually depicted as a
______________________ , fat man who brings gifts to young boys and girls. Many
countries believe in Father Christmas, who is usually depicted in a more dignified,
spiritual light. 7. When we were in Guadalajara, we attended the most lively
Christmas celebration I have ever seen. Everything was decorated in bright,
______________________ colors and we sang and danced the night away. 8. The
______________________ night air and heavy snow gave way to a beautiful white
Christmas with blue skies and relatively warm temperatures. 9. The old man
reminded us that Christmas was more than just a day of gift giving; it was a
______________________ day with an ancient history. 10. I wish you all a
______________________ Christmas and a happy New Year.
Task 2. Read the text and answer the questions
Appearance: Beauty
How important is your appearance? Although everyone wants to be a goodlooking person. Are beautiful people always happy? For example, it must be a
problem to be a really beautiful woman, because some men are more interested in
looking at you than talking to you.
They think of you as a picture rather than a person. There are also some people
who think that women who are exceptionally pretty and men who are particularly
handsome must be stupid. They believe that only unattractive people can intelligent.
16
On the other hand, no one wants to be really ugly, and have a face that nobody
wants to look at; and no one wants to be plain either. Mainly people are neither
attractive nor unattractive, and have a face that is easily forgotten.
Being attractive is like being rich — it can help you find happiness, but it
doesn't always make you happy. So maybe the best thing is to try to be interesting
person. For interesting people have interesting faces, and interesting thoughts are
almost always attractive.
Questions:
1. Who is the most beautiful woman and the best-looking man in the world?
2. Do you think it s difficult to be very good-looking? Why? (Why not?)
3. How important is it to look attractive? Why?
4. Look at these English expressions and then decide if you agree with them.
a) Beauty is only skin-deep.
b) Your face is your fortune.
c) Beauty lies in the lovers eyes.
Parts of the Face
People who can't hear often learn to understand a spoken language with their
eyes. They watch the mouth of the person talking and follow the movement of his
lips. This is called lip-reading.
Some people think the distance between your hair and your eyebrow is a sign
of how intelligent you are. The bigger your forehead is, the more intelligent you are
supposed to be.
Nowadays, a person who doesn't like his or her nose can change it with plastic
surgery. Plastic surgeons can change your face in many other ways too. They can
make your cheeks a little rounder. If you don't like your chin, a plastic surgeon can
break your jaw and re-make the whole lower half of your face. If you think your skin
looks too old and wrinkled, he can take the wrinkles away and make you look twenty
years younger.
Women often disagree about men having beards and moustache. But some
women think that hair on a man's chin makes him look more attractive.
Usually, only women wear make-up. They are lucky. They can put a little
black mascara on their eyelashes and some eyeshadow on their eyelids, so they look
fresh and attractive, even when they are really tired.
Questions:
1. Describe the face of someone you know well.
2. Would you ever have plastic surgery? Why? Why not?
3. Do you like when a man wears a beard or a moustache? Why do you think
men grow them?
17
Part 4. Analyze translation transformations;
Most writers on the subject distinguish between the following grammatical transformations in translation:
1. Transposition is a change in the order of words in phrases and
sentences, which is often caused by the structural differences in expressing the theme
and the rheme in different languages.
2. Grammatical replacement is substitution of the word belonging to
one part of speech by a word belonging to another part of speech (morphological
replacement) or substitution of one syntactical construction by another one
(syntactical replacement) E.g.:
3. Addition is used to compensate for semantic or grammatical losses
and often accompanies transposition and grammatical replacement. E.g.:
4. Omission is a transformation opposite to addition and is used with the
aim to avoid redundant information. E.g.:
LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION
The transformations listed below have been labeled as lexical and
semantic because lexical changes often are caused by the need to adapt the meaning
to the semantic peculiarities of the target culture. Most of the writers on the subject
single out the following transformations of this kind:
1. Generalization of meanings, which is substitution of the source
language words (phrases) of a narrow meaning by the target language words
(phrases) of a general (broader) meaning.
2. Differentiation of meanings is caused by the fact that many English
words with broad semantics do not have direct equivalents in Ukrainian. In such
cases dictionaries give a number of meanings that only partially cover the meaning of
the source language word and translators have to choose one of the variants, which
suit the context best of all.
3. Concretization (substantiation) of meanings is substitution of the
source language words (phrases) with a generic meaning by the target language
words (phrases) with a more specific (narrow) meaning. Concretization is always
combined with differentiation.
4. Logical (or sense) development is the substitution in translation of
the dictionary equivalent by the contextual one, which is logically connected with the
first. Here belong various metaphoric and metonymic changes performed on the basis
of the notion of intersection, i.e. when a part of the content of one notion is included
into the content of another notion and vice versa.
5. Antonymous translation is the substitution of the source language
notion by its opposite in translation with the relevant restructuring of the utterance
aimed at faithful rendering of its content.
6. Full rearrangement of the text segment. This transformation
rearranges the inner form of any segment of text: starting with a word, a phrase and
ending up with a complete sentence. Such reorganization is of an integral nature so
that visible structural relationships between the inner form of the source and target
languages segments cannot be traced any more.
18
7. Compensation for losses in the course of translation According to
A.V.Fedorov in the practice of translation when a word or another clement of the
source text is not rendered at all or is substituted by a formally different one.
However this omission does not contradict the principle of translatability because
such elements belong to the text as a whole linguistic unit.
Transformations Caused by Position of Syntactic Units
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. Не was the oldest of their group, a tall, clumsy, kindly figure with an
asthmatic cough and pebble-thick glasses. (M Heinemann, The Adventurers)
2. My lady and Mr. Godfrey (not knowing what Mr. Franklin and I knew) both
started, and both looked surprised. (W Collins, The Moonstone)
3 The queen inclined her pretty and determined dark head. (A. Seton, Avalon)
4 I was so shocked at the sudden appearance оf this ape-man that I hesitated
whether I should not climb down again. But I was already so far up the great tree that
it seemed a humiliation to return. After a long pause therefore, to recover my breath
and my courage, I continued my ascent. (A Conan Doyle, The Lost World)
5 He strolled to the window; saw a fine bright New England day and a knot of
photographers. (E. Gardner, The Case of a Sullen Bride)
6 Without pomp and circumstance, NATO closed its Paris headquarters on
Friday evening. The building which has housed the secretariat and the 15 delegations
for some 10 years has been rapidly emptying of furniture and staff. (The Times,
1967)
7 He was an old Dansker, long anglicized in the service, of few words, many
wrinkles and some honourable scars. (H. Melville, Billy Budd, Foretopman)
8 He paid two dollars and a half a month rent for the small room he got from
his Portuguese landlady, Maria Silva, a virago and a widow, hard working and harsh
tempered, rearing her large brood of children somehow, and drowning her sorrow and
fatigue at irregular intervals in a gallon of the thin sour wine that she bought from the
corner grocery and saloon for fifteen cents. (J London, Martin Eden)
9 There were but four rooms in the little house – three when Martin's was
subtracted. One of these, the parlour, was kept strictly for company. She cooked, and
all ate in the kitchen, where she likewise washed, starched, and ironed clothes on all
days of the week except Sunday. Remained the bedroom, small as the one occupied
by Martin, into which she and her seven little ones crowded and slept. (Ibid)
10In a few seconds Crumbe-Howard came stalking out of the cottage. He was
scarlet in the face and alone. (Colin Willock, Death in Covert)
11Sometimes, when she saw him, she felt – there was no repressing it – plain
irritated. (E.Gardner, The Case of a Sullen Bride)
Modified Statements
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. Few, if any, organized attempts have been made to study hailstorms. (D. W.,
1965)
2. Few, if any, political events of recent times have kindled the imagination of
19
free men so strongly or been so widely acclaimed and celebrated as the rebirth of
Africa. (D. W., 1963)
3. Rhyme is a repetition of final stressed vowels and final consonants and
consonants clusters, if any, but not of initial consonants in the syllable. (Th Sebeok
Style and Language)
4. If anything, the membership in Congress ought to be reduced to four
hundred or less. (The W P. 1962)
5. If anything, Britain's attitude on territories for which it has its direct
responsibility is even worse than that of other colonial powers. (D. W., 1963)
6. Foot police flanked the marchers all the way from the London School of
Economics in Aldwich. If anything however, their presence in such strength
heightened the spirits of the students. The demonstration was organized by the
London University Rhodesia Action Committee. (D. W., 1965)
7. It was a situation of a delicacy to be tactfully approached – if at all. (D. W.,
1963)
8. No doubt many people found marriage a tender, hand-in-hand journey
through life ... He hadn't. Instead he had found that marriage did not create
companionship. If anything, marriage induced the kind of thoughts it was wise to
keep to yourself. (P. la Mure, Clair de Lune)
9. It would have been too much to expect definite signs of life on Mars, but
Mariner has confirmed that Mars has few mountains, if any. (D W., 1965)
10.So concerned are the trade unions that they have decided to call a special
conference on February
11.At this special meeting they hope to announce recommendations which, if
accepted by the Northern Ireland Government, would help to arrest the economic
decline. (D. W., 1965)
12.I don't know if I'll ever finish this opera' let alone if it will ever be
performed. (P. la More, Glair de Lune)
13.Instead of putting forward its own "norm" – which, it is clear, will not differ
much, if at all, from the Government's – and then trying to limit wage demands
accordingly, the T. U. C. should stand firm for free collective bargaining by the
unions. (M. S., 1967)
14.Given the limitations imposed upon Canada by membership of NATO, is
that membership worthwhile; is it the best choice Canada can make? (M S., 1969)
15.Given the scope and complexity of the work in hand, it will be hardly
surprising that the reconstruction of Peterborough (East Anglia) will continue well
into the seventies. (M. S., 1970)
16."I'm going out. I've got to be free of this house for a while. I don't know
when I'll come back. Don't expect me till to-morrow – if then". (Ph. A. Whitney. The
Winter People)
17."Don't waste any time pitying me", he said. "I'm not easy on those who
victimize others. Nor am I patient with willing victims – if that's what you are". (Ibid)
International Words
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
20
1.Discussions were held yesterday between union officials and shop stewards
at Standard Telephones and Cables at East Kilbride following a dispute in the ratefixing department. (M. S., 1966)
2.Because of the danger of progressive collapse tenants on the Manor Estate in
Bermondsey, London, have been asked not to keep potential explosives in their
homes. (M. S., 1966)
3.The provincial governors returned at the March 18 elections in the Argentine
have been removed from office. (D. W., 1962)
4.The bowl of the new telescope was made accurately to one-eighth of an inch.
(D. W., 1963)
5.Ballerina Maria Tallchief has resigned from New York City Ballet Company
because she feels her talents are not being exploited properly. (D. W., 1965)
6.I took him out of the smoky room, and we sauntered along the street...
Between the gabled houses, the shadows were dramatic. (C. ft Snow, Light and Dark)
7.She spent all her time at her bureau, covering sheet after sheet of writing
paper in her formal, upright hand. (D du Maurier, The Glassblowers)
8.The snake landed on the bed and might bite its occupant. (Conan Doyle, The
Speckled Band)
9.The Television tycoons who are taking over some of Britain's most famous
live theatres protest that they will do all they can to encourage the live theatre. (M. S.,
1968)
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1.Birmingham workers stop in protest at anti-union bill they believe that if the
Government's proposals become law the movement will be put back more than 40
years. (M. S., 1970)
2.Many young people feel that the trade unions in some industries could be
more insistent on employers taking their quota of apprentices. (D. W., 1959)
3.Crime, particularly violent crime continues to rise. The violence is hitting
Washington in its economy. Year end school trips have been cancelled; people are
finding that they do not wish to see the White House and the Washington Monument
this summer. (The G. M., 1968)
4.No trade unionist worthy of the name will regret the passing of the Prices and
Incomes Board. But the Tories are not burying the PIB, and creating a new body in
its place, because they think wages should go up. They believe they have still more
effective methods of keeping wages down. (M. S., 1970)
5.Talks on a new package deal for 4,000 Ford hourly paid workers ended last
night after nearly five hours. It is understood that no agreement was reached, but the
talks will continue. (M. S., 1969)3.2. Verbs of Adverbial Meaning
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. Miss Jones backstroked to victory yesterday night. (D. W., 1962)
2. Mary Bignall is long-jumping her way to victory. (D. W., 1961)
3. He rambled on with his explanation. (D. du Maurier, The Parasits)
4. Mrs. Strachan who lost her children in the fire sobbed the story out. (D. W.,
21
1962)
5. Mrs. Peterson creaked her way down the stairs carrying a lighted candle. (J.
Hilton, We Are Not Alone)
6. The Chancellor of the Exchequer shrugged off the unemployment figures as
"swollen" through the inclusion of workers who were temporarily out of work
because of the strike in the motorcar industry. (M. S., 1969)
7. The staircase, of which the degrees were made not of stone but of blocks of
ancient oak, wound up and out of sight. (A. Huxley, Crome Yellow)
8. They were snorting out of West Bowlby now. It was the next station, thank
Heaven. (Ibid)
9. She sang through Desdemona’s last hour of fear and prayer, and then of
death, on that pianissimo which was thereafter to be famous. Quietly, quietly, she
sang herself that night into fame. (K-O'Brien, As Music and Splendour)
10.One night, late, James Grew tapped on the door of the Ames house. Mr.
Ames complained his way out of bed, lighted a candle, flung an overcoat over his
nightgown and went to the door. (J. Steinbeck, East of Eden)
11.Then Charley barked them in and I was host in my оwn house. (J.
Steinbeck, Travels with Charley)
12.3.3. Lexical Transformations Connected with Differences in Word Usage in
English and Ukrainian Languages
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1.
Eleven miners died in an underground explosion at a coal-mine near
Mieres, Spain, yesterday. (M. S., 1968)
2.
In past millennia man lived by the tempo of the turning earth. Dominated
by the alternation of sunlight and darkness, he worked by day and slept by night.
Then, overnight in human history, society developed a new sense of timing. Electric
daylight, jet travel and worldwide communications created the irregular schedules.
(The N. Y. Т., 1966)
3. Armed police used teargas for the second day running to break up
demonstrations in Ulster yesterday. Police threatened they would use "very rough"
methods unless the streets were cleared. (M. S., 1970)
4. The roads outlook is perilous this week. (M. S., 1968)
5. It's time we once again had an open Administration in Washington... We
should bring dissenters into policy discussions, to freeze them out; we should invite
constructive criticism, not only because the critics have a right to be heard, but
because they often have something worth hearing. (Newsweek, 1968)
6. The New Zealand earthquake was followed by tremors lasting an hour. No
loss of life was reported. (M." S., 1967) The Commonwealth countries handle a
quarter of the world's trade. (The N. Y. Т., 1966)
Lexical Transformations Connected with Concretization of Word
Meaning in Translation
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. Fear of ill-considered foreign adventures obviously ranked high in the
thoughts of American voters, as it did in the thoughts of all the non-voters overseas to
22
whom the complexion of the American presidency is almost equally important. (The
Guardian, 1964)
2. С. Р. Snow resigned from his ministership because he did not like the way
the Labour Government was developing. (M. S., 1969)
3. The hard-cover fiction market is going through a lean time, with readers
reluctant to pay 15 shillings or more for something they will eventually get for 3s. 6d.
It could mean the end of the hard-cover novel, but this is thought unlikely by the
trade. (The Times, 1962)
4. As long ago as 1841 a royal commission directed the attention of the British
government to "the advantage and facility of establishing a decimal system of
coinage". (The N. Y. Т., 1966)
5. Many readers are helping the Daily Worker's campaign for a bigger
readership. (D. W., 1964)
6. The house was unremarkable, a good solid house built of Devonshire granite.
Built to withstand time and exposure. (A. Christie, The Thirteen Problems)
7. Thus, if the three-year truce afforded by the present agreement is not taken
as an opportunity by the steel industry to modernize and innovate, the next round of
wage increases will be too expensive to bear. (The Times, 1968)
1. There was a clock in the room – a massive affair of marble and gilt. (C. P.
Snow, The Light and the Dark)
2. The Oxford University experimental theatre club production is a rather
rough-and-tumble affair. (D. W., 1964)
3. He was beginning to feel well fed and relaxed. Of course it would be folly to
eat like this every day. His own luncheons were frugal affairs, and he dined at night.
It is incongruous to find a group of legislators voting down gun controls in a city
where gun murder is a common occurrence. To learn about the reality of their
discussions, they have only to take a walk around Capitol Hill and see for themselves.
But it is unlikely they will fake that walk until Washington comes up with the extra
1,000 police it says it needs to protect citizens. Hopefully, city officials say 1,000
more guns will break down the patterns of violence that are plaguing the city. (The G.
M., 1968)
4. It was by now perfectly clear to me that my previous pattern of life was gone
forever. (I. Murdoch, Under the Net)
5. We had a quick breakfast and then lifted our oxygen sets on to our backs.
"This oxygen is certainly the stuff" was my thought. (E. Hillary, High Adventure)
6. To get ashore quickly, and to get down behind some hum mock of earth
where the machine-guns can't get at you, is very important stuff in landing. (J.
Steinbeck, Once There "Was a War)
Lexical Transformations Caused by Different Collocations
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. They chose a table where the rich sunlight came in through the trees and
reflected from the white tablecloth and ash tray (J. Chasce, The Rules of the Game)
2. I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers. I remember
where a toad may live and what time the birds awaken in the summer – and, what
23
trees and seasons smelled like – how people looked and walked and smelled even.
The memory of odors is very rich (J. Steinbeck, East of Eden)
3. Tory questioning of the "East of Suez" policy is particularly rich in view of
the imperialist policy the Tories have always stood for (M. S., 1966)
4. Archie stopped off and favoured Miss Cavey with a hard, blue, calculating
stare. (M. Innes, Stop Press)
5. The Arab Republic of Egypt announced its acceptance of Dr. Gunnar
Jarring's proposals; it is ready to conclude a peace agreement after a complete Israeli
military withdrawal from the occupied Arab territories (M. S., 1971)
6. There were angry scenes in the Commons yesterday when the Government's
cuts in health services were debated (M. S., 1970)
7. And there will still be that insistent question by the African members of the
Commonwealth: what about white supremacy? (The N. Y. Т., 1966)
8. The traffic was heavy and passing vehicles threw sheets of water on my
windshield (J. Steinbeck, Travels with Charley)
9. A full attack is launched by the British Government on workers' right to
strike (M.S., 1969)
10.They returned to Pontorsea by bus, left their luggage at the hotel, where
their old room was happily waiting (M. S., 1967)
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. She had just taken the pipe from the table and had begun to fill it with hasty,
trembling fingers.
2. My involuntary eyes fell upon our son, playing still with the little cakes.
3. His speech struck the astonished ears of working class delegates at Margate.
(D. W., 1963)
4. She had a willing ear when he discussed with her his business and domestic
affairs. (S. Maugham, The Razor's Edge)
5. A capacity for leadership made this young man from Merseyside a mass
leader of the unemployed. (M. S., 1968)
6. He made a satisfactory reflection on some property he had in the
neighbourhood. (J. Galsworthy, The Man of Property)
7. It was a laughing lunch after the football match as the boys vaunted over
who had performed best and needled those who hadn't. (M. S., 1968)
8. His last conscious vision was that of Karl, pushing his round anguished face
out of the window of the departing coach and waving a despairing handkerchief. (P.
la Mure, Beyond Desire)
9. I traversed the dance-floor cautiously in the direction of the supper-room
from which I could hear the thirsty snap of champagne corks. (L. Durrell, Balthazar)
10.From mother and nurse it was a guerilla gunfire of commands, and blithe,
quicksilver disobedience from the three blond, never-still little girls. (D. H.
Lawrence, England, My England)
11.I telephoned to the Corps and found them as nervous as myself. I gave them
the details of my strength and heard an agonized whistle at the other end of the line.
(J. Bu- chan, Mr. Steadfast)
24
12.I wasn't looking for any more difficult jobs in this world, but the near
possibility of one coming along allowed me to enjoy my slippered days with a quieter
conscience. (J. Buchan, The Island of Sheep)
13.A continuous line of Negroes carried boards into a freight-car and flung
them clashing to the floor, under the eye of an informally clad white man who
reclined easily upon a lumber pile, chewing indolent tobacco. (W. Faulkner, Soldiers'
Pay)
14.I had a quick cigarette to steady my nerves, and while I was smoking it,
worked on. (Davidson, The Menorah Men)
15.A clip-clopping horse, drawing a covered cart, plodded past the Porte de
Ville, the driver slumped on his seat, cracking a lazy whip. (D. du Maurier, The
Scapegoat)
16.It is inevitable that the mind should recall the early horrors of the factory
system in Lancashire. (A. Hutt, The Conditions of the Working Class in Britain)
17."And what is that?" he took an interested step forward. (A. Christie, The
Labours of Hercules)
18.Columbia's "Lawrence of Arabia" is a remarkable film and superlatively
well made. Four tense and thirsty hours of sand and camels with only an occasional
dull patch is no mean achievement. (D. W., 1962)
19.This gave her a flushed pleasure. (J. Steinbeck, The Wayward Bus)
20.He rubbed his face with the back of his hand, making a little dry, unshaven
sound. (I. Shaw, Circle of Light)
21.Montrose, once more in curled luxurious possession of the basket, wratched
Mary's departure and drowsed back to sleep. The cat was not an early riser. (I.
Murdoch, The Nice and the Good)
Lexical Transformations, Connected with the Translation of Stylistic
Devices
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1.
English electric workers on Merseyside are not likely to be dissuaded
from their plan to take over the factories by the speech made yesterday by the
Economics Minister. He claimed that the closures and redundancies following on the
takeover of English Electric by the General Electric Company are not due to the
merger. Since the omelet will not now be unscrambled, this assertion cannot be put to
the test of practice. (M. S., 1969)
2.
The comfortable days of Anglo-Canadian relations when it was possible
to go up the back stairs for informal meetings have gone, probably, for ever. (The
Guardian, 1969)
3.
Employment Minister unveiled a new weapon yesterday when speaking
in the House of Commons. He added the new Office of Manpower Economics to his
armory against trade-unionists fighting for better pay and conditions. (M. S., 1970)
4.
The Quai d'Orsay has been informed of the results of the talks
concerning the construction of the Channel. (M. S., 1967)
5.
Ottawa, April 9. The Government opened a broad program this week to
make the civil service fluent in both English and French. (The N. Y. Т., 1966)
25
6.
White opposition to the creation of the South African police State is
embodied only in the Progressive Party. (The Times, 1966)
7.
Shakespeare's London was a small walled town whose gates were shut
each night with the coming of darkness. His contemporaries went a-Maying and
gathering primroses where now are tramcars and gasometers. Then for three hundred
years the flood of brick and mortar spread out in every direction, turning the hedges
into roadways, linking village, hamlet and market town for miles around, until the old
walled city on its hill stood among miles of chimney pots. (H V. Morton, In Search of
London)
8.
The Tories want to disguise the class character of their party behind a lot
of clap-trap about "one nation" and "national unity". One of the reasons why they are
furious with Powell and his racialist propaganda is "that his speeches let too many
cats out of too many bags. (M. S 1970)
9.
An eminent American economist believes that the escalation of
involvement in Vietnam has brought the U. S. to the brink of economic precipice. (M.
S., 1967)
10. "Come," he commanded, and I made my painful way toward the door.
(R. P. Warren, Band of Angels).
Transformations Caused by the Specific Word Building in the English
Language
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1.The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying what he would
do if his attempt to join the Common Market were to fail Questioners at his press
conference wanted to pin him down. (The Guardian. 1964)
2."Have you ever seen Mother cry, Tom?" "No, not that I can remember. No,
she's not a crier". "Well, she cried. Not much but a lot for her". (J. Steinbeck. East of
Eden)
3.It was not until he encountered an Arab villager who told him of a large
mound near a remote village that Botta hired two diggers and sent them to the spot
with instructions to see what they could uncover. (J. Elder. Prophets, idols and
Diggers)
4.The boys ate quickly and quietly, wolfed their food. Aron said, "Will you
excuse us, Father?" Adam nodded, and the two boys went quickly out. Samuel looked
after them: "They seem older than eleven," he said. "I seem to remember that at
eleven my broods were howlers and screamers and runners in circles. These seem
like grown men". (J. Steinbeck, East of Eden)
5.To be a good comedian you have to be a friend to the audience as well as an
entertainer. (M. S., 1968)
6.On the two previous mornings Newman had come to breakfast late; and I
didn't fancy that at any time he was an early riser. (A. Christie, The Thirteen
Problems)
7."What are you in for?" he asked in a low voice. "Murder," said John Lexman
laconically. He had answered the question before and had noticed with a little
amusement the look of respect which came into the eyes of the questioner. (E.
26
Wallace, The Clue of the Twisted Candle)
Suffixes -able
1. I managed to smile at him. How had I ever thought Wayne Martin a harsh,
unreachable man? There was nothing but kindness in him now. (Ph. A. Whitney,
Silverhill)
2. "War bread" – Pain de guerre ... Oh, the delicious rolls of the garret days! As
for tobacco, it was all but unfindable. (P. la Mure, Clair de Lune)
4. But I'm afraid we should all be mildly surprised if your ingenious friend can
really persuade us that we can afford the unaffordable. (C. P. Snow, Corridors of
Power)
5. If cannabis had been absolutely prohibited 30 or 35 years ago in North
Africa, the drug problem would now be manageable. (M. S., 1969)
6. The songs of the film, old and new, are hummable, and the setting is
colourful enough. (M. S., 1967)
7. London Conversation is an interesting and listenable record. (M. S., 1967)
8. But the Tories are doing nothing to prevent avoidable tragedies – deaths due
to inadequate heating and food – happening this winter. (D. W., 1963)
9. The continued rise in living costs means that the average worker is gaining
no ground in his race against higher prices, the magazine Business Week comments.
Real, spendable earnings are not only slightly lower than a year ago; they are actually
no higher than they were at the end of the 1964. (M. S., 1968)
10.After the great weight of put-downable books by Generals on how they won
the war, here is an un-put-downable one about some of the men who helped them do
it. (The Spectator, 1960)
Part 5. Play language games.
- Why Use Games for Learning English as a Foreign Language?
- 'Language learning is hard work ... Effort is required at every moment and
must be maintained over a long period of time. Games help and encourage
many learners to sustain their interest and work. Games also help the
teacher to create contexts in which the language is useful and meaningful.
The learners want to take part and in order to do so must understand what
others are saying or have written, and they must speak or write in order to
express their own point of view or give information.'
Games are highly motivating since they are amusing and at the same
time challenging. Furthermore, they employ meaningful and useful
language in real contexts. They also encourage and increase cooperation.'
'Games lend themselves well to revision exercises helping learners
recall material in a pleasant, entertaining way.
Task 1. Today we`ll speak about cartoon`s characters. Read the information
and try to guess them .
27
I am handsome.I have a fat body and four paws. My eyes are small and
black. I have two small brown ears. I am merry and kind, but a little stupid.
Who is he ? (Winnie-the-Pooh)
I am ugly, because I am grey. I have four legs and short grey tail. My
ears are long and terrible too.I am friendly, well-mannered, very serious, but sad.
Who is he ? (Donkey Eeyore)
Who wrote this fairy-tale? ( Alexander Miln )
Lets remember another fairy-tale.
I am cool, because I am made of wood. My face is oval, my eyes are
small and black. I have short fair hair, wide-smiled mouth and very long nose. I am
merry, brave, generous, but naughty.
Who is he ? (Buratino)
I am very nice and beautiful. My eyes are big and blue. I have turned-up
nose and small red lips. My hair is long and wavy. It is blue too. I am clever, wellmannered and hard-working.
Who is she ? (Malvina)
Who wrote this fairy-tale? (Aleksey Tolstoy )
Next characters are very friendly and like music very much.
I am short and brown. I have a small body and four paws. My nose is
small, but my ears are big and round. I am shy, kind and friendly. I like oranges.
Who is he ? (Cheburashka)
My body is green and long. I have a long nose and a lot of teeth. My tail
is long and green too. I am gentle, polite, serious and friendly. I work at the Zoo.
Who is he ? |(Crocodile Gena)
Who wrote this fairy-tale? (Edward Uspenskiy )
Task 2. Our heroes are very friendly. Let`s compare them.
Who is fatter Winnie-the-Pooh or Cheburashka ? (Winnie-the-Pooh is
fatter than Cheburashka)
Who is taller Buratino or Malvina? (Buratino is as tall as Malvina)
Who is the most beautiful? (Malvina is the most beautiful)
Who is the shortest? (Cheburashka is the shortest)
Whose ears are longer Donkey Eeoyre`s or Buratrino`s ? (Donkey Ia`s
ears are longer than Buratino`s ones.).
28
Task 3. Use correct forms
Я в буфете buy-bought-bought (покупать)
Первоклассный бутерброд,
За него я pay-paid-paid, (платить)
В классе в парту lay-laid-laid (класть)
И совсем не think-thought-thought, (думать)
Что сосед его умнет.
И теперь мне очень грустно –
Smell-smelt-smelt он очень вкусно! (пахнуть)
Мы с врагами fight-fought-fought, (драться, сражаться)
Их в ловушку catch-caught-caught. (ловить, поймать)
День удачу bring-brought-brought, (приносить)
Мы награду get-got-got. (получать)
Если зайцев bite-bit-bitten, (кусать)
Не давать им eat-ate-eaten, (есть)
Они скоро learn-learnt-learnt (учиться)
Лихо спички burn-burnt-burnt. (зажигать)
Если друга meet-met-met, (встречать)
Его крепко keep-kept-kept. (держать)
Ну, а если lose-lost-lost, (терять)
То того он cost-cost-cost. (стоить)
Самолеты fly-flew-flown. (летать)
Наши дети grow-grew-grown. (расти)
Ну, а ветер blow-blew-blown, (дуть)
Обо всем он know-knew-known. (знать)
Мы break-broke-broken старый дом – (ломать)
Очень скучно было в нем.
Новый дом мы draw-drew-drawn, (рисовать)
Build-built-built – и заживем. (строить)
Read-read-read ученый кот (читать)
Дни и ночи напролет.
29
Tell-told-told и sing-sang-sung (рассказывать) (петь)
Небылицы по ночам.
30
Task 4. Solve the crossword
7.
2.
3.
1.
6.
4.
8.
12.
5.
11.
15.
13.
10.
9.
По горизонтали: По вертикали:
1. buy
1. begin
4. eat
2. build
5. drink
3. hear
6. make
7. come
8. win
8. write
9. do
11. tell
10. lose
12. know
13. sleep
14. meet
15. pay
31
14.
Recommended literature
1. Голденков М. ОСТОРОЖНО, НОТ DOG. Современный активный
English. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: «ЧеРо», при участии «Юрайт»,
2001. – 272 с.
2. Korunets’ I. V. Theory and Practice of Translation. – Vinnytsia: Nova Knyha,
2003. – 448 р.
3. Nesterenko N., Lysenko K. A Course in Interpreting and Translation:
Посібник для студентів та викладачів вищих навчальних закладів. –
Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004. – 240 с.
4.Vince M. First Certificate Language Practice, Oxford, Macmillan Heineman,
1998
5.Vince M. Advanced Language Practice, Oxford, Macmillan Heineman, 1998
6.McCarthy M., O’Dell F. English Vocabulary in Use (Upper-Intermediate and
Advanced), Cambridge, CUP, 1996
7.McCarthy M., O’Dell F. English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced), Cambridge,
CUP, 2003
32
Уміщені вказівки до організації самостійної роботи з основних видів
мовленнєвої діяльності студентів фаху «Переклад»
Методичні вказівки призначені для студентів першого курсу спеціальності
«Переклад».
Темплан 2012, поз.
Методичні вказівки з організації самостійної роботи з фахових
дисциплін
Укладачі: д.ф.н.. проф.О. І. Панченко
к.ф. н., доц.. Ю. В. Беспалова
С. В. Зайцева
 Панченко О.І, Беспалова Ю.В., Зайцева С.В.
33