ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Aerobic and anaerobic training sessions promote
antioxidant changes in young male soccer players
Rafaela LiberaliI, Danilo Wilhelm FilhoII, Edio Luis PetroskiIII
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
III
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Esportivo, Centro de Pesquisa em Cinantropometria e Desempenho Humano, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
I
II
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic vs. anaerobic intense training sessions
on biomarkers of oxidative stress.
METHODS: The included sample comprised 18 junior male soccer players (18-21 years) during the intermediate
season. Blood samples were obtained before (baseline) and after aerobic or anaerobic training sessions and the
following substances were assayed: (i) the biomarkers of cellular damage Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances
and Oxidized Glutathione; (ii) the non-enzymatic antioxidants Reduced Glutathione and Total-Glutathione, (iii)
the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Peroxidase and
Glutathione S-Transferase.
RESULTS: (a) the contents of Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances and Oxidized Glutathione showed no
significant differences before vs. after aerobic or anaerobic training sessions. (b) After aerobic training sessions,
the activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Reductase, and the contents of Reduced Glutathione and Total
Glutathione were decreased; the activity of Glutathione S-transferase and Glutathione Peroxidase were increased
while Catalase activity remained unaltered. (c) After anaerobic training sessions, Catalase activity decreased;
Glutathione-Peroxidase increased; Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Reductase, and Reduced, Oxidized and
Total Glutathione showed no significant differences.
CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence of a more pronounced systemic oxidative stress after the aerobic
as compared to the anaerobic training session in young soccer players.
KEYWORDS: Reactive oxygen species, Oxidative stress, Antioxidants, Aerobic and anaerobic sessions, Soccer players.
Liberali R, Wilhelm Filho D, Petroski EL. Aerobic and anaerobic training sessions promote antioxidant changes in young male soccer players.
MedicalExpress (São Paulo, online). 2016;3(1)M160107
Received for Publication on October 21, 2015; First review on November 14, 2015; Accepted for publication on December 7, 2015; Online
on Jan 16, 2016
E-mail: [email protected]
■ INTRODUCTION
Soccer is an intermittent sport that encompasses
brief bouts of high-intensity running and longer periods
of low-intensity exercise, plus changes of space, intensity,
flexibility, direction, acceleration capability and basic
speed.1,2 The structure of a training program induces muscle
changes; thus an endurance protocol produces major
adaptations in aerobic metabolism, while sprint training
increases the concentration of energetic substrates and the
activity of anaerobic-metabolism-related enzymes.3
DOI: 10.5935/MedicalExpress.2016.01.07
The routine normally used for the physical training
of soccer players improves aerobic capacity, resulting in an
increase in oxygen consumption, particularly in skeletal
muscle and heart;4 this increase in O2 consumption
is associated with increased production of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) at levels that may overwhelm the
antioxidant defenses.5
Exercise-induced aerobic bioenergetic reactions
in mitochondria and cytosol increase the production
of ROS,5 which are molecules that have one or more
unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals.5 Excess of ROS
can be scavenged by enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic
antioxidants to protect against deleterious oxidative stress,6
which in turn can be defined as an imbalance between
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1
MedicalExpress (Sao Paulo, online) 2016 February;3(1):M160107
oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the former.5 Antioxidants
are substances that delay or prevent the oxidation of a
substrate; they can act by blocking the formation of ROS
or by interacting with them, turning them into inactive and
electrically stable compounds, thus decreasing their capacity
to damage important biomolecules.5
As every tissue, muscle fibers also contain both
enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that work as
a complex, continuous and concerted ROS detoxification
system; each of these antioxidants is responsible for the
reduction of different ROS, and they are located in distinct
cellular compartments. 5 These antioxidants protect
muscle fibers from oxidative injury during periods of
increased oxidant production (e.g., intense or prolonged
exercise).7
Several reports on oxidative stress regarding
different types of exercise have shown a consequent
increase in ROS generation; 8,9 soccer is one of these
sports,10-13 which thus promotes systemic oxidative stress,
especially in the absence of a previous adaptation through
regular training.12,14,15
As mentioned above, relatively few studies on
oxidative stress related to soccer players have been
reported so far and no previous study was carried out
comparing the effect of aerobic vs. anaerobic training
sessions on the antioxidant defenses and biomarkers of
oxidative stress in soccer players.
■ METHODS
Subjects
Eighteen men (average age 18.27 ± 0.21 years;
average weight 73.29 ± 1.83 kg; average height 180 ± 0.1
cm and average Body Mass Index 22.73 ± 0.26 kg/m2)
participated in the present study, all of them junior soccer
players with the “Avaí” club (main division of the state
of Santa Catarina), located in the city of Florianopolis,
Southern Brazil, during the intermediate season.
Participants were healthy, non-smokers and did not
frequently consume caffeine or alcoholic beverages. The
objectives and procedures of this research were explained
to the participants before they were asked to sign a written
consent. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee
on Human Research of the Federal University of Santa
Catarina (CEUA case number 014/2001).
Experimental design
Blood samples (3-5 ml) were collected from each
group just before and immediately after an aerobic or
anaerobic training session for analysis. Diet (quality and
quantity) was controlled by the team’s medical staff, and
the consumed amounts regarding antioxidant content were
similar among the athletes (fruit, vegetables, etc.).
2
Aerobic and anaerobic training in young male soccer players
Liberali R
Early in the morning (7 AM), while fasting, blood
samples were harvested from each group (see below). Two
groups were set up for the aerobic or the anaerobic intense
training sessions; these were supervised by the coach and
his stuff; The groups were randomly selected as follows:
X1 – Aerobic Group comprising 9 subjects, focused on
endurance session: all participants in the group performed
one supervised session of aerobic training, consisting of
a run lasting 45 min, according to pre-established heart
rate (65–75% of their maximal heart rate), covering a
distance of ca. 6,780 m; X2 - anaerobic group comprising
9 subjects, focused on sprints, namely high intensity shortduration intermittent exercises; all participants in the group
performed a supervised session of anaerobic training,
consisting of a total run of 15/20 min, subdivided into eight
sprints of maximal 40 seconds, with break intervals of 2
min between sprints, according to a pre-established heart
rate (85% of their maximal heart rates). The total covered
distance per sprint was 250 m.
For both groups, the time interval from blood
samples harvested early in the morning (7 AM) to those
harvested at the end of each training session was 4 hours
(11 AM).
Sample preparation: Sample preparation has been
described elsewhere.13 The content of thiobarbituric acidreactive substances (TBARS) was determined in plasma,
while the content of reduced glutathione, total glutathione,
and oxidized glutathione in whole blood extracts. Samples
were not frozen to avoid enhanced lipid auto-oxidation by
butylhydroxytoluene, and also because reduced glutathione
is rapidly oxidized at relatively low temperatures.16
TBARS assay in plasma
Determination of TBARS was used to assay
endogenous lipid oxidation according to Ohkawa 17 and
Bird and Draper18, which were expressed as nmol TBARS/
ml (ε535 = 153 mM-1 cm-1).
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in blood
Superoxide Dismutase activity was measured at 550
nm according to the method of cytochrome-c reduction.19
Catalase activity was determined by measuring the decrease in a freshly prepared solution of hydrogen peroxide (10
mM) concentration at 240 nm.20 Glutathione Peroxidase
was measured at 340 nm through the Glutathione/NADPH/
Glutathione Reductase system, by the dismutation of tert-butylhydroperoxide.21 Glutathione Reductase was measured
at 340 nm through the oxidation rate of NADPH, in a reaction
medium containing buffered DPTA (diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid) and 1 mM Oxidized Glutathione.22 Glutathione
S-Transferase was measured at 340 nm according to Habig,23
using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) as substrate and
0.15 M GSH concentration. All activities are expressed per
milliliter of whole blood.
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Aerobic and anaerobic training in young male soccer players
Liberali R
Glutathione assay
In the Anaerobic Training Group, no differences
were found in the activity of Superoxide Dismutase and
Glutathione S-Transferase, while a significant increase
in Glutathione Peroxidase and a significant decrease in
Catalase activity were observed as shown in Table 2.
Reduced glutathione was measured according to
Beutler,24 using Elmann’s reagent (2-dithionitrobenzoic
acid, DTNB). Briefly, acid extracts were obtained by the
addition of trichloroacetic acid, followed by centrifugation.
Supernatants from the acid extracts were added to DTNB in
Na-PO4; the formation of thiolate anion was determined at
412 nm. TG was also measured at 412 nm according to the
method of Tietze,25 and Oxidized Glutathione was calculated
in equivalents of reduced glutathione.
■ DISCUSSION
Glutathione is an important endogenous protection
system against cell damage caused by ROS. It is present
in high concentrations in mammalian cells, including
humans, in its reduced form (~99%), together with
much smaller amounts of the oxidized form (~1%).5
This ubiquitous tripeptide is continuously restored in all
cellular compartments, acting relatively rapidly against ROS
formation, especially in blood, after aerobic or anaerobic
training.13 It should be noted that relatively small increases
(2-3%) in the cellular content of Oxidized Glutathione can
promote severe oxidative stress damage.5
In the present study Total Glutathione levels were
significantly lower after the aerobic training session,
similarly to findings in soccer players after a complete daily
routine of combined aerobic and anaerobic exercises.13 In
contrast, Vider et al.47 showed enhanced Total Glutathione
levels after a treadmill performance in endurance athletes;
Sahlin et al.43 also found enhanced Total Glutathione levels
after cycling performances in trained athletes compared
to sedentary subjects; this may reflect such glutathione
mobilization and synthesis. The duration of 8 and 4h
of the study of Schwingel et al.13 and the present study,
respectively, were probably not sufficient to allow for the
detection of either the hepatic mobilization or the use of
glutathione in other tissues such as muscles, or the de novo
synthesis in liver of this endogenous antioxidant.
Because ROS generation is enhanced during or after
an aerobic exercise, a parallel increase in peroxidative
damage to lipids would also be expected.9 Several studies
indicate that such lipid oxidation byproducts (usually
measured as TBARS or malondialdehyde levels) are
increased after acute intensive exercise.30-35 In our study
TBARS levels showed no significant variation after the
aerobic or anaerobic training sessions. Other reports
Statistical analysis
Data analysis was descriptive: means and standard
deviations were calculated for all measured variables,
using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 18) software. Both groups
(aerobic and anaerobic training session) were checked
for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk (if n < 50) and the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (if n > 50) statistical tests. Depending
on the normality of these data, the paired Student-t test
(parametric data) was used. The minimal accepted level
of significance was p < 0.05.
■ RESULTS
Plasma concentrations of TBARS showed no significant
changes before or after the aerobic and anaerobic sessions,
as shown in Table 1. Similarly, no statistical differences were
found for the contents of different forms of glutathione before
and after the anaerobic training session compared to the
moment just before starting each training session (Table 1).
Neither were there any differences in the contents
of Oxidized Glutathione; however significant decreases in
Total and Reduced Glutathione values measured in whole
blood were obtained in samples after vs. before the aerobic
training session, as shown in Table 1.
The erythrocytic activity of Catalase and Glutathione
Reductase show no significant changes when compared
between the two groups as shown in Table 2.
In the Aerobic Training Group, significant increases
in Glutathione S-Transferase and Glutathione Peroxidase
activities, and a significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase
activity were detected after vs before aerobic exercise.
Table 1 – Plasma levels of TBARS and whole blood levels of GSSG, GSH and TG in soccer players before and after aerobic and anaerobic
training session
Aerobic session
TBARS (nmol ml )
-1
Anaerobic session
before
after
before
after
8.68 ± 0.35
7.84 ± 0.92
9.48 ± 0.64
10.24 ± 1.5
GSSG (μM)
0.40 ± 0.08
0.24 ± 0.07
0.39 ± 0.08
0.24 ± 0.06
GSH (μM)
0.98 ± 0.03
0.80 ± 0.02b
0.93 ± 0.04
0.90 ± 0.03
TG (μM)
1.31 ± 0.09
1.04 ± 0.06
1.26 ± 0.09
1.09 ± 0.07
b
TBARS: Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances; GSH: Reduced Glutathione; TG: Total Glutathione; GSSG: Oxidized Glutathione Values are means ± SD (both groups n = 09). ap ≤
0.05 and bp ≤ 0.01 means significant differences between before versus after aerobic or anaerobic training session of the same treatment group
3
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Aerobic and anaerobic training in young male soccer players
Liberali R
Table 2 – Contents of erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GST, GR and GPx)
Aerobic session
Anaerobic session
before
after
before
after
CAT (mmol min ml )
2.21 ± 0.20
2.27 ± 0.24
2.92 ± 0.38
1.80 ± 0.15a
SOD (U SOD ml-1)
70.73 ± 2.42
70.73 ± 2.81
55.00 ± 3.99
-1
-1
80.15 ± 2.05
67.20 ± 2.70b
-1
GST (µmol min ml )
72.08 ± 5.46
108.23 ± 11.82
51.42 ± 4.49
GR (µmol min ml )
49.58 ± 2.79
52.57 ± 3.88
103.10 ± 7.33
109.35 ± 9.91
GPx (µmol min-1 ml-1)
96.79 ± 9.93
463.02 ± 42.21b
63.03 ± 6.11
331.82 ± 23.10b
-1
-1
-1
a
CAT: Catalase; SOD: Superoxide Dismutase; GST: Glutathione S-Transferase; GR: Glutathione Reductase; GPx: Glutathione Peroxidase. Values are means ± SD (both groups n = 09).
ap ≤ 0.05 and bp ≤ 0.001 means significant differences between before versus after aerobic or anaerobic training session of the same treatment group.
on different types of aerobic exercise also revealed
unchanged26-29 or even decreased TBARS levels,27 depending
on the duration and type of exercise. Zoppi et al.36 examined
young male soccer players in a pre-season scenario, who
performed uniform training loads during a three-month
period (aerobic, strength and anaerobic). They found
significant increases in plasma TBARS contents in a
control group (non supplemented), but lower contents
in a test group, supplemented with vitamins E and C.
Similarly, Maleki et al.8 evaluating male road cyclists after
a 2 h match also detected enhanced malondialdehyde (the
main product of the lipoperoxidation process) formation
in plasma. Similar results have been reported in children,
after moderate swimming,37 as well as in several other types
of exercise.14,15,38
A previous study from our laboratory13 showed
elevated levels of TBARS levels in the plasma of soccer
players after daily 8 hr. routine training sessions which
combined aerobic and anaerobic types exercises in
alternation. The discrepancy vis-à-vis our present study is
probably attributable to the double duration of the previous
training session. Such discrepancies had already been
reported in other related studies measuring other oxidative
stress parameters, which also comprised many different
experimental designs, intensity, conditions of sample
harvesting and type of exercise, among others.26,27,29,36,40 In
this context, Gravina et al.40 examining female soccer players
showed that the three important antioxidant enzymes,
namely Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase
and Reductase, increased their activity when comparing
pre- and post-match moments (18 hours apart).
In the present study Oxidized Glutathione levels
showed no significant differences after aerobic or anaerobic
training session. However, some other studies showed
elevated lipoperoxidation markers, suggesting that both
short-term and prolonged exercises (anaerobic, aerobic or
severe chronic aerobic performances), favor the conversion
of Reduced to Oxidized Glutathione.42,43 Andersson et al.10
investigated markers of oxidative stress in elite female
soccer players in response to a 90-min game, and found
that this exertion induced a significant acute increase
in Oxidized Glutathione concomitant to a decrease in
4
Reduced Glutathione contents. Enhanced blood Oxidized
Glutathione was also detected after two soccer games
with a 72 h recovery interval.11 The Reduced/Oxidized
Glutathione ratio also decreased immediately after a
moderate exercise42 as well as after a run lasting 2-5h.39
Interestingly, after 3 days of recovery from ergometer
cycling (65% of maximal VO2) lasting 90 min produced an
elevation of Reduced Glutathione levels in blood.45 A similar
result was found after swimming activity lasting for 1, 10
or 60 days.46
Regarding the antioxidant enzymes, following the
aerobic training session, we found no difference of Catalase
activity, while Superoxide Dismutase activity decreased.
However, after the anaerobic training session an inverse
relation was observed, with Catalase activity significantly
decreased, while Superoxide Dismutase activity remained
unchanged. Related studies showed a variety of results
after different sport practices: increased Catalase activity
after aerobic exercise (40 min riding) of moderate
intensity (Heart Rate 65-75% of maximum);44,49 increased
Superoxide Dismutase activity after prolonged training
aerobic exercises;33,41,46,50 one study reported that 16 weeks
of intensive cycling promoted decreases in the activity of
Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase, which remained low
after 30 days of recovery;8 another study reported increased
Superoxide Dismutase and unaltered Catalase activity after
an anaerobic session of strenuous jumping.29 A similar study
on soccer young players also found a systemic oxidative
stress after performing an intermittent high intensity
exercise51, in which SOD and CAT activity were increased,
apparently to compensate the increased levels of lipid (MDA
levels) and protein oxidation. Other similar study using a
protocol of running test that resembles soccer activity, MDA
levels were also enhanced in the early stage of recovery.52
We found increased Glutathione S-Transferase
activity after the aerobic training, but no difference after
the anaerobic test. But after complete and combined daily
sessions in soccer players Glutathione S-Transferase activity
was decreased.13 Glutathione S-Transferase is an important
dual detoxification enzyme,5 facilitating the excretion of
compounds derived from the xenobiotic biotransformation
catalyzed by the superfamily of CYP450, and also detoxifying
Aerobic and anaerobic training in young male soccer players
Liberali R
hydroperoxides generated endogenously in the process
of lipid oxidation. 5 As a consequence, an increase in
Glutathione S-Transferase activity is expected to occur
during and after intense aerobic exercise. Nevertheless,
Glutathione S-Transferase continuously uses Reduced
Glutathione as a cofactor, and considering that its content
is decreased after aerobic exercise, as found in our study,
a decrease in the transferase activity is also expected to
occur after prolonged periods of exercise, if no induction
of this enzyme and no recovery of Reduced Glutathione
occurs. Indeed, laboratory animals exhibited enhanced and
persistent Glutathione S-Transferase as well as SOD activity
during 60 days of continuous exercise, while Catalase and
Glutathione Reductase activity remained unaltered together
with persistent augmented malondialdehyde levels,
thereby revealing the importance and ability of Glutathione
S-Transferase to detoxify hydroperoxides.46
The recovery of oxidized glutathione back to
reduced glutathione is accomplished by Glutathione
Reductase; this is an essential step to maintain a cell
protection system related to the so-called glutathione
cycle. Therefore, an increase in Glutathione Reductase
activity would be expected after chronic exercise of
long duration. Accordingly, some studies have reported
significant increases in Glutathione Reductase (and also
in GPx) after exhaustive exercise15 or at the end of the
competitive season,34 while at the pre-season and middle
of the competitive season44 Glutathione Reductase activity
was decreased. In the present study, Glutathione Reductase
showed no significant differences between both types of
training, while Jenkins44 showed decreased activity after
exercise. Again, the different responses obtained are
probably attributable to the duration, pre-training and type
of exercise among other aspects already mentioned above.15
We detected increased Glutathione Peroxidase
after aerobic and anaerobic sessions. These finding are
consistent with other related studies.15,33,38,42,49 As with
Glutathione S-Transferase, the Glutathione Peroxidase is
also relevant to detoxification of hydroperoxides, also using
Reduced Glutathione as a cofactor, therefore the depletion
of this important tripeptide affects the responses of both
antioxidant enzymes.5 As found for Glutathione Reductase
activity, Glutathione Peroxidase was upregulated only at the
end of the competitive season, while it was downregulated
at the pre-season and middle of the competitive season.34
As a conclusion, our results provide evidence of a
more pronounced systemic oxidative stress after the aerobic
training session compared to the anaerobic training session
in young soccer players. The different types of exercises and
sport practice involve different degrees of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Therefore, different qualitative as well as
quantitative responses regarding oxidative stress and antioxidant adaptations should be expected, which may explain the
apparent conflicting reports available in the related literature.
MedicalExpress (Sao Paulo, online) 2016 February;3(1):M160107
■ PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
During a seasonal training period soccer players
as well as other athletes, are facing different physical,
physiological and biochemical challenges that can
jeopardize the concerted antioxidant capacity of different
tissues, leading to a systemic oxidative stress condition. As
a perspective, it is here suggested that the training sessions,
irrespective of being predominantly aerobic or anaerobic,
together with the constitutive antioxidant responses to
different types of exercise, should be accompanied by
an appropriate intake of dietary and/or supplemented
nutritional antioxidants, according to several reports
available in the literature.
■ CONCLUSION
The results provide evidence of a more pronounced
systemic oxidative stress after the aerobic compared to the
anaerobic training session in young soccer players.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Wilhelm Filho D is a recipient of a research grant
(300353/2012-0) from the National Council for Scientific
and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil.
■ AUTHOR PARTICIPATION
All authors contributed to the study design. Liberali
R and Wilhelm Filho D contributed to the execution, data
collection, analysis, creation and revision of the manuscript.
Petroski ED contributed to revision of the manuscript.
■ CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
EFEITO SOBRE O ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO
PROMOVIDO POR SESSÕES DE TREINAMENTO
AERÓBICO COMPARATIVAMENTE A SESSÕES
ANAERÓBICAS EM JOGADORES JUVENIS
BRASILEIROS DE FUTEBOL
OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito no estresse
oxidativo promovido por sessão de treinamento aeróbico
comparativamente à sessão anaeróbica em jogadores de
futebol juvenis.
MÉTODOS: Amostras de sangue de 18 jogadores
de futebol juvenis (idade entre 18-21 anos) foram
utilizadas. Estas amostras foram obtidas imediatamente
antes e após um conjunto de sessão de treinamento
5
MedicalExpress (Sao Paulo, online) 2016 February;3(1):M160107
aeróbico comparativamente ao de sessão anaeróbica
e biomarcadores de dano celular como conteúdos de
Substâncias Reativas a Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS)
no plasma, os conteúdos de defesas antioxidantes nãoenzimáticas como a Glutationa Reduzida, Glutationa
Oxidada, e Glutationa Total, bem como as atividades de
enzimas antioxidantes como Superóxido Dismutase,
Catalase, Glutationa Redutase, Glutationa Peroxidase e
Glutationa S-Transferase foram avaliadas.
RESULTADOS: Os conteúdos de TBARS e Glutationa
Oxidada não apresentaram diferenças significativas na
comparação entre ambas as sessões. Entretanto, após a
sessão de treinamento aeróbico, as atividades da Superóxido
Dismutase e Glutationa Redutase, bem como os conteúdos
de Glutationa Reduzida e Glutationa Total mostraram
diminuições significativas, enquanto que as atividades da
Glutationa S-Transferase e Glutationa Peroxidase foram
aumentadas e as da Catalase não mostraram diferenças.
Por outro lado, após a sessão de treinamento anaeróbico, a
atividade da Catalase reduziu-se, a da Glutationa Peroxidase
foi significativamente aumentada, enquanto que as da
Superóxido Dismutase e Glutationa Reductase, assim como
os conteúdos de Glutationa Reduzida, Glutationa Oxidada e
Glutationa Total não se alteraram significativamente.
CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados evidenciam um
estresse oxidativo sistêmico mais acentuado após a sessão
de treinamento aeróbico comparativamente à sessão
anaeróbica em jogadores de futebol juvenis.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Espécies reativas de oxigênio;
estresse oxidativo; antioxidantes; sessão aeróbica e
anaeróbica; jogadores de futebol.
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