English Langauge IV
Unit 25: TARIFFS
free trade – the interchange of goods and
services (but not of capital or labor)
unhindered by high tariffs, nontariff barriers,
and onerous or unilateral requirements or
processes. Under a WTO treaty signed by 124
nations in 1995, tariffs are being
systematically but by an average of 40
percent during a fixed timeframe.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
impose /ɪmˈpoʊz/ - to cause (something, such as a
tax, fine, rule, or punishment) to affect someone or
something by using your authority – nametnuti, uvesti
impose [=levy] a tax on liquor
levy /ˈlɛvi/ - an amount of money that must be paid
and that is collected by a government or other
authority – namet, porez
The government imposed a levy [=tax] on gasoline.
levy - to use legal authority to demand and collect (a
fine, a tax, etc.) – nametnuti, ubirati
They levied a tax on imports.
The government will levy a fine on the company.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
commodity /kəˈmɑ:dəti/ - something that
is bought and sold – roba (široke
potrošnje), artikal
agricultural commodities like grain and
corn
commodity prices
legislature /ˈlɛʤəˌsleɪtʃɚ/ - a group of
people with the power to make or
change laws - zakonodavstvo
▪ state legislatures
Unit 25: Vocabulary
import tariff – printed schedule of duties or taxes
levied on goods as they enter a country. It divides
all goods into major and sub-groups for their
correct and easy identification for charging
customs duty, and recording the trade data for
statistical purposes.
export tariff – a tax placed on a good that is
exported from a country. Governments use tariffs
to create economic barriers to trade. Tariffs raise
the overall prices of goods, limiting their production
and sale. An export tariff specifically increases the
cost to sell domestic goods overseas. Because they
are perceived to hurt domestic business, export
tariffs tend to be quite unpopular.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
ad valorem tariff – duty or other charges
levied on an item on the basis of its value
and not on the basis of its quantity, size,
weight, or other factors
specific tariff – import tax expressed in an
amount of money per unit imported. Specific
tariffs are trade barriers designed to reduce
imports into countries.
compound tariff - ad valorem tariff plus
another specified rate. Also called mixed
tariff.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
quantitative /ˈkwɑ:ntəˌteɪtɪv/ - of or relating to how much
there is of something : of or relating to the quantity or
amount of something – količinski, kvantitativan
▪ a quantitative analysis/measurement
aftermath /ˈæftɚˌmæθ/ - the period of time after a bad
and usually destructive event - posledice
The country is rebuilding its economy in the aftermath of
the war.
mandate /ˈmænˌdeɪt/ - an official order to do
something – nalog, naredba, ovlašćenje
They carried out the governor's mandate to build more
roads.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
intellectual property rights – a right that is
had by a person or by a company to
have exclusive rights to use its own plans,
ideas, or other intangible assets without
the worry of competition, at least for a
specific period of time. These rights can
include copyrights, patents, trademarks,
and trade secrets. These rights may be
enforced by a court. The reasoning for
intellectual property is to encourage
innovation without the fear that a
competitor will steal the idea and/or take
the credit for it.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
WTO (World Trade Organization) – UN
multilateral trade organization formed on
January 1, 1995 as the successor to GATT
and the court of final settlement in trade
disputes. Its objectives included (1)
removal of all barriers to international
trade in goods, services, and intellectual
property, (2) equitable and speedy
resolution of disputes between trading
partners, and (3) identification of noncompliance with trade agreements.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
free trade area – geographical area formed
by the national boundaries of two or more
countries belonging to a free trade
agreement.
retain /rɪˈteɪn/ - to continue to have or use
(something) : keep – zadržati, sačuvati
You will retain your rights as a citizen.
Unit 25: Vocabulary
preferential trade agreement – a trade pact
between countries that reduces tariffs for certain
products to the countries who sign the agreement.
While the tariffs are not necessarily eliminated, they
are lower than countries not party to the
agreement. It is a form of economic integration.
EFTA (European Free Trade Association) – is a free
trade organization between four European
countries (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway,
Switzerland) that operates parallel to, and is linked
to, the European Union (EU).
Perfect Infinitive
Infinitives are forms like (to) write, (to) stand.
Unlike verb tenses (e.g. writes, stood),
infinitives do not usually show the actual
times of actions or events. They usually refer
to actions and events in a more general
way.
Besides the ordinary infinitive (e.g. (to) go,
(to) work), there are also progressive, perfect
and passive forms.
Perfect Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive:
(to) have + past participle
Perfect Infinitive
Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of
meaning as perfect tenses or past tenses.
It’s nice to have finished work. (= It’s nice
that I have finished.)
I’m sorry not to have come on Thursday. (=
… that I didn’t come…)
Perfect Infinitive
We often use perfect infinitives to talk about
unreal past events: things that did not
happen, or that may not have happened.
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
You should have told me you were coming.
Perfect Infinitive: perfect or
past meaning
Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of
meaning as perfect or past tenses.
I’m glad to have left the school. (= I’m glad
that I have left…)
She was sorry to have missed Bill. (= … that she
had missed Bill.)
We hope to have finished the job by next
Saturday. (= … that we will have finished…)
You seemed to have annoyed Anne yesterday.
(= … that you annoyed Anne yesterday.)
Perfect Infinitive: “uneral”
past
After some verbs (e.g. mean, be, would
like) we can use perfect infinitives to refer
to “unreal” past situations that are the
opposite of what really happened.
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
(The speaker did not telephone.)
He was to have been the new
ambassador, but he fell ill.
I wish I’d been there – I would like to
have seen his face when she walked in.
Perfect Infinitive: modals
After the modal verbs could, might, ought,
should, would and needn’t, we often use
perfect infinitives to refer to unreal situations.
Did you see him fall? He could have killed
himself. (He did not kill himself.)
You should have written – I was getting worried.
(The person did not write.)
I would have gone to university if my parents had
had more money.
She needn’t have sent me flowers.
Perfect Infinitive
The structure modal verb + perfect infinitive
does not always refer either to the past or to
an “unreal” situation. It can also be used,
for instance, when we say how confident we
are that something has happened.
She could/should/ought to/may/will/must
have arrived by now.