Sheet 91 – Symbiosis: Mutualism: Invertebrate Farmers 1. a) Name two organisms that can start ocean food chains. b) Where would you find each? 2. What is meant by “invertebrate farmers”? How do these invertebrates benefit? 3. The sea slug is the same color as Codium, the green algae. Is this camouflage? Explain. 4. a) What are amoebocyte cells used for in Tridacna? b) What is happening to these “farmer clams”? 5. Why does the green sea anemone turn white when not in the sun? 6. How do caral reef animals benefit from the mutualistic relationship with the algae? How do the algae benefit? 7. What is zooanthellae (algae) used for in brain coral? Sheet 92 – Symbiosis: Mutualism: Cleaner Shrimp and Fishes 1. Where do you find ecto­parasites on fish? Be specific. 2. What are some species of “cleaner” organisms? 3. Explain the mutualistic relationship between a Pederson’s shrimp and a sea anemone. 4. What is a “cleaning station? What signal does the shrimp give the fish it’s about to clean? 5. How does the shrimp clean the body? Where else does the shrimp clean? 6. Why doesn’t the fish being cleaned eat the shrimp? 7. How often are fish cleaned? 8. What species do cleaner fish clean? 9. What is a “false cleaner blenny”? Sheet 93 – Symbiosis: Mutualism: Anemone Fish and Sea Anemone 1. What are anemone fish? Why are they called anemone fish? 2. Why are anemone fish immune to the stinging nematocysts? 3. How do the fish get used to the poison? 4. What three theories are there about why “Nemo” is not affected by the poison? 5. Who lives near the anemone and where do they nest? Who looks after the eggs? 6. What benefit does the anemone get from the anemone fish? 7. Explain what happens to the anemone fish eggs. What do the larvae eat? (egested?) Where do they eventually go? 8. a) What happens if the adult female dies? Then what? b) How is the sex reversal different in anemone fish than other fish? 9. Why is this relationship between anemone and anemone fish considered mutualism by some and commensalisms by others? Sheet 94 – Symbiosis: Mutualisms and Commensalisms 1. Explain the relationship between a hermit crab and a sea anemone. 2. How does the anemone, Stylobates aeneus, help its hermit crab? 3. Explain the relationship between the stingray and the bar jack. 4. What’s the difference between a “facultative” commensal and an “obligate” commensal? 5. How does the pistol shrimp and crab keep the sea star from eating the coral? 6. What happens if the shrimps and crabs are taken off the reef? Sheet 95 – Symbiosis: Parasitism 1. Where are endoparasites usually found? 2. How many parasitic copepods are there? What do they feed on? 3. Explain how a pearl fish parasitizes a sea cucumber? J 4. What adaptations does the pearl fish have for its lifestyle? 5. Why is the pearl fish and sea cucumber relationship not a commensal one? 6. The sacculinid barnacle is one of the most insidious (bad) marine parasites. Use point form notes to show what it does to the crab. ** Use basic points .. you don’t need to use all the scientific jargon!) J