Scientific America.n
212
GARMENT
HINGE.-R.
FASTENER.-
The
The purpose
W. M. LOWRIE, New York, N. Y.
to adapt
the ornaments
as
mountings
that
opposing
hooks
are
180
em­
garment, they
wlll
not
under
SUSPENSORY
vio­
UNDERSHIRT. - R.
PETERS, Knox, Ind.
D.
The Invention relates to
that class of undergarments In which an un­
dershirt
Is
fo=ed
sack or bag
the
on
Its
front
side
for supporting the
manner
of a
are provided
suspensory
with
devices
and X-rays.
In
scribed
unnecessary to separate or revolve
28,
The members
of the hinge are
HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
rigid
Means
Is
for securing privacy and protec­
Full hints to correspondents were printed at
may be sep­
a
division
of
the
application
for
letters
9
ably silk, although this Is geri()rally thought to
patent of the United States for a locking de- be too expensive, and ordinary _ unbleached mus­
vice, formerly filed by Mr. Geraghty.
lin or any similar cloth will answel" the pur­
tion from cold.
pose.
Electrical Devices.
Okla.
BOTTLE-WASHER
W. H. WILLIAMS, Durant,
The Invention consists In the combina­
tion of a time dial rotated
by a
dial,
device
and
arranged
an
clock mech­
electro-magnetic
to
swing
the
type
operating
pen
or
circuit
and a' circuit
pencil
closer located
In
the
PLANT-PROTECTOR.-E.
In
this
lettuce
and
apparatus
protect
Is
case
provided
R.
a
side
the neck, and
of
brush
of
water
such
can
temperature, and
De
DRAKE,
which
other
will
plants
and
capable
more
tible.
WEED-CUTTING
Harrington, Wash.
OLSON,
relates
surface
to
machines
cutting
of
palatable,
I
ROTARY
by
tender,
the
them
for
off
ground.
at
The
rotatable
shaft,
shaft,
means
means
for
In
or
below
have
progressively
STEIN,
of
deleterious
Chicago,
flies
may
Ill.
from
be
the
making
Its
one
application
interfering with
sash
over
the
the
In
the
AND
and
discharging
massive concentrates of
the
that
and blades as the shaft Is progressively moved.
arrangements
both
a
conjointly
The
individually
of
or of coal,
and
the
coarse
ore or refuse of
parts
being
panning and jigging takes
and
the
interchangeably.
The
such
place
inven-
tion Is such as shown and described In Letters
Patent of the United
01' General Interest.
COLOR-STUDY
DEVICE.-E.
New York, N. Y.
Is to provide
a
WAGNER,
The object of the
device
adapted
Inventor
Railways and Their Accessories.
to be used by
TRACK-RAIL JOINT.-J. C. RIGGS, Berkeley,
colors and by students of color, for comparing
colors
or
placing
them
In
of track ralls of standard T-form, with featur�s
different
which wlll effect a positive Interlocking connec­
arrangements, ennbling contrasting colors to be
€xhlblted or harmonizing colors to be placed
tion between such ends, when In pairs they are
CLOSURE FOR THE NECKS OF BOTTLES.
.
.
-T. S. RAINEY New 0rle ns, La.
The aIm III
�
:
this Instance IS to prOVIde novel details of
for a closure f �r the neck
construction
of
a
bottle or other receptacle, WhICh when Inserted
and
secured
filled,
will
decanted,
same.
therein,
permit
after
the
In
this
patent
vention
is
simple,
practical,
struction
to
provide
for
a
receptacle
contents
prevent
but wlll
GOPHER-TRAP.-A.
Neb.
the
F.
purpose
novel
and
be
of
features
trap,
that
Inexpensive
OF
MUTH
OF
IODID.-A.
Brunswick,
BUSCH,
Germany.
con­
a
of
adapted
NEW
WITH
2
In­
afford
MANUFACTURING
PROTEIDS
Is
device
BIS-
Bliicherstrasse,
According
to
this
In-
ventlon new compounds of albuminoids or pro-
telds
with
bismuth
pass
almost
and
albuminous
by
100
to
the
ten
where
matter
deg.
C.
at
adapted to be
a
prolonged
obtained, which
through
precipitate
hours,
and 130
ticularly
are
unattacked
heating
eight
iodld
for
of
the, stomach
bismuth
time,
some
temperatures
The
compound
administered
administration
J.
C.
JESSEN,
say
In
par-
small
Nevada,
Iowa.
This tripod Is for use In supporting cameras,
telescopes, transits, gun-rests, etc.;
ranged
to
and
permit <if firmly setting the
is
ar­
tripod
on uneven ground or rocks, to allow conveni­
ent
adjustment
to bring the
of
the
members
article to
wear,
that
occurs
when
the
rolllng
wheels of cars Impinge upon the ends of track
all s that are formed and supported In the
usual manner. '
SAFETY
of the tripod
be supported Into the
desired position, and to permit of folding the
DEVICE
JUDGE, Pittston, Pa.
seeks
to
eliminate
FOR
AIR-BRAKES.-J.
In the present, Mr. Judge
the
frangible
pipe
of
his
former patent, and provide a valve and operat­
ing lever therefor, so constructed that when the
lever Is
moved
the
movement of the
valve
opens
but a
return
lever to Its original position
does not in itself close the valve.
Means are
provided whereby evidence will be recorded as
to the number of times the safety device has
been opera ted on each trip.
GRAIN-CAR
son, S. D.
DOOR.-J.
THOMPSON,
Garret­
This invention pertains to Improve­
ments In Inner doors for box cars and especially
for those cars for shipping grain and more in
particular
involves
Improvements
in
a
door
whereby grain may be shipped without danger
of leakage such as would occur around the door
of an ordinary freight car and whereby time
expense In opening the door may be
and
saved.
Santa
Barbara,
Invention
More
Cal.
relates ,to a
tion
Is
Schenec­
In the present patent the Inven­
an
Improvement
In
files,
relating
to
that class of files In which the teeth are com­
posed
of
together
a
series
in
an
of
cutting
angular
blades
relation
clamped
and
adapted
to be readily sharpened when dulled.
WRENCH.-H.
Wash.
provide
pipe
other
The
a
objects
slldably
wrenches
an
ROTHWEILER,
of
the
mounted
Inventor
movable
Seattle,
are
jaw
In which no retaining pins
detachable
to provide
N.
retaining
efficient pipe
devices
wrench
are
to
for
or
used;
with few
weight 7
the
will
Will a
square
3. How many squar.e feet
It
take
to
raise
a
large aeroplane
foot
than
a
small
POllUd
of
more
lift
one7
to
The
A.
amount lifted per square foot of surface of an
aeroplane depends upon the speed at whi.ch the
aeroplane
pounds to
Is
traveling
the
through
square
the
foot I s a
air;
2 '.6
good average
amount at a speed of 25 to 30 miles all hour,
more to the square foot than a small one, pro­
vided
Its
surfaces
are
equally
efficient.
4.
are
two
planes,
one
placed
vertically
a
box-shaped
tail 10
feet to the rear, In the
center of which Is a vertical rudder for lateral
control.
tween
them
toinette
5.
An
page
A t the center of the planes and be­
is
carried
engine,
article
7,
In
a
weighing
the
states:
50-horse-power
about
400
No.
SUPPLEMENT,
"The
thing
to
I
experiment
very
I have an apparatus like that de­
SCII!lNTIFIC
1907,
the
for
SCIENTIFIC
of December
AMERICAN
controlllng
A.
distant
mechanical
We are glad you like
and
AMERICAN
we
think
it
In
an
Do you think
it would be best to work for slowness and not
speed7
A.
quality
Slowness
with
the
Is
first
certainly
a
desirable
experimental
machine.
The only trouble Is that In order to be a slow­
traveling aeroplane It must be a very large one.
experimenters
try
to
strike
a
game device
mean
by
of
an
hour.
papers
6.
Can you
published
aeroplanes, etc. 7
In
give
the
me
Interest
the
of
A. There Is only one special
aeronautical paper published
In
this
country,
IIIustrirte
Aerona utischer
Mitteilung
leading German aer�nautical periodical.
(10858)
P. J. E. says:
ought a 2-inch spark
Is
the
1. How far
messages with a good relay and a regular filings
coherer under favorable conditlons7 A. A 2-inch
spark under favorable conditions should trans­
the
mit a wireless signal 4 to 5 miles at
side
over water
and 1
to 2
miles over
out­
land.
Much depends upon the coil giving this spark.
If this Is Its longest possible spark, and Is a
thin blue line, the distances above are too great,
and should probably be halved.
If 2 Inches Is
a fat spark from a coil giving easily a much
longer spark, the distances given above wlll be
realized.
Weather conditions also make a great
difference In transmission.
2. Will 3 pounds of
No. 34 B. & S. copper wire make the secondary
of an Induction coil designed to give a 2-lnch
spark with two turns of No.
If
not,
amount?
will
you
please
give
16
on primary 7
me
the
right
A. Three pounds of No. 34 silk-cov­
the secondary of a coil to give a 2-inch spark,
but It will not do so with two turns of No. 16
No. 14 or, better, No. 12
magnet wire
should
be
Fuller Instructions for
cents each.
are
Is
project
separated
so
the
that
object
the
when
band
the
cups
suddenly
drawn taut, the band having a pocket to hold
the object.
FOR
PACK.-MARY
A
use
articles
season.
In
holding
such
as
BAG
Los Angeles, Cal.
candies,
given
to
OR
This
toys,
or
children
various
at
that
On one side of the bag Santa Claus
Is, shown
in
colors
and
holding
a
bag.
On
rQverse side, the words "Merry Christmas" are
printed,
part.
and
Santa' Claus
filings coherer with
antennre
through the Instruments 7
and
grounded
A. Lightning often
produces signals upon wireless apparatus many
It Is sometimes possible to make
short words out of such signals, they simulate
desIgn Is for a bag or pack which is intended
for
3. Wlll lightning work the relay of
miles distant.
CHRISTMAS
PaUGH,
PLEMENT Nos. 160, 1124, 1527, 1605, price ten
a
is
also
shown
In
NOTE.-Copies of any of these patents wlll
Morse characters so closely.
current passes
through
4.
What kind of
a telephone wire7
A.
In tb"e telephone as ordinarily used the Induc­
tlon coli gives an alternating current.
5. What
good book have you got to Instruct one in the
theory of the telephone, simple, for one that
knows nothing about It, not over $1 or $1.507
A. We can supply you with the "A B C of the
for
Telephone"
$1.
You
wlll
find
this
book
what you say you wish and within your limit
of price.
6. I miss the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
very much, but it is hard for a student to keep
be furnished by Munn & Co. for ten cent� each. everything going with nobody but himself to fall
Please state the name of the patentee, title
the Invention, and date of this' paper.
of
back
upon.
I
expect
in
time
to
be
A. There Is no way of
which 'can be tuned to any wave length, from
receiving finy message which comes along and
whose
wave
message
length
Is
can
passing.
ceiver to the
be
The
found
a
per­
manent subscriber to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
while
tuning
transmitter
of
the
the
re­
Is a necessity.
See
our SUPPLEMENT Nos. 1605, 1622, 1623, 1624,
1625, price ten cents, for a series of articJes
upon setting up, tuning, and operating a wire­
less station.
(10860)
E. C. C. says:
Is it a fact
that an object weighs more at sea level than
it does at say 10,000 feet, or two miles, above
sea
level7
If
so,
Is
the
decrease
In
weight
exactly proportional to the Increase In height?
A.
An
object
sea level.
has
Its
Above
greatest weight
the
sea
the distance squared.
at
the
level the weight di­
minishes In the proportion
of the Increase of
At the level of the sea,
an object is '3,959 miles from the center of
the earth, while at an altitude of 5 miles above
the
sea
the
It is
earth.
the
with
or
level
of
the
most
sea.
law
discovery
the center of
Is
its weight Is
0.9975
of
its
weight at
This
is
In
accordance
to
have
of
gravitation,
considered
remarkable
triumph
Intellect in all time.
(10861)
from
upper place
about
Newton's
whose
the
3,964 miles
At the
64
( 33959)'
9
of
C. W. L. says:
the
the
law
been
human
I have a steel
pin about seven Inches long lying on my office
desk
that
has
four
distinct
magnetic
poles.
Either end of the pin attracts the south pole
of the magnet, while a
point at or near the
center attracts the north
farther along on the
pole, while
two
central
little
and
the
Between these
ends
the
pin
Is
Is this a commOn phenomenon7
are taught
that magnetic bars
poles
you
points
a
opposite side of the cen­
ter the south pole Is attracted.
and
explain
otherwise
ha
. ve two oppo­
only one neutral point.
this
seeming departure
uniform
law 7
We
A. It Is
from
Can
an
not so un­
commOn a phenomenon to find a magnet with
secondary poles along Its length.
Such poles
are called "Consequent Poles."
nately
in
a
north
and
dynamo
mos
have
frame
In
They are alter­
south, all the
many
magnetized
for the
poles.
this
A
way
field.
steel
manner
around
The
colis
Multipolar dyna­
by
bar
can
using
wire to produce the magnetism.
be
coils
of
Near one end
of the bar wind a coil of wire, perhaps 40 or
50
turns,
wlnd
If
then' leaving
another
coil
the first has
right, the
in
an
inch
the
or
opposite
will
be wound
several times
If the bar Is 8 to 10 Inches long.
Is
the direction of
changed, and they will
and minus.
to have
north
Poles will
the Winding
be alternately plus
As you describe .your bar It seems
two north poles
between
bare,
over toward
This may be repeated
result wherever
so
direction.
been wound over toward the
second
the left.
them.
pole
This
occupies
with no
Is
not
all
the
south
pole
possible.
space
The
along
the
bar over which the south pole of a, magnet Is
attracted.
It
Is
not
a
uniform
magnet can have but two poles.
upon the manner
ered copper magnet wire should be sufficient for
serves
to
be pitched or tuned7
are wound to make them so.
coli to transmit wireless
between
Also can the electric spark
preventing anyone who has a wireless receiver
site
miles
coil winding and making can be found In SuP­
band which
the two stations7
25
entire machine and operator at a speed of about
When two wire­
sages, or interfering with the work,
neutral.
names
J. Z. says:
preventing other stations taking the same mes­
making the surfaces so that they will lift the
in which we sencL fer ten cents.
object, are connected by a flexible
(10859)
less stations are working, Is there any way of
1696,
praise
aeroplane should be slowness."
An­
pounds.
a plurality of cups, eaclf formed to receive an
DESIGN
Hard_are.
tady, N. Y.
surface
Data for such a coil are
M.
FO STER,. in length on the core.
specifical Iy, the given In full In SUPPLEMENT No. 1403, which
Designs.
GETAZ,
of
used and wound In two layers of about 8 Inches
APPARATUS.-ADDIE
---
FILE.-H.
supporting surface.
copper cotton-covered
'Pertalnlng to Recreation.
GAME
tripod Into a small space.
COMPOSITE
We
should think 5' to 10 square feet wouid be ample
wire for the primary.
cases
of
doses of Iodin Is required.
TRJPOD.-H.
lodld
betweeri
Is
aeroplane,
models can be made almost any size desired.
Il-
the
of
for killing the rodent In Its burrow.
PROCESS
injurious
freely
of
the
the character Indicated, and which Is
COMPOUNDS
cally continuous, and obviating jar, nOise, and
Kramer,
RENKEN,
the
gopher
to
refilllng
a
experlm�ntal
Aeronautics, Thoroughfare Building, Broadway
forced together In sequence, rendering a joint' and 57th Street, New York.
The Aerophile Is
between two engaged ends of the rails practl- the leading French aeronautical paper, and the
opposition.
in
The purpose here Is to provide the ends
Cal.
an
that Is tbe number of square feet? A. Aeroplane
Most
_
__
persons deficient In comparing or harmonizing
different
States, formerly granted
to Mr. Campbell.
F.
make
above the other with a space of 5 feet between,
ORE-CON CENTRA-
CAMPBELL, Asheville,_N. C.
C.
fine granular dense stuff,
coal,
same, and means for rotating the cutter shaft
to
free
same dense slimes of concentrates
and
will
chine are: Planes 6'.6 feet wide by 32 feet long.
separating
the
aluminium
appli­ Will you give the dimensions of Mr. Henry
sliding Farman's front main plane7
A. The dimen­
hoisting the sions of the main planes of Mr. Farman's ma­
the
other
to
object here Is to provide a machine for readily
the
sheet
employed although with the most efficient curved surface
The
construction this can be raised to as high as 3'.6 or possibly
are designed with 4 pounds.
A large machine wlll not 11ft any
purposes.
COAL-WASHER
con­
moving
for
TOR.-A.
blades,
supporting
little
egress
to make
that hot and
Machines and Mechanical Devices.
radiating from a
for
but
W.
the
thin
2. What Is the smallest size that you
suggest
There
the
of
In doing this
a window, and
from
window.
killing
of cutter
carried on the ends of arms
of
diges­
The Inven­
use
and
cation
MACHINE.-
details
struction embody a plurality
ventilation
cleaning
a
bottle and the In­
construction
permits
of
of
upon
sash easier and also for preventing Its
sun, so
and
for
vice,
that their growth Is promoted while they are
rendered
escape
mounting
reference to simplicity and cheapening the de­
or
freezing
also from too hot a
for
and arrangements of parts
effectually
tender
The
Interior
cheap and simple
vegetables both from cold winds
weeds
and
FLY-ESCAPE.-G.
Land, Fla.
G.
suitable
spindle
cold
Ice.
tion
brush
effect upon It.
01' Interest to FarDlers.
J.
of
tubular
the
ice chute and closed by the transit of a block
of
The more particu­
bottom and corners of the
across the dial, said device being operated by
a
VOLC-
lar object of the Improvement Is to produce a
anism, a pen or pencil arranged to bear iIpon
the
K.
BRU SH.-C.
New York, N. Y.
KENING,
Ultimately,
be used.
Household Utilities.
ELECTRIC RECORDER FOR ICE PLANTS.
-W. D. CAIN and
In
effects' by wireless.
sons, and to allow ready Inspection of the car otbers than myself: 1. What is the best material
seal with a view of determining whether the with which to cover an aeroplane7 A. The best
lock has been tampered with In transit.
This material which is used f r an aeroplane is prob­
a
scrotum after
bandage.
other
my attention .
much with It, especially in wireless telegraphy
to
better for you and all others to have a paper
the head of this column In the Issue of August which gives scientific news upon all subjects
arated or lifted apart when the hinge Is open.
l:!th, or will be sent by mall on request.
t4an to make It exclusively for those Interested
PERMUTATION-LOCK.-J.
P.
GERAGHTY,
in one department of science. If It; were limited
Jersey City, N. J.
This lock Is more espe,so much In scope, we could not call It the
(10857) R. B. L. says: Will you
cially designed for use on railroad car doors
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
It must Include all
and the like, and arranged to render the open­ please answer through your Notes and Queries
subjects In which Americans are Interested.
Ing of the lock �fficult for unauthorized per­ the following questions, for. they may help
duced Into or purposely removed from a fabric,
or
and
especially
with their respective pivots, and
struct the hooks that while they may be Intro­
article
more
deg., usually no appreciable distance over
90 deg.
ployed for attaching purposes, and to so con­
lent exertions leave their set position.
relates
waffie-Irons
Is
it
that claims
HAWLEY, Monongahela, Pa.
the hinge members on each other as much as
for portions of a garment, and to so construct
the
for
which
fasteners
P.
Improvement
hinges
here is to provide a mounting for ornaments,
whereby
entirely to electricity, as It Is the only subject
removable threads on the shank thereof.
Pertaining to Apparel.
AND
although I would rather have a paper devoted
loose pieces; to provide a pipe wrench having
RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS.
COLLAR
SEPTEMBER 26, 1908.
(10862)
law
that
a
That depends
which It Is magnetized.
in
L. S. says:
I thank you for
the interesting article In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
April
18,
tachment
be
kind
1908,
for
on
"Weather Vane with
to
Inform
Indoor
enough
Reading."
Would
me
through
At­
you
your
valuable paper, which kind of battery, and of
how
many
ratus7
cells,
Is
used
to work
A. The arrangement of
the
the
appa­
Indicator
of the weather vane, as described In our Issue
of
April
18,
1908,
requires
a
closed-circuit
battery, since It Is always In circuit and Indi­
cates
all the time.
best for
this use.
wlll do the work.
A gravity battery Is
We judge that
four
the
cells
If you do not require the
indicator to be always In circuit, you can use
a dry ceI! battery and place a push button In
the
circuit of the wire
box K, and thus
you
wish
to
see
G
on
the front of the
save battery current.
the
direction
of
When
the
wind,
push the button, and the needle wlll swing to
the proper position.
this arrangement.
apparatus,
as
W e should
There
described.
Is
If
a
the
Iron either end will be equally
If
It
tell
points
as
whether the
shown
east
in
or
Fig.
west
much prefer
defect In
needle
4,
and using a
small
magnets
with
the
compass
one
cannot
magnet
This can be remedied
the
s outh
Is
pole
box with
pole
of
the
needle
wlll
direction of the wind at 'all times.
at­
by placing
Inside,
a
netic needle In the circle of the magnets.
the 'north
of
attracted and
tracting It.
all
this
Is
mag­
Then
give
the