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Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the
Progressive Era
Discussion published by Adam Quinn on Thursday, May 11, 2017
by Adam Quinn
The United States Progressive Era (c. 1890-1920) is popularly understood as an era of
progressive reforms in response to the excesses and inequities of Gilded Age industrial
capitalism. The period, marked by the Second Industrial Revolution, post-Reconstruction
struggles for and against racial equality, mass migrations, and multiple major constitutional
amendments, was crucial to the formation of modern America. In order to provide an entry point
into the vast body of literature that helps us better understand this formative period, this essay
offers a brief overview of books on the Progressive Era published from 2010 to 2017.
"Bosses of the Senate” by J. Ottmann Lith. Co. after Joseph Keppler drawn for Puck, Jan. 23, 1889.
The “people’s entrance” is bolted shut while corporate interests drawn as money bags stand imposingly behind
the senators. The sign above the proceedings reads, “This is the Senate of the Monopolists by the Monopolists
and for the Monopolists!”
New Historical Actors
Recent books on the history of the Progressive Era have worked to locate new historical actors
beyond the traditional focus largely on white, often male reformers, government officials, and
industrialists. Classic scholarship certainly concerned itself with marginalized groups as well,
but recent work has built upon previous literature in history as well as fields like gender, ethnic,
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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and environmental studies to break new ground on how we understand the development of
identity and culture in the period. Historians are highlighting the involvement of previously
overlooked historical actors who shaped this period of social change–and weren’t always helped
by its reforms.
In studying new historical actors, a major theme is questioning the nominal progressivism of the
period’s reforms. Many of the policies of the era, rather than improving conditions for all,
worked to marginalize certain groups of people and were crucial to the development of modern
inequalities and identities. Douglas C. Baynton’s Defectives in the Land: Disability and
Immigration in the Age of Eugenics, for example, makes a compelling argument for the role
disability should play in the work of any historian by exploring how the US government came to
exclude people based on disability as part of a broader project of immigration restriction
surrounding physical, moral, and racial “defects.” Margot Canaday’s The Straight State:
Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America explores how sexuality was regulated in
immigration, the military, and welfare provision, from the nascent policing of sexuality in the
Progressive Era to more explicit regulation in the post-WW2 era. While the period’s supposed
progressivism could be characterized as being more fundamentally derived from economic and
labor reforms, even that has been called into question. In his book Progressive Inequality: Rich
and Poor in New York, 1890–1920, David Huyssen argues that many of the period’s reforms
inadvertently led to cultural and material class divisions that remain a part of American society
today. Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era by
Thomas Leonard covers some of the same issues explored by Huyssen (and connects to the
issues of eugenics raised by Baynton). While the other books listed above cover connected topics
like eugenics, exclusion, and economic policy, Leonard’s work brings in another crucial element
in Progressive Era inequality that is discussed by many more historians: race.
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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“The First Vote.” By Alfred R. Waud published in Harper’s Weekly, Nov. 16, 1867.
Waud depicted African Americans voting for the first time in Virginia in 1867.
The history of race and racism figures prominently in recent literature on the Progressive Era.
Stories of the South: Race and the Reconstruction of Southern Identity, 1865-1915 by K. Stephen
Prince shows how white cultural production helped turn the South away from Reconstruction
and toward Jim Crow, with the North being very complicit in this “reconstruction” of southern
identity and racial politics. Northern racial identity was likewise transformed in this period, as
discussed in Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott’s Fly Away: The Great African American
Cultural Migrations. Rutkoff and Scott explore the migration of African Americans from the
South to the North following the Civil War, how this shaped their own identity, and the impact
this had on mainstream American culture. Of course, while African Americans were making
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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valuable contributions to urban culture in the North, they were also criminalized through the
emergence and spread of the concept of black criminality. This articulation of black criminality
through racist scientific and public discourse is discussed in Khalil Muhammad's distinguished
work, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America.
While books like Muhammad’s help us better understand the creation and effects of Jim Crow,
other recent works, like Jay Winston Driskell Jr.’s Schooling Jim Crow: The Fight for Atlanta's
Booker T. Washington High School and the Roots of Black Protest Politics, explore how Jim Crow
was resisted by Atlanta’s black elite and black political consciousness shifted from respectability
politics to a cross-class protest politics stressing solidarity and self-determination.
While most of the above books are concerned with how reformers influenced the development of
categories of identity like disability, sexuality, class, and race in the period, some historians have
also looked at groups that, while not particularly marginalized, have typically been overlooked as
sources of historical change. David Suisman’s Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in
American Music focuses on musicians and music entrepreneurs who ushered in an era of
commercialized music culture, changing the social landscape of America. In The Urban Pulpit:
New York City and the Fate of Liberal Evangelicalism, Matthew Bowman explores how American
religion was fractured by the social issues faced in the Progressive Era, with liberal Evangelical
reformers wanting to adapt Christianity to modern circumstances despite a conservative
Protestant opposition. Beverly Gage’s The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its
First Age of Terror discusses the early history of terrorism and counterterrorism in the United
States, as the federal government grappled with the issue of anarchist political violence.
In seeking new subjects to analyze, historians have expanded their focus beyond people to
include the environment. For example, Thomas G. Andrews’ Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest
Labor War offers a compelling and timely argument that historians should consider humans and
the environment as interconnected forces, with each shaping the other’s history. Andrews
incorporates methodology from environmental history to better understand what gave rise to the
1914 Ludlow Massacre and coalfield wars in Colorado, analyzing the relationship between the
natural world and capitalists, consumers, and coal-mining families. By focusing on the role
played by the environment, Andrews offers a new perspective on archetypal Progressive Era
subjects like industrial capitalism, unions, violence, and reform.
Some Progressive Era scholarship, meanwhile, has taken new approaches to understanding what
might be considered more traditional historical actors, their place in society, and their role in
making history. For example, historians of emotions and political communication focus on
figures like politicians and other leaders to explore the development of American political
culture, public discourse, and communications more broadly. Jeremy C. Young’s The Age of
Charisma: Leaders, Followers, and Emotions in American Society, 1870-1940 explores how
Progressive Era social movements changed American political culture, with participants in a
wide variety of movements forging emotional connections with charismatic leaders. Young’s
work uses letters and testimonials to show the perspective of followers in these social
movements as a new culture of leadership developed, characterized by emotional availability in
contrast to the more emotionally distant leadership styles of the nineteenth century. Young’s
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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work builds on other recent publications on emotion and political communication, such as
Brenton Malin’s Feeling Mediated: A History of Media Technology and Emotion in America and
David Greenberg’s Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency, which don’t
focus as exclusively on the Progressive Era, but do include it as a particularly transformative
time for the topic. This body of work flips “Great People” history on its head, focusing on the
perspectives of followers and the dynamic, ever-changing relationship between followers and
leaders, allowing us to better understand modern American politics.
As separate as some of these subjects may appear on the surface, one can certainly draw many
connections between them, and many of these areas of research will certainly inform one
another in the future. Studies of religion intersect not only with social conservative discourses
on subjects like sexuality and Americanism, but also with progressive discourses on subjects like
poverty, reform, and race. The idea of “defectives” as explored in Baynton’s work also relates to
the counterterrorism explored in Gage’s work: as social scientists framed radicals as biologically
and mentally flawed (and therefore intrinsically dangerous), antiradical immigration restrictions
became a matter of excluding unwanted types of people rather than excluding people for their
political beliefs. In addition to explaining how people were inspired to political action, as
explored in Young’s work, the study of emotions can also help us understand the fear that was
central to the period’s racism, immigrant exclusion, and repression of groups viewed as inferior
or threatening. Ultimately, these explorations of new historical actors and new topics within the
Progressive Era paint a dynamic picture of the period, with different groups in different regions
affecting and being affected by these transformative times. This picture becomes even more
multifaceted when we look beyond (and at) the borders of the United States.
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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“The Awakening” by Henry Mayer Feb. 20, 1915 for Puck.
By 1915 women in several states had the right to vote, though eastern states continued to deny woman suffrage.
This image depicts a woman bearing a torch for women’s suffrage as she moves from the west towards the
outreaching arms of eastern women working for the right to vote.
The Global Progressive Era
Although the Progressive Era describes an era of US history in particular, scholars have looked
beyond national boundaries to better understand the period. Hallmarks of the Progressive Era
include mass immigration (and sweeping immigration restriction reforms), a new era of
international diplomacy and law, and, of course, a world war, so it is no surprise that many
historians feel limited by national narratives. Earlier works, such as Atlantic Crossings: Social
Politics in a Progressive Age by Daniel T. Rodgers, have pointed to how the emblematic
progressive reforms of the period were built through interconnected efforts across nations to
address the effects of industrial capitalism. Recent works on diplomatic history, transnational
social movements, international discourses on racism, and immigration reveal the Progressive
Era United States as a participant in a number of global communities and discourses involving a
wide range of issues.
In Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men's Countries and the International Challenge of
Racial Equality, authors Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds argue that subjects like immigration
restriction, race and whiteness, and imperialism are best understood through a transnational
lens. Their narrative of interconnected projects of white supremacy across the United States,
Australia, and South Africa highlights how many histories of these subjects, by being selfcontained national stories, fail to elaborate on interconnected, international processes of racial
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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formation.
Kornel Chang’s Pacific Connections: The Making of the U.S.-Canadian Borderlands, expands the
scope of borderlands history to allow for a more multinational, rather than binational,
perspective, incorporating the US-Canada border (while most other American borderlands
histories have focused on the US-Mexico border) and its interactions with the Pacific world. In
looking at the transnational connections between the Pacific Northwest and Asia along with
issues like Chinese exclusion, Chang highlights the contradictory but simultaneous formation of
both globalization and nationalism. Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age by
Christopher McKnight Nichols explores a similar tension, examining the concurrent
development of isolationist and internationalist ideas and policies throughout the Progressive
Era. Nichols’s approach is, in a sense, both broader and more intimate in scope, utilizing the
letters of various thinkers, reformers, and politicians who grappled with the United States’ place
in the global community.
Of course, if we are to understand the Progressive Era as one that was shaped largely by
international projects, then diplomatic history becomes central to our understanding of the
period. For example, Nicole Phelps’s U.S.-Habsburg Relations from 1815 to the Paris Peace
Conference: Sovereignty Transformed shows how the United States became integrated into an
international diplomatic system and used its newfound influence in international relations to
encourage nation-states to redefine themselves around racial categories.
There are many explanations for the history of the Progressive Era in the United States being so
markedly international, from technological developments in communications and transportation
to social and cultural changes. A major impetus for American history becoming so global during
the Progressive Era, which binds many of these disparate explanations together, was the
emergence of global capitalism. The Progressive Era was so deeply marked by the rapid
development of global capitalism that Benedict Anderson, the political scientist best known for
his book Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism,
characterized the period as the “Age of Globalization.” Anderson’s work on the subject does not
focus, however, on how governments and businesses adapted to the global economy of the turn
of the century. Instead, his book The Age of Globalization: Anarchists and the Anticolonial
Imagination focuses on the transnational immigrant networks which opposed industrial
capitalism and imperialism. He argues that globalization, almost paradoxically, helped spark
nationalist movements by moving people and ideas across borders, including anarchists and
anarchism.
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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“The Hand That Will Rule the World-One Big Union” by Ralph Chaplin. Solidarity, June 30, 1917.
Drawn for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) publication Solidarity, Chaplin’s image shows workers
from a variety of occupations joining together as one fist raised in solidarity.
Anderson is far from alone in his transnational study of anarchists in the period. Jennifer
Guglielmo’s Living the Revolution: Italian Women’s Resistance and Radicalism in New York City,
1880-1945 explores how Italian women, a woefully understudied group in the history of
American radicalism, shaped working-class communities and labor organizing. Kenyon Zimmer’s
Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America focuses on how these
anti-state immigrants resisted both Old World nationalisms and American assimilation,
articulating radical views on citizenship, nationality, solidarity, and diversity that even
contemporary readers may find groundbreaking. Most recently, by involving Canada in this
transnational story and analyzing the interwar period and how anarchists endured and adapted
to state repression, Travis Tomchuk’s Transnational Radicals: Italian Anarchists in Canada and
the U.S., 1915-1940 has expanded the scope of this blooming body of literature on Italian
radicalism in the New World. Other noteworthy recent books on immigrant anarchism in the
United States include Marcella Bencivenni’s Italian Immigrant Radical Culture: The Idealism of
the Sovversivi in the United States, 1890-1940 and Paul and Karen Avrich’s Sasha and Emma:
The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman. The history of anarchism is
one case where both trends – studying new historical actors and studying a global Progressive
Era – are central to the literature.
International sport is another area where new historical actors are being studied in a global
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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context. Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets by
Gerald Gems shows how Americans used sport as part of their imperial project to deflect rivalry
and discontent and instill certain value systems. International sports were not just an imperial
project, but a contested arena wherein athletes of color gained a sense of agency and had the
opportunity to challenge the white supremacist claim to physical or biological superiority.
Theresa Runstedtler’s Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color
Line discusses how one such athlete, African American boxer Jack Johnson, resisted the global
color line. Many previous historical works have used Jack Johnson as a case study for
understanding race and gender in the United States, as public reactions to his fights against
white boxers often had much to reveal about contemporary discourses on masculinity and racial
dominance. Runstedtler shows how, even when boxing outside of the United States, Johnson’s
triumph over white men in the boxing ring and his affairs with white women in the bedroom
stirred crises surrounding prevailing notions of white supremacy, social Darwinism, and body
politics. This made visible, and sometimes called into question, central but often unspoken tenets
of white supremacy. While sport might seem innocuous as a historical subject on the surface,
Gems shows how sport was illustrative of the development of soft power in empire, and
Runstedtler shows how sport exposes broad, transnational understandings of race and the body.
Another example of such intersection between new historical actors and transnational or global
history is found in scholarship on humanitarian aid. Much of the above work focuses on how the
United States’ place in the global community was constructed through diplomacy, military
actions, and more informal, transnational networks of people and ideas. Humanitarianism is also
central to foreign relations, and modern American foreign aid practices can be traced back to
the Progressive Era. Making the World Safe: The American Red Cross and a Nation's
Humanitarian Awakening by Julia Irwin explores the subject of humanitarian aid by analyzing
the history of the American Red Cross from its founding in 1881 to the aftermath of World War
II. Irwin argues that the American Red Cross was crucial to the development of American foreign
policy as it became both a progressive force for relief and an integral part of statecraft,
international relations, and war.
As shown, recent scholarship on the Progressive Era is tremendously varied, covering topics as
diverse as race, sport, emotions, and the environment. Taken together, recent books on the
Progressive Era reveal a time when interconnected developments in society, policy, and culture
were in flux, leading to pivotal changes in the United States and the world. This multifaceted
period gave birth to so much of what defines modern America, warranting such wide-ranging
scholarship and, consequently, providing many potential points of entry for those looking to
learn more.
Adam Quinn has a master's degree in history from the University of Vermont, where he completed a
master's thesis on “The Long Red Scare: Anarchism, Antiradicalism, and Ideological Exclusion in the
Progressive Era.” The present essay on recent developments in the historiography of the Progressive
Era was edited in collaboration with H-SHGAPE, with special assistance from network editor Jeremy
C. Young.
–Jacob C. Jurss, Book Channel Assistant Editor
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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Recommended Readings
Anderson, Benedict. The Age of Globalization: Anarchists and the Anti-Colonial Imagination.
New York: Verso, 2013.
Andrews, Thomas G. Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2010.
Avrich, Karen, and Paul Avrich. Sasha and Emma: The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman
and Emma Goldman. Cambrdige, MA: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press,
2012.
Baynton, Douglas C. Defectives in the Land: Disability and Immigration in the Age of Eugenics.
Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2016.
Bencivenni, Marcella. Italian Immigrant Radical Culture: The Idealism of the Sovversivi in the
United States, 1890-1940. New York: NYU Press, 2014.
Bowman, Matthew. The Urban Pulpit: New York City and the Fate of Liberal Evangelicalism.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Canaday, Margot. The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.
Chang, Kornel. Pacific Connections: The Making of the U.S.-Canadian Borderlands. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press, 2012.
Driskell, Jay Winston Jr. Schooling Jim Crow: The Fight for Atlanta’s Booker T. Washington High
School and the Roots of Black Protest Politics. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014.
Gabaccia, Donna R. Foreign Relations: American Immigration in Global Perspective. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Gage, Beverly. The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Gems, Gerald R. Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and
Bayonets. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016.
Greenberg, David. Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency. New York: W.
W. Norton & Company, 2016.
Guglielmo, Jennifer. Living the Revolution: Italian Women’s Resistance and Radicalism in New
York City, 1880-1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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Huyssen, David. Progressive Inequality: Rich and Poor in New York, 1890-1920. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2014.
Irwin, Julia F. Making the World Safe: The American Red Cross and a Nation’s Humanitarian
Awakening. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Lake, Marilyn, and Henry Reynolds. Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and
the International Challenge of Racial Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Leonard, Thomas C. Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the
Progressive Era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.
Malin, Brenton J. Feeling Mediated: A History of Media Technology and Emotion in America.
New York: NYU Press, 2014.
Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of
Modern Urban America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Nichols, Christopher McKnight. Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
Phelps, Nicole M. U.S.-Habsburg Relations from 1815 to the Paris Peace Conference:
Sovereignty Transformed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Prince, K. Stephen. Stories of the South: Race and the Reconstruction of Southern Identity,
1865-1915. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
Rodgers, Daniel T. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age. Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
Rosenberg, Emily S., ed. A World Connecting, 1870-1945. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press, 2012.
Runstedtler, Theresa. Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color
Line. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013.
Rutkoff, Peter M., and William B. Scott. Fly Away: The Great African American Cultural
Migrations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
Suisman, David. Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
Tomchuk, Travis. Transnational Radicals: Italian Anarchists in Canada and the U.S., 1915-1940.
Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press, 2015.
Young, Jeremy C. The Age of Charisma: Leaders, Followers, and Emotions in American Society,
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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1870-1940. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Zimmer, Kenyon. Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
Citation: Adam Quinn. Reforming History: Contemporary Scholarship on the Progressive Era. JHistory. 05-11-2017. https://networks.hnet.org/node/14542/discussions/179611/reforming-history-contemporary-scholarship-progressive-era
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