$FWDKXPDQLWDULFDXQLYHUVLWDWLV6DXOHQVLV7±
,661
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
6ROYHLJD68â,16.,(1Ơ
âLDXOLǐXQLYHUVLWHWDV
.H\ZRUGVFRIIHHWUDQVLWLYLW\VHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQVSURFHVVHV.
,QWURGXFWRU\REVHUYDWLRQV
%HLQJFRIIHHORYHU,OLNHVSHQGLQJTXLWHDORWRIWLPHUHDGLQJUHYLHZVRIFRIIHH
:KLOH P\ PDLQ IRFXV RI DWWHQWLRQ LV XVXDOO\ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI
FRIIHH¶VWDVWHDQGVPHOODQRWKHUFRPSRQHQWRIVXFKUHYLHZVKDVUHFHQWO\DWWUDFWHG
my interest as a linguist, namely the fact that a sizeable number of them are
H[SUHVVHGLQWKHIRUPRIVHPDQWLFWUDQVLWLYLW\VWUXFWXUHV7KHXVHRIWKHVHPDQWLF
WUDQVLWLYLW\LQUHYLHZVUHODWHGWRFRIIHHUDLVHVWKHTXHVWLRQRIZK\VXFKVHQWHQFH
VWUXFWXUHVVKRXOGEHHI¿FLHQWDQGZKHWKHUWKHGLVFRXUVHIXQFWLRQRIUHYLHZVIRVWHUV
VHPDQWLFWUDQVLWLYLW\H[SUHVVLRQVPRUHJHQHUDOO\
7UDQVLWLYLW\ KDV EHHQ DQDO\]HG DQG GH¿QHG LQ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW ZD\V GXULQJ
the history of linguistics. Transitivity is conceived as a semantic phenomenon.
7UDQVLWLYHVHQWHQFHVDUHVHQWHQFHVZKLFKGHVFULEHHYHQWVWKDWLQYROYHDWUDQVIHURI
HQHUJ\IURPRQHHQWLW\WRDQRWKHUIURP6XEMHFWWR2EMHFW)RULQVWDQFH
&LUR7DVWHWKH)UHVKQHVV &LURWUDGHPDUN6RXWK$IULFD$GYHUWLVLQJVORJDQ
The recommendation issued in the above slogan takes scope over a conceptual
HYHQW IUDPH ZLWK D 7DVWH HYHQW DQG WZR SDUWLFLSDQWV DQ LPSOLFLW $JHQW WKH
FRQVXPHUDQGDQ$IIHFWHGWKH)UHVKQHVV that stands for coffee). The WDVWH event
DV VXFK LV WUDQVLWLYH WKH WUDQVIHU RI DFWLRQ IURP WKH$JHQW WR WKH$IIHFWHG LV D
forceful source of energy transfer.
7KLVVWXG\LVSRWHQWLDOO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIPHDQLQJVUHDOL]HG
through the transitivity system. The notion of transitivity is generally perceived as
DZD\RIGLVWLQJXLVKLQJEHWZHHQYHUEVDFFRUGLQJWRZKHWKHUWKH\KDYHDQ2EMHFW
'LUHFWRU,QGLUHFWRUQRW,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKHWHUPWUDQVLWLYLW\LVXVHGLQD
PXFKEURDGHUVHQVHLWUHIHUVWRDV\VWHPIRUGHVFULELQJWKHZKROHFODXVHUDWKHU
than the verb and its Object. *HRII 7KRPSVRQ DUJXHV WKDW WKHUH DUH
WKUHHEDVLFTXHVWLRQVWKDWFDQEHDVNHGDERXWDQ\SURFHVVDQGWKHFODXVHRIZKLFK
LWIRUPVWKHQXFOHXV
:KDWNLQGRISURFHVVLVLW"
+RZPDQ\SDUWLFLSDQWVFDQPXVWEHLQYROYHGLQWKHSURFHVV"
:KDWUROHVFDQPXVWWKRVHSDUWLFLSDQWVSOD\"
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
To put in 0LFKDHO $OH[DQGHU .LUNZRRG +DOOLGD\¶V WHUPV WKH
V\VWHP RI WUDQVLWLYLW\ DOORZV IRU ³FRQVWUXLQJ WKH ZRUOG RI H[SHULHQFH LQWR D
PDQDJHDEOHVHWRISURFHVVW\SHV´DQGVRLWLVWKURXJKWKLVV\VWHPWKDWDFHQWUDO
SRUWLRQRIWKHµH[SHULHQWLDO¶PHWDIXQFWLRQLVUHDOL]HG7KHDQDO\VLVRISURFHVVHVDQG
SDUWLFLSDQWUROHVLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLQVLJKWIXOZD\VRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHSHUVRQ¶V
YLHZ RI WKH ZRUOG7KH DXWKRU SURGXFLQJ D VSRNHQ RU ZULWWHQ WH[W RIWHQ UHYHDOV
TXLWHXQFRQVFLRXVO\KLVKHUZRUOGYLHZ
Thus in the present research the notion of transitivity is seen as enabling us to
UHIHUWRHYHQWVWKDWUHDOL]HWKHSURFHVVLHWKHYHUEZLWKLWVDVVRFLDWHGSDUWLFLSDQWV
LHVHPDQWLFUROHV7KLVSDSHUFRQFHQWUDWHVRQWKHEUDQGVRIFRIIHHXVLQJWKHGDWD
IURPUHYLHZVDERXWFDIHVDQGWKHFRIIHHVHUYHGLQWKHP,WDUJXHVWKDWWKHQDWXUH
RIUHYLHZVIRVWHUVVHPDQWLFWUDQVLWLYHVWUXFWXUHV7KHYDULRXVIRUPDOGLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ WKH UHYLHZV DUH H[DPLQHG LQ WHUPV RI WKH UHODWLYH VDOLHQFH RI WKH UROHV
played by the semantic participants and the dynamicity of the event.
7KHDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWUHVHDUFKLVWZRIROGWRDQDO\]HWKHIXQFWLRQDOSRWHQWLDORI
WKHZRUGVUHODWHGWRFRIIHHDQGZKDWVHPDQWLFUROHVWKH\SHUIRUPHPEHGGHGLQWKH
SURFHVVHV7RVXEVWDQWLDWHWKHDLPWKHIROORZLQJREMHFWLYHVKDYHEHHQVHWXS
7RRYHUYLHZWKHWKHRU\RIWKHWUDQVLWLYLW\ZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRI6\VWHPLF
)XQFWLRQDO/LQJXLVWLFV
2. To reveal and describe the semantic process types.
7R DQDO\]H WKH WUDQVLWLYLW\ RI VHPDQWLF SDUWLFLSDQW UROHV SHUIRUPHG E\ WKH
ZRUGVUHODWHGWRFRIIHH.
7KH VRXUFH RI GDWD XVHG LQ WKLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LV RQOLQH UHYLHZV UHODWHG WR
FRIIHH 7KH VWXG\ LV EDVHG RQ D VXEFRUSXV RI UDQGRPO\ FROOHFWHG UHYLHZV IURP
WKH IROORZLQJ ZHEVLWHV KWWSZZZPHOERXUQHFRIIHHUHYLHZFRP/, KWWSZZZ
EDQQLVWHUGRZQVFRPDXGDLU\ORXQJHKWm, KWWSZZZEHDQKXQWHUFRPFDIHVUH
YLHZFDUWHOEUHDNZDWHr.
7KH WKHRUHWLFDO PDWHULDO WKDW , ZLOO EH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK LV GHVFULEHG LQ VXFK D
ZD\ DV WR JLYH DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH PDLQ LGHDV RI NH\ VWXGLHV LQ WKH DUHD UDWKHU
WKDQDQH[KDXVWLYHKLVWRULFDOGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIWUDQVLWLYLW\7KHFKDSWHU
EHORZSURYLGHVWKHFRQFHSWRIWUDQVLWLYLW\ZLWKLQWKHWKHRU\RI6\VWHPLF)XQFWLRQDO
/LQJXLVWLFV6)/ZKHUHWKHOLQJXLVWVDUHLQWHUHVWHGLQZKDWKDSSHQVLQLQVWDQFHV
produced by individuals.1
$EULHIRYHUYLHZRIWKHRUHWLFDOSUHUHTXLVLWHV
7KHFRQWHQWRIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVDVLWXDWLRQZKLFKGRHVQRWUHIHUGLUHFWO\WR
DQH[WUDOLQJXLVWLFUHDOLW\ZKLFKH[LVWVLQWKHUHDOZRUOGEXWUDWKHUWRWKHVSHDNHU¶V
conceptualization of it. The components of this conceptualization of reality are
VHPDQWLF IXQFWLRQV RU UROHV SURFHVVHV SDUWLFLSDQWV and FLUFXPVWDQFHV /XFLHQ
7HVQLqUH EDVHV KLV WKHRU\ RQ D VHPDQWLF GHVLJQ RI WKH VHQWHQFH
GHVFULELQJ LW DV D PLQLDWXUH GUDPD ZLWK WKH YHUE LQ D OHDGLQJ UROH UHIHUULQJ WR
0$.+DOOLGD\LVWKHRULJLQDWRURIWKHWKHRU\DQGKLVZRUNVZLOOWKHUHIRUH
be considered in particular detail.
1
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
D SURFHVV DQG LQ DGGLWLRQ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV DFWDQWV DQG WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV 2I
DOO WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI D VLWXDWLRQ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LV WKH SURFHVV 7R TXRWH
+DOOLGD\³UHDOLW\LVPDGHXSRISURFHVVHV´:LWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRI
6)/WUDQVLWLYLW\LVSHUFHLYHGDVWKHVHPDQWLFFODVVL¿FDWLRQRISURFHVVHVDQGRUWKH
associated semantic roles in a clause.
7KHSURFHVVW\SHV\VWHPLVH[SUHVVVHGLQDSDUDGLJP7KHSURFHVVLVH[SUHVVHG
E\ D YHUE ZKLFK LV FRUH RI DQ\ FODXVH 7KH IROORZLQJ W\SHV RI SURFHVVHV DUH
GLVWLQJXLVKHG LQ 6)/ PDWHULDO KDSSHQLQJ PHQWDO YHUEDO UHODWLRQDO DQG
H[LVWHQWLDO + D O O L G D \ ' R Z Q L Q J / R F N H 7 K R P S V R Q
9 D O H L N D 9 D Q 9 D O L Q / D 3 R O O D 2 7KHVH VL[ SURFHVV
W\SHVUHSUHVHQWGLIIHUHQWGHJUHHVRIG\QDPLVPUDQJLQJIURPPDWHULDOSURFHVVHVDV
WKHPRVWG\QDPLFWRWKHOHDVWG\QDPLF±H[LVWHQWLDO7KHSLYRWDODUJXPHQWRIWKH
WUDQVLWLYLW\V\VWHPLVWKDWRXUH[SHULHQFHVRIOLIHFRQVLVWRIJRLQJRQWKDWDUHVKDUHG
E\SHRSOHWKURXJKFODXVHVZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHODQJXDJHWKH\XVHWRFRPPXQLFDWH
7KHFKRLFHRISURFHVVLQYROYHVDSDUWLFXODUFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRISDUWLFLSDQWUROHV
7RSXWLQRWKHUWHUPVHDFKSURFHVVLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWSDUWLFLSDQWUROHV
RFFXUULQJLQGLIIHUHQWFRQ¿JXUDWLRQV5DQGROSK4XLUNHWDOVWDWHWKDW
³E\ SDUWLFLSDQWV ZH XQGHUVWDQG HQWLWLHV UHDOL]HG E\ QRXQ SKUDVHV ZKHWKHU VXFK
HQWLWLHVDUHFRQFUHWHRUDEVWUDFW´)RUH[DPSOHWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIPDWHULDOSURFHVV
LQYROYHV FKRRVLQJ WKH DVVRFLDWHG VHPDQWLF UROHV RI DQ $JHQW REOLJDWRU\ DQG
RSWLRQDOSDUWLFLSDQWVVXFKDV*RDO5HVXOW$IIHFWHG3DWLHQW5DQJH%HQH¿FLHU\
DQG 5HFLSLHQW ZKHUHDV WKH FKRLFH RI D PHQWDO SURFHVV LQYROYHV WKH UROHV VXFK
as Senser and Phenomenon. Furthermore, the roles of Sayer and Verbiage are
embedded in verbal process clauses and the roles of Carrier and Accompaniment
function in relational processes. So, in describing the clauses as transitivity
VWUXFWXUHVZHKDYHQRWRQO\WRGHVFULEHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSURFHVVW\SHVEXW
DOVRWKHDVVRFLDWHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQIXQFWLRQDOSDUWLFLSDQWUROHVDVZHOODVWKHSRVVLEOH
choice of circumstances.
,QDQDO\]LQJWUDQVLWLYLW\VWUXFWXUHLQDFODXVHZHDUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKGHVFULELQJ
WKUHHDVSHFWVRIWKHFODXVHWKHVHOHFWLRQRIDSURFHVVZKLFKLVUHDOL]HGLQYHUE
HJ<HVWHUGD\-RKQhadDFXSRIFRIIHH, 2) the selection of semantic participant
roles that are realized in the nominal groups and depend on the type of process
HJ<HVWHUGD\-RKQKDGDFXSRIFRIIHHWKHVHOHFWLRQRIFLUFXPVWDQFHVWKDWDUH
H[SUHVVHGWKURXJKDGYHUELDOJURXSVRUSUHSRVLWLRQDOSKUDVHVHJ<HVWHUGD\-RKQ
KDGDFXSRIFRIIHH. Differences in process types are conceived as differences in
WUDQVLWLYLW\LHWKHWUDQVLWLYLW\RIDFODXVHLVLWVSURFHVVW\SH&I( J J L Q V (DFKSURFHVVW\SHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFHUWDLQVHPDQWLFSDUWLFLSDQWUROHVDQG
DQ\SURFHVVW\SHPD\KDYHFLUFXPVWDQWLDOHOHPHQWVLQLW,QWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUV
ZHZLOOFRQFHQWUDWHRQGHVFULELQJPDWHULDOPHQWDOYHUEDODQGUHODWLRQDOSURFHVVHV
DQGWKHLUDVVRFLDWHGFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVRISDUWLFLSDQWUROHVWKDWDUHXQGHUWDNHQE\WKH
ZRUGVUHODWHGWRFRIIHH.
$Q\VHPDQWLFFODVVL¿FDWLRQLVSUREOHPDWLF7KHVHPDQWLFSURFHVVW\SHVFDQQRWEHHLWKHU
H[KDXVWLYHRUXQFRQWURYHUVLDO$VRIWRGD\DEHWWHUFODVVL¿FDWLRQKDVQRWEHHQRIIHUHG
2
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
0DWHULDOSURFHVVFODXVHV
0DWHULDOSURFHVVHVDUHSURFHVVHVRI³GRLQJ´7RFLWH+DOOLGD\³7KH\
H[SUHVVWKHQRWLRQWKDWVRPH HQWLW\µGRHV¶ VRPHWKLQJ± ZKLFK PD\ EH GRQH µWR¶
VRPHRWKHUHQWLW\´0DWHULDOSURFHVVFODXVHVDUHWKRVHLQYROYLQJSK\VLFDODFWLRQ
UXQQLQJMXPSLQJVWDQGLQJXSEDNLQJHWF7KHPDLQLGHQWL¿FDWLRQFULWHULRQIRU
PDWHULDO SURFHVVHV LV WKDW WKH\ FDQ EH SUREHG E\ DVNLQJ :KDW GLG [ GR" Any
material process has an Agent, even though it may not actually be mentioned in the
FODXVHLPSOLHG$JHQW$JHQWVDUHXVXDOO\RIWZRW\SHVDQLPDWHDQGLQDQLPDWHRU
DEVWUDFWHQWLW\&RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV
:KHQP\ÀDWZKLWHDUULYHG,ZDVRYHUMR\HG
&DUWHOLVDURXJKGLDPRQGLWLVORFDWHGGHHSLQDQLQGXVWULDOHVWDWHDQG
IURP WKH RXWVLGH DSSHDUV GDWHG DQG XQORYHG 6WHS LQVLGH DQG ZKDW D FUD]\ DQG
HQGHDULQJSODFH+DYLQJVDLGWKDWLWLVQRWWKHDHVWKHWLFVWKDWDWWUDFWWKHPDVVHV
0\ODWWHZDVPHDW\DQGGDULQJ7KHORYHO\ELWWHUQHVVRIWKHFRIIHHFXWWKURXJKWKH
EHDXWLIXOO\WH[WXUHGPLONLWZDVLQWHQVH
7KH &RORPELDQ VLQJOH RULJLQ GRXEOH ULVWUHWWR left PH OLFNLQJ P\ OLSV VWXQQLQJ
As it has already been mentioned, Agents are prototypically animates, especially
humans, and are characterized by control, volition, intentionality and force. Some
inanimate entities can also have control over the action, but obviously they cannot
KDYHDQ\LQWHQWLRQDOLW\7KLVOHDGVWRWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIRQHPRUHVHPDQWLFUROH±
)RUFH&RQVLGHU
$IWHUFRIIHHV,DPDERXWWRMXPSRIWKHZDOOVEXWKDGDJUHDWDIWHUQRRQ
LQ*HHORQJZLWKDJUHDWFKDQFHWRFKDWWRJX\VFKHFNRXWWKHPDFKLQHU\DQGWKH
DZHVRPHWHDKRXVH2YHUDOOYHU\HFOHFWLFDQGTXLUN\DQGVRPHORYHO\IRRGDQG
FRIIHHWKHDFFRPSDQ\LW
0\PDWHZKRLVDFRIIHHQXWGUDJJHGPHGRZQWKHKLJKZD\WRH[SHULHQFH
WKHVHJX\VODVWZHHNHQG%$01RWGLVDSSRLQWHG,WZDVMXVWDIXOORQH[SHULHQFH
0RUHWKDQMXVWP\XVXDOODWWH$ÀDYRXUERPE
(YHU\RQHUDYHVDERXWWKHVHJX\VEXWLWLVDFWXDOO\TXLWHMXVWL¿HG1RWKLQJ
TXLWHOLNHDFDIIHLQHKLWIURPFDUWHORUDEXEEDFLQRIRUWKHNLGV5HDOO\VSHFLDO
FRIIHHVRFRQVLVWHQW
7KLVSODFHKDVWXUQHGLQWRDGDLO\KDELWRIPLQH7KHLUFRIIHHLVDPD]LQJ
DQGWRWDOO\DGGLFWLYHVRSHUIHFWO\FUHDP\DQGQRWDELWWHUEHDQLQVLJKW0\QHZ
IDYRXULWHSODFH
2WKHUSDUWLFLSDQWVLHVHPDQWLFUROHVLQDµGRLQJ¶SURFHVVDUHWKH$IIHFWHG
WKH(IIHFWHGDQGWKH%HQH¿FLHU\$WUDQVLWLYHHYHQWLVWUDGLWLRQDOO\GH¿QHGDVD
G\QDPLFHYHQWZKHUHDYROLWLRQDOO\DFWLQJ$JHQWSHUIRUPVRQDSDUWLFLSDQWFDOOHG
$IIHFWHG3DWLHQW)RULQVWDQFH
)LUVWO\hadDQ(WKLRSLDQEOHQGODWWH±ZDVDQRGGÀDYRXUDQGSUREDEO\P\
OHDVWIDYRXULWHRIWKHGD\EXWJUHDWSUHVHQWDWLRQ
$PD]LQJFRIIHHEOHQGVURDVWHGLQKRXVHZLWKDIXQN\XSEHDWDWPRVSKHUH
:HKHDGHGWRWKHFRXQWHUZLWKD/D&LPEDOLVLWWLQJWKHUHDOOQLFHDQGVKLQ\
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
ZHRUGHUHGDÀDWZKLWHODWWHDQGFDSRDORQJZLWKWKHREOLJDWRU\VFRQHVMDPDQG
%DQQLVWHU'RZQVFUHDPRIFRXUVH
«! FDQQRW EHOLHYH WKLV FDIH LV RSHUDWLQJ LQ DQ LQGXVWULDO HVWDWH LQ
%UHDNZDWHU*HHORQJ7KHLUVNLOODQGNQRZOHGJHLQURDVWLQJDQGpreparingFRIIHH
LQDOOIRUPVLVDPD]LQJIRUDFRXQWU\WRZQDQGSXWVPDQ\FDIHVDQGURDVWHUVLQ
0HOERXUQHWRVKDPH
)ODZOHVVFRIIHH7U\LW¿OWHUHGWU\LWLFHGWU\LWDIIRJDWRRUWU\LWVWUDLJKW
up±WKHVHJX\VKDYHWKHEHDQWKHPDFKLQHDQGWKHWUDLQLQJWRLPSUHVV
%HVW FRIIHH ,¶YH WDVWHG LQ 1HZ <RUN , WULHG WKH HVSUHVVR DQG LW ZDV
LQFUHGLEOH9HU\VPRRWKSHUIHFWDPRXQWRIFUHPDJUHDW(WKLRSLDQEOHQGH[WUDFWHG
DWMXVWWKHULJKWWHPSHUDWXUH7KHEDUVHWWLQJLVJUHDWEXWLI\RXQHHGDVHDWWKHUH¶V
DELJURRPIXOORIFRXFKHVWKURXJKWKHGRRUVRQWKHVLGH
:HDUHYHU\OXFN\WRKDYH&RVWD1RRVD([SUHVVRQHDUWRZKHUHZHOLYH
WKDWFRQVLVWHQWO\PDNHVFRIIHHWKDWQHYHUIDLOVWRVDWLVI\5HFHQWO\ZHWUDYHOHGWR
(XURSHWKURXJK)UDQFH6SDLQ(QJODQGDQG,UHODQGH[SHFWLQJWREHDEOHWRPDNH
FRPSDULVRQVZLWKWKHFRIIHHKRXVHVRI(XURSH:HWULHGDQGWULHGWR¿QGDFRIIHH
WKDWZRXOGFRPSDUHZLWK³&RVWD´EXWZHUHXQVXFFHVVIXO:HFRXOGQ¶WZDLWWRJHW
EDFNDQGKDYHRXU³XVXDO´FRIIHHIURP&RVWD1RRVD
2QH IXUWKHU SDUWLFLSDQW ZKLFK PD\ RFFXU LQ D PDWHULDO SURFHVV FODXVH LV WKH
%HQH¿FLDU\+DOOLGD\QRWHVWKDWWKLVLVDQRWXVXDOIRUDQµLQDQLPDWH¶
SDUWLFLSDQWWRRFFXUDVµEHQH¿FLDU\¶XQOHVVLQDTXDVLPHWDSKRULFDOXVDJH,QWKH
FRUSXV XQGHU DQDO\VLV WKH FODXVHV LQYROYH WZR SDUWLFLSDQWV WKH $JHQW DQG WKH
%HQH¿FLDU\WKDWEHQH¿WIURPWKH$JHQW
:LWK WKH WDVWH RI P\ VKRUW EODFN VWLOO OLQJHULQJ , RUGHUHG D VWURQJ ODWWH
WRIROORZZKLFKZDVHTXDOO\LPSUHVVLYH6PRRWKFUHDP\PLONJLYLQJWKHSXQFK\
FRIIHHWKHURXQGFRQVLVWHQF\DQGIXOOFUHDP\PRXWKIHHO,ORYHLQPLONFRIIHHV
$VLQZLQHFRIIHHJHWVLWVDURPDVRUÀDYRUVIURPWKHVRLODQGWKHFOLPDWLF
HQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKWKHFRIIHHSODQWJURZV
7KH(IIHFWHG3DWLHQW5HVXOWLVZKDWLVWUDGLWLRQDOO\FDOOHGWKH2EMHFWRI5HVXOW
+DOOLGD\FDOOVWKLVµFUHDWLYH¶DQGWKHSDUWLFLSDQWWKDWUHVXOWVIURPLWLV
FDOOHGWKH*RDO6LPLODUO\DVSURSRVHGE\(JJLQV³WKH*RDOLVWKDW
SDUWLFLSDQWDWZKRPWKHSURFHVVLVGLUHFWHGWRZKRPWKHDFWLRQLVH[WHQGHG´)RU
H[DPSOH
,KDGIRXQGLW±P\OLWWOHORFDOJHP&RIIHHZDVVWURQJZLWKEHDXWLIXOO\
WH[WXUHGPLONDQGJUHDWH[DPSOHRIODWWHDUW7KLVEDULVWDFOHDUO\NQHZZKDWKHZDV
doing.
+DGWRPDNHWKHWULSGRZQDIWHUDIHZIULHQGVGHVFULEHGWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV
KHUH <HDK EULOOLDQW 7KH H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH FRIIHH , ZDV GULQNLQJ DQG WKH
SDVVLRQLWZDVVHUYHGZLWKPDGHIURPDQDZHVRPHFRIIHHH[SHULHQFH:LOOYHQWXUH
GRZQWKHKLJKZD\DJDLQ
«! E\ VNLOOHG DQG SHUVRQDEOH EDULVWDV 7KLV SODFH LV D FRIIHH ORYHUV
GUHDP7KHFRIIHHLVIDQWDVWLFPDGH
+HUYH\ ED\V QHZHVW HVSUHVVR EDU FRV\ IULHQGO\ ZLWK JUHDW DWPRVSKHUH
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
&RIIHHLVPDGHZHOOZLWKDWWHQWLRQWRGHWDLOVHUYLQJEOHQGVDQGVLQJOHRULJLQV-XVW
ZKDW+HUYH\%D\QHHGV
7KH FRIIHH IURP WKH JRRG EHDQ LV FRQVLVWHQWO\ EUHZHG WR WKH KLJKHVW
VWDQGDUGDQGPDGHZLWK¿QHEOHQGVZKLFKWKHVWDIIDUHKDSS\WRH[SODLQWKHVSHFLDO
EHDQRIWKHGD\6HUYLFHLVJUHDWWKHTXHXHVVXJJHVWRQHWKLQJWRPH³7KHEHVW
FRIIHHRQWKHFRDVW´/RRNLQJIRUZDUGWRP\QH[WIUHFNOH
)UHPDQWOHKDV¿QDOO\JRWDFDIHVHUYLQJJUHDWFRIIHHDWDFRQVLVWHQWVWDQGDUG
DQGKDVOLYHGXSWRDOORIWKHJRRGWKLQJV,KDYHKHDUGIURPRWKHUZRUVKLSSLHUVRI
WKHKXPEOHEHDQ
*RRGFRIIHHEXW,WKLQNWKHK\SHWKDWWKLVSODFHJHWVDVEHVWFRIIHHLQ$XVWUDOLD±
HVSHFLDOO\LQUHVSHFWWRWKLVVLWHDUHVRPHZKDWXQZDUUDQWHG7KHUHDUHVRPHUHDO
KLGGHQJHPVDURXQGWKHDUHDWKDWDUHVRXQLTXHDQGSURGXFHLPSHFFDEOHFRIIHHV
(DFKFRIIHHZDVFUDIWHGZLWKH[FHOOHQFH
7KHH[DPSOHVDERYHSURYHWKDWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHZD\SHRSOHYLHZWKHZRUOG
WKH\ H[SUHVV WKHPVHOYHV LQ SDUWLFXODU ZD\V ZKLFK LQ WKH WUDQVLWLYLW\ V\VWHP DUH
H[SUHVVHGWKURXJKSURFHVVHV
0HQWDOSURFHVVFODXVHV
3HRSOHQRWDOZD\VWDONDERXWWKHSURFHVVHVRIGRLQJLHZHQRWRQO\WDONZKDW
ZH DUH GRLQJ EXW DOVR ZDKW ZH WKLQN IHHO SHUFHLYH ORYH HWF +DOOLGD\ FDOOVSURFHVVHVZKLFKHQFRGHPHDQLQJVRIWKLQNLQJRUIHHOLQJPHQWDOSURFHVVHV
0HQWDOSURFHVVFODXVHVDUHXVXDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWZRSDUWLFLSDQWVWKH6HQVHUDQG
WKH3KHQRPHQRQ7KH6HQVHUZKRIHHOVWKLQNVRUSHUFHLYHVLVDQLPDWHRUDVWKH
SUHVHQWDQDO\VLVSURYHVLVDQDQWKURSRPRU¿]HGLQDQLPDWH&RQVLGHU
&DUWHO FRIIHH UHDOO\ GR NQRZ HYHU\WKLQJ WKHUH LV WR NQRZ DERXW FRIIHH
UHFHQWO\WKHURDVWHUMXVWWUDYHOHGWR-DSDQIRUWKHORYHRIWKHEHDQWUXHSDVVLRQ
WKHUH
The second participant in a mental process clause is the Phenomenon that is
IHOWSHUFHLYHGORYHGHWFE\WKH6HQVHU&RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV
6R,KDYHXVHGWKHEHDQKXQWHUDSSIRUDJHVZLWKRXWUHJLVWHULQJEXWDIWHU
H[SHULHQFLQJWKHFRIIHHKHUH,IHOWWKHQHHGWRFRQWULEXWH/LNHWKHRWKHUUHYLHZV
KDYHSUHVVHGXSRQWKHRZQHUVKHUHDUHFOHDUO\SDVVLRQDWHDERXWWKHLUFRIIHHDQG
WKDW¶VJUHDWLGRQ¶WUHDOO\QHHGWRUHSHDWWKDWDJDLQ
3URSHU$URPD)ODYRUSUR¿OLQJLVDOOWRRRIWHQQHJOHFWHGLQ&RIIHH&RIIHH
$URPDV)ODYRUVDUHHVVHQWLDOWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGDSSUHFLDWLQJFRIIHH
7KLVSODFHKDVWREHVHHQWREHEHOLHYHGVPDFNEDQJLQWKHPLGGOHRID
LQGXVWULDOHVWDWHLVWKHODVWSODFHRQHZRXOGH[SHFWWR¿QGFRIIHHRIKLJKHVWTXDOLW\
EXWEHOLHYHLWWKHVHJX\VDUHWKHUHDOGHDO!EDULVWDVWDIIZHUHJHQXLQHO\
NLQGNQHZWKHLUFRIIHHORYHGEHLQJUHFRPPHQGHGWKHVLQJOHRULJLQKDUUDUIURP
(WKLRSLDIRUP\HVSUHVVRDQGWKHFDUWHOKRXVHEOHQGIRUP\ODWWHDQGGHOLYHUHGWZR
RXWVWDQGLQJFRIIHHV
,WUXO\DSSUHFLDWHGWKHIUHHHVSUHVVRVKRWMXVWEHFDXVH\RXZHUHVRSURXG
of\RXUFRIIHHDQGZDQWHGWRVKDUHWKHORYH
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
6HWKDW.DLDVNHGPHWRWUXVWKLPDQGUHFHQWO\,HQMR\HGP\¿UVW.DLFRIIHH
ZLWKRXWDQ\FKRFRODWHLQLW7KH\KDYHVXFFHHGHGZKHUHHYHU\RWKHUDWWHPSWIDLOHG
&RIIHHPDVWHU\&KHFNLW
,ORYHWKHFRIIHHWKDWFRPHVRXWRIWKLVOLWWOHSODFH
:HOLYHGMXVWDURXQGWKHFRUQHUIURPWKLVOLWWOHJHPDQG,XVHGWRIDOODVOHHS
DQGZDNHXSGUHDPLQJRIWKHLUFRQVLVWHQWO\SHUIHFWFRIIHH6XSHUIULHQGO\XEHU
FRROH[TXLVLWHIRRGDQGSHUIHFWFRIIHH
,NQRZLWFDQEHKDUGWRPRYHTXLFNO\RQD)ULGD\HYHQLQJEXWLI\RXZDQW
IUHVKFRIIHHWKHZD\LWZDVPHDQWWREHH[SHULHQFHG\RX¶GEHWWHUJHWVRPHKXVWOH
RQ
,KDYHDQLQIDWXDWLRQZLWKFRIIHHZKLFKVWDUWHGLQ1HZ=HDODQGMXVWRYHU
\HDUVDJRDQG,KDYHVWDUWHGUHYLHZLQJWRVKDUHP\H[FLWHPHQWIRUDQGH[SHULHQFH
RIWKH0HOERXUQHFRIIHHFXOWXUH
$VLWLVVHHQIURPWKHH[DPSOHVWKHFRIIHH may be H[SHULHQFHGXQGHUVWRRG
DSSUHFLDWHGIRXQGNQRZQHQMR\HGORYHGGUHDPWRI etc.
9HUEDOSURFHVVFODXVHV
Verbal processes are processes of VD\LQJ and all its synonyms. A verbal process
W\SLFDOO\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWZRSDUWLFLSDQWVWKH6D\HUDQGWKH9HUELDJH7KH6D\HU
is a participant that is responsible for the verbal process itself and does not have to
EHDFRQVFLRXVSDUWLFLSDQWDVLQWKHH[DPSOHEHORZ
%XWWKHVSHHGGRHVQRWDIIHFWWKHTXDOLW\DQLQN\VKRUWEODFNLVULFKDQG
VZHHWZKLOHDFDIpODWWHVLQJVZLWKÀDYRXU
7KHH[DPSOHDERYHSURYHVWKDWDFDIpODWWHLVFDSDEOHRIµSXWWLQJRXWDVLJQDO¶
in the form of singing.
7KH 9HUELDJH LV ³D QRPLQDOL]HG VWDWHPHQW RI WKH YHUEDO SURFHVV D QRXQ
H[SUHVVLQJVRPHNLQGRIYHUEDOEHKDYLRXUHJVWDWHPHQWTXHVWLRQVUHWRUWDQVZHU
VWRU\´( J J L Q V 7RSXWLQPHWDSKRULFDOWHUPVWKHZRUGFRIIHH may
SHUIRUPWKHVHPDQWLFUROHRI9HUELDJHDVZHOO)RUH[DPSOH
(YHU\WKLQJIURPFROGGULSWRV\SKRQLVDYDLODEOHDQGWKHVWDIIDUHDOZD\V
KDSS\WRUHFRPPHQGDFRIIHHDQGDEUHZLQJVW\OHZKLFKPDWFKHVLWEHVWIRUWKH
EHVWH[SHULHQFH
7KH VWDOO ZLWK QR QDPH UXQ E\ :RUOG %DULVWD &KDPSLRQ *ZLO\P
'DYLHVDQGFRVWDIIHGE\VRPHDPD]LQJEDULVWDVLVDJUHDWSODFHWRYLVLWKDQJRXW
DQGWDONFRIIHH
The last type to be discussed in the relation of transitivity is the description of
relational clauses.
5HODWLRQDOSURFHVVFODXVHV
7KHFDWHJRU\RIUHODWLRQDOFODXVHVUHVWVRQWKHQRWLRQRIµEHLQJ¶7KHSURFHVV
ZKLFK LV JHQHUDOO\ H[SUHVVHG E\ D YHUE RI EHLQJ, has much less meaning than,
IRUH[DPSOHPDWHULDODQGPHQWDOSURFHVVHV5HODWLRQDOSURFHVVFODXVHVFRQVWLWXWH
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
WKUHH FDWHJRULHV ,QWHQVLYH RU$WWULEXWLYH µ[ LV D¶ HJ &RIIHH LV SHUIHFW), 2)
3RVVHVVLYHµ[KDVD¶HJ-RKQRZQVWKHFDIpDQG&LUFXPVWDQWLDOµ[LVDWLQD¶
HJ0DU\DQG-RKQDUHLQDFDIp).
$Q,QWHQVLYHUHODWLRQDOSURFHVVLQYROYHVWKHFRKHVLRQEHWZHHQWZRWHUPVZKHUH
WKHUHODWLRQVKLSLVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHYHUEEHRULWVV\QRQ\P,QWKLVW\SHDTXDOLW\RU
GHVFULSWLRQ$WWULEXWHLVDVVLJQHGWRDSDUWLFLSDQW&DUULHU7KHVHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQ
RI&DUULHULVUHDOL]HGE\DQRXQRUQRPLQDOJURXSZKLOHWKH$WWULEXWHLVUHDOL]HGE\
DQDGMHFWLYHRUQRPLQDOJURXS&RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV
,JRWWRJRWR0HOERXUQHODVWZHHNDQG,FRXOGQ¶WKHOSEXWJRWRDIHZRI
WKHWRSUDQNHGSODFHV&DUWHOZDVRIFRXUVHQXPEHURQHRQP\OLVWDQGWKHFRIIHH
ZDVDZHVRPH7KH\DUHDSUHWW\EXV\SODFHVR,¶OOJLYHWKHPWKHLUJUDFHIRUDELW
RIDGHOD\EXWWKHLUFRIIHHZDVRQHRIWKHWULSVKLJKOLJKWV$VIRUWKHVHWXSDQG
DWPRVSKHUH±ORRNLWVQRWP\VW\OHEXWLW¶VJURZLQJRQPH±LOOEHEDFNQH[WWULS
/RYLQJWKLVSODFH$FRIIHHKRXVHLQ%DOKDPWKDWKDVDFRPSOHWHFRPPLWPHQW
WRDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZWRSXOOWKHSHUIHFWVKRW7KHHVSUHVVRLVDOZD\VYHU\
ÀDYRUVRPHZLWKDSOHDVDQWOLTRXULFHWDVWHWRLWDQGDQLFHFDIIHLQHELWH1RWDEO\
EHWWHUWKDQRWKHUFRIIHHKRXVHVLQWKHDUHD
0\ ÀDW ZKLWH ZDV D YLVXDO GHOLJKW ZLWK VLON\ PLON GDLQW\ DUWZRUN DQG
ULFKFUHPDVKRZLQJDURXQGWKHULPWKHEOHQGFXWWKURXJKWKHPLONDQGWKHQDWXUDO
VZHHWQHVVRIWKH%DQQLVWHU'RZQVPLONPDGHIRUDWDVWHVHQVDWLRQDQGZHOOZRUWK
WKHWUHNWRJHWKHUH0\ZLIH¶VODWWHZDVDYLVXDOGHOLJKWLQDWDOOWDSHUHGJODVVDOO
WKHFRORXUVRIHVSUHVVRFUHPDPLONDQGIRDPVZLUOHGWRFUHDWHDNDOHLGRVFRSHRI
FRORXUVDQGVKHFRPPHQWHGWKDWWKHEOHQGFXWWKURXJKWKHTXDQWLW\RIPLONQLFHO\
,Q WKH H[DPSOHV DERYH ZH UHFRJQL]H WKH SURFHVV DV DVFULSWLRQ DVVLJQLQJ WKH
attributes. The participant roles assigned to WKHFRIIHHWKHLUFRIIHHWKHHVSUHVVR0\
ÀDWZKLWH0\ZLIH¶VODWWH are the Carriers realized by a noun or nominal group.
,QWKHFRUSXVXQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQRQHFDVHRISRVVHVVLYHFDWHJRU\ZDVIRXQG
ZKHQSRVVHVVLYHSURFHVVHQFRGHGWKHPHDQLQJRISRVVHVVLRQEHWZHHQWZRFODXVDO
SDUWLFLSDQWV
:RZ:KDWD¿QG,DFFLGHQWDOO\FDPHDFURVVWKLVSODFHZKLOHVHDUFKLQJ
IRUDQRWKHULQFRUUHFWO\OLVWHGLQ%+,¶YHVRIDUKDGÀDWZKLWHVRYHUVD\VDQG
DPLPSUHVVHG:HOOZRUWKWKHYLVLW/RYHO\VHUYLFHWKHFRIIHHKDVDORYHO\PDOW\
TXDOLW\DQGTXLFNDVZHOO
$VLWLVVHHQIURPWKHH[DPSOHWKH&DUULHUWKHFRIIHH) is the possessor of the
$WWULEXWHLHZKDWLVSRVVHVVHGDORYHO\PDOW\TXDOLW\).
&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV
7KLV EULHI GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH UHYLHZV DERXW FRIIHH LOOXVWUDWHV KRZ WUDQVLWLYLW\
SDWWHUQVDUHWKHFODXVDOUHDOL]DWLRQRIFRQWH[WXDOFKRLFHV:KLOHVHOHFWLQJXVXDOO\
XQGHVLJQHGO\ZKLFKSURFHVVW\SHWRXVHDQGZKDWFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRISDUWLFLSDQWVWR
FKRRVHWKHUHYLHZHUVDUHDFWLYHO\VHOHFWLQJWRUHSUHVHQWH[SHULHQFHLQDSDUWLFXODU
ZD\7KHWDVNRIFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHZRUOGRIH[SHULHQFHLQUHYLHZVLVXQGHUWDNHQZLWK
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
WKHDLPRIH[SUHVVLQJWKHDWWLWXGHVDVWKHUHDOLW\RILQWHUDFWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
GHPDQGVWKDWZHQRWRQO\WDONDERXWVRPHWKLQJEXWWKDWZHWDONWRVRPHRQH7KLV
semiotic phenomenon is realized through the structuring of linguistic choices for
transitivity patterns.
7KH WUDQVLWLYLW\ SDWWHUQV RU VWUXFWXUHV RQ WKH OHYHO RI FODXVH UHSUHVHQW WKH
HQFRGLQJRIH[SHULHQWLDOPHDQLQJVDERXWWKHVXUURXQGLQJZRUOGDQGRXUH[SHULHQFH
DERXW KRZ ZH SHUFHLYH ZKDW LV JRLQJ RQ 7KH WUDQVLWLYLW\ VWUXFWXUH RI D FODXVH
FDQ EH VHHQ WR RSW IRU D SURFHVV W\SH PDWHULDO PHQWDO YHUEDO DQG UHODWLRQDO
7KH SURFHVV W\SH VSHFL¿HV WKH DFWLRQ HYHQW RU UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ HPEHGGHG
SDUWLFLSDQWV RU VHPDQWLF UROHV $JHQW $IIHFWHG (IIHFWHG %HQH¿FLHU\ 6HQVHU
Phenomenon, Sayer, Verbiage, Carrier, and Attribute). The analysis of transitivity
LQYROYHVWKHGHWHUPLQLQJRIWKHSURFHVVW\SHZLWKDVVRFLDWHGSDUWLFLSDQWV
%\ZD\RIVXPPLQJXSWKHWUDQVLWLYLW\SDWWHUQVLQUHYLHZVDERXWFRIIHHPD\EH
H[SODLQHGLQWKDWKRZWKH¿HOGRIWKHVLWXDWLRQLVEHLQJFRQVWUXFWHGZHFDQGHVFULEH
³ZKDWLVEHLQJWDONHGDERXWFRIIHH´DQGKRZVKLIWVLQWKHFODXVHVDUHDFKLHYHG
5HIHUHQFHV
' R Z Q L Q J / R F N H ±$QJHOD 'RZQLQJ 3KLOLS /RFNH $ 8QLYHUVLW\ &RXUVH LQ
(QJOLVK*UDPPDU/RQGRQ3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF
( J J L Q V ±6X]DQQH(JJLQV$Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR6\VWHPLF)XQFWLRQDO/LQJXLVWLFV,
/RQGRQ3LQWHU3XEOLVKHUV
+ D O O L G D \ ±0LFKDHO$OH[DQGHU.LUNZRRG+DOOLGD\$Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR)XQFWLRQDO
*UDPPDU2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
+ D O O L G D \ ±0LFKDHO$OH[DQGHU.LUNZRRG+DOOLGD\³1RWHVRQ7UDQVLWLYLW\DQG
7KHPHLQ(QJOLVK3DUW,,´-RXUQDORI/LQJXLVWLFV9±
4 X L U N * U H H Q E D X P / H H F K 6 Y D U W Y L N ± 5DQGROSK 4XLUN 6LGQH\
*UHHQEDXP*HRIIUH\/HHFK-DQ6YDUWYLN$&RPSUHKHQVLYH*UDPPDURIWKH(QJOLVK
Language/RQJPDQ
7 H V Q L q U H ± /XFLHQ 7HVQLqUH eOpPHQWV GH V\QWD[H VWUXFWXUDOH 3DULV .OLQF
ksieck.
7 K R P S V R Q ± *HRII 7KRPSVRQ ,QWURGXFLQJ )XQFWLRQDO *UDPPDU /RQGRQ
Arnold.
9 D O H L N D ±/DLPXWLV9DOHLND$Q,QWURGXFWRU\&RXUVHLQ6HPDQWLF6\QWD[9LOQLXV
9LOQLXV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
9 D Q 9 D O L Q / D 3 R O O D ±5REHUW9DQ9DOLQ5DQG\/D3ROOD6\QWD[6WUXFWXUH
0HDQLQJDQG)XQFWLRQ&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6RXUFHV
KWWSZZZPHOERXUQHFRIIHHUHYLHZFRP/
KWWSZZZEDQQLVWHUGRZQVFRPDXGDLU\ORXQJHKWm
KWWSZZZEHDQKXQWHUFRPFDIHVUHYLHZFDUWHOEUHDNZDWHU
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
äRGåLǐVLHMDPǐOHNVHPRVNDYDWUDQ]LW\YXPDV
6DQWUDXND
3DJULQGLQơVVąYRNRVNDYDWUDQ]LW\YXPDVVHPDQWLQLDLYDLGPHQ\VSURFHVDL.
âLDPHVWUDLSVQ\MHYDGRYDXMDQWLVIXQNFLQơVVLVWHPLQơVOLQJYLVWLNRVWHRULMDLUUHPLDQWLV
DQJOǐNDOERVSDY\]GåLDLVVLHNLDPDDSWDUWLVHPDQWLQLXVGDLNWDYDUGåLRNDYDDQJOFRIIHH)
YDLGPHQLV5HPLDQWLVãLDWHRULMDJDOLPDWHLJWLNDGVHPDQWLQLDLYDLGPHQ\VSULNODXVRQXR
NRQNUHþLǐLUDEVWUDNþLǐGDLNWDYDUGåLǐDUEDGDLNWDYDUGLQLǐIUD]LǐVDQW\NLRVXYHLNVPDåRGåLX
7DLJLVWUDLSVQLRWLNVODV\UDLãQDJULQơWLNRNLXRVHSURFHVXRVHLUNRNLXVVHPDQWLQLXVYDLGPHQLV
DWOLHNDåRGLVNDYD
6WUDLSVQLR WHLJLQLXV LOLXVWUXRMDQW\V SDY\]GåLDL ULQNWL Lã WLQNODODSLǐ NXULXRVH NDYRV
PơJơMDL UDãR DWVLOLHSLPXV DSLH NDYą NDYLQHV DSWDUQDYLPą HWF 7\ULPXL EXYR SDVLWHONWD
ãLǐ WLQNODODSLǐ PHGåLDJD KWWSZZZPHOERXUQHFRIIHHUHYLHZFRP/! KWWSZZZ
EDQQLVWHUGRZQVFRPDXGDLU\ORXQJHKWm!KWWSZZZEHDQKXQWHUFRPFDIHVUHYLHZFDU
WHOEUHDNZDWHr!$WOLNXVW\ULPąSDDLãNơMRNDGNRPXQLNDFLMRVWXULQ\VODEDLSULNODXVRQXR
VLWXDFLMRVQXRWRNDLSNDOEơWRMDVNRQFHSWXDOL]XRMDWLNURYĊâLNRQFHSWXDOL]DFLMDQXVDNRPD
VHPDQWLQơPLVIXQNFLMRPLVYDLGPHQLPLVSURFHVDLVGDO\YLDLVDSOLQN\EơPLV'DUEHLãWLUWL
LU DSWDUWL PHQWDOLQLDL YHUEDOLQLDL LU NW SURFHVDL ,ãVLDLãNLQWD NDG GDLNWDYDUGLV NDYD gali
DWOLNWL ãLXRV VHPDQWLQLXV YDLGPHQLV DJHQWR SDWLHQWR EHQH¿FLHQWR VDN\WRMR SDVDN\PR
WXULQLRLUYHLNVPRDWOLNơMR7DLSULNODXVRQXRWRNDLSDWVLOLHSLPąDSLHNDYąUDãDQWLVåPRJXV
SDåƳVWDLUSHUWHLNLDUHDO\EĊ
6ROYHLJD6XãLQVNLHQơ
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
6XPPDU\
.H\ZRUGVFRIIHHWUDQVLWLYLW\VHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQVSURFHVVHV.
:LWKLQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN RI 6\VWHPLF )XQFWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV DQ DWWHPSW LV
PDGHWRDQDO\]HWKHVHPDQWLFUROHVRIWKHZRUGVUHODWHGWRFRIIHH. The semantic roles are
DVVLJQHGWRQRPLQDOSKUDVHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHUHODWLRQWKH\KROGZLWKWKHSURFHVVYHUE,Q
the present research the notion of transitivity is seen as enabling us to refer to events that
UHDOL]HWKHSURFHVVLHWKHYHUEZLWKLWVDVVRFLDWHGSDUWLFLSDQWVLHVHPDQWLFUROHV Thus
WKHDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWUHVHDUFKLVWZRIROGWRDQDO\]HWKHIXQFWLRQDOSRWHQWLDORIWKHZRUGV
related to FRIIHHDQGZKDWVHPDQWLFUROHVWKH\SHUIRUPHPEHGGHGLQWKHSURFHVVHV
7KHVRXUFHRIGDWDXVHGLQWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQLVRQOLQHUHYLHZVUHODWHGWRFRIIHH7KHVWXG\
LVEDVHGRQDVXEFRUSXVRIUDQGRPO\FROOHFWHGUHYLHZVIURPWKHIROORZLQJZHEVLWHVKWWS
ZZZPHOERXUQHFRIIHHUHYLHZFRP/, KWWSZZZEDQQLVWHUGRZQVFRPDXGDLU\ORXQJHKWm,
KWWSZZZEHDQKXQWHUFRPFDIHVUHYLHZFDUWHOEUHDNZDWHr.
7KH7UDQVLWLYLW\RIWKH:RUGV5HODWHGWR&RIIHH
7KHUHVHDUFKSURYHGWKDWWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVDVLWXDWLRQZKLFKGRHV
QRWUHIHUGLUHFWO\WRDQH[WUDOLQJXLVWLFUHDOLW\ZKLFKH[LVWVLQWKHUHDOZRUOGEXWUDWKHUWR
WKHVSHDNHU¶VFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRILW7KHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKLVFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRIUHDOLW\
DUHVHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQVRUUROHVSURFHVVHVSDUWLFLSDQWVandFLUFXPVWDQFHV. The transitivity
VWUXFWXUHRIDFODXVHFDQEHVHHQWRRSWIRUDSURFHVVW\SHPDWHULDOPHQWDOYHUEDODQG
UHODWLRQDO7KHSURFHVVW\SHVSHFL¿HVWKHDFWLRQHYHQWRUUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQHPEHGGHG
SDUWLFLSDQWVRUVHPDQWLFUROHVWKDWPD\EHSHUIRUPHGE\WKHZRUGVUHODWHGWRFRIIHH$JHQW
$IIHFWHG (IIHFWHG %HQH¿FLHU\ 6HQVHU 3KHQRPHQRQ 6D\HU 9HUELDJH &DUULHU DQG
Attribute).
7RVXPXSWKHWUDQVLWLYLW\SDWWHUQVRUVWUXFWXUHVRQWKHOHYHORIFODXVHUHSUHVHQWWKH
HQFRGLQJRIH[SHULHQWLDOPHDQLQJVDERXWWKHVXUURXQGLQJZRUOGDQGRXUH[SHULHQFHDERXW
KRZZHSHUFHLYHZKDWLVJRLQJRQ
6ROYHLJD68â,16.,(1Ơ
$QJOǐ¿ORORJLMRVNDWHGUD
âLDXOLǐXQLYHUVLWHWDV
39LãLQVNLRJ
/7âLDXOLDL
>6ROYHLJDV#JPDLOFRP@