TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC
TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC
based on
Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi
Revised & Edited by
‘Aamir Bashir
Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011
First Online Edition Dec 2011
Second Online Edition Jul 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
i
List of Tables
ii
Acknowledgments
iii
Foreword
LESSON 1
LESSON 2
LESSON 3
LESSON 4
LESSON 5
LESSON 6
v
ُ‫ – مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر‬Subject and Predicate
‫افُإِلي ُِه‬
ٌ ‫افُومض‬
ٌ ‫مض‬
ُ‫اضي‬
ُِ ‫ – ال ِفعلُالم‬Past Tense Verb
ِ ‫ُف‬،‫ – فِعل‬Verb, Subject, Object
ٌُ‫ُمفعول‬،‫اع ٌل‬
ٌ
ُ‫ – اْلروفُاْل َّارة‬Prepositions
ُ‫ضمائِر‬
َُّ ‫ – ال‬Pronouns
1
7
11
19
25
31
LESSON 7
ُ‫ – ال ِفعلُالمضارِع‬Present and Future Tense Verb
39
LESSON 8
ُ‫لصفةُوالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ – ا‬Adjective
49
LESSON 9
ُ‫ – اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬Imperative & Prohibitive
57
LESSON 10
ِ ‫ – الو‬Singular, Dual, Plural
ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثُنِية‬،‫احد‬
67
i
LIST OF TABLES
3.1
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُ‫اضيُُالمعروف‬
ُِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬
12
3.1a
ُ‫اضيُُالمعروف‬
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
13
3.2
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُ‫اضيُُالُمجهول‬
ُِ ‫)اُل ِفعلُالم‬
14
3.2a
ُ‫اضيُُالُمجهول‬
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
15
5.1
Prepositions (ُ‫ارة‬
َّ ‫)اْلروفُاْل‬
25
6.1
ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns
Unattached (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ص‬
31
6.2
7.1
ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns
Attached (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫َّص‬
32
Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬
ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضار‬in Active Voice (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫)معرو‬
39
7.1a
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالمعروف‬
40
7.2
Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬
ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضار‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)َمهول‬
41
7.2a
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالُمجهول‬
42
9.1
ِ ‫)أم ُرُح‬
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬
ٌ
58
9.2
ِ ‫)أمرُح‬
Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬
ٌ
9.2a
ِ ‫اْلمرُاْل‬
ُ‫اضرُالمعروف‬
9.3
ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice
Creating Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬
9.4
59
ٌ
ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice
Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬
9.4a
ِ ‫النَّهيُاْل‬
ُ‫اضرُالمعروف‬
10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
58
ٌ
60
60
61
68
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a
success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on
behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would
also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also
indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who
suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My
prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim
who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable
feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions.
May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
iii
‫الصلوةُوالسالمُعلىُرسولهُالكرمي‬
ُ ‫بسمُاهللُالرمحنُالرحيمُو‬
FOREWORD
This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was
based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten
Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a
part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years.
In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that
they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available
online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty
with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the
student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim
program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors
and students regarding improvement of the text.
Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan
2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had
remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to
make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole
text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year
students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made
the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time.
Later, during the last two terms of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance
to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More
issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011–
2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have
added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word
lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While
teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’
attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the
language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for
reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists
still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words.
If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less.
This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed
considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be
disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my
v
best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it.
Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some
mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers,
students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback
(suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at
the email address given at the end.
This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied
with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic
books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic
vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by
Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year.
They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten
Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of
the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general
Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive
introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise
information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I
recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the
semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half.
Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been
transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be
comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate
equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless,
non-English words have been italicized.
As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals
have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by
adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain.
The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin.
The following abbreviations appear in the text:
S = Singular
M = Masculine
D = Dual
F = Feminine
P = Plural
Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the
following abbreviations:
(S/M)
(D/M)
(P/M)
(S/F)
(D/F)
(P/F)
=
=
=
=
=
=
‘Singular masculine’ which means one male
‘Dual masculine’ which means two males
‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males
‘Singular feminine’ which means one female
‘Dual feminine’ which means two females
‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females
vi
I hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students.
I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have
contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all
in their prayers.
And He alone gives success.
ُ‫وصلَّىُاهللُُت عالُُعلُىُخ ِْيُخل ِق ِهُسيِّ ِدناُوموَلناُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُلِِه ُُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِي‬
‘Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
91th Shaʻban, 1433 (1th July, 2012)
Email: [email protected]
vii
LESSON 1
ُ‫ُوخب ٌر‬
ُ ٌ‫مُبُتُدُأ‬
Subject and Predicate
Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’
‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are
called mubtada (ٌ‫ )مُبُتُدُُأ‬and khabar (‫)خب ٌُر‬. The subject of the sentence is called
mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the
sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in
‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about
him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and
‘knowledgeable’ُis khabar.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out the “is”.
2. Translate the words into Arabic.
3. Give two dammahs (‫ي‬
ُِ ‫ )ض َّمت‬to both words in the sentence.
Examples:
1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.
ُِ ‫ُمموٌدُع‬
ٌ‫ال‬
2. Haamid is pious.
ُ‫ح ِام ٌدُصالِ ٌح‬
3. Khalid is a conqueror.
ُ‫خالِ ٌدُفاتِ ٌح‬
4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.
ٌُ‫ُم َّم ٌُدُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوسلَّمُ)ُرسول‬
5. Naasir is a friend.
ِ ‫ن‬
ُ‫اصٌرُص ِدي ٌق‬
In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a
common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For
example, if the first sentence was ‘the man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated
as ٌ‫ال‬
ُِ ‫ا َّلرجلُع‬.
It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the
tanween becomes a single fathah (ٌ‫)ف تح ُة‬, kasrah (ٌ‫ )كسرُة‬or dammah (ٌ‫ )ض َّم ُة‬as the case
1
ِ ‫)ن‬.
In Arabic, a definite noun is called ma‘rifah (ٌ‫ )مع ِرف ُة‬and a common noun is called nakirah (‫كرٌُة‬
1
Lesson 1
may be, eg. ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ رج‬becomes ُ‫ا َّلرجل‬. Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite
article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and
‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole
category/class.’ For example, ُ‫لنسان‬
ُِ ‫ ا‬means ‘mankind’ and ُ‫ اْلمد‬means ‘all praise.’
If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To
change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa (‫ )ة‬to the end of the word.
For example, ‘the man is pious’ is written as ‫ح‬
ٌُ ِ‫ا َّلرجلُصال‬. Now if you want to say ‘the
ِ ‫المرأةُص‬. Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be
woman is pious,’ you will say ٌ‫اْل ُة‬
written as ٌ‫البِنتُعالِم ُة‬.
Word List
Arabic
English
father
mother
son
boy
daughter, girl
Singular
Plural
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ُ‫أ‬
ُ‫أُم‬
‫اِب ٌُن‬
‫ول ٌُد‬
ٌُ ‫بِن‬
‫ت‬
ُ‫أُباء‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أُ َّمه‬
ُ‫أُب ناء‬
ُ‫أوَل ٌد‬
ٌُ ‫ب ن‬
‫ات‬
paternal uncle
ُ‫عم‬
paternal aunt
ٌ‫ع َّم ُة‬
ٌُ‫خال‬
ُ‫أُعم ٌام‬
ٌُ ‫ُع َّم‬،ٌ‫ع َّماُة‬
‫ات‬
ٌُ‫أُخوال‬
ٌ‫خال ُة‬
ٌُ ُ‫أ‬
‫خ‬
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫خاَل‬
ٌُ‫ُُإِخوة‬،‫ُإِخوا ٌن‬
ٌ‫ج َّدُة‬
‫ح ِفي ٌُد‬
ٌ‫ح ِفيدُُة‬
ُ‫َّات‬
ٌ ‫جد‬
‫ُحفدٌُة‬،‫اد‬
ٌ ‫أُحف‬
maternal uncle
maternal aunt
brother
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫أُخ‬
ُ‫جد‬
sister
grandfather
grandmother
grandson
granddaughter
ُ‫رج ٌل‬
ٌ‫اِمرأُة‬
man
woman
2
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أُخو‬
‫أُجد ٌُاد‬
ٌُ‫ِرجال‬
ُ ‫نِس‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ُ‫ٌُوخب ٌر‬
ُ ‫مُبُتُدُأ‬
Arabic
English
Singular
‫ِطف ٌُل‬
ٌ‫ِطفلُ ُة‬
male child, infant, toddler
female male child, infant, toddler
ُ‫ق ِوي‬
ٌُ ‫ضعِي‬
‫ف‬
‫ث ل ٌُج‬
‫با ِرٌُد‬
strong
weak
ice, snow
cold
ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ٌُ ‫عذ‬
‫ب‬
‫صُغِي ٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫َِس‬
‫ي‬
‫صالِ ٌُح‬
‫عابِ ٌُد‬
ُ‫ذكِي‬
water
sweet
small
fat
pious
worshipper
intelligent, smart
ُ‫عاقِ ٌل‬
‫َمت ِه ٌُد‬
ِ
‫ْجي ٌُل‬
‫شاكٌُِر‬
ٌُ ‫ص ِاد‬
‫ق‬
hard-working
beautiful
thankful, grateful
truthful
ُ‫رب‬
ُ ِ‫ن‬
‫ب‬
Lord
prophet, messenger
ٌُ‫رسول‬
ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬
‫ط‬
‫مست ِقي ٌُم‬
‫مسلِ ٌُم‬
ُ‫ا ُِلنسان‬
messenger
path
straight
Muslim
man, mankind
ُ‫عب ٌد‬
‫قائِ ٌُد‬
slave
leader, commander
3
Plural
ٌُ‫أُطفال‬
ُ‫أُق ِوياء‬
ُ‫ضعفاء‬
ِ
ٌ‫مي ُاه‬
ُ‫صلحاء‬
ُ‫اد‬
ٌ َّ‫عب‬
ُ‫أُذكِياء‬
ُ‫عقالء‬
ُ‫َمت ِهدون‬
ُ‫شاكِرُون‬
ُ‫ص ِادق ون‬
ُ‫أُنبِياء‬
ُ‫رس ٌل‬
ُ‫مسلِمون‬
ُ‫اد‬
ٌ ‫ِعب‬
ٌُ‫ُقادُة‬،‫ق َّو ٌاد‬
Lesson 1
Arabic
English
brave
generous
coming (F)
respectful
and
merciful
going (M)
knowledgeable; scholar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Translate into Arabic.
Haamid is a father.
Mahmood is a son.
Khalid is an uncle (paternal).
Zayd is an uncle (maternal).
Bakr is a brother.
Sa‘eed is a grandfather.
Hameed is a grandson.
The man is strong.
The child (M) is weak.
The ice is cold.
The water is sweet.
The son is small.
Hamzah is fat.
The brother is pious.
Exercise 2:
Plural
ُ‫اع‬
ٌ ‫شج‬
ٌ‫ك ِر ُمي‬
ُ‫كِر ٌام‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫مؤَّد‬
ُ‫و‬
‫رِحي ٌُم‬
ٌُ ‫ذ ِاه‬
‫ب‬
ُِ ‫ع‬
ٌ‫ال‬
ُ‫علُماء‬
ُ‫لساعة‬
َّ ‫ا‬
ٌ‫أُتِي ُة‬
the hour; day of resurrection
Exercise 1:
Singular
Translate into Arabic.
The woman is strong.
The mother is beautiful.
The daughter is a worshipper.
The aunt (maternal) is intelligent.
The aunt (paternal) is hard-working.
The sister is beautiful.
The grandmother is thankful.
4
‫ٌُوخب ٌرُ‬
‫مُبُتُدُأ ُ‬
‫‪‘Aishah is intelligent.‬‬
‫‪Fatimah is small.‬‬
‫‪Maimoonah is a grand daughter.‬‬
‫‪The aunt (paternal) is pious.‬‬
‫‪The girl is fat.‬‬
‫‪The grandmother is pious.‬‬
‫‪The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.‬‬
‫‪Translate into English.‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬
‫‪11.‬‬
‫‪12.‬‬
‫‪13.‬‬
‫‪14.‬‬
‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬
‫اُْلخُك ِر ُميٌ ‪11.‬‬
‫اهللُربُ ‪1.‬‬
‫عمٌروَُمت ِه ٌُد ‪13.‬‬
‫ا َّلرسولُص ِ‬
‫اد ٌقُ ‪3.‬‬
‫ُم َّم ٌدُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوسلَّمُ)ُنِبُ ‪2.‬‬
‫لساعة ُُاتِي ُةٌ ‪12.‬‬
‫ا َّ‬
‫لصراطُمست ِقي ٌمُ ‪4.‬‬
‫ا ِّ‬
‫ب ‪14.‬‬
‫طا ِر ٌقُمؤَّد ٌُ‬
‫ُمموٌدُمسلِ ٌمُ ‪5.‬‬
‫البِنتُمؤَّدب ُةٌ ‪15.‬‬
‫اُلع ُّمُذكِيُ ‪16.‬‬
‫ا ِلنسانُعب ٌُد ‪6.‬‬
‫خالِ ٌدُقائِ ٌدُ ‪7.‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫بُواْلدُُّرِحي ٌُم ‪17.‬‬
‫اْلفيدُمؤَّد ٌ‬
‫اطمةُُذ ِ‬
‫فِ‬
‫اهب ُةٌ ‪18.‬‬
‫اع ‪8.‬‬
‫القائِدُشج ٌُ‬
‫ِ ِ‬
‫بُ ‪19.‬‬
‫حُام ٌدُذاه ٌ‬
‫خ ‪9.‬‬
‫سعِي ٌدُأ ٌُ‬
‫الٌ ‪20.‬‬
‫ُمموٌدُع ُِ‬
‫ل ‪10.‬‬
‫اْلالُعاقِ ٌُ‬
‫‪5‬‬
LESSON 2
ُ‫افُإِلي ِه‬
ٌ ‫افُومض‬
ٌ ‫مض‬
Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the
house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s
house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (‫اف‬
ٌُ ‫)مض‬
and mudaaf ilayhi (‫اف ُإِلي ُِه‬
ٌ ‫)مض‬.
One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other
(mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its
possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi.
For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood.
Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession.
2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write
the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then
there is no need to reverse the sequence.
3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents.
4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out
the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the
words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents.
You get ‫قلمُُممود‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two
kasrahs. You get ‫ق لم ُُمموٍُد‬. Following the same method, ‘Khalid’s book’ becomes
ُ‫كِتاب ُخالِ ٍد‬. For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It
becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get
‫خامتُذهب‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
You get ‫ب‬
ٍُ ‫خامتُذه‬.
The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those
rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the
mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah. ‫ب‬
ٍُ ‫ خامت ُذه‬will become ُ ‫خامت‬
ِ ‫الذه‬
َّ . It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween.
ُ‫ب‬
For instance, in the above example, ُ‫ خامت‬will not accept alif-laam or tanween.
7
Lesson 2
Word List
Arabic
English
Singular
‫ِجد ٌُار‬
wall
ُ‫د ٌار‬
ٌُ ‫ب ي‬
‫ت‬
ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬
home, house
door
ُ‫اك‬
ٌ َّ‫شب‬
ٌ‫حجرُة‬
window
room
ٌ‫غرف ُة‬
‫سط ٌُح‬
roof
ُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫سق‬
‫س ِري ٌُر‬
ceiling
bed
ُ‫قُل ٌم‬
ُ‫حر‬
pen
heat
ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫َش‬
‫ي وٌُم‬
‫ِديُ ٌُن‬
ٌ‫ُإِقام ُة‬
sun
day
judgment; religion
to establish, establishing
Plural
ُ‫ُجدرا ٌن‬،‫جدٌر‬
‫ُدُوٌُر‬،‫ار‬
ٌُ ‫ِدي‬
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بيو‬
ٌُ ‫أُبُو‬
‫اب‬
ُ‫شبابِيك‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫حجر‬
ٌُ ‫غر‬
‫ف‬
ُ‫ُأُسط ٌح‬،‫ح‬
ٌُ ‫سطو‬
ٌُ ‫سقو‬
‫ف‬
ُ‫سرٌر‬
‫أُقال ٌُم‬
ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫َشو‬
ٌُ َّ‫أي‬
‫ام‬
ٌُ‫ُصلُوة‬،ٌ‫صالُة‬
ُ ‫ُإِي ت‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ritual prayer (salah)
to give, giving
ٌُ‫ُزكاة‬،ٌ‫زكوة‬
ٌ‫ب لدُة‬
poor due (zakah)
city, town
ُ‫ب ل ٌد‬
ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬
country; city, town
city, town
people
ٌ‫ضوُء‬
ٌُ ‫ِسر‬
‫اج‬
light
lamp
ٌ‫ظلم ُة‬
darkness
8
ُ‫ُب لدا ٌن‬،‫ُبِال ٌد‬
‫مد ٌُن‬
ُ‫اس‬
ٌ ‫ن‬
ُ‫أُضواء‬
ُ‫سر ٌج‬
ٌُ ‫ظلم‬
‫ات‬
ُ‫افُإلي ِه‬
ُ ‫اف‬
ٌ ‫ُومض‬
ٌ ‫مض‬
Arabic
English
Singular
ُ‫لي ٌل‬
‫ُإِصب ٌُع‬
‫ِرج ٌُل‬
‫ط ِوي ٌُل‬
‫أ ِمي ٌُر‬
ِ‫ق‬
‫صي ٌُر‬
ٌُ ِ‫َث‬
‫ي‬
‫رفِي ٌُع‬
ُ ‫ِشت‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ٌُ ‫صي‬
‫ف‬
‫ربِي ٌُع‬
ٌُ ‫خ ِري‬
‫ف‬
‫ج ِدي ٌُد‬
night
finger, toe
foot; leg
tall, long
leader, governor
short
expensive
high
winter
summer
spring
autumn, fall
new
ِ
ٌ‫قد ُمي‬
ٌُ ‫كِت‬
‫اب‬
old
book
ٌ‫كَّراس ُة‬
‫سفٌُر‬
note-book
jouney, travel
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Translate into Arabic.
Haamid’s son/son of Hameed
Khalid’s mother/mother of Khalid
Fatimah’s sister/sister of Fatimah
The house’s wall/wall of the house
The room’s door/door of the room
The room’s window/window of the room
The house’s roof/roof of the house
The room’s ceiling/ceiling of the room
Hameed’s bed/bed of Hameed
The grandfather’s pen/pen of the grandfather
The sun’s heat/heat of the sun
9
Plural
ُ‫أُصابِع‬
ُ‫أُرج ٌل‬
Lesson 2
Exercise 2:
Translate into English.
1. ‫ن‬
ُِ ‫ي ومُالدِّي‬
6. ُ‫ظلمةُاللَّي ِل‬
َّ ‫إِي تاء‬
3. ِ‫اة‬
ُ ‫ُالزك‬
ِ ‫ق لمُح‬
8. ‫ام ٍُد‬
2. ‫ُالصالُِة‬
َّ ‫إِقامة‬
7. ُ‫أصابِعُ ِرج ٍل‬
9. ‫ِسراجُخالِ ٍُد‬
4. ‫ناسُالب لدُِة‬
10. ‫أ ِمي رُالم ِدي ن ُِة‬
ِ ‫ضوء‬
5. ٍُ‫ُسراج‬
Exercise 3:
Translate into Arabic.
1. Mahmood’s pen is expensive.
2. The house’s wall is long.
3. The house’s roof is high.
4. Haamid’s son is tall.
5. Fatimah’s sister is short.
6. Days of Summer are long.
7. Days of Winter are short.
8. Door of the house is high.
9. Ceiling of the room is expensive.
Exercise 4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Translate into English.
ِ
‫ُالرج ُِلُعاقِ ٌُل‬
َّ ‫ابن‬
ِ ‫بِنت‬
ٌ‫ُاَلمرأةُِط ِوي ل ُة‬
ِ ‫بابُالب ي‬
‫تُج ِدي ٌُد‬
ِ ‫أ ُّمُُمموٍدُق‬
ٌُ‫صي رة‬
ِ ِ
ِ
ٌ‫كتابُعائشةُقد ُمي‬
ِ ‫كَّراسة‬
ٌ‫ُآمنةُج ِديدُة‬
ِ ٍ ِ ‫ب يت‬
ٌ‫ُمحيدُقد ُمي‬
ُ‫اِبنُخالِدةُذكِي‬
ِ ‫ُالسف ِرُق‬
9. ‫صي رٌُة‬
َّ ‫صالة‬
10
LESSON 3
ُ‫اضي‬
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
Past Tense Verb
In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance
with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it
should be noted that ُ‫ ف عل‬means “he (S/M) did,” ُ‫ ف عال‬means “they (D/M) did,” ‫ف علوا‬
means “they (P/M) did,” ُ‫ ف علت‬means “she (S/F) did” and so on. These verbs are in
active voice (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫)فِع ٌلُمعرو‬.
ِ (seeghah). Looking at the table below,
In Arabic, each verb form is called ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬
we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name.
This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or
feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic,
ِ ‫و‬, ٌ‫تُثنِي ُة‬, and ‫ْج ُع‬, respectively; first
the words for singular, dual and plural are ‫اح ٌُد‬
ٌ
ِ
person is called ‫متكُلِّ ٌُم‬, second person is called ‫حاضٌُر‬, and third person is called ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫;غائ‬
and masculine is called ‫مذ َّكٌُر‬, and feminine is called ‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫مؤن‬. Thus, singular masculine
ِ ‫ و‬in Arabic. Dual masculine of the
of the third person will be called ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌُد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬
third person will be called ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌ ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬, and plural masculine of the third person
will be called ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬, and so on.
In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is
no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and
ِ ‫ و‬and ‫ْجعُمتكُلِّ ُم‬, respectively.
plural first person will be called ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
ٌ
ٌ
11
Lesson 3
We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense
verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.
Table 3.1
ِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُ‫اضىُالُمعروف‬
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
First
Person
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
He did.
ُ‫ف عل‬
Dual
They did.
ُ‫ف عال‬
Plural
They did.
‫ف علوا‬
Singular
She did.
ُ‫ف علت‬
Dual
They did.
‫ف علتا‬
Plural
They did.
ُ‫ف علن‬
Singular
You did.
ُ‫ف علت‬
Dual
You did.
‫ف علتما‬
Plural
You did.
Singular
You did.
‫ف علت ُم‬
ُِ ‫ف عل‬
‫ت‬
Dual
You did.
‫ف علتما‬
Plural
You did.
ُ‫ت‬
َّ ‫ف عل‬
Singular
I did.
ُ‫ف علت‬
Dual/
Plural
We did.
‫ف علنا‬
12
ُ‫اضي‬
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 3.1a
ِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
ُ‫اضىُالمعروف‬
ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬
ِّ ُ‫اِسم‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
ِ
ِ
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ِ‫و‬
ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ
ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ
ِ
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ِ ‫ثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ َّ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤُن‬
ِ‫و‬
‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
ُ‫ف عل‬
ُ‫ف عال‬
‫ف علوا‬
ُ‫ف علت‬
‫ف علتا‬
ُ‫ف علن‬
ُ‫ف علت‬
‫ف علتما‬
‫ف علت ُم‬
ُِ ‫ف عل‬
‫ت‬
‫ف علتما‬
ُ‫ت‬
َّ ‫ف عل‬
ُ‫ف علت‬
ُ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌم‬
‫ف علنا‬
Note: In the tables above, ُ‫ ف عل‬has been translated as “he did” and ُ‫ ف علت‬as “she
did.” It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean “it (masculine)
did” and “it (feminine) did,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The
masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any
feminine thing or person.
13
Lesson 3
Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice
Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a
dammah on the first letter (‫ )ف‬of ُ‫ف عل‬, and a kasrah on its second letter (‫)ع‬. It will
become ُ‫فعِل‬. Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive
voice (ٌُ‫ل َُمهول‬
ٌُ ‫)فِع‬. Similarly, ُ‫ ف عال‬will become ُ‫فعِال‬, ‫ ف علوا‬will become ‫فعِلوا‬,ُ ُ‫ ف علت‬will
becomeُ ُ‫فعِلت‬, and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called
conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized
with their meanings.
Table 3.2
ِ ُ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُ‫اضىُالُمجهول‬
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
First
Person
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Faminine
Plurality
English
Singular
He was done.
Dual
They were done.
Plural
They were done.
Singular
She was done.
Dual
They were done.
Plural
They were done.
Singular
You were done.
Dual
You were done.
Plural
You were done.
Singular
You were done.
Dual
You were done.
Plural
You were done.
‫فعِلتما‬
َُّ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬
Singular
I was done.
ُ‫فعِلت‬
Dual/
Plural
We were done.
‫فعِلنا‬
14
Arabic
ُ‫فعِل‬
ُ‫فعِال‬
‫فعِلوا‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬
‫فعِلتا‬
ُ‫فعِلن‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬
‫فعِلتما‬
‫فعِلت ُم‬
ُِ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬
ُ‫اضي‬
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be
written in Arabic.
Table 3.2a
ِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
ُ‫اضىُالُمجهول‬
ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬
ِّ ُ‫اِسم‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
‫فعِ ُل‬
ُ‫فعِال‬
ِ
ِ
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ِ‫و‬
ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬
‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ
ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ
ِ
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
ُِ ‫و‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
ِ‫و‬
‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
‫فعِلوا‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬
‫فعِلتا‬
ُ‫فعِلن‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬
‫فعِلتما‬
‫فعِلت ُم‬
ُِ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬
‫فعِلتما‬
َُّ ‫فعِل‬
‫ت‬
ُ‫فعِلت‬
‫فعِلنا‬
ُ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌم‬
Note: In these two tables, ُ‫ فعِل‬has been translated as “he was done” and ُ‫ فُعِلت‬as “she
was done.” As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms
could also mean “it (masculine) was done” and “it (feminine) was done,”
respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any
masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.
15
Lesson 3
ِ‫و‬
Creating Conjugation Tables from ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌدُمذ ّك ٌرُغائ‬
Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of
ِ‫و‬
other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that ُ‫اح ٌُد‬
ِ
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ مذ ّكٌر ُغائ‬of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is
composed of three letters. The first is called ٌ‫فاءُكلِم ُة‬, the second is called ٌ‫عيُُكلِم ُة‬,
and the third is called ٌ‫َلم كلِم ُة‬. Now all that remains to be done is to identify which
letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given
above. Consider, the verb ُ‫( نصر‬he helped). Comparing this to ُ‫ ف عل‬of Table 3.1 or
Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, ‫ ن‬is the ٌ‫فاءُكلِم ُة‬, ‫ ص‬is the ٌ‫عي ُكلِم ُة‬, and ‫ ر‬is
the ٌ‫َلم كلِم ُة‬. Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the
rest of table.
ِ ‫ )و‬of various verbs
Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms (‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌُدُمذ ّكٌرُغائ‬
and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them.
Word List For Verbs
English
Arabic
he wrote
ُ‫كتب‬
he read
ُ‫ق رأ‬
he found
ُ‫وجد‬
he cooked
ُ‫طبخ‬
he cut
ُ‫قطع‬
he filled
ُ‫مل‬
he sought, he demanded
ُ‫طلب‬
he asked
ُ‫سأل‬
he made
ُ‫صنع‬
he took
ُ‫أخذ‬
he ate
ُ‫أكل‬
he ran, he fled
ُ‫هرب‬
he went
ُ‫ذهب‬
he opened
ُ‫ف تح‬
16
ُ‫اضي‬
ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
English
Arabic
he hit
ُ‫ضرب‬
he entered
ُ‫دخل‬
he put (something)
ُ‫وضع‬
he helped
ُ‫نصر‬
he joined, he arrived
ُ‫وصل‬
he returned
ُ‫رجع‬
he slaughtered
ُ‫ذبح‬
he oppressed
ُ‫ظلم‬
he imprisoned, he detained
ُ‫حبس‬
Translate into Arabic.
I wrote.
They (P/F) read.
You (S/M) found.
You (P/F) cooked.
They (P/F) cut.
We filled.
You (P/M) demanded.
They (D/M) asked.
They (D/F) made.
You (S/F) took.
Exercise 2:
Translate into Arabic.
1. It (S/M) was eaten.
2. They (P/M) were cut.
3. They (P/F) were made.
4. They (P/F) ran.
5. You (S/M) went.
6. You (P/M) were found.
7. It (S/F) was opened.
8. He was hit.
9. They (P/F) entered.
10. It (S/F) was placed.
17
‫‪Lesson 3‬‬
‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬
‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬
‫ذهبتما ‪9.‬‬
‫نصروا ‪1.‬‬
‫ق رأتُ ‪11.‬‬
‫ضرب تمُ ‪3.‬‬
‫طبخا ‪12.‬‬
‫دخلتُ ‪4.‬‬
‫أكلنُ ‪13.‬‬
‫وضعُ ‪5.‬‬
‫كتب نا ‪10.‬‬
‫وصلتُ ‪14.‬‬
‫ف تحتُ ‪2.‬‬
‫صن ع ِ‬
‫تُ ‪6.‬‬
‫هرب وا ‪15.‬‬
‫ذهبتا ‪7.‬‬
‫رجعتمُ ‪16.‬‬
‫ُّن ‪8.‬‬
‫وجدت َُّ‬
‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬
‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬
‫صنِعوا ‪7.‬‬
‫ض ِرب وا ‪1.‬‬
‫خلِقنا ‪9.‬‬
‫ذِِبتُ ‪3.‬‬
‫خلِقتمُ ‪8.‬‬
‫حبِستما ‪10.‬‬
‫وِجدتا ‪11.‬‬
‫تُ ‪12.‬‬
‫سئِل َّ‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫نِ‬
‫صرتُ ‪2.‬‬
‫ظلِمتُ ‪4.‬‬
‫ق ِط ُع ‪5.‬‬
‫ضعُتُ ‪6.‬‬
‫ُو ُِ‬
LESSON 4
ٌُ‫ُمُفُعُ ُول‬،‫اع ٌُل‬
ُِ ُ‫ُف‬،‫ُفِعُ ٌُل‬
Verb, Subject, Object
In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫)فِع‬, then
ِ ‫)ف‬, and finally the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬.
subject (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
ُ‫( فِع ٌل‬verb) = the action being done.
ِ ‫( ف‬subject) = the person doing the action.
‫اع ٌُل‬
ٌُ‫( مفعول‬object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being
done.
ِ ‫ ف‬gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the ٌُ‫مفعول‬
Rule: The ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
gets a fathah (or two fathahs).
Examples:
1. ‘Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ فِع‬is ‘helped,’ Haamid is
ِ ‫ ف‬and Mahmood is the ٌُ‫مفعول‬. When translating this sentence into
the ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
Arabic, the Arabic word for helped (ُ‫ )نصر‬will come first followed by the
ِ ‫ )ح‬with two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool, Mahmood
faa‘il, Hamid (‫ام ٌُد‬
ِ ‫نصرُح‬.
(‫ )ُمموًدا‬with two fathahs. The final sentence will be ‫ام ٌدُُمموًدا‬
ِ ‫ )خ‬opened (ُ‫ )ف تح‬a door (‫)بابا‬.’ The same order used for the last
2. ‘A servant (‫اد ٌُم‬
ً
ِ ‫ ف‬second and ٌُ‫ مفعول‬last) will apply here. Remember,
example (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ فِع‬first, ‫اع ٌُل‬
ِ ‫ ف‬will get two dammahs and the ٌُ‫ مفعول‬will get two fathahs. The full
the ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬.
sentence will be ‫اد ٌمُبابًا‬
Notes:
 If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the
end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single
fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs
will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the servant opened the door’ will
ِ ‫ف تح ُاْل‬. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah
be written as ُ‫ادم ُالباب‬
to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.
19
Lesson 4

ِ ‫ ف‬or a ٌُ‫مُفُعُ ُول‬. For
Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
example:
ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬
ُ‫ادمُمحمودُُالُباب‬
Mahmood’s servant opened the door.
ِ ‫ف تحُاْلُ ِادمُُبابُالب ي‬
ُ‫ت‬
The servant opened the door of the house.
ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬
ِ ‫ادمُمحمودُبابُالب ي‬
ُ‫ت‬
Mahmood’s servant opened the door of the house.
In this case, it is important to remember that the mudaaf does not accept an
alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.
ِ ‫ ف‬or ٌُ‫ مفعول‬will show on the mudaaf alone
Moreover, the effect of being a ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
and not the mudaaf ilayhi.
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he read
ُ‫ق رأ‬
he stopped (someone)
ُ‫منع‬
he wrote
ُ‫كتب‬
he defeated
ُ‫هزم‬
he cooked
ُ‫طبخ‬
he ate
ُ‫أكل‬
he hit; he beat
ُ‫ضرب‬
he worshipped
ُ‫عبد‬
he broke (something physical)
ُ‫كسر‬
he tore
ُ‫خرق‬
he helped
ُ‫نصر‬
he cheated, he deceived
he heard
ُ‫خدع‬
ُ‫ربِح‬
ُ‫َِسع‬
he made (someone into someone
or something into something)
ُ‫جعل‬
he profited
20
ِ ‫ُف‬،‫فِعل‬
ُ‫ُمفعوٌل‬،‫اع ٌل‬
ٌ
English
Arabic
ُ‫ف ِهم‬
he understood
he looked (at/towards)
‫ذك ُر‬
)ُ‫نظرُُ(إِل‬
he broke (something nonphysical)
ُ‫ن قض‬
he gave an example
)‫ال‬
ًُ ‫ضربُ(مث‬
he remembered
he separated
ُ‫ف رق‬
he created, he made; he originated
ُ‫خلق‬
he was ungrateful; disbelieved
ُ ‫كف ر‬
he killed
ُ‫ق تل‬
he sat (down)
ُ‫جلس‬
he imposed; he made something
obligatory
)‫كتبُ(عُلُى‬
Word List for Nouns & Particles
English
book
letter
army
girl
meat
uncle (paternal)
bread
rice
dog
(drinking) glass
garment, dress; cloth
friend
Arabic
Singular
ٌُ ‫كِت‬
‫اب‬
ٌ‫ِرسال ُة‬
Plural
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كت‬
ُ‫رسائِل‬
ُ‫جن ٌد‬
ٌُ ‫بِن‬
‫ت‬
ُ‫جن وٌد‬
ُ‫ْل ٌم‬
ُ‫عم‬
ُ‫ْلوٌم‬
ُ‫خب ٌز‬
ُ‫أُرز‬
ُ‫أخب ٌاز‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كل‬
ٌُ ‫كأ‬
‫س‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ثو‬
‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬
21
ِ
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كال‬
ٌُ ‫كؤو‬
‫س‬
ٌُ ‫ثِي‬
‫اب‬
ُ‫أص ِدقاء‬
Lesson 4
English
Arabic
Singular
Plural
mother
ُ‫أم‬
messenger; prophet
ٌُ‫ُرسول‬
‫ِدي ٌُن‬
ُ ‫َس‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ‫بِن‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ٌُ ‫أر‬
‫ض‬
ٌُ ‫فِر‬
‫اش‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أ َّمه‬
‫رس ٌُل‬
religion
sky
building; roof
land, earth
bed; spread; mattress
Satan, the Devil
ُ‫الشَّيطان‬
not
‫ما‬
trade
ear
heart
transgressor
oath; pledge; promise
Muslim
speech
man
example
blessing
sea
chicken, hen
servant
door
Exercise 1:
ٌ‫ِِتارُة‬
‫أُذ ٌُن‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫قل‬
ِ‫ف‬
‫اس ٌُق‬
‫عه ٌُد‬
‫مسلِ ٌُم‬
‫كال ٌُم‬
‫رج ٌُل‬
ُ‫مث ٌل‬
ٌ‫نِعم ُة‬
ُ‫ِبٌُر‬
ٌ‫دجاج ُة‬
‫خ ِاد ٌُم‬
ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬
Translate into Arabic
1. Hameed read a book.
2. Naseer stopped Mahmood.
3. Khalid wrote a letter.
22
ُ‫أديا ٌن‬
)‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫َُساو‬،‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫َسو‬
ٌ ‫تُ(َسو‬
ٌ‫أبنِي ُة‬
ِ ‫ُاْلر‬،‫اض‬
‫اضى‬
ٍُ ‫أر‬
ٌ‫أف ِرش ُة‬
ُ‫أُذا ٌن‬
ٌُ ‫ق لو‬
‫ب‬
ِ‫ف‬
ُ‫اق‬
ٌ ‫ُف َّس‬،ُ‫اسقون‬
‫عهوٌُد‬
ُ‫مسلِمون‬
ٌُ‫أمثال‬
‫نِع ٌُم‬
ٌُ ‫ِِب‬
‫ار‬
ُ‫دج ٌج‬
ٌُ ‫خد‬
‫َّام‬
ٌُ ‫أُب و‬
‫اب‬
ِ ‫ُف‬،‫فِعل‬
ُ‫ُمفعوٌل‬،‫اع ٌل‬
ٌ
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Tariq defeated the army.
The girl cooked the meat.
The uncle (maternal) ate the bread.
I ate the rice.
I hit the dog.
You (P/M) worshipped Allah.
You (S/F) tore the cloth.
Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son).
The girl’s mother broke the glass.
Exercise 2:
applicable.
ِ ‫ف‬, and ٌُ‫مفعول‬, where
Translate into English and identify the ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫فِع‬, ‫اع ٌُل‬
1. ‫َل‬
ًُ‫جعلُاهللُُُم َّم ًداُ(صلَّىُاهللُُعلي ِهُوُسلَّمُ)ُ َّرسو‬
ِ ‫ُالسالم‬
2. ‫ُدي نًا‬
ُِ ُ‫جعلُاهلل‬
ِ
3. ‫اشا‬
َّ ُُ‫جعُلُُاهلل‬
ً ‫السمآءُبِناءً َُّواْلُرضُفر‬
4. ُ‫ُالنسان‬
ُِ ‫خدعُالشَّيطُان‬
5. ُ‫ماُرِِبتُالُتِّجارة‬
ِ
6. ُ‫َسعتُُاُْلُذانُوعقلتُُاُلقلوب‬
ِ ‫اسقُعهدُاهللُِو‬
ِ ‫ن قضُالف‬
7. ‫ُاهلل‬
ُِ ‫َُسعُالمسلِمُكالم‬
8. ُ‫ضربُرج ٌلُمث ًال‬
9. ‫ذكرواُنِعمةُاهللُِوماُكفروا‬
10. ُ‫ف رق ناُالبحر‬
11. ُ‫ذُِبتمُالدَّجاجةُُوطبخُتمُُاللَّحم‬
23
LESSON 5
ُ‫الُحُُرُوفُُالُجُاُرة‬
Prepositions
The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite
frequently.
Table 5.1
Prepositions (ُ‫)الُحُ ُرُوفُُالُجُاُرة‬
from; than
ُ‫ِف‬
ُ‫ِمن‬
to; up to
on; upon
‫علُى‬
for; belongs to
as, like
ُ‫ك‬
up to, until
about; from; regarding
ُ‫عن‬
by (for oath)
in; regarding
with; at
ِ
ُ‫ب‬
ُ‫إِل‬
ُ‫ِل‬
ُ‫ح ّت‬
ُ‫و‬
The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter.
Below, we give examples of each of these.
ُ‫فُالدَّا ِر‬
ُ ُِ‫زي ٌُد‬
‫كتبتُبِالقل ُِم‬
ِ ‫ِمنُالب ي‬
‫تُُإِلُُالمس ِج ُِد‬
‫جلسُزي ٌدُعلُىُالكرُِس ُِّي‬
‫لسيَّارةُلِزي ٍُد‬
َّ ‫ا‬
‫أمحدُكأس ٍُد‬
ُِ‫الصبح‬
َُّ ‫ِِنتُح‬
ُّ ُ‫ت‬
ِ ‫سألتُع ِنُال ِكت‬
ُ‫اب‬
ِ‫اهلل‬
ُ‫و‬
=
Zayd is in the house.
=
I wrote with the pen.
=
from the house to the mosque
=
Zayd sat on the chair.
=
The car belongs to Zayd.
=
Ahmad is like a lion.
=
I slept until the morning.
=
She asked about the book.
=
By Allah!
Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that
occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention
them as well. They are as follows:
1.
ُ‫ت‬: by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example: ِ‫ااهلل‬
ُ ‫–ت‬
By Allah!
25
Lesson 5
2 & 3. ُ‫منذُ وُ مذ‬: since. These are used to define a time period. Example: ُُ‫ماُذهبتُُإِل‬
ُ‫ – المدرس ِةُمنذُي وِمُاْلمع ِة‬I have not gone to the school since Friday.
4.
5.
ُ‫ب‬
َُّ ‫ ر‬is always singular. Example:
َّ ‫ر‬: many a, so many. The noun used after ‫ب‬
ُ‫بُرج ٍلُنصُرته‬
َّ ‫ – ر‬I helped so many men.
ُ‫خال‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – علَّمُت ُاْلُطفال ُخال ُزي ٍُد‬I taught the children
except Zayd.
6.
‫حاشا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ُالرجال ُحاشاُعم ٍرو‬
ِّ ‫ – من عت‬I stopped the men
except ‘Amr.
7.
‫عدا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – جاء ُالقوم ُعداُخالِ ٍُد‬The people came except
Khalid.
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he went
ُ‫ذهب‬
he killed
ُ‫ق تل‬
he cut
ُ‫قطع‬
he milked
ُ‫حلب‬
he wrote
ُ‫كتب‬
he ate
ُ‫أكل‬
he asked
ُ‫سأل‬
he made
he looked (at)
‫جع ُل‬
)ُ‫نظرُ(إِل‬
he opened
ُ‫ف تح‬
he sat
ُ‫جلس‬
he read
ُ‫ق رأ‬
it (M) fell
ُ‫وقع‬
it (M) was prescribed (upon)
)‫كتِبُُ(علُى‬
he broke
ُ‫كسر‬
26
‫اْلروفُاْل َّارُة‬
Word List for Nouns
English
village
city
lion
sword
cloth; clothes
scissors
Arabic
Singular
Plural
ٌ‫ق ري ُة‬
ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬
‫قًُرى‬
‫مُد ٌُن‬
ُ‫أُس ٌد‬
ٌُ ‫سي‬
‫ف‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ثو‬
ٌُ ‫ِمقر‬
‫اض‬
ٌ‫ب قرُة‬
ٌُ ‫ل‬
‫ب‬
cow
milk
large bowl
card
pencil
biscuit
butter
cream
teacher
student
lesson
ٌ‫قصع ُة‬
ٌ‫بِطاق ُة‬
‫ِمرس ٌُم‬
ٌ‫كعكُ ُة‬
ٌ‫زبدُة‬
ٌ‫قِشط ُة‬
ٌ‫أُستا ُذ‬
‫تِل ِمي ٌُذ‬
ٌُ ‫در‬
‫س‬
ُ‫لي ٌل‬
‫ن وٌُم‬
ٌُ ‫ن ه‬
‫ار‬
night-time
sleep; sleeping
day-time
buffalo
white; whiter
gold
silver
stone
moon
ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫جامو‬
ُ‫أُب يض‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ذه‬
َّ ِ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ض ُة‬
ُ‫حجٌر‬
‫قمٌُر‬
27
ُ‫أُس ٌد‬
ٌُ ‫سي و‬
‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫ُثِي‬
‫اب‬
ُ‫مقا ِريض‬
ُ‫أُلبا ٌن‬
ٌُ ‫ُقصع‬،‫قِص ٌع‬
‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫بِطاق‬
‫ات‬
ُ‫مر ِاسم‬
ُ‫ك‬
ٌ ‫كع‬
ُ‫أُساتِذة‬
ٌُ‫ُتال ِمذة‬،ُ‫تال ِميذ‬
ٌُ ‫درو‬
‫س‬
ُ‫أُن هٌر‬
ُ‫جو ِاميس‬
ٌُ‫ُ ِحجارة‬،‫ار‬
ٌُ ‫أحج‬
ٌُ ‫أُقم‬
‫ار‬
Lesson 5
English
star
lock
key
garden
grass
praise
right guidance
Arabic
Singular
Plural
ُ‫َن ٌم‬
‫ق ف ٌُل‬
ٌُ ‫ُِمفت‬
‫اح‬
‫بُستا ٌُن‬
ُ‫َنوٌم‬
ٌُ‫أُق فال‬
ُ‫مفاتِيح‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫عش‬
‫مح ٌُد‬
‫ه ًدى‬
people
clouds (collective noun)
something which is under
control
between; among, amidst
sky
land, earth
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Jew; Jewish
Christian
part, portion
good deed
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫سح‬
ُ‫بساتِي‬
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫أُعش‬
ُ‫اس‬
ٌ ‫ن‬
ُ‫مس َّخٌر‬
ُ‫ب ي‬
ُ ‫َس‬
ٌ‫اء‬
ٌُ ‫أر‬
‫ض‬
‫ي ومُاْلمُع ُِة‬
ُِ ‫ُالسب‬
‫ت‬
َّ ‫ي وم‬
)‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫َُساو‬،‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫َسو‬
ٌ ‫تُ(َسو‬
ِ ‫ُاْلُر‬،‫اض‬
‫اضى‬
ٍُ ‫أر‬
ُ‫ي ومُاْلُح ِد‬
ِ ‫ي وم‬
ُِ ‫ُاَلث ن‬
‫ي‬
ُِ ‫ي ومُالُثَّالث‬
‫اء‬
ُ‫ي ومُاْلُرب ع ِاء‬
ُِ ‫ي ومُاْلُرُبِع‬
‫اء‬
ِ ‫ي ومُاْل ِمي‬
ُ‫س‬
ُ‫ي هُوِدى‬
ُ‫الُي هود‬
ُ‫نصرِان‬
‫نصارى‬
ٌ‫جزُء‬
ٌ‫حسن ُة‬
ُ‫أُجزاء‬
‫دن يا‬
ٌ‫آ ِخرُة‬
world
hereafter
28
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫ح سن‬
‫اْلروفُاْل َّارُة‬
English
fly
food
ritual prayer (salah)
door
room
bed
Arabic
Singular
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫ذب‬
ٌُ ‫طع‬
‫ام‬
ٌُ‫ُصلُوة‬،ٌ‫صالُة‬
ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬
ٌ‫حجرُة‬
ٌ‫غرف ُة‬
‫س ِري ٌُر‬
today
ُ‫الي وم‬
tomorrow
‫غ ًدا‬
ُِ ‫أُم‬
‫س‬
yesterday
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Plural
ٌ‫أُ ِذبَُّة‬
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫أُب و‬
ٌُ ‫حجر‬
‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫غر‬
‫ف‬
ٌ‫أُ ِسَّرُة‬
Translate into Arabic
Zayd went from the village to the city.
Mahmood killed the lion with the sword.
I cut the cloth with the scissors.
She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl.
You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box.
You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils.
They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream.
By Allah (oath).
The teacher asked the students about the lesson.
Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working.
Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk.
Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid.
I looked towards the moon and the stars.
They (P/M) opened the lock with the key.
We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.
Exercise 2:
Translate into English
ُ‫اْلمدُلُِلّ ِه‬
ِ ‫ِِفُالقر‬
2. ‫َّاس‬
ُِ ‫آنُه ًدىُلِّلن‬
ِ ‫ُالسم‬
3. ‫ض‬
ُِ ‫آءُواْلُر‬
َّ ‫لسحابُمس َّخٌرُب ي‬
َّ ‫ا‬
1.
29
‫‪Lesson 5‬‬
‫ُويُومُاْلُح ُِدُلِلنَّصارى ‪4.‬‬
‫تُلِلي هوِد ُ‬
‫السب ُِ‬
‫ُُي ومُ َّ‬
‫اُمنُالقر ِ‬
‫آن ُِِفُي وِمُاْل ِمي ِ‬
‫سُواْلمع ِةُ‬
‫قُرأُتُجزءً ِّ‬
‫لِلمسلِ ِم ُِِفُالدُّن ياُحسنةٌ َُّوِِفُالُ ِخرِةُحسن ُةٌ‬
‫وقع ُّ‬
‫ُالذباب ُِِفُالطَّع ُِ‬
‫ام‬
‫كتِب ِ‬
‫ُالصلوةُعلُىُالمسلِ ُِم‬
‫ت َّ‬
‫ف تحواُبابُاْلجرةُِي وم ِ‬
‫ُاَلث ن ِ‬
‫ُالس ِري ِرُي ومُالُثَّالث ُِ‬
‫اء‬
‫يُوجلسُواُعلى َّ‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
LESSON 6
‫الضُمُ ُائِ ُر‬
Pronouns
A pronoun is called ‫ ض ِمي ٌُر‬in Arabic. Its plural is ُ‫ضمائِر‬. There are a number of
different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are
ِ ‫)من ف‬. These dameers are not joined to any word but appear as
unattached (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ص‬
separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized.
Table 6.1
ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns
Unattached (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ص‬
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
First
Person
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns
English
Arabic
Singular
he
ُ‫هو‬
Dual
they
‫ُها‬
Plural
they
Singular
she
ُ‫هم‬
ُ‫ُِهي‬
Dual
they
‫ُها‬
Plural
they
Singular
you
ُ‫ه َّن‬
ُ‫أُنت‬
Dual
you
‫أُن تما‬
Plural
you
Singular
you
‫أُن ت ُم‬
ُِ ‫أُن‬
‫ت‬
Dual
you
‫أُن تما‬
Plural
you
ُ‫ت‬
َّ ‫أُن‬
Singular
I
‫أُنا‬
Dual/
Plural
we
ُ‫َنن‬
31
Lesson 6
ِ ‫ )مت‬dameers. They are also called possessive (‫اف‬
Below, we list the attached (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫َّص‬
ُ ِ ‫)إِض‬
and objective (‫ل‬
ُ ِ‫ )مفعو‬dameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which
indicate possession (ٌ‫ ;)إِضافُ ُة‬and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to
the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬.
Table 6.2
ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns
Attached (‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ص‬
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
First
Person
(‫)متكلِّ ٌُم‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns
English
Arabic
Singular
his, him
‫ه‬
Dual
their, them
‫ُها‬
Plural
their, them
ُ‫هم‬
Singular
hers, her
‫ها‬
Dual
their, them
‫ُها‬
Plural
their, them
Singular
your, you
ُ‫ه َّن‬
ُ‫ك‬
Dual
your, you
‫كما‬
Plural
your, you
Singular
your, you
ُ‫كم‬
‫ُِك‬
Dual
your, you
‫كما‬
Plural
your, you
ُ‫ك َّن‬
Singular
my, me
ُ‫ُِن‬،ُُ‫ي‬
Dual/
Plural
ours, us
‫نا‬
32
‫ضمائُِر‬
َُّ ‫ال‬
Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers
ُ‫هوُزي ٌد‬
ٌُ ِ‫أُناُطال‬
‫ب‬
‫أنتَُمت ِه ٌُد‬
–
He is Zayd.
–
I am a student.
–
You are hardworking.
Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers
These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples
below.
1. After a noun, showing attribution/possession (ٌ‫)إِضاف ُة‬:
‫ – ق لم ُه‬his (S/M) pen
ُ‫ – كِتابك‬your (S/M) book
ُ ِ ‫ – كِت‬my book
‫اب‬
‫ – كِتاب ها‬her (S/F) book.
2. After a verb, indicating the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬:
‫ – نصرت ُه‬I helped him
ُ‫ – أُمرتك‬I commanded you
ُ ِ ‫ – نصرت‬you (S/M) helped me.
‫ن‬
3. After a particle:
ُ‫ – فِي ِه‬in it
ُ‫ – له‬for him
ُ‫ – ُِمنك‬from you (S/M)
‫ – ُإِلي نا‬to/towards us
ُ‫ – إِنَّكم‬indeed you (P/M)
‫ – علي ُِه‬on him.
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he rode
ُ‫ركِب‬
he broke
ُ‫كسر‬
he fell
ُ‫سقط‬
he stopped (someone)
ُ‫منع‬
33
Lesson 6
English
Arabic
he raised (someone or something)
ُ‫رفع‬
ُ‫ل ُعِب‬
he played
he looked
)ُ‫نظرُ(إِل‬
he worshipped
ُ‫عبد‬
he remembered
ُ‫ُذكُر‬
he ate
ُ‫أكل‬
he provided livelihood/sustenance
ُ‫ُرُزق‬
he sealed, he put a seal
ُ‫ختُم‬
he cheated, he deceived
ُ‫خدع‬
he left; he abandoned
ُ‫تُرك‬
he snatched
ُ‫خطُف‬
he created
ُ‫خلق‬
he presented
ُ‫عُرض‬
he took
ُ‫أُخُذ‬
he did (good deeds); he acted
(righteously)
ِ ‫ع ِملُُ(ص‬
)‫اْلًا‬
Word List for Nouns & Particles
Arabic
English
father
mother
tongue
Singular
Plural
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ُ‫أ‬
ُ‫أُم‬
‫لِسا ٌُن‬
ُ‫أُباء‬
ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫رأ‬
ٌُ ‫أُن‬
‫ف‬
‫ي ٌُد‬
)ُ‫ِس ٌنُ( ِسن‬
head
nose
hand
tooth
ُ‫صدٌر‬
chest
34
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أُ َّمه‬
ٌ‫أُل ِسن ُة‬
ُ‫س‬
ٌ ‫رؤو‬
ٌُ ‫أُن و‬
‫ف‬
ُ‫ُاْلُي ُِدي‬،‫أُي ٍُد‬
ُ‫أُسنا ٌن‬
‫صدوٌُر‬
‫ضمائُِر‬
َُّ ‫ال‬
Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
ٌ‫سيَّارُة‬
ٌ‫د َّراج ُة‬
ِ
ٌ‫حذ ُاء‬
ُ‫ُقد ٌُم‬،ُ‫ِرج ٌل‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫سيَّار‬
ٌُ ‫د َّراج‬
‫ات‬
ٌ‫أُح ِذي ُة‬
ٌ‫كرُة‬
ُ‫ُمنُجو‬،‫ان بج‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫كر‬
ٌ‫ت فَّاح ُة‬
‫بستا ٌُن‬
‫بِطِّي ٌُخ‬
ُ ‫قِث‬
ٌ‫َّاء‬
‫حق ٌُل‬
ُ‫َّاح‬
ٌ ‫تف‬
‫ِمن ِدي ٌُل‬
handkerchief
car
bicycle
shoe
foot
ball
mango
apple
garden
melon, watermelon
cucumber
field; arable land
ُ‫من ِاديل‬
ٌُ‫حقول‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫قل‬
‫َس ٌُع‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ق لو‬
ُ‫بصٌر‬
ٌُ‫ِغشاوة‬
ُ‫أُبص ٌار‬
themselves
ُ‫أن فسهم‬
darkness
ٌ‫ظلم ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ب ر‬
‫ق‬
)‫ت‬
ٌُ ُ‫اتُ(ظلُم‬
ٌُ ‫ظلم‬
heart
hearing; also used for ears
eyesight; glance; also used for
eyes
veil, covering
lightning
Lord
ُ‫رب‬
fuel
ُ‫وق وٌد‬
people
ُ‫حجٌر‬
ٌُ ‫زو‬
‫ج‬
stone
husband; wife; spouse
ٌ‫مط َّهرُة‬
ٌُ ‫مُل‬
‫ك‬
clean, pure (F)
angel
35
ُ‫اس‬
ٌ ‫ن‬
ٌ‫ِحجارُة‬
ُ‫اج‬
ٌ ‫أُزو‬
ٌ‫مالئِك ُة‬
Lesson 6
Arabic
English
Singular
ٌُ ‫ِميث‬
‫اق‬
covenant
above
ُ‫ف وق‬
Mount Sinai
whoever
ُ‫طوٌر‬
‫لو ٌُن‬
‫فاقِ ٌُع‬
ُ‫من‬
then; so; therefore;
sometimes, it is not translated
ُ‫ف‬
compensation, reward
ُ‫أُجٌر‬
ُ‫ِعند‬
color
bright yellow
with
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Plural
ُ‫مواثِيق‬
ُ‫أُلوا ٌن‬
ُ‫أُجوٌر‬
Translate into Arabic
My father
His mother
Her tongue
Your (S/M) head
Your (S/F) nose
My hand
Their (P/F) teeth
His chest
Our handkerchief
I rode in your (S/M) car.
She broke my bike.
The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot.
I stopped them (P/F).
They (P/M) raised me.
You (P/M) played with the ball.
They (D/M) looked at me.
You (D/F) worshipped Him.
My mother remembered me yesterday.
You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon
and a cucumber in your field.
36
‫ضمائُِر‬
‫ال َُّ‬
‫‪Translate into English‬‬
‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬
‫رزق ناهمُ ‪1.‬‬
‫ختمُاهللُعلُىُق لوِبِِمُوعلُىَُسعِ ِه ُم ‪2.‬‬
‫علُىُأُبصا ِرِهم ِ‬
‫ُغشاوٌُة ‪3.‬‬
‫خدعواُأُن فسهمُ ‪4.‬‬
‫ت ركهم ُِِفُظلم ٍ‬
‫تُ ‪5.‬‬
‫خطفُالب رقُأُبصارهمُ ‪6.‬‬
‫اِ َّنُربَّكمُخلقكمُ ‪7.‬‬
‫وق ودهاُالنَّاسُواْلِجارةُ ‪8.‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ُمط َّهرةٌُ ‪9.‬‬
‫اج ُّ‬
‫َلمُفيُهاُأُزو ٌ‬
‫عرضهمُعلىُالملُئِك ُِة ‪10.‬‬
‫أُخذن ِ‬
‫اُميثاقكمُورف عناُف وقكمُالطُّورُ ‪11.‬‬
‫لون هاُفاقِ ٌُع ‪12.‬‬
‫منُع ِملُص ِ‬
‫اْلًاُف لهُأُجُرهُ ‪13.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
LESSON 7
ُ‫الُ ُِفعُلُُالُمُضُاُِرع‬
Present and Future Tense Verb
We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will
discuss ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬which is equivalent to present and future tense. ‫اض‬
ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬past tense)
andُ ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬present/future tense), as well as ُ‫( ضُمُ ُائِر‬pronouns) are the foundations
of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all
future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of
ِ
ُ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫)معرو‬.
ٌ ‫( ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬present and future tense verb) in active voice (‫ف‬
Table 7.1
Verb Forms of (‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬in Active Voice (ٌُ‫)معروف‬
Person
Gender
Plurality
Singular
Masculine
Third
Person
(‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Dual
Plural
Singular
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
Masculine
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Dual
Plural
39
English
Arabic
He/It is doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
She/It is doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
ُ‫ي فعل‬
ُ‫ي فُعال ِن‬
ُ‫ي فعلون‬
ُ‫ت فعل‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ي فعلن‬
ُ‫ت فعل‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ت فعلون‬
‫‪Lesson 7‬‬
‫‪Table 7.1 Continued‬‬
‫ت فعلِيُ‬
‫ت فعال ِنُ‬
‫ت فعلنُ‬
‫أُف علُ‬
‫ن فعلُ‬
‫‪You are doing or‬‬
‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪You are doing or‬‬
‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪You are doing or‬‬
‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪I am doing or will‬‬
‫‪do‬‬
‫‪We are doing or‬‬
‫‪will do‬‬
‫‪Singular‬‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬
‫‪Dual‬‬
‫َّث(‬
‫)مؤن ٌُ‬
‫)ح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر(‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬
‫‪First‬‬
‫‪Person‬‬
‫‪Plural‬‬
‫‪Singular‬‬
‫‪Dual/‬‬
‫‪Plural‬‬
‫‪Second‬‬
‫‪Person‬‬
‫)متكلِّ ٌُم(‬
‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in‬‬
‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬
‫‪Table 7.1a‬‬
‫ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالمعروفُ‬
‫الصي غ ِةُ‬
‫اِسمُ ِّ‬
‫لصي غةُ‬
‫ا ِّ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫بُ‬
‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغُائ ٌ‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫وِ‬
‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫وِ‬
‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫ٌ‬
‫تُثُنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬
‫وِ‬
‫َّثُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫وِ‬
‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
‫ي فع ُل‬
‫ي فعال ُِن‬
‫ي فعلونُ‬
‫ت فع ُل‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬
‫ي فعلنُ‬
‫ت فع ُل‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬
‫ت فعلونُ‬
‫ت فعلِيُ‬
‫ت فعال ِنُ‬
‫ت فعلنُ‬
‫أُف علُ‬
‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌمُ‬
‫ن فعلُ‬
‫‪40‬‬
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬
ِ
Creating Passive Voice ٌُ‫لُمضا ِرع‬
ٌ ‫فع‬
In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫اض ُمُعُُرُو‬
ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬past tense active
voice) to ٌُ‫اض َُمُهُ ُول‬
ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬past tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of
converting ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬from active to passive voice. ُ‫ي فعل‬, which means “he does or will
do,” is in active voice (‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫)معرو‬. To convert this ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫عُمعرو‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬to ٌُ‫عَُمُهُ ُول‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬, we
give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. ُ‫ ي فعل‬becomes ُ‫ي فعل‬, ُ‫تض ِرب‬
becomes ُ‫تضرب‬, ُ‫ ي فتح‬becomes ُ‫ي فتح‬, ُ‫ أُنصر‬becomes ُ‫أُنصر‬, and so on.
Table 7.2
Verb Forms of (‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضا ِر‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)مجهول‬
Person
Gender
Plurality
Singular
Masculine
Third
Person
)‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫(غائ‬
)‫(مذ َّكٌُر‬
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
)‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫(مؤن‬
Dual
Plural
Singular
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫(ح‬
)‫اضٌُر‬
)‫(مذ َّكٌُر‬
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
)‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫(مؤن‬
Dual
Plural
41
English
Arabic
He/It is being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
She/It is being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
ُ‫ي فعل‬
ُ‫ي فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ي فعلون‬
ُ‫ت فعل‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ي فعلن‬
ُ‫ت فعل‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ت فعلون‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬
‫‪Lesson 7‬‬
‫‪Table 7.2 continued‬‬
‫أُف علُ‬
‫ن فعلُ‬
‫‪I am being done or‬‬
‫‪will be done‬‬
‫‪We are being done‬‬
‫‪or will be done‬‬
‫‪Singular‬‬
‫‪Dual/‬‬
‫‪Plural‬‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬
‫‪Masculine/‬‬
‫‪Feminine‬‬
‫‪First‬‬
‫‪Person‬‬
‫(متكلِّ ٌُم)‬
‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in‬‬
‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬
‫‪Table 7.2a‬‬
‫ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالُمجهولُ‬
‫الصي غ ِةُ‬
‫اِسمُ ِّ‬
‫لصي غةُ‬
‫ا ِّ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫بُ‬
‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌ‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫وِ‬
‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬
‫ب‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫وِ‬
‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫ٌ‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫ٌ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬
‫وِ‬
‫َّثُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫َّثُح ِ‬
‫اضٌُر‬
‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬
‫وِ‬
‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِّ ٌُم‬
‫ي فع ُل‬
‫ي فعال ُِن‬
‫ي فعلونُ‬
‫ت فع ُل‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬
‫ي فعلنُ‬
‫ت فع ُل‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬
‫ت فعلونُ‬
‫ت فعُلِيُ‬
‫ت فعال ِنُ‬
‫ت فعلنُ‬
‫أُف علُ‬
‫ن فعلُ‬
‫‪42‬‬
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬
Note: When a passive verb is used, the ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫اع‬
ُِ ‫( ُف‬subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the
ٌُ‫( مُفُعُ ُول‬object) takes the place of the ‫اع ٌُل‬
ُِ ُ‫( ف‬subject) and is called ‫اع ٍُل‬
ُِ ُ‫( نُ ُائِبُ ُف‬subject of
the passive verb) or ‫ل‬
ٍُ ‫اع‬
ُِ ُ‫( قُ ُائِ ٌُم ُمُقُامُ ُف‬substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the
‫اع ٌُل‬
ُِ ُ‫ف‬, it also gets a dammah.
Examples:
ٌُ‫اضَُمُهُ ُول‬
ٍُ ُ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬:
ُ‫ – ض ِربُالولد‬The boy was hit.
ِ ‫ – منِع‬The woman was stopped.
ُ‫تُالمرأة‬
ٌُ‫عَُمُهُ ُول‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬:
ُ ‫ – ي فتحُالب‬The door will be opened.
‫اب‬
ُ‫ – يكسرُاْلِدار‬The wall will be broken.
Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬, both ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫ معرو‬and
ٌُ‫َمُهُ ُول‬, is called ‫ع‬
ُِ‫( حرف ُالمضا ِر‬plural: ‫ِع‬
ُِ‫)حُُرُوف ُالمضار‬. As can be seen in the table, these
are ‫ي‬, ‫ت‬, ‫أ‬, and ‫ن‬.
ِ
Relationship between the Seeghahs of ُ‫لُماض‬
ٌُ ‫فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬
ٌ ‫ فع‬and ‫ع‬
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ‘ayn kalimah of the
ِ
ِ
ُ‫ب‬
ٍُ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬and ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬can vary in a number of different ways. It
ٌ ‫ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬of a ‫اض‬
can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in ‫اض‬
ٍُ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬and/or ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. It is beyond the
scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is,
nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ‘ayn kalimah of any given
ٍ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬and its corresponding ‫ع‬
ُ‫اض‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬.
Word List for Verbs
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
ُ‫ماض‬
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
he wandered about
ُ‫ذهب‬
ُ‫ع ِمه‬
he made (someone into someone or
something into something)
ُ‫جعل‬
ُ‫َيعل‬
‫علِ ُم‬
ُ‫ي علم‬
he went
he came to know
43
ُ‫يذهب‬
ُ‫ي عمه‬
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
ُ‫ماض‬
he worshipped
ُ‫عبد‬
he realized; he became aware
ُ‫شعر‬
ُ‫َِسع‬
he heard
ُ‫لعِب‬
ُ‫لبِس‬
he played
he wore
ُ‫حُُِزن‬
he became sad, he grieved
ُ‫ذبح‬
ُ‫ش ِرب‬
he slaughtered
he drank
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
ُ‫ي عبد‬
ُ‫يشعر‬
ُ‫يسمع‬
ُ‫ي لعب‬
ُ‫ي لبس‬
ُ‫َيزن‬
ُ‫يذبح‬
ُ‫يشرب‬
ُ‫ي قرأ‬
he read
he cooked
ُ‫طبخ‬
ُ‫يطبخ‬
he made (something)
ُ‫صنع‬
ُ‫يصنع‬
he stopped (someone)
ُ‫منع‬
ُ‫َينع‬
he opened
ُ‫ف تح‬
he washed
ُ‫غسُل‬
ُ‫ض ِحك‬
ُ‫ي فتح‬
ُ‫ي غ ِسل‬
he laughed
ُ‫يضحك‬
he was angry (with someone)
)‫س ِخطُ(علُىُفال ٍُن‬
)‫يسخطُ(علُىُفال ٍُن‬
he broke (something non-physical);
he nullified
ُ‫ن قض‬
ُ‫ي ن قض‬
he commanded, he ordered
ُ‫أمر‬
ُ‫يأمر‬
he concealed
ُ‫كتم‬
ُ‫يكتم‬
he wrote
ُ‫كتب‬
ُ‫يكتب‬
he cut
ُ‫قطع‬
ُ‫ي قطع‬
he helped
ُ‫نصر‬
ُ‫ي نصر‬
he deceived, he cheated
ُ‫خدع‬
ُ‫َيدع‬
he colored, he dyed
ُ‫صبغ‬
ُ‫يصبغ‬
he raised
ُ‫رفع‬
ُ‫ي رفع‬
he sent
ُ‫ب عث‬
ُ‫ي ب عث‬
44
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
ُ‫ماض‬
he ate
ُ‫أكل‬
he remembered; he mentioned
ُ‫ذكر‬
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
ُ‫يأكل‬
ُ‫يذكر‬
Word List for Nouns & Particles
Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
ُ‫طع ٌام‬
ٌ‫ج ِريدُة‬
‫جرائِ ُد‬
potato
‫بطاطا‬
tea
ُ‫اي‬
ٌ ‫ش‬
ٌ‫ِملعق ُة‬
‫مال ِع ُق‬
food
newspaper
spoon
lock
key
washerman
cloth; clothes
pond, pool
laughter
friend
ُ‫ق ف ٌل‬
ٌُ ‫ِمفت‬
‫اح‬
ٌُ ‫ص‬
‫ار‬
َّ ‫ق‬
ٌُ ‫ث و‬
‫ب‬
‫غ ِدي ٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫ُ ِضح‬،‫ك‬
‫ك‬
ٌُ ‫ضح‬
‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بي‬
ٌُ ‫إِم‬
‫ام‬
house
prayer leader; leader
people
what?; do…?; will…?; etc.
(depending on the context)
ُ‫ُهل‬،ُُ‫أ‬
ُ‫فِس ٌق‬
‫كفٌُر‬
sinfulness
disbelief, infidelity
today
ُ‫الي وم‬
tommorrow
‫غ ًدا‬
45
ِ
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫ُثي‬
‫غدٌُر‬
ٌ‫أئِ َّم ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ن‬
‫اس‬
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
Singular
‫ب عدُغ ٍُد‬
‫ق بلُسن ٍُة‬
day after tomorrow
a year ago
ِ ‫ق بلُاْلم‬
ُ‫س‬
ٌ‫ِرسُال ُة‬
day before yesterday
letter
paternal uncle
ُ‫عم‬
fear
ُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫خو‬
‫عه ٌُد‬
promise; pledge
piety, righteousness
‫ما‬
ُ‫بِر‬
that; to
ُ‫أن‬
cow
ٌ‫ب قرُة‬
‫كال ٌُم‬
that, which
speech
ُ‫حب ٌل‬
‫ِذكٌُر‬
rope
remembrance
ُ‫ُنِب‬،ُ‫رسوٌل‬
ٌ‫فاكِه ُة‬
prophet
fruit
library
magazine
ِ ‫ُخزانةُالكت‬،ٌ‫مكتبة‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ‫َملَُّة‬
ٌ‫مقال ُة‬
article; essay
Exercise 1:
1. ُ‫أذهب‬
Translate into English
7. ُ‫تسمعِي‬
2. ُ‫ي عمهون‬
8. ُ‫تُلعبِي‬
3. ُ‫َيعل‬
9. ُ‫ي لبسن‬
4. ُ‫أعلم‬
Plural
10. ‫ان‬
ُِ ‫َتزن‬
5. ُ‫ن عبد‬
11. ‫ان‬
ُِ ‫يذِب‬
6. ُ‫تشعرون‬
12. ُ‫أشرب‬
46
ٌُ‫ِحبال‬
‫فُواكُِه‬
ُ‫ُمكاتِب‬،‫ات‬
ٌُ ‫مكتب‬
ٌُ ‫َم َّال‬
‫ت‬
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫مقاَل‬
ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
They (P/M) came to know.
You (P/F) are reading.
She is cooking.
He is grieving.
They (P/F) are cooking.
I am making food.
We will drink.
You (S/F) will go.
You (S/M) will stop.
They (D/M) will go.
Exercise 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Translate into Arabic
Translate into Arabic
I will read your (S/M) newspaper.
They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M).
You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon.
Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key.
The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond.
Haamid is laughing in his house.
I am hearing his laughter in my house.
Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house.
We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people.
Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief?
Today I read your (S/F) letter.
Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house.
Are you (S/F) angry with him?
Exercise 4:
Translate into English
1. ُ‫فُعلي ِهمُوَلُهمَُيزن ون‬
ٌ ‫َلُخو‬
2. ‫ُاهلل‬
ُِ ‫ي ن قضونُعهد‬
3. ُ‫ُإِ ِِّّنُأُعلُمُماَُلُت علمون‬
4. ُ‫ب‬
ِّ ِ‫أُتأمرونُالنَّاسُبِال‬
5. ُ‫َننَُلُنكتمُماُأُمرناُاهلل‬
6. ‫اُهللُُيأمركمُأُنُتذِبواُب قرًُة‬
7. ‫ُاهلل‬
ُِ ‫يسمعونُكالم‬
47
Lesson 7
Exercise 5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Translate into Arabic
Is being read (S/M, third person)
Is being written (S/M, third person)
Will be broken (S/M, third person)
Will be cut (S/M, third person)
She is being helped.
You are being stopped (S/M)
I am being stopped.
We are being helped.
You (S/F) will be stopped.
You (S/M) are being cheated.
Exercise 6:
Translate into Arabic
1. The rope is being cut.
2. The cloth will be dyed.
3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being
raised.
4. The prophets are being sent.
5. Fruits are being eaten.
6. Allah is being remembered.
7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library.
8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow.
9. The promise was broken a year ago.
48
LESSON 8
ُ‫لصفةُوُالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
Adjective
Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’
‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases and other phrases of similar
ِ (adjective) andُ ‫ف‬
pattern are called ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ٌ ‫( موصو‬the described). In the phrase ‘small
ِ (adjective), and ‘book’
book, ‘small’ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is ٌ‫صف ُة‬
isُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫( موصو‬the described).
To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps:
1. Translate the individual words into Arabic.
2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the
second word comes first.
3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation).
Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we
translate the individual words into Arabic. We get ‫ادق مُسُُلِم‬
ُِ ‫ص‬
ُ . Next, we reverse the
order to get ‫ادق‬
ُِ ‫مُص‬
ُ ِ‫مُسُُل‬. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get
ُ‫مسلِ ٌم ُص ِاد ٌق‬. Similarly, if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first
translate the individual words into Arabic – ‫ُرجُل‬
ُ ‫صُ ُالِح‬. Next, we will reverse the
order of the words – ‫ُرجُلُصُ ُالِح‬. Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words –
‫رج ٌلُصالِ ٌُح‬.
States of Nouns:
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a
certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows:
1. ‫رف ٌُع‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a
noun is called ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. For example, ‫ت‬
ٌُ ‫ ب ي‬or ُ‫الب يت‬.
2. ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫نص‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a
noun is called ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫منصو‬. For example, ‫ ب يتًا‬or ُ‫الب يت‬.
3. ُ‫جر‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. ُSuch a noun
is called ‫َمروٌُر‬. For example, ‫ت‬
ٍُ ‫ ب ي‬or ‫ت‬
ُِ ‫الب ي‬.
49
ُ
Lesson 8
Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is ‫جزٌُم‬. This is the
condition in which a ‫ سكو ٌُن‬appears at the end of a word or its substitute (‫ ن‬in the
ُ‫ )فِع ٌل ُمضا ِر‬is dropped from the end.
ٌ‫ع‬
example, ُ‫( لُيض ِرب‬he did not hit).
case of
Such a word is said to be ‫وم‬
ٌُ ‫َمُُز‬. For
ِ and ٌُ‫موصوف‬:
Additional Rules for ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ِ and the ‫ف‬
1. Both the ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬,
then the other should also be ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. Similarly, if one is ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫منصو‬, the other
should also be ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫منصو‬. For example, consider ‫رج ٌل ُصالِ ٌُح‬. Since ‫ رج ٌُل‬has two
dammahs at the end, it is ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ;مرف و‬therefore, ‫ صالِ ٌُح‬will also be given two
dammahs to make it ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. Similarly, if for some reason ‫ ُرجُل‬was ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫منصو‬, ‫صُ ُالِح‬
ِ ‫رج ًال ُص‬
would also have to be ‫ب‬
ٌُ ‫منصو‬. The phrase would then have been ‫اْلًا‬
ِ ‫( نصرتُرج ًالُص‬I helped a pious man). If ‫ ُرجُل‬had been ‫َمروُر‬, ‫صُ ُالِح‬
such as in ‫اْلًا‬
ٌ
would also have been ‫َمروٌُر‬. The phrase would then have been ٍُ‫ رج ٍلُصالِح‬such
as in ٍُ‫( ذهبتُُإِلُُرج ٍلُصالِح‬I went to a pious man).
ِ and the ‫ف‬
2. Both the ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬should either be maʻrifah or nakirah. Thus, if
the ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬has an alif-laam, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬should also have an alif-laam. For
example, if ‫ ُرجُل‬were to be changed to ‫اُ َُّلرجُل‬, ‫ص ُالِح‬
ُ would also change to
‫لص ُالِح‬
َُّ ُ‫ا‬.
ِ and the ‫ف‬
3. The gender of the ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬should be the same. Thus, if the
ُ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ موصو‬is feminine, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬should also be feminine. To change a word to
its feminine form, just add a round taa (‫ )ة‬at the end of the word. For
ِ ‫ أستاذُةٌ ُص‬and ‘the pious teacher (F)’
example, ‘a pious teacher (F)’ will be ٌ‫اْل ُة‬
ِ ‫الص‬
will be ُ‫اْلة‬
َّ ُُ‫اُْلستاذة‬.
4. If the ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper
nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into maʻrifah. However, all
proper nouns are considered maʻrifah by default even without an alif-laam.
Since, the ‫ف‬
ٌُ ‫ موصو‬is a proper noun; therefore, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬will require an aliflaam to make it maʻrifah. For example, when converting ‘the conqueror
Khalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam toُ ‫ خالِ ٌُد‬because it is already a
50
ُ‫لصفة ُُوالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
ِ (‫ )فاتِ ُح‬because it
proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the ٌ‫صف ُة‬
ٌ
is not a proper noun. The sentence will be ُ‫خالِ ٌدُالفاتِح‬.
The following examples illustrate this point:
‘The king Mahmood’ will be ُ‫ُمموٌدُاُلملِك‬.
‘The commander Taariq’ will be ُ‫طا ِر ٌقُاُلقائِد‬.
ِ ‫غالِبُاُلش‬.
‘The poet Ghalib’ will be ُ‫َّاعر‬
ٌ
These sentences can also be read (not written) as ُ‫خالِد ُنِالفاتِح‬, ُ‫ُمُمود ُنِالملِك‬,
ِ ‫غالِبُنِالش‬.
‫ طا ِرقُنِالقائِ ُد‬and ُ‫َّاعر‬
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he drank
ُ‫ش ِرب‬
he defeated
ُ‫هُزم‬
he entered
ُ‫دخل‬
he touched, he felt (by hand);
he examined
ُ‫س‬
َّ ‫ج‬
he provided
ُ‫رزق‬
he conquered
ُ‫ف تح‬
he took
ُ‫أخذ‬
Word List for Nouns
Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
ُ‫غفوٌر‬
ُ‫رب‬
‫كبِي ٌُر‬
ُ‫كِب ٌار‬
ُ‫صالِ ٌح‬
ٌُ ‫أ‬
‫ب‬
‫اِب ٌُن‬
pious, righteous
father
son
most-forgiving
Lord
big, large
51
ُ
Lesson 8
Arabic
English
door
old
mat
Singular
Plural
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫ب‬
ِ
ٌ‫قد ُمي‬
ِ‫ح‬
‫صي ٌُر‬
ُ‫حصٌر‬
ُ‫جيِّ ٌد‬
ٌ‫مقال ُة‬
ٌ‫َملَُّة‬
good; excellent
article; essay
magazine
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫شا ِر‬
‫صغِي ٌُر‬
ٌ‫س ِفي ن ُة‬
‫ع ِمي ٌُق‬
‫ِبٌُر‬
‫ع ِظي ٌُم‬
‫جب ٌُل‬
‫ط ِوي ٌُل‬
ٌُ ‫قِط‬
‫ار‬
ِ‫ق‬
ٌ‫اطرُة‬
ٌ‫ُمطَُّة‬
ِ‫ف‬
‫اجٌُر‬
ِ‫ف‬
‫اس ٌُق‬
‫رج ٌُل‬
street
small, little
ship, boat
deep
sea
great; powerful
mountain
long
train
train engine
station
immoral person
man
ُ‫شوا ِرع‬
ٌُ ‫ِصغ‬
‫ار‬
‫سف ٌُن‬
ُ‫ِِب ٌار‬
ُ‫عظماء‬
ٌُ‫ِجبال‬
ُ‫قطٌر‬
ِ‫ق‬
ٌُ ‫اطُرا‬
‫ت‬
ٌُ َّ‫ُمُط‬
‫ات‬
ُ‫ف َّج ٌار‬
ٌُ ‫ف َّس‬
‫اق‬
ُ‫حس ٌن‬
ٌ‫ِمروح ُة‬
ٌُ ‫م ِري‬
‫ض‬
ٌ‫اِمرأُة‬
ُ‫ِحسا ٌن‬
bitter
ُ‫مر‬
medicine
ٌ‫دو ُاء‬
ٌُ ِ‫مل‬
‫ك‬
ٌ‫أُد ِوي ُة‬
‫ملو ٌُك‬
beautiful, handsome; good
fan
sick, ill
woman
king
52
‫مرضى‬
ُ‫لصفة ُُوالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
Arabic
English
army
capital city
Singular
Plural
ُ‫جن ٌد‬
ِ ‫ع‬
ٌ‫اصم ُة‬
ُ‫جن وٌد‬
ِ ‫عو‬
ُ‫اصم‬
ِ ‫ُم‬،‫ع‬
ُ‫اهٌر‬
ٌُ ‫با ِر‬
ٌُ ‫ح َّال‬
‫ق‬
‫د َّكا ٌُن‬
ُ‫دكاكِي‬
ُ‫الي وم‬
today
skillful; outstanding
barber
store, shop
ُ‫شي ٌخ‬
‫ش ِري ٌُر‬
old man; scholar
mischievous
ُ‫ول ٌد‬
‫د ِمي ٌُم‬
)ُ‫بُ( ِمن‬
ٌُ ‫ق ِري‬
ٌُ ‫ب ي‬
‫ت‬
ٌُ ‫طبِي‬
‫ب‬
boy
ugly
near, close
house
doctor
ٌ‫وصف ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬
‫ط‬
‫مست ِقي ٌُم‬
medical prescription
path
straight
ُ‫شي و ٌخ‬
ُ‫أُ ِشَّراء‬
ُ‫ِدم ٌام‬
ُ‫أُ ِطبَّاء‬
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫عذ‬
‫أُلِي ٌُم‬
torment; punishment
painful
ٌ‫ب عوض ُة‬
ٌُ ‫ِرز‬
‫ق‬
mosquito
livelihood
ٌ‫بال ُء‬
ٌ‫لي لُ ُة‬
ٌ‫مظلِم ُة‬
trial, tribulation
night
dark
ُ‫مث ٌل‬
ٌ‫كُلِم ُة‬
example
word
ٌ‫شجُرُة‬
ٌ‫طيِّب ُة‬
tree
good; pleasant (F)
53
ُ‫اق‬
ٌ ‫أُرز‬
)‫ال‬
ُ ِ ‫الُ(اللَّي‬
ٍُ ‫لي‬
ِ
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫كل م‬
ٌُ ‫شجر‬
‫ات‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫طيِّب‬
ُ
Lesson 8
Arabic
English
root
firm, established
branch
commander, leader
city
fort, fortress, castle
hand; possession
conqueror
ٌُ‫أُصول‬
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫ف رو‬
ُ‫حصو ٌن‬
Translate into Arabic
Pious father
The son Sa‘eed
Most-forgiving Lord
Big door
The old mat
Good article
Good magazine
Big street
Small boat
Deep sea
Great mountain
Long train
Big engine
Small station
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ُ‫أُص ٌل‬
ٌُ ِ‫ثاب‬
‫ت‬
ٌُ ‫ف ر‬
‫ع‬
ُ‫ا ُّلروم‬
Romans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Plural
ُ ‫َس‬
ٌ‫اء‬
‫قائِ ٌُد‬
ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬
‫ِحص ٌُن‬
‫ي ٌُد‬
‫فاتِ ٌُح‬
sky
Exercise 1:
Singular
Translate into Arabic
I hit an immoral man.
You (P/M) took a beautiful fan.
The sick woman drank bitter medicine.
Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital.
Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop.
54
ُ‫لصفة ُُوالموصوف‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
6.
7.
8.
9.
This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child.
This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy.
You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house.
Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for
her.
Exercise 3:
Translate into English.
1. ُ‫لصراطُالمست ِقيم‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
2. ُ‫ابُأُلِي ٌم‬
ٌ ‫عذ‬
3. ‫ب عوضةٌُصغِي رٌُة‬
4. ‫رزق همُاهللُ ِرزقًاُحسنًا‬
5. ُ‫بالءٌُع ِظي ٌم‬
6. ٌ‫لي لةٌُمظلِم ُة‬
7. ‫مثلُكلِم ٍةُطيِّب ٍةُكشجرةٍُطيِّب ٍُة‬
ِ ‫ت َُّوفُرعه‬
8. ‫آء‬
ُِ ‫ُالسم‬
َّ ‫اُِف‬
ٌ ِ‫أُصلهاُثاب‬
ِ ‫ُحصن ه‬
ِ ‫ُوأخذ‬
ٍ ِ‫اُمنُيُ ِدُمل‬
9. ‫كُع ِظي ٍُم‬
ُ ً‫ف تحُطا ِرقُ ُِنُالقائِدُم ِدي نةًُع ِظيمة‬
ِ ‫دخلُُم َّمدُ ُِنُالفاتِحُع‬
10. ‫ُالروُِم‬
ُّ ‫اصمة‬
55
LESSON 9
ُ‫الُمُرُُ ُوالنُهُي‬
Imperative (Positive Command) &
Prohibitive (Negative Command)
The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command
to do something is called ‫أُمٌُُر‬, for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which
contains a command to not do something is called ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫نُه‬, as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not
ٌ
fear.’
Creating ‫ أم ٌُر‬for the Second Person
ُ‫ أُمٌُر‬of any verb is created from its respective ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. In this lesson, we will study
the method of making ‫ أُمٌُُر‬for the second person. This is as follows.
1. First, give a jazm to that seeghah of ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬, whose ‫ أُمٌُُر‬you wish to create. This
means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah
replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which
ِ for ‫اض ُر‬
ِ ٌ ‫ ْجع ُمؤن‬is an exception to this.2 Also, in the
ends with a noon. The ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬
ٌ
ٌ ‫َّث ُح‬
ِ
case of ‫كٌُرُحاضٌُر‬
َُّ ‫ْج ٌعُمُُذ‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
2. Now, remove the ‫ع‬
ُِ‫حرف ُالمضا ِر‬, which in this case is ‫ت‬. The seeghah should be
unreadable.
3. Now, add a ‫ل‬
ُِ ‫ ُهزةُالوص‬at the beginning and give it a kasrah.3
This process is illustrated in the following table.
2
ِ is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such
In fact, this ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬
words are called ‫ن‬
ُ ِ ‫مب‬.
3
Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a
word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There
is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.
57
Lesson 9
Table 9.1
ِ ‫)أمرُح‬
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬
ٌ
[From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of
Second Person
ِ
ُ‫ِع‬
ٌ ‫فع ٌلُمضار‬
ُ‫ت فعل‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬
Give jazm
to the
seeghahs
Drop the harf
al-mudari‘
Add a hamzat alwasl at the
beginning
ُ‫ت فعل‬
ُ‫ف عل‬
ُ‫ت فعال‬
ُ‫ف عال‬
ُ‫اِف عل‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬
‫ت فعلوا‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬
‫فُعلوا‬
ُ‫ف علِي‬
ُ‫ت فعال‬
ُ‫ف عال‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬
ُ‫ف علن‬
ُ‫ت فعلون‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬
‫اِف علوا‬
ُ‫اِف علِي‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬
ُ‫اِف علن‬
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
imperative in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.2
ِ ‫)أمرُح‬
Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬
ٌ
Person
Gender
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plurality
English
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
58
Arabic
ُ‫اِف عل‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬
‫اِف علوا‬
ُ‫اِفُعُلِي‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬
ُ‫اِف علُن‬
ُ‫اْلمر ُُوالنَّهي‬
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.2a
ِ ‫الُمُرُُالُح‬
ُ‫اضرُُالُمعروف‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
ُ‫اِف عل‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬
‫اِف علوا‬
ُ‫اِف علِي‬
ُ‫اِف عال‬
ُ‫اِف علن‬
ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬
ِّ ُ‫اِسم‬
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬
ُ‫اضٌر‬
ٌ
ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ
ِ
‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫تُثنِيُ ُةٌُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
Examples:
1. From ُ‫( تُفتح‬you are opening/will open), we get ُ‫( اِف تح‬open!).
2. From ُ‫( ِتُلِس‬you are sitting/will sit), we get ُ‫( اِجلِس‬sit!).
3. From ُ‫( تُسمع‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ُ‫( اَِسع‬hear!).
4. From ُ‫( تُضُ ِرب‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ُ‫( ُاِضُ ِرب‬hit!).
5. From ُ‫( تُذُهب‬you are going/will go), we get ُ‫( ُاِذُهُب‬go!).
Creating ‫ي‬
ٌُ ‫ ن ه‬for the Second Person
Like ‫أُمٌُُر‬, the ‫ي‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬of any verb is also created from its respective ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. In this
lesson, we will study the method of making ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬for the second person. It is partially
ٌ
similar to the method given above for ‫أُمٌُُر‬, but there are also differences. The process
is as follows.
1. Like in the case of ‫أُمٌُُر‬, give a jazm to the ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. This means that that seeghah
which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while
the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before,
ِ for ‫اض ُر‬
ِ ٌ ‫ ْجعُمؤن‬will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of ُ‫ْجعُمُُذ َُّك ُر‬
the ٌ‫صي غُ ُة‬
ٌ
ٌ ‫َّثُح‬
ٌ ٌ
ِ
‫حاضٌُر‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
59
Lesson 9
2. Now, instead of removing the ‫ع‬
ُِ‫حرف ُالمضا ِر‬, just place a ُ‫ َل‬before it. This ُ‫ َل‬is a
ُ‫حرفُالنَّه ِي‬, and is called ُ‫اهيُة‬
ُِ َّ‫َلُُالُن‬.
This process is illustrated in the following table.
Table 9.3
ِ ‫)ن ه ُيُح‬
Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬
ٌ
[From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of
Give jazm to the
seeghahs
Add a laa al-nahiyah at
the beginning
‫ت فع ُل‬
‫ت فعال ُِن‬
ُ‫ت فعل‬
ُ‫َلُُت فعل‬
ُ‫ت فعال‬
ُ‫َلُُت فعال‬
ُ‫ت فعلون‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬
‫ت فعلوا‬
ُ‫ت فعلِي‬
‫َلُُت فعلوا‬
ُ‫َلُُت فعلِي‬
ُ‫ت فُعال‬
ُ‫َلُُت فعال‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬
ُ‫َلُُت فعلن‬
Second Person ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬
ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬
ُ‫ت فعلن‬
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.4
ِ ُ‫)ن هيُح‬
Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬
ٌ
Person
Gender
Masculine
Second
Person
ِ ‫)ح‬
(‫اضٌُر‬
(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬
Feminine
(‫َّث‬
ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
(You) Don’t do!
ُ‫َلُت فعل‬
Dual
(You) Don’t do!
ُ‫َلُت فعال‬
Plural
(You) Don’t do!
Singular
(You) Don’t do!
‫َلُت فعلوا‬
ُ‫َلُت فعُلِي‬
Dual
(You) Don’t do!
ُ‫َلُت فعال‬
Plural
(You) Don’t do!
ُ‫َلُت فعلن‬
60
ُ‫اْلمر ُُوالنَّهي‬
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be
written in Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.4a
ِ ‫النُّهيُُالُح‬
ُ‫اضرُُالُمعروف‬
ُ‫لصي غة‬
ِّ ‫ا‬
ُ‫َلُت فعل‬
ُ‫َلُت فعال‬
‫َلُت فعلوا‬
ُ‫َلُت فعُلِي‬
ُ‫َلُت فعال‬
ُ‫َلُت فعلن‬
ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬
ِّ ُ‫اِسم‬
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬
ُ‫اضٌر‬
ٌ
ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ
ِ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌ ٌ
ِ‫و‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬
ِ ‫َّثُح‬
‫اضٌُر‬
ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬
Examples:
1. From ُ‫( تُفتح‬you are opening/will open), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُفتح‬do not open!).
2. From ُ‫( ِتُلِس‬you are sitting/will sit), we get ُ‫( َلُُِتُلِس‬do not sit!).
3. From ُ‫( تُسمع‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُسمع‬do not hear!).
4. From ُ‫( تُضُ ِرب‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُضُ ِرب‬do not hit!).
5. From ُ‫( تُذُهب‬you are going/will go), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُذُهُب‬do not go!).
The vowels (harakah) of ‫ أمُ ٌُر‬and ‫ي‬
ٌُ ‫ن ه‬
Many times we find ‫ أُمٌُُر‬to be on the pattern of ُ‫ اِف عل‬as in ُ‫اَِسع‬. However, this is not
always the case. Sometimes, it follows the ُ‫ اف عل‬pattern as in ُ‫انصر‬, and sometimes the
‫ اِف ُعِ ُل‬pattern as in ُ‫اِض ِرب‬. The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel
ِ ‫ و‬seeghah of
pattern of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬is dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of the ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬
ِ ‫ع ُو‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬. ُThe (‫ )ع‬letter of this ‫ب‬
‫ع‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬governs the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬in two ways,
and ‫ي‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬in one way.
The one way where it governs both ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬is the harakah of the (‫ )ع‬letter
of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ٌُ ُ‫نُه‬. Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the (‫)ع‬
ِ ‫ع ُو‬
letter of ‫ب‬
ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغُائ‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the (‫ )ع‬letter
61
Lesson 9
of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬will have the same vowel. For example, in ُ‫ يُسُمُع‬the (‫ )ع‬letter is (‫ )م‬and
ٌ
has a fathah. Therefore, in its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms, the (‫ )م‬will also get a fathah. Its ‫أُمٌُُر‬
ِ
will be ُ‫ اَسع‬and its ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬will be ُ‫َلُتسمع‬. In ُ‫ يض ِرب‬there is a kasrah under (‫ ;)ر‬therefore,
ٌ
its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms will be ُ‫ اِض ِرب‬and ُ‫ َل ُتض ِرب‬respectively. In ُ‫ي نصر‬, there is a
ٌ
dammah on (‫ ;)ص‬therefore, its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms will be ُ‫ انصر‬and ُ‫ َلُت نصر‬respectively.
ٌ
The other way in which (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬governs ‫ أُمٌُُر‬is with respect to
the hamzat al-wasl of ‫أُمٌُُر‬. This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It
cannot have a fathah. If the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬has a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl
of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬will also have a dammah. For example, the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ ي نصر‬will be ُ‫ انصر‬because (‫)ص‬
is the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ِع‬
ٌُ ‫ فِع ٌل ُمضار‬and it has a dammah. And if the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬
has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬will get a kasrah.
For example, the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ يسمع‬is ُ‫اَِسع‬, and the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ يض ِرب‬is ُ‫اِض ِرب‬.
It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in ‫ي‬
ُ ُ‫نُه‬. It is only
ٌ
ِ
dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬
ٌُ ‫ ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬for the harakah on its own (‫ )ع‬letter.
Word List For Verbs
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
ُ‫ماض‬
he went
ُ‫ذهب‬
he stopped (someone)
ُ‫منع‬
ُ‫َينع‬
he started
ُ‫بدأ‬
ُ‫ي بدأ‬
he opened
ُ‫ف تح‬
ُ‫ي فتح‬
he searched
ُ‫ِبُث‬
ُ‫َِسع‬
ُ‫ي بحث‬
he heard
ُ‫ض ِحك‬
ُ‫ع ِمل‬
ُ‫علِم‬
he laughed
he did, he acted, he worked
he came to know
ُ‫لعِب‬
ُ‫قُبِل‬
he played
he accepted
62
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
ُ‫يذهب‬
ُ‫يسمع‬
ُ‫يضحك‬
ُ‫ي عمل‬
ُ‫ي علم‬
ُ‫ي لعب‬
ُ‫اْلمر ُُوالنَّهي‬
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
ُ‫ماض‬
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
he was cautious
ُ‫طبخ‬
ُ‫ح ِذر‬
he went near, he came near
ُ‫ق رب‬
ُ‫ي قرب‬
he became sad
ُ‫حزن‬
ُ‫َيُُزن‬
he mocked
ُ‫هُزأ‬
ُ‫ي هزأ‬
he did
ُ‫ف عل‬
ُ‫ي فعل‬
he read
ُ‫قُرأ‬
ُ‫ي قرأ‬
he entered
ُ‫دخل‬
ُ‫ش ِرب‬
ُ‫يدخل‬
he cooked
he drank
ُ‫يطبخ‬
ُ‫َيذر‬
ُ‫يشرب‬
Word List for Nouns & Particles
Arabic
English
Singular
ُ‫إِل‬
to
Plural
ُ‫سو ٌق‬
‫مس ِج ٌُد‬
market
mosque
but, rather, however
ُ‫بل‬
box
ُ‫صندو ٌق‬
‫ُِل‬
for
ُ‫ن فسك‬
‫كثِي ًرا‬
ِ‫ن‬
ٌ‫صيح ُة‬
yourself
a lot
advice
mother
ُ‫أم‬
with
ُ‫مع‬
doll
ٌ‫دمي ُة‬
ٌ‫كرُة‬
ball
ُ‫كال ٌم‬
speech
63
ُ‫أن فُسكم‬
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ ‫أ َّمه‬
Lesson 9
Arabic
English
comb
meat
snake
scorpion
cat
path
ُ‫ات‬
ٌ َّ‫حي‬
ُ‫عقُا ِرب‬
ٌُ ‫قِط‬
‫ط‬
that
ُ‫مست ِقي ٌم‬
‫خي ٌُر‬
‫أ َُّن‬
all, each
ُ‫كل‬
thing
ُ ‫ش‬
ٌ‫يء‬
‫ق ِدي ٌُر‬
straight
good
powerful
ٌ‫شفاع ُة‬
ٌ‫ق ري ُة‬
‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬
ٌُ ‫ف ند‬
‫ق‬
intercession
village
friend
hotel
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ‫ل‬
ٌُ ‫ب‬
‫اب‬
milk
door
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بي‬
‫مُ ِدي ٌُر‬
ٌ‫ج ِريدُة‬
house
manager; editor
newspaper
2. ُ‫َلُتذهب‬
ُ‫ْل ٌم‬
ٌ‫حيَُّة‬
ٌُ ‫عقر‬
‫ب‬
ٌ‫قِطَُّة‬
‫عل ى‬
ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬
‫ط‬
upon, on
1. ُ‫اِذهب‬
Plural
ٌ‫ِمرأُة‬
ٌُ ‫ِمش‬
‫ط‬
mirror
Exercise 1:
Singular
Translate into English
7. ‫َلُتسمعوا‬
8. ‫اِضحكوا‬
64
‫ق ًرى‬
ُ‫ف ن ِادق‬
ُ‫اْلمر ُُوالنَّهي‬
3. ‫َلَُتن عوا‬
9. ‫اِعملوا‬
5. ُ‫اِف ت ِحي‬
11. ‫اِعلما‬
10. ‫اَِسعُا‬
4. ‫ي‬
ُ ِ‫َلُت بدئ‬
6. ُ‫َلُت بحثن‬
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12. ‫َلُت لعبا‬
Translate into Arabic
Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque.
Open (S/M) the box.
Work (D/M) for yourselves.
Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot.
Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers.
Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball.
Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah.
Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat.
Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion.
Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.
Exercise 3:
Translate into English.
1. ‫َلَُتزنُعلي ِه ُم‬
2. ‫َلُت هزءواُوَلُتضحكوا‬
3. ُ‫اِف علواُاْلي ر‬
4. ُ‫اِق رُِءيُُوَلُت لعبي‬
5. ‫ُاِعلمواُأُ َّنُاهللُعلُىُك ِّلُشُيُ ٍءُق ِدي ٌُر‬
6. ُ‫اِق ب لواُالشَّفاعة‬
7. ُ‫ادخلواُه ِذهُِالقرية‬
8. ُ‫اِذهب واُمعُصُ ِدي ِقكمُُإِلُالفند ِقُواشرب واُاللَّبُمعه‬
ِ ‫اِف تحواُبابُالب ي‬
9. ِ‫تُواذهب واُُإِلُُمُ ِدي ُِرُاْل ِريدُة‬
65
LESSON 10
ُ‫ُالُجُمُع‬،ُ‫ُالتُثُُنِيُة‬،ُ‫احد‬
ُِ ‫الُ ُو‬
Singular, Dual, Plural
We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single,
sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual
and plural. For example, ‫ن‬
ٌُ ‫ مُ ُؤُِم‬means ‘one believer,’ ‫ان‬
ُِ ‫ مُ ُؤُِمن‬means ‘two believers,’ and
ُ‫ مُ ُؤُِمن ون‬means ‘three or more believers.’ Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals
of nouns.
ِ ‫ (و‬one of the
ٌ‫ – ت ثنِي ُة‬Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )‫اح ٌُد‬
following:

ِ
An ُ‫ف‬
ُِ ‫[ﹷ‬
ٌ ‫ أُُل‬preceded by a fathah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a kasrah i.e. ]‫ان‬
for the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬.
e.g.

ُ‫رجال ِن‬
two men
A ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ُ‫ ي‬preceded by a fathah and a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a kasrah i.e. ]‫ [ﹷيُ ُِن‬for the states of
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ُ‫ نُص‬and ُ‫جُر‬.
e.g.
ُِ ‫رجل‬
‫ي‬
two men
ِ ‫ (و‬one of the
ُ‫ – جم ٌع‬Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )‫اح ٌُد‬
following:5

A ‫او‬
ٌُ ‫ ُو‬preceded by a dammah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a fathah i.e. ]ُ‫[ﹹون‬
for the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬.
e.g.

ُ‫ ُمسلِمون‬Muslims
A ٌ‫اء‬
ُ ُ‫ ي‬preceded by a kasrah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a fathah i.e. [ُ‫ ]ﹻين‬for
the states of ‫ب‬
ٌُ ُ‫ نُص‬and ُ‫جُر‬.
e.g.
ُ‫ مسلِ ِمي‬Muslims
4
It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual
or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more.
5
There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.
67
Lesson 10
For the ease of the students, a chart showing ‫ مسلِ ٌُم‬and its dual and plural forms in
each of the different states is given below.
Table 10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
Singular (ُ‫احد‬
ُِ ‫)الُُو‬
In the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬
In the state of ‫ب‬
ٌُ ُ‫نُص‬
In the state of ُ‫جُر‬
ُ‫مسلِ ٌم‬
‫مسلِ ًما‬
‫مسلِ ٍُم‬
Dual (ُ‫)الُتَّثُُنِيُة‬
ِ ‫مسلِم‬
ُ‫ان‬
ُِ ‫مسلِم‬
‫ي‬
ُِ ‫مسلِم‬
‫ي‬
Plural (ُ‫)اُْلُمُع‬
ُ‫مسلِمون‬
ُ‫مسلِ ِمي‬
ُ‫مسلِ ِمي‬
Examples:
1. Two men went to the market.
ُ‫ُالس ُو ِق‬
ُّ ‫ذهبُرجال ِنُُإِل‬
2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque.
ُ‫خطبُالعالِمون ُِِفُالمس ِج ِد‬
3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons.
ِ ‫نصرُخُاُلِ ٌُدُمظلوم‬
ُ‫ي‬
4. Naseer hit the oppressors.
ِ ‫ضربُن‬
ُ‫صي ٌرُاُلظَّالِ ِمي‬
5. I wrote with two pens.
ِ ‫كتبتُبِقلم‬
ُ‫ي‬
6. A man from amongst the believers came.
ُ‫ُمنُالمُ ُؤُِمُنِي‬
ِّ ‫جآءُرج ٌل‬
Note: The ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf.
For example,
1. ‫ق لماُزي ٍُد‬
(Zayd’s two pens)
2. ‫ل‬
ٍُ ‫ف رساُرج‬
(a man’s two horses)
ِ ‫ ق لم‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
This was originally ‫ان ُزي ٍُد‬
end of mudaaf.
ِ ‫ ف رس‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
This was originally ‫ل‬
ٍُ ‫ان ُرج‬
end of mudaaf.
68
ِ ‫الو‬
ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثنِية‬،‫احد‬
ِ ‫مسلِمو‬
3. ُ‫ُمصر‬
(Muslims of Egypt)
ِ ‫ مسلِمون‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
This was originally ُ‫ُمصر‬
end of mudaaf.
ِ ‫طالِب و‬
4. ‫ُعل ٍُم‬
(seekers of knowledge)
ِ ‫ طالِب ون‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the
This was originally ‫ُعل ٍُم‬
end of mudaaf.
Word List for Verbs
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
ُ‫ماض‬
he ordered
ُ‫أمر‬
he wrote
ُ‫كتب‬
ُ‫يكتب‬
he ate
ُ‫أكل‬
ُ‫يأكل‬
he cut
ُ‫قطع‬
he hit
ُ‫ضرب‬
ُ‫ي قطع‬
ُ‫يض ِرب‬
he took
ُ‫أخذ‬
ُ‫يأخذ‬
he studied
ُ‫درس‬
ُ‫يدرس‬
he cooked
ُ‫طبخ‬
ُ‫يطبخ‬
he read
ُ‫ق رأ‬
ُ‫ي قرأ‬
he filled
ُ‫مل‬
he imprisoned
ُ‫حبس‬
he forgave
ُ‫غفر‬
ُ‫َيل‬
ُ‫َيبِس‬
ُ‫ي غ ِفر‬
ُ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬
ُ‫يأمر‬
Word List for Nouns
English
Arabic
Singular
ِ‫و‬
ُ‫ظ‬
ٌ ‫اع‬
ٌُ ‫كِت‬
‫اب‬
‫مُؤِم ٌُن‬
‫خب ٌُز‬
preacher
book
believer
bread
69
Plural
ِ‫و‬
ُ‫اعظون‬
ُ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫كت‬
ُ‫مؤِمن ون‬
ُ‫أخب ٌاز‬
Lesson 10
English
Arabic
Singular
Plural
ٌ‫شجرُة‬
tree
boy
umbrella
year
worshipper
ٌ‫ِمظلَُّة‬
ٌُ ‫ُع‬،ٌ‫سنة‬
‫ام‬
‫عابِ ٌُد‬
ٌ‫َسك ُة‬
ٌ‫كَّراس ُة‬
a fish
notebook
ُ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫بي‬
ٌ‫خ ِادم ُة‬
house
female servant, maid
jar
uncle (maternal)
thief
jail, prison
guidance
pious, God-fearing
successful; prosperous
corrupt
ُ‫ُأُعو ٌام‬،‫ِسن ون‬
ٌُ ‫ِعب‬
‫اد‬
ٌ‫جَّرُة‬
ٌُ‫خال‬
ٌُ ‫سا ِر‬
‫ق‬
‫ِسج ٌُن‬
‫ه ًدى‬
)ُ‫مت ٍَّقُ(المت َِّقي‬
‫مفلِ ٌُح‬
‫مف ِس ٌُد‬
‫َن ُن‬
‫مصلِ ٌُح‬
ُِ ‫ظ‬
ٌ‫ال‬
we
peacemaker
oppressor
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫عذ‬
‫ألِي ٌُم‬
‫كافٌُِر‬
ٌُ ‫م ِه‬
‫ي‬
punishment
painful
disbeliever, infidel
humiliating, disgraceful
‫م ُع‬
‫صابٌُِر‬
ُ‫اْلمد‬
with
patient
all praise
70
ُ‫سا ِرق ون‬
)ُ‫متَّقونُ(المتَّقون‬
ُ‫مفلِحون‬
ُ‫مف ِسدُون‬
ُ‫مصلِحون‬
ُ‫ظالِمون‬
ُ‫كافِرون‬
ُ‫صابِرون‬
ِ ‫الو‬
ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثنِية‬،‫احد‬
English
Arabic
Singular
Lord
ُ‫رب‬
world
ُ ‫ع‬
ٌ‫ال‬
blessing, grace (of Allah
Most High)
ٌُ‫صلُوة‬
peace
ُ‫سال ٌم‬
‫عل ى‬
upon, on
ُ‫سيِّ ٌد‬
‫مرس ٌُل‬
master; chief
messenger
ُ‫خ‬
ٌ‫امت‬
ُ ِ‫ن‬
‫ب‬
seal; ring
prophet
family
companion
all
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
‫أ ٌُل‬
ِ‫ص‬
ٌُ ‫اح‬
‫ب‬
ُ‫أُْجع‬
Translate into English
I ordered the preachers.
They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers.
They (P/F) ate the bread.
You (P/M) cut the tree.
She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas.
You (P/F) will study for two years.
You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers.
You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish.
She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books.
The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars.
Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.
Exercise 2:
Translate into English
ِ ‫القرآنُُهدىُلِّلمت‬
1. ُ‫َّقي‬
ً
2. ُ‫المؤِمن ونُُمفلِحون‬
3. ُ‫َُننُمصلِحون‬:ُ‫قالُُالمف ِسدون‬
71
Plural
ُ‫عالمون‬
ُ‫مرسلون‬
ُِ ‫خُُو‬
‫امت‬
ُ‫نبِيُُّون‬
ُ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫أُصح‬
ُ‫أُْجعون‬
‫‪Lesson 10‬‬
‫ِ ِِ‬
‫ابُأُلِي ٌمُ ‪4.‬‬
‫ُلل ُظّل ُميُعذ ٌ‬
‫يُ ‪5.‬‬
‫لِلكُافِ ِرينُعذ ٌُ‬
‫ابُ ُّم ِه ٌ‬
‫صابِ ِرينُ ‪6.‬‬
‫اُهللُُمعُُال َُّ‬
‫اُهللُُي غ ِفرُلِلمؤِمنِيُ ‪7.‬‬
‫بُالعل ِميُ ‪8.‬‬
‫اْلمدُلُِلّ ِهُر ِّ‬
‫ُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِيُ ‪9.‬‬
‫امتُالنَّبِيُِّيُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُُلِِه ُ‬
‫السالمُعلىُسيِّ ِدُالمرسلِيُخ ُِ‬
‫اُ َّ‬
‫لصالُةُو َّ‬
‫‪72‬‬