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Sponges
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Chordates
Brachiopods
Annelids
Molluscs
Arthropods
PROTEROZOIC
Ediacaran
635
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PALEOZOIC
Cambrian
545
515
605
575
Time (millions of years age)
485 0
2
Collar
Food particles
Choanocyte
in mucus
Flagellum
Choanocyte
Phagocytosis of
food particles
Pores
Water
flow
Amoebocyte
Spicules
Amoebocytes
Azure vase sponge
(Callyspongia plicifera)
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(a) Hydrozoa
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(b) Scyphozoa
(c) Anthozoa
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15 µm
(a) Valeria (800 mya):
roughly spherical, no
structural defenses,
soft-bodied
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75 µm
(b) Spiny acritarch
(575 mya): about five
times larger than
Valeria and covered in
hard spines
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(a) Radial symmetry
(b) Bilateral symmetry
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Body cavity
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining body cavity
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
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Porifera
Metazoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Deuterostomia
770 million
years ago
Eumetazoa
ANCESTRAL
PROTIST
680 million
years ago
Echinodermata
Chordata
Lophotrochozoa
Bilateria
670 million
years ago
Hemichordata
Ecdysozoa
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Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
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9
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Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Muscle
segments
Mouth
Anus
Post-anal tail
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Pharyngeal slits or clefts
10
(b) Tunicate
(a) Lancelet
11
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Common
ancestor of
vertebrates
Vertebrates
Myxini
(hagfishes)
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes
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Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapoda
(amphibians,
reptiles,
mammals)
Actinopterygii
Osteichthyans
Limbs with digits
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Tetrapods
Lobed
fins
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Lobe-fins
Jaws,
mineralized
skeleton
Lungs
or lung derivatives
Gnathostomes
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Vertebral
column
Myxini
Dipnoi
Petromyzontida
Actinistia
Tetrapoda
12
0.5 m
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MARINE CRUSTACEAN
AQUATIC LOBE-FIN
CHARACTER
AQUATIC
ANCESTOR
GREEN ALGA
Anchoring
structure
Derived (roots)
N/A
N/A
Support
structure
Derived (lignin/stems)
Ancestral
Ancestral (skeletal system)
Derived (limbs)
Internal
transport
Derived (vascular system)
Ancestral
Ancestral
Muscle/
nerve cells
N/A
Ancestral
Ancestral
Protection
against
desiccation
Derived (cuticle)
Ancestral
Derived
(amniotic egg/scales)
Derived (stomata)
Derived (tracheal system)
Ancestral
TERRESTRIAL
ORGANISM
Gas exchange
LAND PLANTS
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INSECTS
TERRESTRIAL
VERTEBRATES
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Cephalothorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head
Abdomen
Thorax
Swimming appendages (one pair per
abdominal segment)
Pincer
(defense)
Mouthparts
(feeding)
Walking legs
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Lepidopterans
Hymenopterans
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Hemipterans
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17
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Fish
Characters
Scales
Fins
Gills and lungs
Tetrapod
Characters
Neck
Ribs
Fin skeleton
Flat skull
Eyes on top of skull
Shoulder bones
Neck
Head
Ribs
Scales
Eyes on top
of skull
Flat skull
Humerus
Ulna
“Wrist”
Fin
Elbow
Radius
Fin skeleton
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Lungfishes
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Limbs
with digits
Tulerpeton
Amphibians
Key to
limb bones
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Amniotes
Silurian
Devonian
PALEOZOIC
Carboniferous
Permian
415 400 385 370 355 340 325 310 295 280 265 0
Time (millions of years ago)
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Salamanders
retain their tails
as adults.
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Caecilians have
no legs and are
mainly burrowing
animals.
Frogs and toads
lack tails as adults.
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Extraembryonic membranes
Allantois
Amnion
Chorion
Yolk sac
Embryo
Amniotic
cavity with
amniotic fluid
Yolk
(nutrients)
Shell
Albumen
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†
Plesiosaurs
Crocodilians
†
Pterosaurs
Turtles
†
Ornithischian
dinosaurs
Common
ancestor
of reptiles
†
Common
ancestor
of dinosaurs
Saurischian
dinosaurs other
than birds
Birds
Turtles
Tuataras
Squamates
Squamates
Crocodilians
Birds
Tuataras
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Monotremes
Marsupials
Eutherians
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New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
“Apes”
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
and bonobos
Humans
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Murky, poorly-mixed
Low oxygen
Cyanobacteria
(a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya
Clear, well-mixed
High oxygen
Eukaryotic algae
(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya
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Age at maturity (years)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
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Other
invertebrates
An endangered
Pacific island
land snail,
Partula suturalis
Molluscs
Insects
Fishes
Birds
Amphibians
Mammals
Reptiles (excluding
birds)
Recorded extinctions of animal
species
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Workers on a mound of pearl
mussels killed to make buttons
(ca. 1919)
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