WWI
The End…
Review: 4 Long Term Causes of WWI
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Review:
What was the spark?
Review: Sides
Allied Powers
Central Powers
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Review: Warfare
 What type of warfare characterized WWI?
 What difficulty did Germany face?
 What new technologies affected warfare?
 Was either side winning the war? Explain…
WWI: The End…
Key Terms
 Lusitania
 Treaty of Versailles
 Unrestricted Submarine
 Woodrow Wilson
Warfare
 “Peace without victory”
 Zimmerman Telegram
 David Lloyd George
 John J. Pershing
 Georges Clemenceau
 Exhaustion
 Franco-Prussian War
 Peace Treaty
 Alsace-Lorriane
 Reparations
 Henry Cabot Lodge
 Peace of Paris
 League of Nations
The U.S. Gets in the Game
2 Main Reasons
 Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)
 German U-Boats (submarines) attacked and sunk
the British civilian ship The Lusitania
 Example of Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare – German U-boats
would sink any ship without warning
 Major cause of US entry into the war
 1,200 Civilians Die
 139 Americans were on board, 128 died
 Americans Angry, Germany promises to stop
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare… for now
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
We intend to begin on the 1st of February unrestricted
submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this
to keep the United States of America neutral. In the
event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a
proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war
together, make peace together, generous financial
support and an understanding on our part that Mexico
is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico
and Arizona. Please call the President's attention to
the fact that the ruthless employment of our
submarines now offers the prospect of compelling
England in a few months to make peace.
Zimmerman Telegram
 Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
 America still not in the war
 The Zimmerman Telegram was sent from
Germany to Mexico, asked Mexico to
attack the US and join the Central Powers
 Germany said they would resume
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 Intercepted by GB
 GB sent to US, US declared war on
Germany
How would the U.S. entering the war 4 years after
it started affect the outcome?
 Example 1: Gandalf
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL9vUjm2mIE
 Example 2: Ghost army
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqFrS417OnE
How would the U.S. entering the war 4 years after
it started affect the outcome?
 Both the Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia) and
the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire) were exhausted from years of trench
warfare.
 Troops were sick
 Many deaths, armies weakened
 What were the U.S. soldiers like?
 Fresh, rested, healthy
 Ready to fight!
U.S. Troops
 Led by General John J. Pershing
 Over 4 million U.S. Troops fought in the War
 About 120,000 U.S. soldiers died.
 Once the U.S. arrived with fresh troops, the war was
over in less than a year
Problems for the Central
Powers
 Downside of Total War
 Everyone has a stake, if you lose, the people can turn
 Germany- Kaiser William II abdicates
 Austria-Hungary  Hapsburg Line ends (Abdicates)
 Ottoman Empire  Arab Revolt
***Russia has a revolution, too (Allied Powers)
A Sign of Things to Come…
 Armenians were controlled by Ottoman Empire, but helped
Russians in WWI
 Armenians were a Christian minority
 Long held tensions with Muslim rulers
 Turkish Nationalism turned dark, wanted Turkey for Turks
 Armenian Genocide
 1- 1.5 million Armenians systematically killed by the Ottomans
 Forced to march through the desert with no food or water
 25 Extermination Camps
WWI: Total
Deaths
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Which side suffered more
deaths?
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How many U.S. soldiers
died?
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Which country suffered
the most deaths?
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What was the total
number of deaths?
The War is over… Now what?
 Armistice signed at 11 o’clock on 11/11/1918.
 “The eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month”
 Armistice – an agreement to end fighting in a war
 Need to sign a peace treaty
 Peace Treaty – Official Document ending a war. Often
includes reparations.
 Reparations – payments which a country must pay after
they LOSE a war.
Peace of Paris
 Meeting in Paris of Leaders of the Winning Side
 Most Important Document
 “Treaty of Versailles” – Official end of the war between the
allied powers and Germany
Signing in the Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles:
Key Players
Clemenceau
David Lloyd George
Woodrow Wilson
(PM of France)
(PM of the United Kingdom)
(President of the US)
Conflicting Goals:
Georges Clemenceau
• Insisted on Reparations
• Insisted that Germany must take full responsibility for
war
• Revenge for Alsace-Lorraine taken in Franco-Prussian
War
• Which they would get back as a result of the T of V
Conflicting Goals:
David Lloyd George
• Germany should be held responsible, but…
• Not irreparably damaged by punishment
• Germany should be supported so UK can trade
• More concerned with rebuilding Britain into “a country fit for heroes”
Conflicting Goals:
Woodrow Wilson
• Peace is most important, not blame or punishment
• Fourteen Points
• Wilson’s Plan for a stable Europe. Included:
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Freedom of the seas
Reductions of arms
End of secret treaties and alliances
Self Determination
• Sadly, only applied to European countries
• League of Nations
Results
 Germany Punished
 League of Nations Created
 Would fail…
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
 Treaty between Allies and Germany
 Stipulations
1. Germany must accept full blame for the war
2. Germany must pay $30 billion dollars as reparations.
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($450 billion dollars, in today’s money)
3. Formation of a League of Nations
4. German Colonies NOT GRANTED INDEPENDENCE
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Allies took away German colonies for themselves
 Was the Treaty of Versailles really about peace or
punishment?
 Why might this have been a bad idea?
League of Nations
 Woodrow Wilson’s idea
 Created to help avoid a war like WWI from happening
again
 40 nations join, USA DOES NOT!
 U.S. senate led by Republican Henry Cabot Lodge
 Hates Wilson (Democrat)
 Believes joining League of Nations could drag US into
European Wars… (Isolationism)
 U.S. Senate does not approve, US does not join
 Without the US, the League of Nations is weak
 Although a failure, was the first step towards the UN
Treaty of Versailles
Conclusion
 The Treaty of Versailles was
about REVENGE
 The Treaty of Versailles
made Germany angry, bitter,
and broke… They needed a
hero!
 Who would be this “hero”?
Crash Course
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XPZQ0LAlR4