BARACK OBAMA’S DICTION IN HIS 2009 INAUGURAL
SPEECH
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Gaining
the Bachelor Degree in English Literature
By:
ANA PUSPITA SARI
10150063
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND CULTURAL SCIENCES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN KALIJAGA
YOGYAKARTA
2014
ABSTRACT
BARACK OBAMA’S DICTION IN HIS 2009 INAUGURAL SPEECH
By:
ANA PUSPITA SARI
Diction is the important thing to be considered when people want to get
the successful communication. It refers to the right choices of the words that
exactly represent what the speaker wants to say. This research is aimed to
investigate Barack Obama’s diction through his first inaugural speech in 2009. In
doing this goal, two research questions are formulated; they are (1) How is the
diction in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech?; and (2) How does the diction
in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech affect the audiences? It is a qualitative
descriptive research. The writer applies the theory of diction, figurative language
and rhetorical devices.
The result of this research shows that Obama often uses the connotative
words in his speech. Further, Obama also uses some figurative languages and
rhetorical devices to make his speech more attractive and the message of his
speech be accepted well by the audiences. The use of Obama’s special diction
gives effect toward the audience. The effects are the audiences get more
understanding since Obama’s metaphorical words give the emphasis in his
speech; the audience can be aware of the meaning of the sentence and get the
lesson from it without being dictated; and the they can accept the real message
without being offended.
Key words: diction, figurative language, rhetorical devices
v
ABSTRAK
BARACK OBAMA’S DICTION IN HIS 2009 INAUGURAL SPEECH
Oleh:
ANA PUSPITA SARI
Diksi adalah hal yang penting untuk diperhatikan jika seseorang ingin
melakukan komunikasi dengan baik. Diksi dapat diartikan sebagai pilihan kata
yang tepat, yang benar-benar dapat mencerminkan hal yang sebenarnya hendak
disampaikan oleh pembicara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti diksi yang
digunakan oleh Presiden Barack Obama dalam pidato pelantikan kepresidenannya
pada tahun 2009. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, penulis menyusun dua rumusan
masalah yaitu (1) Bagaimanakah penggunaan diksi dalam pidato pelantikan
kepresidenan yang disampaikan pada tahun 2009?; dan (2) Bagaimanakah
pengaruh diksi dalam pidato kepresidenan Barack Obama terhadap para audiens.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis menggunakan
teori tentang diksi, bahasa perumpamaan dan perangkat retorik.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan Presiden Barack Obama sering
menggunakan kata yang bermakna konotatif di dalam pidatonya. Lebih lanjut,
Obama juga sering menggunakan bahasa perumpamaan dan perangkat retorik
untuk membuat pidatonya lebih menarik dan pesannya dapat diterima dengan baik
oleh para pendengar. Penggunaan diksi khusus dalam pidato pelantikan
kepresidenan Barack Obama memberikan efek tersendiri bagi para pendengarnya.
Efek tersebut adalah: para pendengar menjadi lebih paham dengan pesan yang ada
dalam pidato Obama karena metafora yang ada dalam pidato tersebut memberikan
penekanan yang lebih pada pesan itu sendiri; para pendengar menjadi lebih peka
terhadap makna dari setiap kalimat dan mereka juga mendapatkan pelajaran dari
kalimat tersebut tanpa merasa digurui; dan para pendengar dapat menerima pesan
inti dari pidato tersebut tanpa merasa tersinggung.
Kata kunci: diksi, bahasa perumpamaan, perangkat retorik
vi
MOTTO
I am the master of my fate.
I am the captain of my soul.
(Nelson Mandela)
vii
DEDICATION
Sincerely, I dedicate this thesis to:
My Parents, Bpk. M. Ruslim & Ibu Ludinah.
My young brother, Imam Arif Saputra.
My friends at English Department.
Islamic State University of Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum wr. wb.
All praise be to Allah, The Lord of the world, who has given blessing for me to
arrange this graduating paper entitled “Barack Obama’s Diction In His 2009
Inaugural Speech” as the requirement for gaining the bachelor degree in English
Department, Islamic State University of Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
This paper is arranged completely by the help from the sincere persons. So, I
really deliver my thanks and appreciations for them. They are:
1. My parents; Bpk. M. Ruslim and Ibu Ludinah; and my young brother;
Imam Arif Saputra who always support me along this harsh time. You are
my everything.
2. The Dean of Faculty of Adab and Cultural Sciences, Dr. Hj. Siti Maryam,
M.Ag.
3. The Head of English Department, Mr. Fuad Arif Fudiyartanto, S.Pd, M,
Hum, M.Ed.
4. Mrs. Ulyati Retno Sari, M.Hum, as my academic advisor. Thank you for
your supports and advices, Ma’am.
5. Mr. Fuad Arif Fudiyartanto, S.Pd, M,Hum, M.Ed, my advisor, who has
given me the best advices and guidance in arranging this paper. Thank
you, Sir.
6. Mrs. Jiah Fauziah, M.Hum, Mrs. Febriyanti Dwi Ratna, M.Hum, Mrs,
Witriani, M.Hum, Mr. Margo Yuwono, M. Hum, Mr. Arif Budiman, M.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE…………………………………………………………………………. i
FINAL PROJECT STATEMENT……………………………………………. ii
PENGESAHAN………………………………………………………………. iii
NOTA DINAS………………………………………………………………… iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………… v
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………. vi
MOTTO ………………………………………………………………………. vii
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………….. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….. xi
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………. xiii
LIST OF APPENDIXES……………………………………………………... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 1
1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………. 1
1.2 Problem Statements………………………………………………. 7
1.3 Objectives of Study………………………………………………. 7
1.4 Significances of Study……………………………………………. 7
1.5 Literature Review ………………………………………………… 8
1.6 Theoretical Approach …………………………………………….. 11
1.7 Method of Research ………………………………………………. 12
1.8 Paper Organization ……………………………………………….. 13
CHAPTER II GENERAL BACKGROUND………………………………….. 15
2.1 Diction, Figurative Language and Rhetorical Devices ………….. 16
2.2 Speech Description………………………………………………... 19
2.3 Biography of Barack Obama……………………………………… 22
CHAPTER III FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS …………………………… 27
3.1 Findings…………………………………………………………… 27
3.2 Discussions………………………………………………………... 30
3.2.1 Amelioration…………………………………………………30
3.2.2 Metaphor……………………………………………………. 31
3.2.3 Personification………………………………………………. 48
xi
3.2.4 Hyperbole…………………………………………………… 54
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……………………….. 57
4.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………… 57
4.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………… 58
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 59
APPENDIXES
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
The example of Barack Obama’s diction in his 2009’s
Inaugural Speech………………………………………………4
The list of the data in Barack Obama’s 2009 Inaugural
Speech ……………………………………………………….27
The element of metaphor [example 2(a)]…………………….32
The element of metaphor [example 2(b)]………………….....32
The element of metaphor (example 3)……………………….34
The element of metaphor (example 4)……………………….36
The element of metaphor (example 5)……………………….38
The element of metaphor (example 6)……………………….40
The element of metaphor [example 7(a)]…………………….42
The element of metaphor [example 7(b)]…………………….42
The element of metaphor (example 8)……………………….44
The element of metaphor [example 9(a)]…………………….45
The element of metaphor [example 9(b)]……………………46
The element of metaphor (example 10)……………………...47
xiii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix I
Appendix II
Content Words of Barack Obama’s 2009 Inaugural Speech
Curriculum Vitae
xiv
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Language is a system of sounds and words used by humans to express
their thoughts and feelings (Hornby, 1995: 662). It means that language is spoken
by humans. It has several systems and symbols. And it is arbitrarily produced.
Language is used by humans all over the world to communicate in the field of
business, education, daily life and all of human activities. As a means of
communication, language has several characteristics (Chaer, 2003: 33). First,
language should be realized in the form of symbols. Second, language has a
system in use. Then, language consists of sounds which have meaning. Further,
language is conventional, unique, universal, and arbitrarily used. Language is also
productive and has a lot of varieties. Language is not static and has a function as a
means of social interaction. Last, language can be an identity of its speaker.
Since language is non-instinctive and develops over time, the study of
language appears. The study of language (here, human language) is called
linguistics. Linguistics has many branches. They are descriptive linguistics (pure
science of language), historical linguistics which observes the history of language
and its changes, anthropological linguistics which views language as an element
of cultural investigation, psycholinguistics which concerns on linguistics behavior,
sociolinguistics that focuses on the role of language within the society, phonetics
2
which refers to the analysis of speech sound and applied linguistics which means
the effort to apply the result of research to the real uses (Langacker, 1937: 6).
Sociolinguistics is one of the branches of linguistics. Ronald Wardhaugh
in Introduction to Sociolinguistics defines it as “a branch of linguistics which is
concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with
the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language function in
communication” (2006: 13). Because it relates to the society, language in
sociolinguistics is viewed based on its role in the society, how it is applied and
how it is varied based on the society. Sociolinguistics describes the language in
society with all of its variations and diversities. In sociolinguistics, we find the
discussions about language variation, language origin, the changes of language
and many issues related to language in society.
One of the language variations is idiolect. Idiolect can be defined as “the
total amount of a particular language used by a particular person” (Hornby, 1995:
589). Also, Fromkin et al define idiolect as the language of an individual speaker
with its unique characteristics (2003: 430). It refers to individual’s specific style
of speaking. From those two definitions, it can be concluded that idiolect depends
on the person who uses the language itself. Idiolect may vary as much as the
number of humans in the world.
To investigate the idiolect of a certain person, there are several features
that can be used as the markers of idiolect. The first feature is pronunciation, the
second feature is lexical choices or diction and the third is sentence structure. As
stated by Wardhaugh in his book An Introduction to sociolinguistics as follows:
3
As you travel throughout a wide geographical area in which a language is
spoken, and particularly if that language has been spoken in that area for
many hundred of years, you are almost certain to notice differences in
pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in syntax (2006: 4344).
The object of this research is diction. The word diction means the choice
and use of words (Hornby, 1995: 321). Diction is one of the features that can be
used to mark the idiolect of a certain person. It is chosen as the object of this
research because diction is the important thing that should be considered when
people want to communicate each other. It is important to be considered because
it becomes the factor of the successful communication. The people will success to
convey the message to the audience if they can use the right choice of the words
that exactly represent what they want to speak.
Investigating the use of diction can be taken from the most well-known
public figure in the world, Barack Obama. Barack Obama is one of the famous
public figures in the world. He is the 44th president of The United States of
America. He becomes famous because of his success for being the president of
The United States. Besides, he is the first Afro-American president in The United
States. As the president, Barack Obama often gives the speech in many occasions
such as campaign, inauguration, conferences and many others. These speeches are
well-constructed as the reflection of Barack Obama itself.
Barack Obama is chosen because of several reasons. The first reason is his
position as the president of The United States, one of the powerful and influential
countries around the world. Being a president of The United States means being
4
the leader of the world. Second, Barack Obama is the first Afro-American
president along the history of America. He has broken the myth of The United
States. Previously, the presidents of The United State come from white-skinned
people as the American principle that anyone who will be the president of
America should be a man, from white-skinned race and also christian
(http://www.unisosdem.org/article_detail.php?aid=8050&coid=3&caid=31&gid=
2 accessed on December, 14th, 2013). Third, in line with the second reason,
Obama is the representative of Afro-American people in The United States
Governance. From this, it can be seen that the power of Afro-American people
starts to arise. Furthermore, investigating Barack Obama’s diction is beneficial. It
is beneficial because from this investigation the reader can learn how to be a great
speaker who is convincing and can deliver his or her message to the audience in
attractive ways.
There are three examples of the diction which can be found in Barack
Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech. The examples are some diction realized in the
connotative words and metaphor.
TABLE 1: The example of Barack Obama’s diction in his 2009’s Inaugural
Speech
No
Type
1
Connotative words
2
Metaphor
Words / sentence
“Those who prefer leisure over work.”
“The words have been spoken during
rising tides of prosperity and the still
5
waters of peace.”
“Yet, every so often the oath is taken
amidst gathering clouds and raging
storms.”
This research also has a relation with Islamic studies. The certain use of
diction by certain person is considered as diversity. In Islam, diversity is
appreciated as a blessing (rahmah) and it should be praised. Diversity is not for
being debated. Diversity exists not to be a medium for mocking. It exists to enrich
humans’ knowledge. Through diversity, humans can recognize and share each
other. They can correct each other. From the diversity, humans can analyze and
choose the best thing for their life. Also, by the existence of diversity, humans will
get better. If they do not have diversity, they will be perished. Therefore, it is
obligated for humans to appreciate diversity between them and to thank God for
giving diversity.
There are many verses in the Qoran that contain a call or command to
appreciate the diversity among humans. A command to recognize each other as
stated in Qoran, Surah Al-Hujurat verse 13 is the proof that God has ordered us to
accept and appreciate the diversity between us. The verse is stated as follows:
َ‫شعُىبًا َوقَبَائِل‬
ُ ْ‫جعَلّْنَاكُم‬
َ َ‫يَا أَ ُيهَا الّنَاسُ إِّنَا خَلَقّْنَاكُمْ مِنْ َذ َكرٍ وَأُّنْ َثىٰ و‬
ٌ‫لِ َتعَا َرفُىا ۚ إِّنَ َأ ْك َر َمكُمْ عِّنْدَ الَلهِ أَتْقَاكُمْ ۚ إِّنَ الَلهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِير‬
6
O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female, and have made you
nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Lo! the noblest of you, in the
sight of Allah, is the best in conduct. Lo! Allah is Knower, Aware.
(http://quran.umm.ac.id/en/49/13).
Through this verse, God clearly states that God has created humans in
different groups, different ethnics and different nations. Actually, God does it by a
purpose. God creates humans differently in order to make humans recognize each
other. From this, humans can learn the characteristics, culture and habit from
others. Furthermore, humans can use those differences as a medium to evaluate
them. Those differences will be a medium for humans to develop their life and
they can get the best thing for them. Also, differences are sunnatullah. So, they
exist naturally.
In investigating Barack Obama’s diction, this research only focusses on
dictions which are used in the 2009 presidential inaugural speech. It is because of
some reasons. The first reason is that this research is aimed to give the deeper
analysis towards Barack Obama’s diction. The second reason is the lexical
choices in this speech are very unique. For example, this speech uses several
connotative words and some poetics languages to deliver its messages. Perhaps, it
is a unique strategy for the speaker to make his messages accepted well by the
listeners.
7
1.2
Problem Statements
Based on the background, this research is conducted in order to answer the
following questions:
1. How is the diction in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech?
2. How does the diction in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech affect the
audiences?
1.3
Objectives of Study
By looking at the questions which appear in the problem statements, this
research is conducted by the following intentions:
1. to explain how the diction in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech; and
2. to explain the effect of the diction in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural
speech toward his audiences.
1.4
Significances of Study
Academic research is conducted by certain purposes. Also, a research will
be useful if it can make a contribution to the development of knowledge.
Therefore, it should give the benefit for academic field itself. The benefit can be
theoretical or practical one. Theoretically, this research could enrich the studies
about the use of diction.
Since the subject of this research is the president of an influential country
that is The United States of America, this research practically could be a
8
consideration for readers who want to learn how to be a good speaker like
President Barack Obama who can convince the people and lead the great country
through his words. In addition, this research could be the consideration for readers
who want to conduct the similar research in the future.
1.5
Literature Review
There are four relevant prior researches to this study. The first prior
research is a thesis which is arranged in 2009 by Habib Mustofa from Islamic
State University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim entitled “Illocutionary Acts in Barack
Obama’s Inaugural Speech”. He observed the speeches of Barack Obama based
on the illocutionary act in the speech. It is a descriptive qualitative research. The
object of this research is illocutionary act and the subject is inaugural speech of
Barack Obama in 2009. This research applied the theory of speech act. The
problem statements of this research are (1) What types of illocutionary acts are
used on Barack Obama’s inaugural speech? (2) What functions of illocutionary
acts are used on Barack Obama’s inaugural speech? According to this research,
there are many types of illocutionary acts used by Obama. They are assertive act,
commissive act, expressive act and declarative act. In summary, Obama used
these acts in order to deliver his purposes in attractive ways.
The second research is a thesis by Budi Parulian Purba from University of
Sumatera Utara entitled “Hedges in Barack Obama’s Speeches” in 2012. Budi did
an observation on Barack Obama’s speech based on its hedges. The word hedge
refers to smooth linguistics package used in imagery of public figure in order to
9
convince their audience. It is a descriptive qualitative research. The object of this
research is hedges and the subject of this research is Obama’s 2009 inaugural
speech. This research used the concept of hedges which is stated by Lakoff. It
applied several theories of pragmatics; they are the theory of speech, the theory of
speech act by Austin and Searle and conversational implicature which is
suggested by Grice. This research related to the discussion of presupposition and
implicature. The problem statements of this research are (1) How is profile of
hedges in Barack Obama’s speeches? (2) What does every hedge in Obama’s
speeches presuppose? (3) What does every hedge in Obama’s speeches implicate?
The results of this research are several data collection of presupposition and
implicature and the equivalence of both presupposition and implicature as the
proof of the hedges.
The third research is a paper which is arranged in 2010 by Aurimas
Nauseda from Lithuania entitled “Grammatical Variables in The Speeches of
Barack Obama and Michelle Obama”. This research investigated the speeches of
Barack Obama in terms of the grammatical variables used in it. In this research,
Nauseda compares Obama’s grammatical variables to Michelle Obama’s. It has
grammatical variables as the object and Obama and Michelle Obama’s speeches
as the subject. It is a qualitative research. The methods used in this research are
(1) Stylistic and sociolinguistic analysis of American political speeches (2)
Corpus analysis method using corpus analysis software used by Oxford University
lexicographers “WordSmith Tools”.
10
The aim of this research is to explore sociolinguistic phenomena and
linguistic features of American political speeches. This research marks that both
of political speeches delivered by The President and The First Lady of The United
State of America posses a certain language phenomenon and imply the linguistics
manipulation which is used to influence their audiences. Furthermore, use of
grammatical variables (especially the first person pronoun “we”) in the speeches
is related to the communicative aim to share responsibility with the listeners or
readers at the same time, when the usage of other grammatical variables (use of
the third person pronouns “he”and “she”) signals reference to personal family
history, especially in the speeches of Michelle Obama.
The fourth research is a paper by M. Pilar Guitart Escudero from
University of Virginia in 2011 entitled “Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address:
Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency”.
Escudero analyzed the metaphors and values found in Barack Obama’s speeches.
It is a qualitative research. The object of this research is metaphor and the subject
is Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech. This research applied the theory of metaphor.
By doing this research, the writer wanted to demonstrate how metaphor becomes a
powerful strategy because it facilitates the understanding of abstract concepts in a
short time and it conveys positive image that will bring the benefit for the orator;
and it is more powerful because it works through both the auditory and visual
channels. According to this research, Obama often uses several captivating
metaphor in delivering his speeches based on persuasive reason.
11
Based on the prior research above, this research is similar with the
previous ones in terms of the subject of the research that is Barack Obama’s
inaugural speech in 2009. This research is different since this research uses
different theories and a different object. This research discusses diction while the
first research discussed illucotionary act, the second discussed hedges, the third
discussed the grammatical variables and the last discussed metaphor. So, the
writer states that this research is different from those previous researches since
this object of research is about diction and this research applies the theory of
figurative language and rhetorical devices to explain the diction.
1.6
Theoretical Approach
This research is conducted by using several linguistics theories especially
the theory of diction, figurative language and rhetorical devices. The first is the
theory of diction. The term diction refers to “the choice and the use of words”
(Hornby, 1995: 321). Furthermore, a good diction is the result of the choices of
the right words that exactly represent what the speakers want to convey (Brooks
and Warrens, 1972: 285). This theory is used to investigate the kind of diction
which is used by Barack Obama in his inaugural speech.
The second theory is the theory of poetic language especially about
figurative language. Usually, figurative language is used in the poem, it is used in
imaginative way that is different from the usual or basic meaning (Hornby, 1995:
433). Figurative language is divided into metaphor; metonymy and synecdoche;
and personification (Altenbernd & Lewis, 1966: 15-22). This theory is used to
12
analyze several poetic utterances which are found in Barack Obama’s inaugural
speech. The last theory is about rhetorical devices which cover hyperbole and
understatements; ambiguity and ellipsis.
1.7
Method of Research
1.7.1
Type of Research
Since this research is conducted in order to get the deep description about
the diction in Barack Obama’s inaugural speech, the qualitative approach is
considered as the suitable approach to be used. Here, the research data are served
and explained by narrative description not in the numeral one. As stated by
Mahsun, qualitative analysis focuses on meaning explanation, description,
purification, and data placement on their context and it often describes the data by
using the words than the number (2007: 257).
1.7.2
Data Sources
The data of this research are taken from the text and the recording of the
first inaugural speech of Barack Obama which is delivered in White House in
2009.
1.7.3
Data Collection Technique
Since the data of this research are found in the form of document such as
script and recording, the writer uses the documentation technique to collect them.
Here are several steps to be taken:
13
1.
Finding the data in the form of the text and the recording;
2.
Listening attentively to find out the special lexical choices which are
used in the speech;
3.
Identifying the special lexical choices; and
4.
Listing the special lexical choices that is used in Barack Obama’s
2009 inaugural speech.
1.7.4
Data Analysis Technique
After the data has been collected, the writer analyzes them using qualitative
descriptive technique to analyze the data. There are some steps that have been
conducted. They are:
1.
Presenting the lexical choices used in Barack Obama’s 2009
inaugural speech;
2.
Analyzing the data:

Describing the special lexical choices used in Barack
Obama’s inaugural speech;

Explaining the effect of using special lexical choices in
Barack Obama’s inaugural speech toward his audience.
3.
1.8
Drawing conclusion.
Paper Organization
This research is presented in four chapters. The first chapter contains the
introduction of the research including background of study, problem statements,
14
objective and the significance of study. The next are the explanation of the
literature review (prior research), theoretical approach, and method of research.
The last is paper organization which describes the research order. The second
chapter contains a theoretical background, the description of Barack Obama’s
inaugural speech and a biography of Barack Obama. The third chapter of this
research contains the main analysis of the research. Here, the complete analysis of
the data will be served. The fourth chapter will give the conclusion of the research
which is completed by the suggestion for the future research.
57
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1
Conclusion
Investigating the diction of certain person can be done by focusing on the
most well-known public leader in the world. In this research, the writer takes
Barack Obama’s diction which is used in his 2009 inaugural speech. After
conducting the analysis on the diction in Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural speech,
there are two conclusions which can be drawn as the answer of the problem
statements of this research. They are:
1. Generally, Barack Obama applies several connotative words in his speech.
Furthermore, he also uses some figurative languages such as metaphor and
personification. In addition, Barack Obama uses the rhetorical devices to
enrich his speech. Perhaps, it is Obama’s special strategy to make his
message received well by the audiences.
2. Applying the most suitable strategy by considering the effect to convey the
message to the audience is beneficial to make the audience understand
what exactly the speaker wants to say. It is proven by Obama. Through his
metaphoric words, there are some effects that can be produced. They are:
the audiences get more understanding since Obama’s metaphorical words
give the emphasis in it; the audience become aware of the meaning of the
58
sentence and get the lesson from it without being dictated; and
the
audiences can accept the real message without being offended.
4.2
Suggestion
Related to this research, the writer has two suggestions that can be taken as
the consideration for the future similar research. They include:
1. Investigating the way of delivering message of the good orator is
beneficial. It is beneficial because from the investigation the reader can
learn directly how to be a good speaker who can deliver the real message
well to the audience. Therefore, the similar research hopefully can be
conducted.
2. Considering the benefit of learning the use of diction of certain person, the
writer hopes more researches about the diction can be arranged to enrich
the studies in linguistics field.
59
REFERENCES
Altenbernd, Altenberd and Lewis L Lewis. A Handbook for the Study of Poetry.
1966. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.,
”American President.” Millercenter.org. 2019. accessed on 12 Nov. 2013.
http://millercenter.org/president/obama.
“Barack Obama Biography.” Barack-obama-bio.com. accessed on 22 Jan. 2014.
http://www.barack-obama-bio.com/barack-obama-background.php.
Brooks, Cleanth and Robert Penn Warren. 1972. Modern Rhetoric. New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Print.
Fromkin et al. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Ninth Edition.
Wadsworth.
Boston:
Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1978. An Introduction to Language.
Second Edition. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. London: Oxford
University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1973. Language and Its Structure, Some Fundamental
Linguistics Concepts, Second Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, Inc.
Mahsun. 2007. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Mustofa, Habib. 2009. “Illocutionary Act in Barack Obama’s Inaugural Speech.”
Malang: University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim. Pdf.
Nauseda, Aurimas. 2010. “Grammatical Variables in the Speeches of Barack
Obama and Michelle Obama.” Pdf.
Parera, J.D. 2004. Teori Semantik. Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Parulian Purba, Budi. 2012. “Hedges in Barack Obama’s Speeches.” Sumatra
Utara: University of Sumatra Utara. Pdf.
Phillips, Macon. ”President Barack Obama’s Inaugural
Whitehouse.gov., 21 Jan. 2009. accessed on 23
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/inaugural-address.
Address.”
July.2013.
60
Pilar Guitart Escudero, M. 2011. “Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor
and Values as Captivating strategies to Celebrate a Presidency.” Virginia:
University of Virginia. Pdf.
Qur’an Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Qur’an.umm.ac.id. accessed on 26
Dec.2013. http://quran.umm.ac.id/en/isi-Al-Hujuraat-2-10.html.
Schwartz, Debora B. “Figurative Language and Rhetorical
Cla.calpoly.edu.
accessed
on
18
Nov.
http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl331/figurative.html.
Devices.”
2013.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Fifth Edition. The
United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Warsito, Tulus. “Pemilu USA. Hillary dan Obama Melawan Mitos Amerika?”
Unisosdem.org.
2001.
accessed
on
14
Dec.
2013
http://www.unisosdem.org/article_detail.php?aid=8050&coid=3&caid=31
&gid=2.
Witoelar, Wimar. “Barack Obama on Film.” Asiasociety.org. accessed on 11 Dec.
2013.http://asiasociety.org/arts/film/barack-obama-film.
61
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Content Words of Barack Obama’s 2009 Inaugural Speech
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Words
My
Fellow
Citizens
I
Stand
Here
Today
Humbled
Task
Before
Us
Grateful
For
Trust
You
Bestowed
Mindful
Sacrifices
Borne
Our
Ancestors
I
Thank
President Bush
His
Service
Our
Nation
Well
Generosity
Cooperation
He
Shown
Throughout
Transition
Forty-four
American
Now
Taken
Presidential
Oath
The words have been spoken during rising tides of
Type
Denotative









































Connotative

62
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
prosperity and the still waters of peace
Yet
Every
Often
The oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and
raging storms
Moments
America
Carried on
Simply
Skill
Or
Vision
Those in high office
We
People
Remained
Faithful
Ideals
Our
Forebears
True
Our
Founding
Documents
It
It
Generation
Americans
Midst
Crisis
Now
Well
Understood
Our
Nation
War
Against
Far
Reaching
Network
Violence
Hatred
Our
Economy
Badly
Weakened
Consequence
Greed
Irresponsibility
















































63
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Part
Our
Collective
Failure
Make
Hard
Choices
Prepare
Nation
New
Age
Homes
Lost
Jobs
Shed
Business
Shuttered
Our
Health care
Costly
Our
Schools
Fail
Day
Brings
Further
Evidence
Ways
We
Use
Energy
Strengthen
Our
Adversaries
Threaten
Our
Planet
Indicators
Crisis
Subject
Data
Statistics
Measurable
Profound
Sapping
Confidence
Across
Our
Land
Nagging


















































64
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
Fear
America’s
Decline
Inevitable
Next
Generation
Lower
Its
Sights
Today
I
Say
You
Challenges
We
Face
Real
They
Serious
They
Many
They
Met
Easily
Short
Span
Time
Know
America
They
Met
Day
We
Gather
We
Chosen
Hope
Over
Fear
Unity
Purpose
Over
Conflict
Discord
Day
We
Come
Proclaim
End
Petty


















































65
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
Grievances
False
Promises
Recriminations
Worn-out
Dogmas
Far
Long
Strangled
Our
Politics
We
Remain
Young
Nation
In the words of Scripture
Time
Come
Set aside
Childish
Things
Time
Come
Reaffirm
Our
Enduring
Spirit
Choose
Our
Better
History
Carry forward
Precious
Gift
Noble
Idea
Passed on
Generation
Generation
God
Given
Promise
All
Equal
All
Free
All
Deserve
Chance
Pursue


















































66
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
Their
Full
Measure
Happiness
Reaffirming
Greatness
Our
Nation
We
Understand
Greatness
Never
Given
It
Earned
Our
Journey
Never
One
Shortcuts
Settling
It
Path
Faint-hearted
Those who prefer leisure over work
Or
Seek
Only
Pleasures
Riches
Fame
Risk-takers
Doers
Makers of things
Celebrated
Often
Men
Women
Obscure
Their
Labor
Carried up
Us
Long
Rugged
Path
Towards
Prosperity
Freedom
Us


















































67
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
328
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
They
Packed up
Their
Worldly
Possessions
Travelled
Across
Oceans
Search
New
Life
Us
They
Toiled
Sweatshops
Settled
The West
Endured
Lash
Whip
Plowed
Hard
Earth
They
Fought
Died
Places
Concord
Gettysburg
Normandy
Khe Sanh
Time
Again
These
Men
Women
Struggled
Sacrificed
Worked
Till
Their
Hands
Raw
We
Live
Better
Life
They
Saw
America


















































68
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
Bigger
Sum
Our
Individual
Ambitions
Greater
All
Differences
Birth
Wealth
Faction
Journey
We
Continue
Today
We
Remain
Prosperous
Powerful
Nation
Earth
Our
Workers
Productive
When
Crisis
Began
Our
Minds
Inventive
Our
Goods
Services
Needed
They
Last week
Last month
Last year
Our
Capacity
Remains
Undiminished
Our
Time
Standing pat
Protecting
Narrow
Interests
Putting off
Unpleasant


















































69
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
Decisions
Time
Surely
Passed
Starting
Today
We
Must
Pick up
Ourselves
Dust off
Ourselves
Begin
Again
Work
Remaking
America
Everywhere
We
Look
There
Work
Done
The state of our economy calls for actions
Bold
Swift
We
Act
Create
New
Jobs
Lay
New
Foundation
Growth
We
Build
Roads
Bridges
Electric
Grids
Digital
Lines
Feed
Our
Commerce
Binds
Us
Together
We


















































70
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
Restore
Science
Its
Rightful
Place
Wield
Technology’s wonders
Raise
Health care’s quality
Lower
Its
Costs
We
Harness
Sun
Winds
Soil
Fuel
Our
Cars
Run
Our
Factories
We
Transform
Our
Schools
Colleges
Universities
Meet
Demands
New
Age
All
We
Do
All
We
Do
Now
Some
Question
Scale
Our
Ambitions
Suggest
Our
System
Cannot
Tolerate


















































71
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
Big
Plans
Their
Memories
Short
They
Forgotten
What
Country
Done
What
Free
Men
Women
Achieve
When
Imagination
Joined
Common
Purpose
Necessity
Courage
What
Cynics
Fail
Understand
The ground has shifted beneath them
Stale
Political
Arguments
Consumed
Us
Long
Longer
Apply
Question
We
Ask
Today
Whether
Our
Government
Big
Small
Whether
It
Works
Whether
It
Helps


















































72
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
Families
Find
Jobs
Decent
Wage
Care
They
Afford
Retirement
Dignified
Where
Answer
Yes
We
Intend
Move
Forward
Where
Answer
Program
End
Those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be
held to account, to spend wisely, reform bad habits,
and do our business in the light of the day
Only
We
Restore
Vital
Trust
Between
People
Their
Government
Question
Before
Us
Whether
Market
Force
Good
Ill
Its
Power
Generate
Wealth
Expand
Freedom
Unmatched
But the crisis has reminded us that without a
watchful eye, the market can spin out of control















































73
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
Nation
Prosper
Long
When
It
Favors
Only
Prosperous
Success
Our
Economy
Always
Depended on
Size
Our
Gross domestic product
Reach
Our
Prosperity
Ability
Extend
Opportunity
Willing heart
Charity
It
Surest
Route
Our
Common
Good
Our
Common
Defense
We
Reject
False
Choice
Between
Our
Safety
Our
Ideals
Our
Founding fathers
Faced
Perils
We
Scarcely
Imagine
Drafted


















































74
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
Charter
Assure
Rule
Law
Rights
Man
Charter
Expanded
Blood
Generation
Ideals
Still
Light
World
We
Give up
Them
Expedience’s sake
To
All
Other
Peoples
Governments
Watching
Today
Grandest
Capitals
Small
Village
My
Father
Born
Know
America
Friend
Nation
Man
Woman
Child
Seeks
Future
Peace
Dignity
We
Ready
Lead
Once
More
Recall
Earlier


















































75
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
Generations
Faced down
Fascism
Communism
Missiles
Tanks
Sturdy
Alliances
Enduring
Convictions
They
Understood
Our
Power
Alone
Cannot
Protect
Us
It
Entitle
Us
Do
We
Please
They
Knew
Our
Our
Security
Emanates
Justness
Our
Cause
Force
Our
Example
Tempering
Qualities
Humility
Restraint
We
Keepers
Legacy
Guided
Principles
Once
More
We
Meet
New


















































76
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
Threats
Demand
Even
Greater
Cooperation
Understand
Between
Nations
We’ll
Begin
Responsibly
Leave
Iraq
Its
People
Forge
Hard-earned
Peace
Afghanistan
Old
Friends
Former
Foes
We’ll
Work
Tirelessly
Lessen
Nuclear
Threat
Roll
Back
Specter
Warming planet
We
Apologize
Our
Way
Life
We
Waver
Its
Defense
Seek
Advance
Their
Aims
Inducing
Terror
Slaughtering
Innocents


















































77
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
796
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
We
Say
You
Now
Our
Spirit
Stronger
Cannot
Broken
You
Cannot
Outlast
Us
We
Defeat
You
We
Know
Our
Patchwork
Heritage
Strength
Weakness
We
Nation
Christians
Muslims
Jews
Hindus
Nonbelievers
We
Shaped
Language
Culture
Drawn
End
Earth
We
Tested
Bitter
Swill
Civil war
Segregation
Emerged
Dark
Chapter
Stronger
United
We
Cannot


















































78
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
Help
Believe
Old
Hatreds
Someday
Pass
Lines
Tribe
Soon
Dissolve
As the world grows smaller
Our
Common
Humanity
Reveal
Itself
America
Play
Its
Role
Ushering
New
Era
Peace
Muslim
World
We
Seek
New
Way
Forward
Based on
Mutual
Interest
Mutual
Respect
Leaders
Around
Globe
Seek
Sow
Conflict
Blame
Their
Society’s ills
West
Know
Your
People
Judge


















































79
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
You
What
You
Build
What
You
Destroy
Cling
Power
Through
Corruption
Deceit
Silencing
Dissent
Know
You
Wrong
Side
History
We will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench
your fist
People
Poor
Nations
We pledge to work alongside you to make your
farms flourish and let clean waters flow, to nourish
starved body and feed hungry minds
Nations
Like
Ours
Enjoy
Relative
Plenty
We
Say
We
Longer
Afford
Indifference
Suffering
Outside
Our
Borders
We
Consume
World’s resources
Without
Regard
Effect
World















































80
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
Changed
We
Change
It
We
Consider
Road
Unfolds
Us
We
Remember
Humble
Gratitude
Brave
Americans
Hour
Patrol
Far-off
Deserts
Distant
Mountains
They
Have
Something
Tell
Us
Just
Fallen
Heroes
Lie
Arlington
Whisper
Through
Ages
We
Honor
Them
They
Guardians
Our
Liberty
Because
They
Embody
Spirit
Service
Willingness
Find
Meaning
Something


















































81
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
Greater
Themselves
Moment
Moment
Define
Generation
It
Precisely
Spirit
Inhabit
Us
Government
Do
Do
It
Ultimately
Faith
Determination
American
People
Upon
Nation
Relies
It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the
levees break, the selflessness of workers of workers
who would rather cut their hours than see a friend
lose their job which sees us through our darkest
hours
It is the firefighter’s courage to storm a stairway
filled with smoke, but also a parents’ willingness to
nurture a child, that finally decides our fate
Our
Challenges
New
Instruments
We
Meet
Them
New
Values
Our
Success
Depends
Honesty
Hard work
Courage
Fair play
Tolerance
Curiosity
Loyalty
Patriotism













































82
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1070
Things
Old
Things
True
They
Quiet
Force
Progress
Throughout
Our
History
What
Demanded
Return
Truths
What
Required
Us
Now
New
Era
Responsibility
Recognition
Part
Every
American
We
Have
Duties
Ourselves
Our
Nation
World
Duties
We
Grudgingly
Accept
Seize
Gladly
Firm
Knowledge
Nothing
Satisfying
Spirit
Defining
Our
Character
Giving
Our
All


















































83
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
Difficult
Task
Price
Promise
Citizenship
Source
Our
Confidence
Knowledge
God
Calls on
Us
Shape
Uncertain
Destiny
Meaning
Liberty
Our
Creed
Why
Men
Women
Children
Every
Race
Every
Faith
Can
Join
Celebration
Across
Magnificent
Mall
Why
Man
Father
Less
60 years
Ago
Served
Local
Restaurant
Now
Stand
Before
You
Take
Most
Sacred
Oath


















































84
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
Let
Us
Mark
Day
Remembrance
We
Far
We
Traveled
Year
America’s birth
Coldest
Months
Small
Band
Patriots
Huddled
Dying
Campfires
Shores
Icy
Rivers
The capital was abandoned. The enemy was
advancing. The snow was stained with blood.
Moment
When
Outcome
Our
Revolution
Most
Doubt
Father of our nation
Ordered
Words
Read
People
Let
It
Told
Future
World
Depth
Winter
When
Nothing
Hope
Virtue
Survive
City
Country

















































85
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1218
Alarmed
One
Common
Danger
Came forth
Meet
America
Face
Our
Common
Danger
In this winter of our hardship
Let us
Remember
Timeless
Words
Hope
Virtue
Let us
Brave
Once
More
Icy
Currents
Endure
What
Storms
Come
Let
It
Said
Our
Children’s children
When
We
Tested
We
Refused
Let
Journey
End
We
Turn back
We
Falter
With
Eyes
Fixed on
Horizon
God’s grace


















































86
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
Us
We
Carried forth
Great
Gift
Freedom
Delivered
It
Safely
Future
Generations
Thank you
God bless you
God bless the United States of America
Power
Grows
Through
Its
Prudent
Use
TOTAL




















1222
16
87
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
: Ana Puspita Sari
Birth
: Bukitrejo, 22 June 1992
Sex
: Female
Address
: Bukitrejo, RT/RW 06/03 Negara Aji Baru Kec. Anak
Tuha Kab. Lampung Tengah, LAMPUNG
Hobby
: Reading
Phone
: 085643085672
Background of Education:
1. SDN 02 Negara Aji Baru Lampung Tengah (2004)
2. MTs Bustanul Ulum Lampung Tengah (2007)
3. MA Bustanul Ulum Lampung Tengah (2010)
4. Sastra Inggris UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta (2014)