HIC TUTA PERENNAT
FEDERAL AGENCY ON EDUCATION
SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
«APPROVED»
Program Director
«APPROVED»
Deputy Dean
___________________________
(________________)
«_____»_________________ 2008
___________________________
(________________)
«_____»_________________ 2008
COMPENDIUM
«European Union-Russia Relations»
Program:
Code of the course:
Course status:
Language of instruction:
Master of International Business (MIB)
According to program curriculum
Optional
English
Professor:
Stanislav L. Tkachenko, Ph.D. (in Economics and in History), Associate Professor
(Name and title)
Saint Petersburg
2008
«European Union-Russia Relations»
INSTRUCTOR: Stanislav Tkachenko
CLASS: FRI @ 9.00 AM
OFFICE: 410 (VOLKHOVSKY PER.)
PHONE: 323 84 44
E-MAIL: [email protected]
OFFICE HOURS: Friday 9.00 A.M. – 12.15 P.M. and by appointment
CONTENTS
COURSE ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………4
ORGANIZATION OF THE COURSE ........................................................................5
COURSE CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………6
EVALUATION SYSTEM ..............................................................................................9
CALENDAR ORGANIZATION PLAN …………………………………………………13
COURSE CONTANT AND REQUIRED READINGS ………………………………..22
Topic 1: Agreement between the European Economic Community and
the European Atomic Energy Community and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics on trade and commercial and economic cooperation - Declaration
by the USSR - Joint Declaration …………………………………………………………..22
Topic 2. European Community-Russian Federation: Trade and Trade-related
Matters/ Interim Agreement, Press: 224 Nr. 9020/95, 17 July 1995 …………………….32
Topic 3. Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (Corfu Agreement) of
June 1994. Agreement on Partnership and Co-operation, Establishing a
Partnership between the European Communities and their Member States
on the one part, and the Russian Federation, on the other part. 27 November 1997 ………34
Topic 4. Lainela, S., Sutela P. European Union, Russia and TACIS.
BOFIT Online Paper. 2004. No. 2 ………………………………………………………..35
The Russian Federation Middle Term Strategy Towards the European
Union (2000-2010) …………………………………………………………………………35
Topic 5. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on Relations with Russia. Brussels, 2004. COM (2004) 106 ............................36
Tkachenko, Stanislav Regionalization of Russian Foreign and Security
Policy: The Case of St.Petersburg. Working Paper No. 21 of the Project
“Regionalization of Russian Foreign and Security Policy”. Zurich, March 2002 …………36
Topic 6. Frellesen, Thomas. European Union-Russia Relations after Enlargement:
Developing Common Spaces in a Wider Europe. In: Ed. by Konstantin
Khudoley. Russia-European Union Partnership after the Enlargement:
2
Strategic vision and day-to-day implementation. Saint-Petersburg:
Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2004. P. 7-15 …………………………………………37
Zaslavskaya, Natalia. EU Enlargement Creating a Framework for the EU-Russian
Rapprochement. In: Journal of East-West Business, Vol. 11 (1/2), 2005. P. 45-66 ………42
Topic 7. Mau, Vladimir, and Vadim Novikov. Russia-EU Relations and the
Common European Space. In: Ed. by Oksana Antonenko and Kathryn
Pinnick. Russia and the European Union: Prospects for a new
Relationship. Routledge and IISS: London, 2005. P. 103-114 ……………………………. 54
Russia: Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006. 27 December 2001.
European Commission …………………………………………………………………….61
Russia: Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006. European Commission …………………….61
Topic 8. Sulamaa, P., Widgern, M. Economic Effects of Free Trade
between the EU and Russia …………………………………………………………………62
Topic 10. Romanova, Tatiana. The Influence of European Union Competition
Policy on EU-Russian Energy Relations (The case of co-operation in the
field of natural gas). In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley. Russia-European Union
Partnership after the Enlargement: Strategic vision and day-to-day
implementation. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2004. P. 76-83 …..63
Topic 11. Laurila, J. Determinants of transit transport between the European
Union and Russia. BOFIT online. 2002, # 1 ……………………………………………….66
Topic 12. Emerson, M. EU-Russia Four Common Spaces and the Proliferation
of the Fuzzy. Brussels, 2005. CEPS Policy Brief. No. 71 …………………………………67
Roadmap on Common Economic Space. Moscow, May 10, 2005 ………………………..67
Topic 13. The Second Northern Dimension Plan, 2004-2006. COM/2003/0343 final ……68
Joenniemi, Pertti. Racing to Regionalize? The EU’s Northern Dimension
Initiative. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley and Stanislav Tkachenko.
Challenges to International Relations in Post-Cold War Europe.
Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2002. P. 62-85 …………………….69
Topic 14. Stanislav Tkachenko. The Paradiplomacy of St.Petersburg. In: Ed. by
Christopher S. Browning. Remaking Europe in the Margins. Northern
Europe after the Enlargement. Ashgate, 2005. P. 161-179 ……………………………….80
Topic 15. Borko Y. Russia and the EU: The Kaliningrad Dilemma.
Brussels, 2002. CEPS Policy Brief. No. 15 …………………………………………………90
Joint Statement on Transit between the Kaliningrad Region and the Rest of
the Russian Federation, Brussels, November 11, 2002 ……………………………………90
Optional reading ……………………………………………………………………………94
3
COURSE ABSTRACT
The course «European Union – Russia Relations» is aimed to provide students with the
complex nature of relations of Russia’s largest economic and political partner in world arena. It
covers history of EU-Soviet and EU-Russia relations and current state of affairs. Students will
study the process of decision-making in economic policy of Russian Federation on the federal
level (President, Parliament and Government), regional level (Administrations of Russian
regions, involved into relations with European Union) as well as on the level of leading “national
champions” in development of cooperation with European Union in trade, investments,
environment, culture, cross-border and other areas. Seminars will provide students an
opportunity to work with legal documents of both Russian Federation and European Union,
regulating all aspects of their relations. All topics of lectures and seminars are analysed from
political and economic points of view in order to show how different approaches for studying
EU-Russia relations may help students to have better understanding of complex and quickly
changing nature of bilateral relations.
4
ORGANIZATION OF THE COURSE
The aim of the course is to provide students with the understanding of diverse nature of
relations of Russian Federation and European Union, that is:

to look into basic stages of development of EU-Russia relations, foreign policy
thinking, conduct and determine the main goals of these relations for both sides.

to identify long-term interests and short-term goals in EU-Russia relations for each
side.

to analyse the basic documents guiding EU-Russia relations and the key
institutions
of
cooperation,
created
on
their
bases,
as
well
as
on
national/Community level by each side

to determine how adequate are the existing provisions and structures to the
interests of the European Union, its Member States as well as for Russian
Federation.
 to forecast the future of the EU-Russia political and economic relations.
5
2. COURSE CONTENT
2.1. Description of course topics
All the topics covered within the course are arranged into three parts.
Part I. Introduction: Historical Perspective on EU-Russian Federation Relations.
Topic 1. Relations of European Economic Community and Soviet Union
Integration in Western Europe and in area of USSR domination: different models and outcomes.
First contacts of EEC and USSR. Establishment of official relations and December 1989
Agreement. Disintegration of USSR and its impact on European economic relations with
countries of Eastern Europe.
Seminar 1: Analysis of EEC-USSR Agreement of 1989.
Topic 2. Establishment of EU-Russia Relations: intentions of both sides and immediate
impact on bilateral economic relations
Russian Federation after USSR disintegration: legal status and first wave of economic reforms.
Discussion on strategy of reforms and idea “to return into Europe”. Economics of EU-Russia
trade in 1991-1994: key problems and prospects.
Topic 3. Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (Corfu Agreement) of June 1994.
EU and Russia in early 1990s: the Maastricht Treaty and Russian Constitution of December
1993. Russia’s search for its place in the world and in Europe. The negotiations on the
Partnership and Co-operation Agreement.
Seminar 2: Analysis of the Partnership and Co-operation Agreement from Russian and European
perspectives. Comparison of the PCA with Russia and European Agreement with Poland.
Topic 4. EU-Russia Relations in 1990s. Trade and Investments. TACIS and TEMPUS
Programmes.
Developments in Russian politics from European point of view. TACIS – programme of
technical assistance. Set-up, goals and structure. A need for reform of TACIS in late 1990s.
Effect of EU assistance programs for Russian economy. Structure of Russian export to EU and
import from EU.
Seminar 3: Comparative Analysis of two strategies of 1999: The EU’s strategy – a search for a
new instrument in the external relations and divergence among the member-states on the
relations with Russia Russia’s Mid-term Strategy.
Part II. Key aspects of EU-Russia Relations (since 2000).
Topic 5. EU-Russia political and economic relations since 2000. Interregional and crossborder co-operation.
Second “wave” of Russian reforms since 2000. Changes in foreign policy strategy since adoption
of Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (June 28, 2000). Economization of Russian
6
foreign policy. Russia’s interest in the dialogue with the European Union. Federal institutions
and regions in EU-Russia relations.
Seminar 4: Leading think-tanks on studies of EU – Russia relations: comparative analysis of
their areas of interests and attitudes towards future of bilateral relations.
Topic 6. European Union’s enlargement of May 2004 and January 2007 and its impact on
relations with Russian Federation.
Economic dimension of enlargement: impact on trade, access to markets, investment
opportunities. Political dimension of the enlargement: growth of conflicts in EU-Russia relations
since May 2004.
Topic 7. Problems of signing new EU-Russia Agreement instead of PCA of 1994.
Russia-EU economic and political relations: multilateral architecture of world economic and
political system. Complex nature of the European Union from Russian point of view: “Old
Europe” versus “New Europe”. Conflicts with Poland and Baltic States as obstacles for changing
legal foundations of EU-Russia Relations. US factor in EU-Russia relations.
Seminar 5: EU-Russia Summit in Lahti, Finland (October 2006): comparative analysis of EU’s
and Russia’s positions.
Part III. EU-Russia cooperation in different sectors. Prospects for future cooperation.
This part builds a link between discussed above topics and problematic issues in contemporary
EU-Russia relations in different areas of economic and social co-operation.
Topic 8. EU-Russia Trade : structure and trends.
Structure of EU-Russian trade in goods and services. Russian economy’s status as market
economy. WTO accession’s negotiations and position of European Union. Antidumping
procedures in EU-Russia trade. Common Market or WTO+ Model?
Topic 9. Cooperation in the energy sector. The Russia-EU Energy Dialogue.
The energy needs of the European Union. Geography of energy supply to European Union. Oil
and natural gas, electricity, coal. The procedure for development of the agenda in EU-Russia
Energy Dialogue. Russian interests in the Energy Dialogue. EU interests in the Energy Dialogue.
Seminar 6. Problems of transit of Russia’s energy to EU markets and Transit Protocol of the
Energy Charter (European and Russian points of view).
Topic 10. EU-Russia Transport Co-operation: main areas and key challenges. Transport
policy of the European Union in historical perspective. Transport infrastructure between EU and
Russia. Railway roads, high-ways, waterways. Access to airports and air routs over Russia for
European air companies. Trans-European Networks and Russian Federation.
Seminar 7: Transport conflicts between European Union and Russia and prospects for their
solving.
7
Topic 11. The Concept of the Four Common Spaces as an effort to restructure all the
relations. The concept of the Common European Economic Space. The Concept Paper of 2003.
The Four spaces between European Union and Russia – an effort to give new start to bilateral
relations. The experience of European Economic Area. The content of the Roadmap on common
economic space.
Topic 12. The Northern Dimension and the European Neighborhood Policy.
The Northern Dimension Initiative of European Union: historical reasons and role in inside-EU
bargaining. The European Neighborhood Policy. The strategy and institutional framework.
Differentiation and singularity. The role of Russian Federation in the ENP.
Topic 13. EU-Russia humanitarian co-operation. EU-Russian co-operation in the fields of
science, culture and education. Promotion of joint research and wider cultural co-operation. Role
of governments and NGO sector in area of humanitarian co-operation. Russia’s participation in
EU-funded humanitarian and educational programs. The Roadmap on co-operation on common
space of research, education and culture.
Seminar 8: The Bologna Process and Russian Federation: economic and cultural aspects for
Russia.
Topic 14. Economic Prospects for the Kaliningrad region. History of the region. Unique
location of Kaliningrad region and problem of access to mainland Russia. Socio-economic
development of Kaliningrad region since 1991. Idea of “Pilot region” in EU-Russia relations.
Current economic situation and prospects of transformation into free economic zone or into
Russian “Hong Kong”.
Topic 15. What Future for EU-Russia Relations? Final lecture-seminar of the course.
Students will present their research papers on prospects of EU-Russia relations.
8
EVALUATION SYSTEM
Current evaluation
Current student’s work is be assessed through the mid-term test. Mid-term test is held as
a written test. It covers the main historical and economic approaches studied during the first part
of the course (before the date of the test). It is usually scheduled at the very end of October –
very beginning of November.
Final evaluation (exam)
Total student’s work for the course is be assessed in different aspects: homework (student
presentations) and knowledge of course topics (mid-term test and exam). Final exam, as well as
mid-term test, is held as a written test. It covers all course issues and materials.
4.3. Grading system
The final assessment for the course is composed as follows:
Final exam – 60%
Presentation – 20%
Mid-term test – 20%
4.4. Sample of exam assignment
List of potential test questions for the course
The questions are arranged along the course topics.
Mid-term and exam tests can be prepared based on these questions, combining them in
any way.
Questions for mid-term and final exams
1. Western European and Soviet economies after the Second World Wars.
2. Economic aims of the European Economic Community: articles 2 and 3 of the Rome
Treaty: analysis.
3. Council of Mutual Economic Assistance: economic foundations.
4. Economic challenges for economy of the European Union nowadays.
5. Economic challenges for Russian Federation nowadays.
6. The key characteristics of the Custom Union in the EEC.
7. Single European Market and its impact on the economy of USSR/Russian Federation.
8. The Program 1992 and “Internal Market of EEC” – reasons for deepening of European
Integration in mid-1980s.
9
9. Economic and Monetary Union – key characteristics and peculiarities of the European
Union.
10. Unification of Germany and European integration: how these events are interrelating?
11. The heritage of EEC-Soviet relations before 1990s.
12. Decision-making bodies in Russian foreign policy.
13. Economic actors in Russian foreign economic policy.
14. Russian institutional structure for EU-Russia co-operation.
15. National interests of Russian Federation (Foreign Policy Concept) and role of foreign
policy in promotion of these interests.
16. The external relations of European Union and institutions of the EU.
17. The EU’s interests in relations with Russian Federation.
18. Typology of non-tariff barriers in the European Union and Russian Federation:
comparative analysis.
19. The PCA as evidence of transformation of Russian political and economic systems:
general overview and impact for development of EU-Russia relations.
20. The comparison of the TACIS and PHARE programmes.
21. PCA and TACIS – comparative analysis.
22. Two strategies of 1999: comparative analysis.
23. Presidential elections of 2000 in Russia and impact for EU-Russia relations.
24. How effective is Russian policy of bilateral relations with largest EU member states
compared to Russia’s relations with EU institutions?
25. The European Union and Russia’s competition in Ukraine and Belarus.
26. The European Union and Russia’s competition in the Caucasus.
27. The European Union and Russia’s competition in Central Asia.
28. “Colour revolutions” in CIS: attitude of USA, European Union and Russia.
29. The reasons for adoption of the Energy Charter and attitude of Russian Federation:
prospects for ratification of the Charter by Russia.
30. The reasons for the Energy Dialogue of Russia and European Union.
31. The EU and Russian vision of the future of the Energy Dialogue.
32. The European Union Neighbourhood Policy: general overview.
33. The European Union Neighbourhood Policy and Russian Federation.
34. The comparative analysis of the role of Russian Federation in the Communication Wider
Europe and the Strategy paper on the European Neighbourhood Policy.
35. The concept of the Common European Economic Space.
36. What is the legacy of economic co-operation in the Roadmap on Common Economic
Space?
10
37. What are the prospects of development of the common economic space between Russia
and the EU?
38. Legal harmonization: the issue, the interests, prospects.
39. What is the legacy of co-operation in the field of freedom, security and justice in the
Roadmap on the common space in freedom, security and justice?
What is the future of the common space in freedom, security and justice?
40. What is the legacy of co-operation in the field of external security in the Roadmap on
common space in external security?
41. What is the future of common space in external security?
42. What is the legacy of co-operation in the field of culture, education and science in the
Roadmap devoted to these areas?
43. What is the future of the common space in the field of culture, education and science?
44. What is the potential influence of the Constitutional stalemate in the European Union?
45. Status of Soviet economy for EEC and consequences for EEC-USSR economic relations
and trade.
46. Integration in Western Europe and in USSR sphere of influence: comparative analysis.
47. Disintegration of USSR: economic reasons and influence for Western Europe.
48. Velvet revolutions in Eastern Europe and “sovereignization of Eastern Europe”: what
was the role of Mikhail Gorbachev’s New Political Thinking?
The EEC-USSR Agreement of 1989: analysis.
49. Economic reforms in Russia during Yegor Gaidar’s tenure as Acting Prime Minister:
influence of reforms in Eastern Europe.
50. Economic and legal aspects of EU-Russia trade in 1991-1994: key problems.
51. Russian Constitution of December 1993: what type of political and economic regime was
established in Russia?
52. Competitive sectors of post-Soviet industry in Russia and trade with EU: the case of
metallurgy, enriched uranium, chemical products.
53. Effect of EU technical assistance programs for Russian economy.
54. EU-Russia trade in 1992-2007: main tendencies.
55. Second wave of reforms in Russia since 2000: the impact for EU-Russia economic
relations
56. If there is an economization of Russian foreign policy?
57. Paradiplomacy of Russian regions: Federal institutions and regions in EU-Russia
relations.
58. Political consequences of the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007.
59. If there are “Old Europe” and “New Europe” for Russian foreign policy towards the EU?
11
60. Antidumping procedures in EU-Russia trade: why and how dangerous for current
economic relations?
61. Russian investments into EU economy: geography, sectors of economy and obstacles.
62. European investments into Russian economy: geography, sectors of economy and
obstacles.
63. Russian accession to WTO and position of European Union on negotiations.
64. Geography of energy supply to European Union: oil, natural gas, coal.
65. What are the main problems of transit of Russia’s energy to EU markets?
66. Transport infrastructure between EU and Russia: geography and impact for EU-Russian
trade.
67. Trans-European Networks and Russian Federation.
68. How The Bologna Process can change Russian economy and society?
69. Unique history of the Kaliningrad region for EU-Russia relations.
70. Current socio-economic situation in Kaliningrad region.
71. Role of visa-free regime for future of EU-Russia relations.
12
Calendar Organization Plan
Class 1.
Topic 1. Relations of European Economic Community and Soviet Union (4 hours).
Lecture on integration in Western Europe and in area of USSR domination after the Second
World War: different models of integration and outcomes. First contacts of EEC and USSR.
Establishment of official relations and December 1989 Agreement. Disintegration of USSR and
its impact on European economic relations with countries of Eastern Europe.
Seminar 1: Analysis of EEC-USSR Agreement of 1989. (1 hour)

What was international situation in late 1980s?

What do you know about “velvet revolutions” in Central Europe and
“Perestroika” of Mikhail Gorbachev in USSR? Do you think that they were
driven by political or economic factors? Provide arguments for your answer.

Describe status of Soviet economy in the 1989 EEC-USSR Agreement. Compare
state-planned and market economy models.
Readings:
Text
of
the
EEC-USSR
Agreement
www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations
of
1989
-
Class 2.
Seminar on Analysis of EEC-USSR Agreement of 1989. (2 hours)
Topic 2. Establishment of EU-Russia Relations. (2 hours.)
Lecture on intentions of both sides to develop political and economic relations, and immediate
impact of that for bilateral economic co-operation.
Class discussion:
o Evolution of Russian foreign policy since 1991 and the role of “European
Choice” in Russia’s search for partners in international arena
o What was the role of assistance programs of the European Union for initial stage
of reforms in Russia
Readings:
o Antola, Esko and Terhi Suominen. European Union and Russia: Different Great
Powers. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley. Russia-European Union Partnership
after the Enlargement: Strategic vision and day-to-day implementation. SaintPetersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2004. P. 33-48.
o Lynch D. Russia Faces Europe. Paris: Institute for Security Studies, 2003. No. 60.
13
o European Community-Russian Federation: Trade and Trade-related Matters/
Interim
Agreement,
Press:
224
Nr.
9020/95,
17
July
1995.
(www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations)
Class 3.
Topic 3. Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (Corfu Agreement) of June 1994 (2
hours)
Lecture on negotiation process and analysis of text of PCA.
Class discussion:
o Did European Union determine the agenda of the PCA?
o To what extent PCA was profitable for Russian Federation?
Seminar 2: Analysis of the Partnership and Co-operation Agreement from Russian and European
perspectives. Comparison of the PCA with Russia and European Agreement with Poland. (1
hour).
Readings:
o Agreement on Partnership and Co-operation, Establishing a Partnership between
the European Communities and their Member States on the one part, and the
Russian Federation, on the other part. 27 November 1997;
o Likhachev V.V., Russia and the European Union //International Affairs. 2003.
Vol. 49, No. 1.
Seminar on analysis of the text of the Agreement and Interim Agreement of 1995. (2 hours)
Class 4.
Topic 4. EU-Russia Relations in 1990s. Trade and Investments. TACIS and TEMPUS
Programmes. (3 hours)
Lecture on the different areas of EU-Russia co-operation in 1990s. The role of the EU in
establishment of democracy and market economy in Russia.
Class discussion:
o Set-up, goals and structure of TACIS Programme.
o The reform of TACIS in 1999.
o Is TACIS different from the PHARE programme.
Seminar 3: Comparative Analysis of two strategies of 1999: The EU’s strategy – a search for a
new instrument in the external relations and divergence among the member-states on the
relations with Russia Russia’s Mid-term Strategy. (1 hour)
Readings:
o Common Strategy of the European Union on Russia of 4 June 1999.
14
o The Russian Federation Middle Term Strategy Towards the European Union
(2000-2010).
o Hubel, Helmut. The Challenges of Direct Neighbourhood: The European Union
and Post-Soviet Russia. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley. Russia-European Union
Partnership
after
the
Enlargement:
Strategic
vision
and
day-to-day
implementation. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2004. P. 1632.
o Lainela, S., Sutela P. European Union, Russia and TACIS. BOFIT Online Paper.
2004. No. 2.
o EU-Russia Trade and Investments: Practical Barriers. Survey/ Russian Chamber
of Commerce and Industry. Brussels, Eurochambers, 2003.
Class 5.
Part II. Key aspects of EU-Russia Relations (since 2000).
Topic 5. EU-Russia political and economic relations since 2000. Interregional and crossborder co-operation. (3 hours)
Lecture on the second “wave” of Russian reforms since 2000. Changes in foreign policy strategy
since adoption of Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (June 28, 2000).
Economization of Russian foreign policy. Russia’s interest in the dialogue with the European
Union. Federal institutions and regions in EU-Russia relations.
Class discussion:
o Institutional structure of EU-Russia relations: the changing role of the Permanent
Representation to the European Communities.
o The enlargement of 2004: if the EU has become a more difficult partner for
Russia?
Seminar 4: Leading think-tanks on studies of EU – Russia relations: comparative analysis of
their areas of interests and attitudes towards future of bilateral relations. (1 hour)
Readings:
o Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on Relations with Russia. Brussels, 2004. COM (2004) 106.
o Prozorov S. Border Regions and the Politics of EU-Russian Relations. The Role
of the EU in Tempering and Producing Border Conflicts. Copenhagen: Danish
Institute for International Studies, 2004. Working Papers Series in EU Border
Conflicts Studies. No. 3.
15
o Regionalization of Russian Foreign and Security Policy: The Case of
St.Petersburg. Working Paper No. 21 of the Project “Regionalization of Russian
Foreign and Security Policy”. Zurich, March 2002. Internet address:
http://www.fsk.ethz.ch/documents/WorkingPapers/wp21.pdf
Class 6.
Topic 6. European Union’s enlargement of May 2004 and January 2007 and its impact on
relations with Russian Federation. (2 hours)
Economic dimension of enlargement: impact on trade, access to markets, investment
opportunities. Political dimension of the enlargement: growth of conflicts in EU-Russia relations
since May 2004.
Class discussion:
o The reasons behind the enlargement policy of the European Union.
o The perceptions of the old member-states and the strive of the new member-states
to find their role in the EU’s external relations.
o Relations of Russian Federation with new member-states of the European Union.
Readings:
o Aslund, Anders, and Warner A. The Enlargement of the European Union.
Consequences for the CIS Countries. Washington: Eurasian Program, 2003. No.
36.
o Frellesen, Thomas. European Union-Russia Relations after Enlargement:
Developing Common Spaces in a Wider Europe. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley.
Russia-European Union Partnership after the Enlargement: Strategic vision and
day-to-day implementation. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press,
2004. P. 7-15.
o Tkachenko S. Political Economy of the EU eastward enlargement. In: Ed. by
Konstantin Khudoley and Stanislav Tkachenko. Challenges to International
Relations in Post-Cold War Europe. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg
University Press, 2002. P. 146-174.
o Tkachenko S. EU-Russian relations: problems and prospects after enlargement.
In: European Integration and Russia. Saint-Petersburg: Konrad-Adenauer
Foundation, 2004.
o Zaslavskaya, Natalia. EU Enlargement Creating a Framework for the EU-Russian
Rapprochement. In: Journal of East-West Business, Vol. 11 (1/2), 2005. P. 45-66.
Topic 7. Problems of signing new EU-Russia Agreement instead of PCA of 1994. (1 hour)
16
Lecture on Russia-EU economic and political relations: multilateral architecture of world
economic and political system. Complex nature of the European Union from Russian point of
view: “Old Europe” versus “New Europe”. Conflicts with Poland and Baltic States as obstacles
for changing legal foundations of EU-Russia Relations. US factor in EU-Russia relations.
Class discussion:
o Is the PCA out-of-dated document? Why? What has changed in European and
Russian economies since 1994?
o Why position of Poland is so important for European Union in the starting new
negotiations with Russian Federation? Does it confirm the intergovernmental
nature of the European Union, or it is still supranational IGO?
Seminar 5 on EU-Russia Summit in Lahti, Finland (October 2006): comparative analysis of
EU’s and Russia’s positions. (1 hour)
Readings:
o Russia: Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006. 27 December 2001. European
Commission. (www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations).
o Emerson, M., Tassinari, F., Vahl, M. A New Agreement between the EU and
Russia: Why, what and when? Brussels, CEPS, 2006. No. 103.
o Mau, Vladimir, and Vadim Novikov. Russia-EU Relations and the Common
European Space. In: Ed. by Oksana Antonenko and Kathryn Pinnick. Russia and
the European Union: Prospects for a new Relationship. Routledge and IISS:
London, 2005. P. 103-114.
Сlass 7.
Part III. EU-Russia cooperation in different sectors. Prospects for future cooperation.
Class 8. Topic 8. EU-Russia Trade : structure and trends. (2 hours)
Lecture on structure of EU-Russian trade in goods and services. Russian economy’s status as
market economy. WTO accession’s negotiations and position of European Union. Antidumping
procedures in EU-Russia trade. Common Market or WTO+ Model?
Class discussion:
o If there is a progress or stagnation in EU-Russia trade?
o Why Russia is trying to change structure of its trade with European Union?
o Why WTO membership is so important for development of EU-Russia trade?
Readings:
17
o Jones, A., Fallon G. The Political Economy of Co-operation, Trade and Aid
Between the European Union and Russia // Journal of Contemporary European
Studies. 2003. Vol. 11, No. 2.
o Sulamaa, P., Widgern, M. Economic Effects of Free Trade between the EU and
Russia. Brussels, 2005. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 36.
Mid-term attestation test. (2 hours)
Сlass 8.
Topic 9. Cooperation in the energy sector. The Russia-EU Energy Dialogue. (2 hours)
Lecture on the energy needs of the European Union; geography of energy supply to European
Union: Oil and natural gas, electricity, coal. The procedure for development of the agenda in
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue. Russian interests in the Energy Dialogue. EU interests in the
Energy Dialogue.
Class discussion:
o
What are differences in EU’s and Russia’s vision of future of the Energy
Dialogue?
o Is Russia an energy superpower? Is it too dangerous for European business?
Seminar 6. Problems of transit of Russia’s energy to EU markets and Transit Protocol of the
Energy Charter (European and Russian points of view). (2 hours)
Readings:
o EU-Russian Energy Dialogue. Synthesis Report. Prepared by Russian Vice-Prime
Minister Victor Khristenko and European Commission Director-General Francois
Lamoureux. Brussels/Moscow, September 2001.
o Adams, J. Russia’s Gas Diplomacy //Problems of Post-Communism. 2002. Vol.
49. No. 3.
o Romanova, Tatiana. The Influence of European Union Competition Policy on
EU-Russian Energy Relations (The case of co-operation in the field of natural
gas). In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley. Russia-European Union Partnership after
the Enlargement: Strategic vision and day-to-day implementation. SaintPetersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2004. P. 76-83.
Сlass 9.
Topic 10. EU-Russia Transport Co-operation: main areas and key challenges. (1 hour)
18
Lecture on transport policy of the European Union in historical perspective; transport
infrastructure between EU and Russia: Railway roads, high-ways, waterways. Access to airports
and air routs over Russia for European air companies. Trans-European Networks and Russian
Federation.
Class discussion:
o Should Russia co-operate or compete with European Union in transport sector?
o Is it possible to have EU-Russia free trade zone without integration of transport
systems?
o Should Russia sell its oil to world market only via Russian sea-port terminals?
Seminar 7: Transport conflicts between European Union and Russia and prospects for their
solving. (1 hour)
Readings: .
o Button, Kenneth, Peter Nijkamp and Hugo Priemus. Transport Networks in
Europe. Concepts, Analysis and Policies. London: Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited. 1998.
o Laurila, J. Transit Transport Between the European Union and Russia in Light of
Russian Geopolitics and Economics. //Emerging Markets Finance and Trade.
2003. Vol. 39, No. 5.
Topic 11. The Concept of the Four Common Spaces as an effort to restructure all the
relations. (2 hour)
Lecture on the concept of the Common European Economic Space. The Concept Paper of 2003.
The Four spaces between European Union and Russia – an effort to give new start to bilateral
relations. The experience of European Economic Area. The content of the Roadmap on common
economic space.
Class discussion: Is it possible to change pattern of EU-Russia relations via the Concept of the
Four Common Spaces?
Readings (details of readings – provided in the Section 5.1.):
o Roadmap on Common Economic Space. Moscow, May 10, 2005.
o Emerson, M. EU-Russia Four Common Spaces and the Proliferation of the Fuzzy.
Brussels, 2005. CEPS Policy Brief. No. 71.
o Romanova T., Zaslavskaya N. EU-Russia: towards the Four Spaces. In: Baltic
Defence Review. 2004. Vol. 2, No. 12.
Сlass 10.
Topic 12. The Northern Dimension and the European Neighborhood Policy. (1 hrs)
19
Lecture on The Northern Dimension Initiative of the European Union: historical reasons and role
in inside-EU bargaining. The European Neighborhood Policy. The strategy and institutional
framework. Differentiation and singularity. The role of Russian Federation in the ENP.
Class discussion: What is the role of Russian Federation in the Northern Dimension Initiative
and in the European Neighborhood Policy?
Readings:
o European Neighborhood Policy. Strategy Paper. Brussels, 2004. COM (2004) 373
final.
o The Second Northern Dimension Plan, 2004-2006. COM/2003/0343 final.
o Arter, D. Small State Influence Within the EU: the Case of Finland’s “Northern
Dimension Initiative” //Journal of Common Market Studies. 2000. Vol. 38, No. 5.
o Browning, Christopher. Competing or Complementary Policies? Understanding
the Relationship between the NEI and NDI. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley and
Stanislav Tkachenko. Challenges to International Relations in Post-Cold War
Europe. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2002. P. 115-145.
o Joenniemi, Pertti. Racing to Regionalize? The EU’s Northern Dimension
Initiative. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley and Stanislav Tkachenko. Challenges
to International Relations in Post-Cold War Europe. Saint-Petersburg: SaintPetersburg University Press, 2002. P. 62-85.
o Kivikari, U. “The Northern Dimension – The Name for the Neighborhood Policy
of the Enlarged EU”. Moscow: RECEP, 2002.
Topic 13. EU-Russia humanitarian co-operation. (1 hour)
Lecture on EU-Russian co-operation in the fields of science, culture and education. Promotion of
joint research and wider cultural co-operation. Role of governments and NGO sector in area of
humanitarian co-operation. Russia’s participation in EU-funded humanitarian and educational
programs. The Roadmap on co-operation on common space of research, education and culture.
Class discussion: What is the legacy of co-operation in the field of culture, education and
science in the EU-Russia relations?
Seminar 8: The Bologna Process and Russian Federation: economic and cultural aspects for
Russia. (1 hour)
Readings:
o Roadmap on Common Space on Research, Education and Culture. Moscow, May
10, 2005.
o Mitrofanova, E. The Russian World Without Borders //Russia in Global Affairs.
2004. February 17.
20
o Stanislav Tkachenko. The Paradiplomacy of St.Petersburg. In: Ed. by Christopher
S. Browning. Remaking Europe in the Margins. Northern Europe after the
Enlargement. Ashgate, 2005. P. 161-179.
Topic 14. Economic Prospects for the Kaliningrad region. (1 hour)
Lecture on history of the region: Unique location of Kaliningrad region and problem of access to
mainland Russia. Socio-economic development of Kaliningrad region since 1991. Idea of “Pilot
region” in EU-Russia relations. Current economic situation and prospects of transformation into
free economic zone or into Russian “Hong Kong”.
Class discussion: Is Kaliningrad region a threat or an opportunity for EU-Russia Relations?
Readings:
o Joint Statement on Transit between the Kaliningrad Region and the Rest of the
Russian
Federation,
Brussels,
November
11,
2002.
In:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/russia/summit_11_02/js_kalin.htm
o Borko Y. Russia and the EU: The Kaliningrad Dilemma. Brussels, 2002. CEPS
Policy Brief. No. 15.
o Prozorov S. Border Regions and the Politics of EU-Russian Relations. The Role
of the EU in Tempering and Producing Border Conflicts. Copenhagen: Danish
Institute for International Studies, 2004. Working Papers Series in EU Border
Conflicts Studies. No. 3.
Сlass 11.
Topic 15. What Future for EU-Russia Relations? (4 hours)
Final lecture-seminar of the course. Students will present their research papers on prospects of
EU-Russia relations in different economic sectors or policy areas.
21
Course Content and Required Readings:
Part I. Introduction.
Topic 1. Relations of European Economic Community and Soviet Union

Text of the EEC-USSR Agreement of 1989 –
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:21990A0315(01):EN:HTML
Agreement between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic
Energy Community and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on trade and commercial
and economic cooperation - Declaration by the USSR - Joint Declaration
Official Journal L 068 , 15/03/1990 P. 0002 - 0017
AGREEMENT between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy
Community and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on trade and commercial and economic
cooperation
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY, and
The EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY,
hereinafter together called 'the Community', of the one part, and
THE UNION Of SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS,
hereinafter called 'the USSR', of the other part,
RECOGNIZING that the Community and the USSR desire to establish direct contractual
relations with one another which will permit further development at a later stage,
CONSIDERING that the development of relations between the Contracting Parties will
complement and extend bilateral relations between the Community's Member States and the
USSR,
HAVING REGARD to the importance of giving full effect to the Final Act of the Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Concluding Documents of subsequent meetings of
the CSCE participating States,
DESIROUS of creating favourable conditions for the harmonious development and
diversification of trade and the promotion of commercial and economic cooperation in areas of
mutual interest on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and reciprocity,
BELIEVING that the volume and structure of trade between the Contracting Parties do not
correspond to the potential represented by their current levels of economic development and their
future prospects,
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the favourable implications for trade and economic relations
between the Contracting Parties of the economic restructuring under way in the USSR,
RECALLING the Joint Declaration on the establishment of official relations between the
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Economic Community,
HAVE DECIDED to conclude an Agreement on trade and commercial and economic
cooperation between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy
Community, of the one part, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, of the other part, and to
this end have designated as their Plenipotentiaries:
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY:
Roland DUMAS, Ministre d'Etat,
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the French Republic,
President-in-Office of the Council of the European Communities;
Frans ANDRIESSEN, Vice-President of the Commission of the European Communities;
22
THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY:
Frans ANDRIESSEN,
Vice-President of the Commission of the European Communities;
THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
Eduard SHEVARDNADZE,
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
WHO, having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form,
HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS
TITLE I
General
Article 1
Within the framework of their respective laws and regulations, the Contracting Parties shall use
their best endeavours to facilitate and promote
- the harmonious development and diversification of their trade, and
- the development of various types of commercial and economic cooperation.
To that end, they confirm their resolve to consider favourably, each for its own part, suggestions
made by the other Party with a view to attaining these objectives.
TITLE II
Trade and commercial cooperation
Article 2
1. This Agreement shall apply to trade in all goods originating in the Community or in the
USSR, with the exception of the products covered by the Treaty establishing the European Coal
and Steel Community.
2. This Agreement shall not affect the provisions of the Agreement between the European
Economic Community and the USSR on trade in textile products initialled on 11 December 1989
and applied provisionally as from 1 January 1990, nor the provisions of any exchange of letters,
any other arrangements concluded in connection therewith and any agreements on trade in textile
products subsequently concluded, for the period of application of these provisions.
Article 3
1. The Contracting Parties shall accord to one another most-favoured-nation treatment in all
areas in respect of:
- customs duties and charges applied to imports and exports, including the method of collecting
such duties and charges,
- provisions relating to customs clearance, transit, warehouses and transhipment,
- taxes and other internal charges of any kind applied directly or indirectly to imported goods,
- methods of payment and the transfer of such payments,
- the rules relating to the sale, purchase, transport, distribution and use of goods on the domestic
market.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to:
(a) advantages granted with the aim of creating a customs union or a free-trade area or pursuant
to the creation of such a union or area;
23
(b) advantages granted to particular countries in accordance with the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade and with other international arrangements in favour of developing countries;
(c) advantages granted to neighbouring countries to facilitate frontier-zone trade.
Article 4
The Contracting Parties undertake to allow relief from
duties, taxes and other charges, and to grant licences in respect of goods temporarily remaining
in their territories for re-exportation either in the unaltered state or after inward processing.
Article 5
The USSR shall grant imports of products originating in the Community non-discriminatory
treatment as regards the application of quantitative restrictions, the granting of licences and the
allocation of the currency needed to pay for such imports.
Article 6
Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, trade and other commercial cooperation between
the Contracting Parties shall be conducted in accordance with their respective regulations.
Article 7
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 5, each Contracting Party shall accord the highest
possible degree of liberalization to imports of the other's products. The process of liberalization
shall take account of the development of trade between the Contracting Parties, market
conditions, changes in the rules concerning trade in the Community or in the USSR and progress
made in implementing the Agreement.
Article 8
To this end the Community undertakes:
- to make efforts to ensure progress towards the progressive abolition of 'specific quantitative
restrictions', namely those quantitative restrictions applied to imports originating in the USSR
under Regulation (EEC) No 3420/83 which concern products other than those to which
quantitative restrictions are applied under Regulation (EEC) No 288/82,
- to eliminate, within one year of the entry into force of this Agreement, quantitative restrictions
on imports into those regions of the Community and of those products listed in Annex I,
- to suspend, within one year of the entry into force of this Agreement, the application of
quantitative restrictions on imports into those regions of the Community and of those products
listed in Annex II on the terms and conditions specified therein.
Article 9
As regards the specific quantitative restrictions not contained in Annexes I and II, the
Contracting Parties shall examine, before 30 June 1992, in the framework of the joint committee
referred to in Article 22, the further changes which can be made in the then existing import
arrangements. The changes to be considered may include any of the following measures:
- liberalization,
- liberalization with surveillance of imports,
- adoption of appropriate measures by the USSR such as the issue of export licences or
certificates to ensure that exports to the Community remain within specified levels,
- measures that may be required to adapt existing Community import arrangements.
Article 10
1. For each calendar year, the Community shall open import quotas for products which are of
interest for the USSR and which are subject to quantitative restrictions.
24
2. The Contracting Parties shall hold consultations each year in the joint committee provided for
in Article 22 to determine what increases can be made in the quotas referred to in paragraph 1
and whether quotas can be opened for other products for the following year.
Article 11
1. The Community undertakes to abolish by 31 December 1995 at the latest the remaining
specific quantitative restrictions with the exception of those concerning a limited number of
products which might be deemed sensitive at that time.
2. The joint committee set up pursuant to Article 22 shall, during its meeting in 1995, draw up
the arrangements which shall apply for a prescribed period after 31 December 1995 to the
imports of the sensitive products referred to in paragraph 1.
Article 12
Imports into the Community of products covered by this Agreement shall not be charged against
the quotas referred to in Article 10 where they are declared as being intended for re-export and
are actually re-exported from the Community either in the unaltered state or after inward
processing, under the administrative control arrangements in force in the Community.
Article 13
The Parties shall inform one another of any changes in their tariff or statistical nomenclature or
of any decision taken in accordance with the procedures in force concerning the classification of
products covered by this Agreement.
Article 14
Goods shall be treated between the Contracting Parties at market-related prices.
Article 15
1. The Contracting Parties shall try to avoid conflict situations requiring safeguard measures in
mutual trade. If problems nevertheless arise in trade between the Contracting Parties, the Parties
shall open consultations not later than 30 days after the submission by one of them of an
appropriate request within the framework of the joint committee set up in accordance with
Article 22. Such consultations will aim at seeking mutually satisfactory solutions to these
problems. Each Contracting Party will ensure that, except in critical circumstances, as defined in
paragraph 4, no action is taken before consultations are held.
2. In particular, the provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply if any product is being imported into
the territory of one of the Contracting Parties in such increased quantities or under such
conditions as to cause, or threaten to cause, injury to domestic producers of like or directly
competitive products. In this case, the Contracting Party requesting the consultations shall
provide the other Party with all the information required for a detailed examination of the
situation.
3. If, as a result of the consultations, the Contracting Parties do not reach agreement on actions to
avoid the situation, the Party which requested consultations shall be free to restrict the imports of
the products concerned to the extent and for such time as is necessary to prevent or remedy the
injury. The other Contracting Party shall then be free to deviate from its obligations towards the
first Party in respect of substantially equivalent trade.
4. In critical circumstances where delay would cause damage difficult to repair, the Contracting
Parties may take safeguard actions provisionally before the consultations, on the condition that
consultations shall be effected immediately after taking such action.
5. In the selection of measures under this Article, the Contracting Parties shall give priority to
those which cause least disturbance to the achievement of the aims of this Agreement.
Article 16
25
1. This Agreement shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or goods in
transit justified on grounds of public morality, law and order or public security, the protection of
life and health of humans, animals or plants, the protection of industrial, commercial and
intellectual property, or rules relating to gold or silver or imposed for the protection of national
treasures of artistic, historic or archaeological value.
Such prohibitions and restrictions must not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary
discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between the Contracting Parties.
2. This Agreement shall not preclude the taking of action justified on grounds of protection of
essential security interests:
(i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived;
(ii) relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such traffic in other
goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a military
establishment;
(iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations.
TITLE III
Commercial and economic cooperation
Article 17
1. The Contracting Parties shall make every effort to promote, expand and diversify their trade.
The joint committee set up by Article 22 shall attach special importance to ways of encouraging
the reciprocal and harmonious expansion of trade.
2. The Contracting Parties undertake to facilitate exchange of commercial and economic
information on all matters which would assist the development of trade and economic
cooperation.
To this end, the Contracting Parties agree to ensure the publication of comprehensive data on
commercial and financial issues, including production, consumption and foreign trade statistics.
3. The Contracting Parties undertake to facilitate cooperation between their respective customs
services, in particular in the following areas:
- vocational training,
- simplification of customs documentation and procedures, and
- within the limits of their respective competences, administrative cooperation in order to prevent
and detect infringements of the rules on customs matters, including the rules governing
application of import quotas.
4. The Contracting Parties, within the limits of their respective powers, undertake to facilitate
their trade and economic cooperation, inter alia, by the following:
- encouraging trade promotion activities in favour of their enterprises, including advertising,
consulting, factoring and other business services,
- providing natural and legal persons of the other Party with guarantees of their individual and
property rights, including non-discriminatory access for that purpose to courts and appropriate
administrative bodies of the Community and the USSR,
- encouraging contacts between business associations of the Community and the USSR.
5. The Contracting Parties will encourage forms of trade compatible with the efficient conduct of
international business relations and will also encourage business partners to decide
independently upon their trading patterns.
The Contracting Parties therefore agree that counter-trade practices should be regarded as
temporary and exceptional.
26
They further agree not to compel companies established in the Community or in the USSR to
engage in such trade practices. Nevertheless, where firms or companies decide to resort to
counter-trade operations, the Contracting Parties will encourage them to furnish all relevant
information to facilitate the transaction.
6. In furtherance of the aims of this Article, the Contracting Parties agree to maintain and
improve favourable business regulations, facilities and practices for each other's firms or
companies on their respective markets, inter alia as indicated in Annex III.
Article 18
Within the limits of their respective powers, the Contracting Parties:
- shall encourage the adoption of arbitration for the settlement of disputes arising out of
commercial and cooperation transactions concluded by firms, enterprises and economic
organizations of the Community and those of the USSR,
- agree that where a dispute is submitted to arbitration, each party to the dispute may, except
where the rules of the arbitration centre chosen by the parties provide otherwise, choose its own
arbitrator, irrespective of his nationality, and that the presiding third arbitrator or the sole
arbitrator may be a citizen of a third State,
- will recommend their economic operators to choose by mutual consent the law applicable to
their contracts,
- shall encourage recourse to the arbitration rules elaborated by the United Nations Commission
on International Trade Law (Uncitral) and to arbitration by any centre of a State signatory to the
Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards done at New York on
10 June 1958.
Article 19
Within the limits of their respective powers, the Contracting Parties undertake to:
- ensure adequate protection and enforcement of industrial, commercial and intellectual property
rights,
- ensure that their international commitments in the field of industrial, commercial and
intellectual property rights are honoured,
- encourage appropriate arrangements between undertakings and institutions within the
Community and the USSR with a view to due protection of industrial, commercial and
intellectual property rights.
TITLE IV
Economic cooperation
Article 20
1. In the light of their respective economic policies and objectives, the Contracting Parties shall
foster economic cooperation on as broad a base as possible in all fields deemed to be in their
mutual interest.
Such cooperation shall be aimed in particular at:
- strengthening and diversifying economic links between the Contracting Parties, taking into
consideration the complementarity of their economies,
- contributing to the development of their respective economies and standards of living,
- opening up new sources of supply and new markets,
- encouraging cooperation between economic operators, with a view to promoting investment
and joint ventures, licensing agreements and other forms of industrial cooperation to develop
their respective industries,
27
- encouraging participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in trade and co-operation
- encouraging environmentally sound policies,
- encouraging scientific and technological progress.
2. In order to achieve these objectives, the Contracting Parties shall encourage economic
cooperation in areas of mutual interest, in particular in the following areas:
- statistics,
- standardization,
- industry,
- raw materials and mining,
- agriculture, including the food-processing industries,
- environmental protection and the management of natural resources,
- energy, including nuclear energy and nuclear safety (physical safety and radiation protection),
- science and technology in areas in which the Contracting Parties are active and which they
consider to be of mutual interest, including nuclear research,
- economic, monetary, banking, insurance and other financial services,
- transport, tourism and other service activities,
- management and vocational training.
3. To give effect to the objectives of economic cooperation and within the limits of their
respective powers and in accordance with their respective laws and policies, the Contracting
Parties shall encourage the adoption of measures aimed at creating favourable conditions for
economic and industrial cooperation, in particular by:
- facilitating exchanges and contacts between persons and delegations representing commercial,
economic, business or other appropriate organizations,
- encouraging and facilitating trade promotion activities, such as the organization of seminars,
fairs and exhibitions,
- facilitating the conduct of market research and other marketing activities on their respective
territories,
- promoting activities involving the provision of technical expertise in appropriate areas,
- promoting the exchange of information and contacts on scientific subjects of mutual interest,
- fostering a favourable climate for investment, joint ventures and licensing arrangements,
notably by the extension by the Community Member States and the USSR of arrangements for
investment promotion and protection, in particular for the transfer of profits and repatriation of
invested capital, on the basis of the principles of non-discrimination and reciprocity.
Article 21
Without prejudice to the relevant provisions of the Treaties establishing the European
Communities, this Agreement and any action taken thereunder shall in no way affect the powers
of the Member States of the Community to undertake bilateral activities with the USSR in the
field of economic cooperation and to conclude, where appropriate, new economic cooperation
agreements with the USSR.
TITLE V
Joint committee
Article 22
28
1. (a) A joint committee shall be set up comprising representatives of the Community, on the one
hand, and representatives of the USSR, on the other.
(b) The joint committee shall formulate recommendations by mutual consent.
(c) The joint committee shall, as necessary, adopt its own rules of procedure and programme of
work.
(d) The joint committee shall meet once a year in Brussels and Moscow alternately. Special
meetings may be convened by mutual agreement, at the request of either Contracting Party. The
office of chairman of the joint committee shall be held alternately by each of the Contracting
Parties. Wherever possible, the agenda for meetings of the joint committee shall be agreed
beforehand.
2. (a) The joint committee shall ensure the proper functioning of this Agreement and shall devise
and recommend measures for achieving its objectives, keeping in view the economic and social
policies of the Contracting Parties.
(b) The joint committee shall endeavour to find ways of encouraging the development of trade
and commercial and economic cooperation between the Contracting Parties. In particular, it
shall:
- examine the various aspects of trade between the Parties, notably its overall pattern, rate of
growth, structure and diversification, the trade balance and the various forms of trade and trade
promotion,
- make recommendations on any commercial or economic cooperation problem of mutual
concern,
- seek appropriate means of avoiding possible difficulties in the fields of trade and cooperation
and encourage various forms of commercial and economic cooperation in areas of mutual
interest,
- consider measures likely to develop and diversify trade and economic cooperation, notably by
improving import opportunities in the Community and in the USSR,
- exchange information on macro-economic plans and, where they exist, foreign trade plans and
forecasts for the economies of the Parties which have an impact on trade and cooperation and, by
extension, on the scope for developing complementarity between their respective economies and
also on proposed economic development programmes,
- exchange information about amendments and developments in the laws, regulations and
formalities of the Contracting Parties in the areas covered by this Agreement,
- seek methods of arranging and encouraging the exchange of information and contacts in
matters relating to cooperation in the economic field between the Contracting Parties on a
mutually advantageous basis, and work towards the creation of favourable conditions for such
cooperation,
- examine favourably ways of improving conditions for the development of direct contacts
between firms established in the Community and those established in the USSR,
- formulate and submit to the authorities of the Contracting Parties recommendations for solving
any problems that arise, where appropriate by concluding arrangements or agreements.
- examine the situation with regard to the award of contracts for the supply of goods or services
consequent upon international invitations to tender.
TITLE VI
General and final provisions
Article 23
29
Subject to the provisions concerning economic cooperation in Article 21, the provisions of this
Agreement shall replace the provisions of the Agreements concluded between the Member States
of the Community and the USSR, to the extent to which the latter provisions are either
incompatible with, or identical to, the former.
Article 24
This Agreement shall apply, on the one hand, to the territories in which the Treaties establishing
the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community are applied
and under the conditions laid down in those Treaties and, on the other hand, to the territory of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Article 25
1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the second month following the date
on which the Contracting Parties have notified each other that the legal procedures necessary to
this end have been completed. The Agreement shall be concluded for an initial period of 10
years. The Agreement shall be automatically renewed year by year provided that neither
Contracting Party gives the other Party written notice of denunciation of the Agreement six
months before it expires.
The Contracting Parties may expand and/or amend this Agreement or elaborate further on its
specific provisons by mutual consent in order to take account of new developments.
The Annexes, the Joint Declaration and the exchange of letters attached to this Agreement shall
form an integral part thereof.
Article 26
This Agreement shall be drawn up in duplicate in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German,
Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian languages, each text being equally authentic.
In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have affixed their signatures below this
Agreement.
Done at Brussels on the eighteenth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and
eighty-nine.
For the European Economic Community
For the European Atomic Energy Community
For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
ANNEX I
List of regions of the Community and products referred to in the second indent of Article 8
ANNEX II
List of regions of the Community and products referred to in the third indent of Article 8
The schemes for the suspension of quantitative restrictions referred to below have been
established in order to permit the import of the products concerned without a quantitative limit
on an experimental and temporary basis. Consequently, in particular instances, as a result of
USSR exports to the regions of the Community concerned, market trends may make it necessary
for the Community to discontinue this practice; in this event, the USSR will be informed to this
effect immediately.
ANNEX III
Declaration by the USSR on the implementation of Article 17 (6)
30
Bearing in mind the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation
in Europe and the concluding documents of the subsequent meetings of the CSCE Participating
States, and in the context of its economic reforms, the USSR, within the limits of its powers,
undertakes, in order to facilitate commercial and economic cooperation and to encourage mutual
trade, to take measures such as:
(a) facilitating the entry, stay and movement of Community businessmen in the USSR;
(b) facilitating direct access of Community businessmen to business contacts and end-users in
the USSR;
(c) facilitating, on a non-discriminatory basis and on the basis of non-discriminatory prices, the
establishment and operation of representative offices of Community firms in the USSR,
including the renting of commercial premises and living space, the acquisition of equipment and
transport facilities, access to telecommunications, utilities and social services;
(d) facilitating on a non-discriminatory basis the free recruitment of local staff required by such
firms;
(e) not encouraging barter transactions by firms established in the USSR;
(f) centralizing licensing in the USSR within one competent State body in order to ensure the
proper implementation of the provisions of Article 5.
Joint Declaration by the Community and the USSR concerning Article 23
It is understood that the Agreements concluded between the Member States of the Community
and the USSR, referred to in Article 23, may include inter alia agreements on trade and
navigation.
31
Topic 2. Establishment of EU-Russia Relations
European Community-Russian Federation: Trade and Trade-related Matters/ Interim
Agreement, Press: 224 Nr. 9020/95, 17 July 1995.
At a ceremony held in Brussels on 17 July 1995 the Interim Agreement on trade and traderelated matters between the European Communities, of the one part, and the Russian Federation,
of the other part, was signed
for the Community by:
Mr Javier SOLANA MADARIAGA Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Spain
President in Office of the Council
Mr Hans VAN DEN BROEK Member of the Commission
for Russia by:
Mr Andrei V. KOZYREV Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
In the speeches made at the signing, the Parties stressed the importance which they attach to
developing relations between the European Union and Russia, as an essential factor for the
stability of the continent of Europe.
The European Union reiterated its will to establish a substantial partnership with Russia. It paid
tribute to the courageous efforts already made by Russia in pursuing the process of political
reform and moving towards a market economy. The Union stressed the advantages for both
parties of developing a close and mutually profitable partnership based on commitment to human
rights, fundamental freedoms, the rule of law and democratic principles. In the light of the
progress made in the Chechen crisis, the Union said that it was confident that a solution could be
found that would fully respect those principles.
The Russian Minister stressed in his speech the importance of this Agreement in strengthening
economic and trade relations between his country and the European Union, which could only
advance the reform process in Russia. In that connection he spoke of the far-reaching changes
which had taken place in Russia over the last few years, both on the political and economic
fronts.
Pending completion of the ratification procedures for the Partnership and Cooperation
Agreement, the Interim Agreement will allow the trade and trade-related aspects to be
implemented swiftly. Specifically, the provisions concerning the general principles of the
Agreement, trade in goods, current payments, competition and protection of intellectual,
industrial and commercial property and the Protocol on mutual assistance between the
administrative authorities on customs matters will be implemented.
The Interim Agreement is a major step forward preparing Russia to meet the deadlines contained
in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and, in general, for full integration into the
international economic institutions and in particular the World Trade Organization.
As regards trade the Parties will grant each other most-favoured-nation status. However, Russia
may grant more advantageous treatment to the other Independent States of the former Soviet
Union.
Quantitative restrictions are to be abolished on both sides, subject to the special arrangements for
textiles and the iron and steel sector, for which specific agreements exist or are to be negotiated.
Russia will not apply quantitative restrictions, although it will have the option of introducing
them for a transitional period, for limited quantities and under certain conditions relating in
32
particular to the reasons for these restrictions (newly emerging industries, industries undergoing
restructuring, or industries in serious difficulty).
For trade in nuclear materials, certain provisions of the 1989 Agreement (concluded with the
former Soviet Union) will continue to apply; the Parties will negotiate a specific agreement for
this sector by 1 January 1997.
A safeguard clause includes the principle of consultation. Appropriate measures may be taken
without prior consultation in special emergency cases.
As regards current payments, each Party undertakes that imports will be paid in freely
convertible currency. In the field of intellectual property Russia guarantees that, five years after
the entry into force of the Agreement, it will provide a level of protection of intellectual,
industrial and commercial property rights similar to that in the Community. On competition, the
Agreement establishes a number of principles designed gradually to increase free and nondiscriminatory competition.
Antola, Esko and Terhi Suominen. European Union and Russia: Different Great Powers.
In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley. Russia-European Union Partnership after the
Enlargement: Strategic vision and day-to-day implementation. Saint-Petersburg: SaintPetersburg University Press, 2004. P. 33-48
33
Topic 3. Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (Corfu Agreement) of June 1994.
Agreement on Partnership and Co-operation, Establishing a Partnership between the European
Communities and their Member States on the one part, and the Russian Federation, on the other
part. 27 November 1997
The agreement may be found at:
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/ceeca/pca/pca_russia.pdf
Class discussion:
o Did European Union determine the agenda of the PCA?
o To what extent PCA was profitable for Russian Federation?
34
Topic 4. EU-Russia Relations in 1990s. Trade and Investments. TACIS and TEMPUS
Programmes.
Lainela, S., Sutela P. European Union, Russia and TACIS. BOFIT Online Paper. 2004. No. 2.
The Russian Federation Middle Term Strategy Towards the European Union (2000-2010).
The article can be found at:
http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/E6FEEBE2-B985-4F3A-B937-3C724E7C3909/0/bon0204.pdf
Common Strategy of the European Union on Russia of 4 June 1999. Official Journal of the
European Communities. L157/1, 24.06.1999.
http://www.delrus.cec.eu.int/en/p_244.htm
The Russian Federation middle term strategy towards the European Union (2000-2010).
http://www.delrus.cec.eu.int/en/p_245.htm
35
Part II. Key aspects of EU-Russia Relations (since 2000).
Topic 5. EU-Russia political and economic relations since 2000. Interregional and crossborder co-operation.
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on
Relations with Russia. Brussels, 2004. COM (2004) 106.
Text of the Communication may be found at :
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/russia_docs/com04_106_en.pdf
Tkachenko, Stanislav Regionalization of Russian Foreign and Security Policy: The Case of
St.Petersburg. Working Paper No. 21 of the Project “Regionalization of Russian Foreign
and Security Policy”. Zurich, March 2002.
Internet address of the article is:
http://www.fsk.ethz.ch/documents/WorkingPapers/wp21.pdf
36
Topic 6. European Union’s enlargement of May 2004 and January 2007 and its impact on
relations with Russian Federation.
Frellesen, Thomas. European Union-Russia Relations after Enlargement: Developing Common
Spaces in a Wider Europe. In: Ed. by Konstantin Khudoley. Russia-European Union Partnership
after the Enlargement: Strategic vision and day-to-day implementation. Saint-Petersburg: SaintPetersburg University Press, 2004. P. 7-15.
37
38
39
40
41
Zaslavskaya, Natalia. EU Enlargement Creating a Framework for the EU-Russian
Rapprochement. In: Journal of East-West Business, Vol. 11 (1/2), 2005. P. 45-66.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Topic 7. Problems of signing new EU-Russia Agreement instead of PCA of 1994
Mau, Vladimir, and Vadim Novikov. Russia-EU Relations and the Common European Space. In:
Ed. by Oksana Antonenko and Kathryn Pinnick. Russia and the European Union: Prospects for
a new Relationship. Routledge and IISS: London, 2005. P. 103-114.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Russia: Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006. 27 December 2001. European Commission.
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/csp/2007-2013_en.pdf
Russia: Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006. European Commission
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/csp/02-06_en.pdf
61
Topic 8. EU-Russia Trade : structure and trends
Sulamaa, P., Widgern, M. Economic Effects of Free Trade between the EU and Russia. Brussels,
2005. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 36.
The text of the article can be found at:
http://www.enepri.org/files/Publications/WP036.pdf
62
Topic 10. Cooperation in the energy sector. The Russia-EU Energy Dialogue
Romanova, Tatiana. The Influence of European Union Competition Policy on EU-Russian
Energy Relations (The case of co-operation in the field of natural gas). In: Ed. by Konstantin
Khudoley. Russia-European Union Partnership after the Enlargement: Strategic vision and dayto-day implementation. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2004. P. 76-83.
63
64
65
Topic 11. EU-Russia Transport Co-operation: main areas and key challenges.
Laurila, J. Determinants of transit transport between the European Union and Russia. BOFIT
online. 2002, # 1.
The text of the research paper can be found:
http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/10349A4F-690D-4076-8B58-5FDA6DD3B9C8/0/bon0102.pdf
66
Topic 12. The Concept of the Four Common Spaces as an effort to restructure all the
relations
Emerson, M. EU-Russia Four Common Spaces and the Proliferation of the Fuzzy. Brussels,
2005. CEPS Policy Brief. No. 71.
http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-russia-common-spaces-proliferation-fuzzy/article139803
Roadmap on Common Economic Space. Moscow, May 10, 2005
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/summit_05_05/finalroadmaps.pdf
67
Topic 13. The Northern Dimension and the European Neighborhood Policy.
The Second Northern Dimension Plan, 2004-2006. COM/2003/0343 final.
The text of the document can be found at:
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/north_dim/ndap/ap2.pdf
68
Joenniemi, Pertti. Racing to Regionalize? The EU’s Northern Dimension Initiative. In: Ed. by
Konstantin Khudoley and Stanislav Tkachenko. Challenges to International Relations in PostCold War Europe. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press, 2002. P. 62-85.
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Topic 14. EU-Russia humanitarian co-operation
Stanislav Tkachenko. The Paradiplomacy of St.Petersburg. In: Ed. by Christopher S. Browning.
Remaking Europe in the Margins. Northern Europe after the Enlargement. Ashgate, 2005. P.
161-179.
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
Topic 15. Economic Prospects for the Kaliningrad region.
Borko Y. Russia and the EU: The Kaliningrad Dilemma. Brussels, 2002. CEPS Policy Brief. No.
15.
The policy paper can be fount at:
http://www.res.ethz.ch/kb/search/details.cfm?q89=tajikistan+and+the+EU&lng=en&ord89=byTi
tleAsc&id=26262
Joint Statement on Transit between the Kaliningrad Region and the Rest of the Russian
Federation, Brussels, November 11, 2002.
Text of the document can be found at:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/russia/summit_11_02/js_kalin.htm
90
Optional reading
The “Basic and further readings” section lists the sources that are recommended for the
students who would like either to review the topic or to read more on it. These readings are
not compulsory, and the list is provided solely for students’ information.
Part I. Introduction.
The most complete selection of documents and analytical reports at the official web-site of the
European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/russia/intro/index.htm
Topic 1. Relations of European Economic Community and Soviet Union

Aslund, Anders. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Cox, Michael (ed.) 1998. Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of
Communism and the New Russia. London: Pinter.

Dunlop, John B. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1993.

Webber, Mark (ed.). Russia and Europe: Conflict or Cooperation? Basingstoke, 2000.
Topic 2. Establishment of EU-Russia Relations: intentions of both sides and immediate
impact on bilateral economic relations

Pinder, John, and Shishkov, Yuri. The EU & Russia: The Promise of Partnership.
London, 2002.

Baranovsky, V. 2002. Russia’s Attitudes towards the EU: Foreign and Security Policy
Aspects. UPI&IEP, Helsinki.

Freeland, Chrystia. Sale of the Century: Russia’s Wild Ride from Communism to
Capitalism. New York: Crown Business, 2000.
Topic 3. Partnership and Co-operation Agreement (Corfu Agreement) of June 1994.

Adomeit, Hannes. Russia as a Great Power in World Affairs: Images and Reality. In:
International Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 1, 1995, pp. 35-68.

Sutela, Pekka. The Road to the Russian Market Economy. Selected Essays, 1993-1998.
Kikimora Publications, Helsinki. 1998.
Topic 4. EU-Russia Relations in 1990s. Trade and Investments. TACIS and TEMPUS
Programmes.

European Commission, The EU’s Relations with Russia: EU Assistance to Russia.
91
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/russia/intro/ass.htm (March 2, 2003).

Bremmer, Ian and Ray Taras. New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet
Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Crawford, Beverly, ed. Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of PostCommunist Transformation, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995.

Wallander, Celeste A. Mortal Friends, Best Enemies: German-Russian Cooperation after
the Cold War. Ithaca 1999.

White, Stephen, Graeme Gill, and Darrell Slider. The Politics of Transition: Shaping a
Post-Soviet Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Part II. Key aspects of EU-Russia Relations (since 2000).
Topic 5. EU-Russia political and economic relations since 2000. Interregional and crossborder co-operation.

Malfliet, Katlijn (2003). The European Union and Russia: Towards a Common Strategy?
http://www.edc.spb.ru/conf2002/malfliekt.html (October 20, 2003)

Wallander, Celeste. 2002. Business is Business: Russia, Trade and the ‘Axis of Evil,’ In:
National Interest, Vol. 1, Issue 13.
Topic 6. European Union’s enlargement of May 2004 and January 2007 and its impact on
relations with Russian Federation.

Amato G. and J. Batt. The Long-Term Implications of EU Enlargement: The Nature of
the New Border (Final Report of the Reflection Group). Robert Schumann Center for
Advanced Studies, European University Institute, 1999.

Moshes, Arkady. The Double Enlargement, Russia and the Baltic States. Copenhagen,
2002, DUPI Working Paper 4/2002.

Fedorov, V.P. 2004. Russia in Europe’s Ensemble. Reports of the Institute of Europe of
Russian Academy of Science, No. 86, Moscow.
Topic 7. Problems of signing new EU-Russia Agreement instead of PCA of 1994

Likhachev, V. “Russia and the European Union: A long-Term View.” International
Affairs (Moscow), vol. 46, no. 2 (2000).

Sutela, Pekka. Russia: The state and future of the economy. In: Ed. by
Tuomas
Komulainen and Iikka Korhonen. Russian Crisis and Its Effects. Helsinki: Kikimora
Publications, 2000.
92
Topic 8. EU-Russia Trade : structure and trends

Patten, Chris. 2002. Shaping Russian-European Integration in the 21 st Century. Speech at
the
European
Business
Club
Conference,
Moscow,
28
May.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/patten/sp02_235.htm

Tkachenko S. Membership of Russian Federation in the WTO. In: Ed. By M.Lane Bruner
and Viatcheslav Morozov. Market Democracy in Post-Communist Russia. Wisdom
House, 2005. P. 88-122.
Topic 9. Cooperation in the energy sector. The Russia-EU Energy Dialogue

Romanova, Tatiana A. 2004. New Dimensions of EU-Russia Relations //Ed. by
Konstantin Khudoley. New Security Challenges as Challenges to Peace research. SaintPetersburg, pp. 199-217.

Matthews O. Reversal of Fortune // Newsweek. 2006. Apr. 10—17.

Hill F. Beyond Co-dependency: European Reliance on Russian Energy // US-Europe
Analysis Series. The Brookings Institution, 2005.

Voloshin V. (2005). EU-Russia Energy Dialogue. Russian-European Trends, # 2.
RECEP, Moscow.
Topic 10. EU-Russia Transport Co-operation: main areas and key challenges.

Collection
of
documents
on
EU-Russia
transport
cooperation:
http://ec.europa.eu/research/transport/news/article_4183_en.html.

High Level Group (2004). Extension of the major transport Axes to the Neighboring
Countries and Regions. EU Working Document, 18-19 October 2004.

European Commission (2003). Enlargement of the trans-European transport network.
Commission Press release. October 1, 2003.
Topic 11. The Concept of the Four Common Spaces as an effort to restructure all the
relations

Moshes, Arcady (ed.) 2003. Rethinking the respective strategies of Russia and the
European Union. Moscow & Helsinki: Moscow Carnegie Centre and Finnish Institute of
International Affairs.

EU/Russia: The four “common spaces” Memo of the European Commission.
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/russia/summit_11_04/m04_268.htm.
93
Topic 12. The Northern Dimension and the European Neighborhood Policy.

Morozov V. The Baltic States in Russian Foreign Policy Discourse. Copenhagen: COPRI
Working Paper, no. 8, 2001.

Northern
Dimension
web-site
of
the
European
Commission:
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/north_dim/index.htm.
Topic 13. EU-Russia humanitarian co-operation

Grabbe, Heather, The Sharp Edges of Europe: Extending Schengen Eastwards, in:
International Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 3, 2000, pp. 481-500.

Migration trends in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2001-2002 Review. Geneva,
International Organization for Migration. 2002.
Topic 14. Economic Prospects for the Kaliningrad region.

Aalto, P. (2002). A European Geopolitical Subject in the Making: EU, Russia and the
Kaliningrad Question. Geopolitics, 7(3), Winter.

Hubel, Helmut (ed.) EU Enlargement and Beyond: The Baltic States and Russia. Berlin,
2002.

Khudoley, Konstantin. 2001. Baltic Sea Region: A Role for Russia and the CBSS. In:
BALTINFO: Newsletter of the CBSS. No. 40.

Oldberg, Ingmar. The Emergence of a Regional Identity in the Kaliningrad Oblast, in:
Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2002, pp. 269-288.
Further readings concerning European Union-Russia relations in various areas:

Bildt, Carl. “The Baltic Lithmus Test”’ in: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 5, 1994, pp. 7285.

Bretherton, Charlotte, Vogler, John. The European Union as a Global Actor. London,
1999.

Gref, German. Economy with Room for Growth. Russia in Global Affairs. Vol.2, No. 2.
June 2004. P. 46-52.

Timmermann, Heinz. 2000. European-Russian Partnership: What Future? In: European
Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 5, pp. 165-174.

Liuhto Kari, Pelto Elina & Lipponen Kirsi (2004). Where to do Business in Russia? PanEuropean Institute, Turku, Finland.

Karaganov, Sergey (2005). Russia’s European Strategy: A New Start. Russia in Global
94
Affairs. 3/3, Moscow. P. 72-85.

Goetz, Klaus, H. Making sense of post-communist central administration: Modernization,
Europeanization, or Latinization. Journal of European Public Policy. Vol.8, Issue 6,
December 2001.

Milov, Vladimir. Business to Replace Geopolitical Ambitions. Russia in Global Affairs.
Vol.2, No. 2. June 2004. P. 79-89.

Likhachev, Vassily. Russia and EU: Proficiency Essential. Russia in Global Affairs.
Vol.2, No. 2. June 2004. P. 103-108.

Simonia, Nodari. The West’s Energy Security and the Role of Russia. Russia in Global
Affairs. Vol.2, No. 3. September 2004. P. 101-117.

Borko, Yuri. Rethinking EU-Russia Relations. Russia in Global Affairs. Vol.2, No. 3.
September 2004. P. 168-179.

Hansen, Flemming S. In the Transatlantic Gap. Russia in Global Affairs. Vol.2, No. 4.
December 2004. P. 91-105.
95