[email protected]
IIE - Cuernavaca
Overview of Applied
superconductivity
and applications
Fig. 1: levitation of a NdFeB magnet using
a nitrogen-cooled HTS bulk [matchrockets.com].
05/10/2016
Dr. Frederic Trillaud
1
Contents

Introduction.

Timeline of superconductivity.

Applications.

Economical market.

Diverse wire, tape and cable technologies.

Manufacturers.

Comparison between technologies.

Instituto de Ingeniería – UNAM: existing projects.

References.
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Superconductivity
✔
✔
Superconductivity is characterized by the absence of a
measurable resistance under certain conditions (theoretically
the total absence of resistance). The term was first introduced
in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes after the discovery of the
first type-I superconductor, Mercury. He received the Nobel
prize in 1913 for its work on helium liquefaction.
Two theories of superconductivity prevail:
✔
✔
The macroscopic Ginzburg-Landau
Ginzburg, Nobel laureate 2003),
theory
(Vitaly
Lazarevich
The microscopic BCS theory (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer, Noble
laureates 1972).
Bardeen
Ginzburg (1916-2009),
Onnes (1853-1926),
Dutch physicist [Wikipedia]. Russian physicist [Wikipedia].
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Cooper
Schrieffer
John Bardeen (1908-1991), American physicist and electrical
engineer [Wikipedia].
Leon Neil Cooper (1930-), American physicist [Wikipedia].
John Robert Schrieffer (1931-), American physicist [Wikipedia].
Dr. Frederic Trillaud
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Timeline of superconductivity
✔
✔
✔
The following figure shows the timeline of technological
progresses which led to the current state-of-the-art
superconductors.
After the capacity of producing liquid helium was achieved, many
superconductors were discovered. However, it took nearly 50 years
to migrate to the industrial sector.
Out of the many found superconductors, only a few led to practical
applications.
Fig. 1: A timeline of
superconductor discovery and
their applications [Wikipedia]
[Gurevich].
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Advantages
✔
✔
✔
✔
Superconductors can carry a
large amount of current for a
given cross-section area
without measurable resistance.
The
absence
of
Joule
dissipation allows to transfer
power without losses.
Current (A)
NbTi
4000
Copper
16
Ratio
250
Tab. 1: Transport current
comparison.
Fig. 2 compares the resistivity
of common conductors such as
copper, aluminum and silver to
a commercial superconductor.
Table 1 gives an example of
transport current capacity of
copper and NbTi wires having
same diameter equal to 1 mm.
Whereas copper wires are
operated at room temperature,
NbTi wires must be cooled down
to 4.2 K [lecture 1 document].
Fig. 2: Comparison of resistivity versus temperature between
common-used electrical materials and commercial YBCO coated
conductor provided by American Superconductor Corporation in
2006 [Trillaud].
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Dr. Frederic Trillaud
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Drawbacks
✔
✔
✔
Transferring power without losses is a strong motivation to
develop superconductors in order to supersede conventional
materials used in power distribution.
To this date, the main application of superconductivity
remains high energy physics and medicine. The cost is
mitigated by the necessity to achieve strong magnetic fields.
Two main issues must be addressed to allow superconductivity
to increase its commercial potential:
✔
✔
Simplification of the manufacturing process (reducing
increasing batch length, homogenization of quality),
cryogenic system
efficiency).
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(reducing
cost,
ensuring
Dr. Frederic Trillaud
safety,
cost,
increasing
6
Bunch of applications
✔
Medicine:
✔
✔
Science:
✔
✔
Chemistry (NMR).
✔
Characterization (SQUID).
LHC,
fusion:
Power applications:
✔
✔
Physics (accelerators:
ITER, microgravity).
✔
✔
✔
MRI
Distribution (power cables)
Power devices (transformers,
energy storage, …)
UPS,
Electronics:
✔
Communications
✔
sensors
✔
Signal processing
Transportations:
Fig. 3: from top left to bottom right. NMR 900 MHz (Bruker EST), MRI 1.5 T
(GE), Shanghai MagLev train, hall 1 of LHC tunnel [Google Images].
✔
Trains (MagLev)
✔
Ships (cloaking hull, propulsion)
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Power applications: HTS power cable
✔
Various available technologies:
✔
✔
✔
Warm and cold insulation
One phase per conductor or 3 phases
per conductor
Advantages over conventional cables:
✔
✔
✔
3 cable, one cryostat
Higher energy density (1 HTS cable
against 3 to 5 conventional cables)
Subterranean cables
existing sites
benefiting
✔
No electromagnetic pollution
✔
No heating issue
from
One phase, one cryostat
Disadvantages:
✔
✔
3 phases, one
cable
Hollow
Cost of material (~$200/kA-m)
Need for cryogen (LHe, hydrogen, LN2,
etc.)
Fig. 4: Different technologies.
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Power applications: Fault-current limiter
✔
✔
Two main topologies:
✔
Resistive
✔
Inductive
Advantages over
protection systems:
✔
✔
✔
✔
conventional
Low impedance in no-fault operation
Passive system
maintenance
that
requires
Allow service continuation
faults of short durations
low
during
Fig. 5: Dramatic example of a fault
occurring in power transformer.
Disadvantages:
✔
Cost of material
✔
Need for a cryogenic cooling system
Fig. 6: Left: inductive design (Courtesy J. Wolsky
2013). Right: resistive design [Nexans].
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Power applications: SMES
✔
✔
SMES: Superconducting
Storage
✔
✔
Solenoid (large stray field)
Toroidal
required)
(larger
amount
of
conductor
Main applications:
✔
Storage such as batteries, flywheel, etc.
✔
Grid stabilization
Fig. 7: General overview of a SMES system
with its power converter [ClimateTech
Wiki].
Advantages over conventional systems:
✔
Fast response time
✔
No moving mechanical parts
✔
✔
Energy
2 topologies:
✔
✔
Magnetic
Environmental friendly (compared
batteries for energy storage)
to
Disadvantages:
✔
✔
Need for large systems to be of practical
use in the power grid
Power converter
efficiency)
related
issues
(cost
and
Fig. 8: Largest operated SMES systems
[Oregon state].
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Power applications: Motors
✔
✔
✔
Mainly for applications requiring compact
light systems such as ships and aircrafts
besides large generators (> 6 MW) for
off-shore wind power
A few
tested
have
been
built
and
Two possible configurations:
✔
✔
✔
prototypes
Full superconducting machine (rotor and
stator)
Hybrid machine, generally the rotor is
superconducting
Fig. 9: 3D CAD an hybrid machine [IEEE Spectrum].
Competition with permanent magnet
machines. Advantage, superconducting
conductors require lesser amount of rare
earth (cost).
Fig. 10: Right: prototype of a 5 MW ship propulsion
motor with exciter from American Superconductor
Corporation [MaNEP]. Left: superconducting winding in
cryostat.
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Science: accelerator of particles
✔
✔
✔
Main technologies: Bending and focusing magnets: LHC (>1125 tons
of NbTi)[Narlikar]
Future technologies in light sources: Superconducting undulators
and wigglers
Advantages over conventional technologies:
✔
Allow reaching higher energy beam
✔
Most of cases: the only feasible technology (LHC at >7 TeV)
Light sources: Superconducting Undulators
production of highbrilliance X-rays installed in the ANKA
storage ring [Phys.org: KIT/ANKA/BNG]
Fig.
11:
SCU15
05/10/2016
for
Fig. 12: Preliminary design of the Indian SCU at DAVV,
Indore in collaboration with the Institute of
Engineering of UNAM (MOU signed in 2015 for a 5 years
collaboration).
Dr. Frederic Trillaud
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Present and future Benefits
✔
✔
✔
✔
Betting on expected economical
viability, the future benefits are
substantial.
A few advantages:
✔
Compactness.
✔
lightness.
✔
High energy density.
✔
Nearly no Joule losses.
Impacts on society:
✔
Low maintainability.
✔
No visual pollution.
✔
Cost effective solutions.
✔
Reduction of green house effect.
Fig. 13: from left to right. Underground network in Manhattan NY, USA,
aerial power lines [Google Images], and comparison between a conventional
motor and a superconducting motor of similar power [AmSC®].
New technologies focus on energy
efficiency and environmental
impacts.
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Market of superconducting systems
✔
✔
✔
The contribution of superconductivity to
applications are slowly becoming a reality.
Power devices made of NbTi wires or BSCCO wires
are currently in operation.
Some commercial products:
✔
✔
✔
✔
NMR and MRI magnets.
D-SMES (10 systems in the USA including TVA, Alliant
Energy and Wisconsin Public Service)[D-SMES brochure].
Power cables from prototypes to pre-production
systems (China, Denmark, Korea, Japan, Mexico, Spain,
Russia).
Upcoming products:
✔
✔
✔
power
Motors (SeaTitan® wind
engineered by AmSC®).
turbine,
ship
propulsion
Power distribution (Fault-Current
demonstrators in Germany, China, ...).
limiters:
In Mexico, CIDEC (Centro de Investigación y
desarrollo CARSO) is the only Mexican company
developing and installing superconducting devices
in Latin America [Condumex].
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Dr. Frederic Trillaud
Fig. 14: integration of a 2,000 ft
long power cable in LIPA grid,
Holbrook, long island, USA [AmSC®].
14
Economical aspects
✔
✔
✔
✔
The following table summarizes the
superconductors available on the market.
different
commercial
LTS have a fairly well-established niche where the generation of
high magnetic field is required. The technology is near its apex
and alternative materials are soon needed to go beyond the current
state-of-the-art.
HTS conductors are improving constantly. Lengths with better
homogeneity increase yearly. However, the cost-performance must
drop below $50/kA-m to have a significant commercial impact.
Magnesium diboride is a fairly new superconductor discovered in
2001. Manufacturing techniques remains to be optimized.
Tab. 2: comparison between commercially available conductors.
Material
Length (m)
Price ($/kA-m)
Type
Applications
Copper
>1000 m
$25-$50
Wire, cable, tape
Power applications, science
LTS
>1000 m
NbTi (8 T, 4.2 K): $4-$6
Nb3Sn (12 T, 4.2 K): $15-$30
Wire, cable
Science, medicine, power
devices
MTS (MgB2)
>1000 m
$1 (projection)
Wire, tape
Medicine
HTS (2G: YBCO,
1G: BSCCO)
2G: 56-790 m
1G: >1000 m
2G (0 T, 77 K): $200
1G (20 T, 4.2 K): $150
2G: tape
1G: wire, tape, cable
Power applications, science
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Superconductor technologies
✔
✔
✔
Superconductors need particular manufacturing processes.
In the following slides, a broad panel of common techniques are
introduced. Crystallographic structures, phase diagrams, wire or
tape layouts are presented as well.
In addition to manufacturing processes, special handling is
sometime required due to the poor mechanical properties of some
superconducting phases.
F i g . 1 5 : N b3Sn insulated
cable. The filaments of
superconductor are visible.
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NbTi conductors
Bruker EST (NMR, MRI)
Oxford Instruments (high
stabilization)
Outokumpu Poricopper (ITER)
Cable in conduits (fusion)
Aluminum stabilized cable (ATLAS
toroid-CERN)
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Furukawa Electric (LHC)
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Nb3Sn
NED project (future accelerators)
Supercon Inc. (external
stabilization)
Supercon Inc. (internal
stabilization)
Bruker EST (rectangular
conductor)
Cable stack (Alstom-MSA)
Cable in Conduit (ITER)
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BSCCO conductors
BSCCO-2212 (Oxford
Instruments)
BSCCO-2223/Ag tape
Power cable (Nexans, Endesa and
Centre Labein Technalia)
BSCCO-2212 cable (Oxford Instruments)
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YBCO conductors
Copper laminated (AmSC®)
Electroplated copper (Superpower Inc.)
Roebel cable
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YBCO cable (AmSC® and ORNL)
Dr. Frederic Trillaud
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MgB2 conductors
Mono-filament (Hyper Tech
Research, Inc.)
Tape (Columbus Superconductors SpA)
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Multi-filaments (Hyper Tech
Research, Inc.)
19 strand MgB2/Ti/Cu
Dr. Frederic Trillaud
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Comparison between superconductors
Fig. 16: Comparison of transport current of various superconductors at 4.2 K, self-field [P.J. Lee].
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Manufacturers of superconductors
✔
The following list may not be exhaustive.
manufacturers of superconducting wires:
It
presents
various
✔
SuperPower Inc. (http://www.superpower-inc.com/)
✔
Oxford Instruments (http://www.oxford-instruments.com/Pages/home.aspx)
✔
American Superconductor Corporation (http://www.amsc.com/).
✔
Nexans S.A. (http://www.nexans.com/).
✔
Outokumpu (http://www.outokumpu.com/).
✔
Bruker EST (http://www.bruker-est.com/).
✔
Columbus Superconductors SpA (http://www.columbussuperconductors.com/).
✔
Supercon, Inc. (http://www.supercon-wire.com/default.html).
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Instituto de Ingeniería - UNAM
✔
Various international projects covering the development of power
systems and scientific instruments based on superconducting
technology:
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
Thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic modelling of HTS bulks for
electrical machines (collaboration with the University of Lorraine,
Nancy, France)
Design of a superconducting undulator for a new generation of Free
Electron Laser (Memorandum of Understanding with the University of
Indore, Indore, India)
Design of a fault-current limiter for the national power grid
program, collaboration with CEPEL, Brazil, and SupElec, France)
(PhD
Design of a HTS power cable in collaboration with Servicio Condumex S.A.
(PhD program, on hold)
Estimation of power losses in large scale superconducting devices (PhD
program, collaboration with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Fl, USA)
Thank you for your attention
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References
✔
✔
[matchrockets.com] http://www.matchrockets.com/ether/superconductor.html
[Wilson] M.N. Wilson, “Superconducting magnets”, Monographs on Cryogenics, 2, Clarendon
Press, 1987.
✔
[Hyperphysics] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/scbc.html
✔
[Wikipedia] Wikipedia:
✔
✔
✔
✔
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_low-temperature_technology
✔
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics
✔
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superconductors
✔
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect
[Leitner] Alfred Leitner: http://www.alfredleitner.com/superconductors.html
[Godeke] A. Godeke, “Performance Boundaries in Nb3Sn Superconductors”, PhD thesis, University
of Twente, PrintPartners Ipskamp, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2005. ISBN: 90-365-2224-2
[Nobelprize.org]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/illpres/vortices.html
✔
A. Gurevich, “General aspects of superconductivity”, SRF workshop, Beijing, China, 2007.
✔
[Trillaud] F. Trillaud, MIT 2007.
✔
[Google Images] http://www.google.com/imghp
✔
✔
[Phys.org] SCU15 at ANKA synchrotron radiation facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,
Germany
[Oregon state] Largest SMES. Internet website:
http://www.physics.oregonstate.edu/~demareed/313Wiki/doku.php?id=superconductor_electricity_t
ransmission
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References
✔
[ClimateTech wiki] http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-ee
✔
[MaNEP] http://www.manep-nccr.ch/en/technological-challenges/emfields.html
✔
[IEEE Spectrum]. Internet link:
http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/winner-superconductors-on-the-high-seas
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
[AmSC®] (American Superconductor Corporation):
✔
http://www.amsc.com/
✔
http://www.amsc.com/newsroom/documents/LIPA%20Energized%200408%20-%20Final.pdf
[P.J. Lee]:
✔
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/search/personnel/getprofile.aspx?fname=Peter&lname=Lee
✔
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/magnettechnology/research/asc/plots.html
[Hoffman
Laboratory,
Harvard]
Hoffman
http://hoffman.physics.harvard.edu/materials/Cuprates.php
Laboratory,
Harvard:
[Hyper Tech Research, Inc.] Hyper Tech Research, Inc.: http://www.hypertechresearch.com/
[MAGreen] M.A. Green, “The cost of helium refrigerators and coolers for superconducting
devices as a function of cooling at 4 K”, LBNL, LBNL-63506, 2007.
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/928493-GPQDBb/
[Sheaken] T.P. Sheaken and B. McConnell, “Cryogenic Roadmap”, DOE, Superconductivity program
for Electric systems, 2001. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/htsc/documents/pdf/Cryogenic_Roadmap.pdf
[Radebaugh] R. Radebaugh, “Refrigeration for Superconductors”, Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 92,
NO. 10, p. 1719.1734, 2004.
[Strobridge] T.R. Strobridge and R.O. Voth, “REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUPERCONDUCTORS”,
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-24, NO. 3, p. 1222-1226, 1977.
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