ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Greater North Sea and Celtic Seas ecoregions
6.3.49
Published 30 June 2016
Version 2: 11 November 2016
Sole (Solea solea) in Subarea 4 (North Sea)
ICES stock advice
ICES advises that when the second stage of the EU management plan (Council Regulation No. 676/2007) is applied, catches in
2017 should be no more than 15 251 tonnes.
Stock development over time
The spawning-stock biomass (SSB) has increased since 2007 and has been estimated at above MSY Btrigger since 2012. Fishing
mortality (F) has declined since 1997 and is estimated to be at FMSY in 2015. Recruitment (R) has fluctuated without trend
since the early 1990s.
Figure 6.3.49.1
Sole in Subarea 4. Summary of stock assessment.
Stock and exploitation status
Table 6.3.49.1
Sole in Subarea 4. State of the stock and fishery relative to reference points.
Fishing pressure
2013
2014
2015
2014
MSY
Maximum
FMSY
Appropriate
sustainable yield
Btrigger
Harvested
Precautionary
Fpa,
Bpa, Blim
approach
Flim
sustainably
Management
FMGT
Below
SSBMGT
plan
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
Stock size
2015
2016
Above trigger
Full reproductive
capacity
Above
1
Published 30 June 2016
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Catch forecast and outlook
Table 6.3.49.2
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). The basis for the forecast.
Variable
Value
F ages 2–6 (2016)
SSB (2017)
Rage1 (2016)
Rage1 (2017)
Total catch (2016)
Commercial landings (2016)
Unwanted catch (2016)
Table 6.3.49.3
Rationale
Manageme
nt plan
(MP)
MSY
approach
Zero catch
Source
0.16
77202 t
59248
111851
13268 t
12021 t
1247 t
Notes
ICES (2016a)
ICES (2016a)
ICES (2016a)
ICES (2016a)
ICES (2016a)
ICES (2016a)
ICES (2016a)
Catch constraint (13268 tonnes)
Short-term forecast (STF), tonnes
RCT3, thousands
Geometric mean (GM, 1957–2012), thousands
Tonnes
Tonnes
Average discard rate by age 2013–2015 in tonnes
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). The forecast and catch options. All weights are in thousand tonnes.
Total
catch
(2017)
Wanted
catch
(2017)*
Unwanted
catch
(2017)*
Basis
Ftotal
ages 2–6
(2017)
Fwanted
ages 2–6
(2017)
Funwanted
ages 1–3
(2017)
SSB
(2018)
% SSB
change
**
% TAC
change total
catch ***
15251
14187
1065
15% TAC constraint
in (MP)
0.17
0.14
0.04
76196
−1
15
18064
16800
1264
FMSY
0.2
0.17
0.05
73429
−5
36
0
0
0
F=0
0
0
0
91259
18
−100
TAC −15%
0.12
0.1
0.03
80116
4
−15
11273
10488
785
(F2016 × 0.75)
Stable TAC
13262
12337
925
0.14
0.12
0.04
78155
1
0
(F2016 × 0.89)
TAC + 15%
15251
14187
1065
0.17
0.14
0.04
76196
−1
15
(F2016 × 1.03)
Other
14757
13727
1030
F2016
0.16
0.14
0.04
76682
−1
11
options
35177
32680
2496
Fpa
0.44
0.37
0.11
56683
−27
165
55589
51550
4040
SSB > Bpa
0.84
0.71
0.22
37000
−52
319
45422
42164
3258
Flim
0.62
0.53
0.16
46753
−39
242
66927
61971
4955
SSB > Blim
1.166
0.99
0.3
26300
−66
405
55589
51550
4040
SSB > MSY Btrigger
0.84
0.71
0.22
37000
−52
319
Mixed fisheries options –differences with calculations above can occur because of the different methodology used (ICES, 2016b.) †
Maximum
21551
A
0.26
66045
-14
Minimum
10620
B
0.12
76786
-1
Cod
14786
C
0.17
72686
-6
SQ effort
18020
D
0.21
69508
-10
Value
16321
E
0.19
71177
-8
* “Wanted” and “unwanted” catch are used to described fish that would be landed and discarded in the absence of the EU landing obligation, based on the
average discard rates (at age) estimates for 2013–2015.
** SSB 2018 relative to SSB 2017.
*** Total catch 2017 relative to TAC 2016.
Mixed-fisheries assumptions
(note: ”fleet’s stock share” is used to describe the share of the fishing opportunities for each particular fleet, which has been calculated
based on the single-stock advice for 2017 and the historical proportion of the stock landings taken by the fleet):
A. Maximum scenario: Each fleet stops fishing when its last stock share is exhausted.
B. Minimum scenario: Each fleet stops fishing when its first stock share is exhausted.
C. Cod scenario: Each fleet stops fishing when its cod stock share is exhausted.
D. SQ (status quo) effort scenario: The effort of each fleet in 2016 and 2017 is as in 2015.
E. Value scenario: The effort of each fleet is equal to the weighted average of the efforts required to catch the fleet’s quota share of each
of the stocks, where the weights are the relative catch values of each stock in the fleet’s portfolio.
†
2
Version 2: Mixed-fisheries considerations as part of this advice added
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
Published 30 June 2016
3
Published 30 June 2016
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Basis of the advice
Table 6.3.49.4
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). The basis of the assessment and advice.
Advice basis
EU management plan (Council Regulation No. 676/2007; EU, 2007)
Management plan
An evaluation of the management plan (ICES, 2010) concluded that the management plan is
precautionary. The stocks are in stage two of the EU multiannual plan (EU, 2007). Application of stage two
of the plan is based on transitional arrangements until an evaluation of the plan has been conducted. ICES
assumes that harvesting the stock with the newest estimate of FMSY is in accordance with stage two of the
current plan.
Quality of the assessment
The North Sea sole assessment was recently benchmarked (ICES, 2015a). The new assessment is very similar in terms of SSB
and recruitment, but has a smoothed pattern of F over time.
Age compositions of the landings and discards are well sampled and the quality of the surveys is adequate. However, current
survey indices do not cover the southwestern part of the stock distribution.
Figure 6.3.49.2
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). Historical assessment results (final-year recruitment estimates included).
Issues relevant for the advice
Technical measures applicable to the mixed flatfish beam-trawl fishery in the southern North Sea affect both sole and plaice.
The minimum mesh size of 80 mm generates high discards of plaice which have a larger minimum landing size than sole. The
use of larger mesh sizes would reduce the catch of undersized plaice and sole, but would also result in loss of marketable sole
in the short term (Cardinale and Hjelm, 2012).
Since 2011, the use of pulse trawls in the Dutch fishery has increased sharply to 74 vessels (of which 65 > 221 kW) and only
few vessels operating with traditional beam trawls are now left. The increased use of pulse trawls and other adaptations like
fuel-saving wings may affect catchability and selectivity of North Sea sole.
There is a long-term management plan for North Sea plaice and sole, which was evaluated by ICES to be in accordance with
the precautionary approach. However, in 2016 ICES does not use this plan as the basis for the advice for plaice. The European
Commission has informed ICES that agreement has not been reached between the EU and Norway on a method to split the
joint advice between the North Sea and Skagerrak. ICES continues to use the management plan as the basis of advice for sole.
4
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Published 30 June 2016
Results from a North Sea mixed-fisheries analysis are presented in ICES (2016b). For 2017, assuming a strictly implemented
discard ban (corresponding to the “Minimum” scenario), haddock would be the most limiting stock (assuming that the full
advised catch is taken), constraining 36 out of 41 fleet segments (corresponding to 91% of the 2015 kW days of effort). Cod
and eastern Channel sole would be limiting for fleets, corresponding to 5% and 4% of the 2015 effort, respectively.
Conversely, in the “Maximum” scenario with Nephrops managed by separate TACs for the individual functional units (FUs),
Nephrops would be considered the least limiting stocks in many FUs. Nephrops in FU 33, FU 5, FU 32, FU 7, and FU Others
would be the least limiting stocks for fleets in these FUs, representing 32%, 16%, 10%, 4%, and 17% of the 2015 effort,
respectively. Eastern Channel plaice and saithe would be least limiting for other fleet segments, representing 12% and 9% of
the 2015 effort, respectively.
Results for the North Sea sole stock are also included as additional rows in the catch options table of this advice sheet.
Reference points
Table 6.3.49.5
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). Reference points, values, and their technical basis.
Reference
Framework
Value
Technical basis
point
MSY Btrigger
37000 t Default to value of Bpa.
MSY
Median of stochastic MSY analysis, assuming a
approach
FMSY
0.2
hockey-stick stock–recruit relationship.
Blim
26300 t Breakpoint of segmented regression
Bpa
37000 t Bpa = Blim × exp(1.645 σB), with σB = 0.20
Precautionary
The F that in equilibrium will maintain the stock
approach
Flim
0.62
above Blim with a 50% probability
Fpa
0.44 Fpa = Flim × exp(-1.645 σF), with σF = 0.20
Management
plan
SSBMGT
FMGT
35000 t
0.2
Stage two
Stage two: Article 4.3 – FMSY
Source
ICES (2015b)
ICES (2014)
ICES (2015b)
ICES (2015b)
ICES(2016a)
ICES(2016a)
EU management plan (Council
Regulation No. 676/2007)
EU management plan (Council
Regulation No. 676/2007)
Basis of the assessment
Table 6.3.49.6 Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). The basis of the assessment and advice.
ICES stock data category
1 (ICES, 2016c)
Statistical catch-at-age model with flexible selectivity functions to reconstruct historical discard records
Assessment type
(Aarts and Poos, 2009, ICES, 2015a)
Commercial catches (age frequencies from catch sampling), three survey indices (BTS-ISIS Q3, SNS Q3, DFS
Input data
Q3). Natural mortality is assumed constant. Maturity-at-age is assumed to be knife-edged (at age 3) and
constant over time.
Discards are included in the assessment. Discard records (1957–2002) are reconstructed. In 2015, 90% of
Discards and bycatch
the landings had associated discarding information, and 78% of the discards were sampled.
Indicators
None
The stock has been benchmarked (ICES, 2015a). The main changes were the inclusion of discards and the
Other information
removal of the Dutch beam trawl fleet commercial index (ICES, 2015b).
Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) and
Working groups
Working Group on Mixed-Fisheries Advice (WGMIXFISH-ADVICE)
Information from stakeholders
The cumulative index of perceptions of the abundance of common sole (Figure 6.3.49.3) increased in about half of the areas
(mainly in the south and east), but declined or remained the same in the others. The stock is primarily distributed in the
southern areas (areas 5 and 6) and trends in these areas generally match the assessed stock biomass trends in recent years
(Napier, 2014). No new information has been provided for 2015.
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
5
Published 30 June 2016
Figure 6.3.49.3
6
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Cumulative time-series of index of perceptions of abundance of common sole by roundfish sampling area from the
Fishers' North Sea Stock Survey (Napier, 2014; see page 14 for an explanation of the index).
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Published 30 June 2016
History of the advice, catch, and management
Table 6.3.49.7
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). History of ICES advice, the agreed TAC, and the official as well as ICES estimates of
landings. All weights are in thousand tonnes.
Predicted landings Predicted catch
Agreed
ICES
ICES
Year ICES advice
corresp. to advice corresp. to advice
TAC
landings
discards
1987 Rebuild SSB to 40 000 t; TAC
11.0
14.0
17.4
1988 Increase SSB towards 50 000 t; TAC
11.0
14.0
21.6
1989 Increase SSB towards 50 000 t; TAC
14.0
14.0
21.8
1990 80% of F(88); TAC
25.0
25.0
35.1
1991 SSB >50 000 t ; TAC
27.0
27.0
33.5
1992 TAC
21.0
25.0
29.3
1993 no long-term gains in increased F
29.0*
32.0
31.5
1994 no long-term gains in increased F
31.0*
32.0
33.0
1995 no long-term gains in increased F
28.0*
28.0
30.5
1996 Mixed fishery, link plaice advice
23.0*
23.0
22.7
1997 < 80% of F(95)
14.6
18.0
14.9
1998 75% of F(96)
18.1
19.1
20.9
1999 F< Fpa (80% of F(97))
20.3
22.0
23.5
2000 F< Fpa
< 19.8
22.0
22.6
2001 F< Fpa
< 17.7
19.0
19.9
2002 F< 0.37
< 14.3
16.0
16.9
1.7
2003 F< Fpa
< 14.6
15.9
17.9
1.4
2004 F< Fpa
< 17.9
17.0
18.8
2.4
2005 F< Fpa
< 17.3
18.6
16.4
1.3
2006 Keep SSB above Bpa
< 11.9
17.7
12.6
1.0
2007 SSB above Bpa
< 10.8
15.0
14.6
0.9
2008 SSB above Bpa
< 9.8
12.8
14.1
0.5
2009 Apply management plan
< 14.0
14.0
14.0
1.3
2010 Apply management plan
< 14.1
14.1
12.6
2.2
2011 See scenarios
14.1
11.5
1.7
2012 Apply first stage of the management plan
< 15.7
16.2
11.6
2.5
2013 Apply first stage of the management plan
< 14
14.0
13.1
2.1
2014 Apply first stage of the management plan
< 11.9
11.9
13.1
1.6
November update: Apply second stage of the
2015
< 11.4
11.9
12.9
1.7
management plan
2016 Apply second stage of the management plan
≤ 12.8
13.3
2017 Apply second stage of the management plan
≤ 15.3
* Catch status quo F.
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
7
Published 30 June 2016
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
History of catch and landings
Table 6.3.49.8
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). Catch distribution by fleet in 2015 as estimated by ICES.
Catch (2015)
Wanted catch
14.6 kt
8.8% gill-/ trammel
3.3% otter trawls
nets
12.9 kt
87.8% beam trawls
Table 6.3.49.9
Year
0.1% other gears
1.7 kt
Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). History of the official and ICES landings. All weights are in tonnes.
Belgium
1982
1900
1983
1740
1984
1771
1985
2390
1986
1833
1987
1644
1988
1199
1989
1596
1990
2389
1991
2977
1992
2058
1993
2783
1994
2935
1995
2624
1996
2555
1997
1519
1998
1844
1999
1919
2000
1806
2001
1874
2002
1437
2003
1605
2004
1477
2005
1374
2006
980
2007
955
2008
1379
2009
1353
2010
1268
2011
857
2012
593
2013
697
2014
920
2015
933
NA = not available.
8
Unwanted catch
Denmark
524
730
818
692
443
342
616
1020
1427
1307
1359
1661
1804
1673
1018
689
520
828
1069
772
644
703
808
831
585
413
507
NA
406
346
418
497
314
271
France
686
332
400
875
296
318
487
312
352
465
548
490
499
640
535
99
510
NA
362
411
266
728
655
676
648
401
714
NA
621
539
633
680
675
532
Germany
Netherlands
266
619
1034
303
155
210
452
864
2296
2107
1880
1379
1744
1564
670
510
782
1458
1280
958
759
749
949
756
475
458
513
555
537
327
416
561
642
765
17686
16101
14330
14897
9558
10635
9841
9620
18202
18758
18601
22015
22874
20927
15344
10241
15198
16283
15273
13345
12120
12469
12860
10917
8299
10365
9456
12038
8770
8133
9089
9987
9569
8899
UK
403
435
586
774
647
676
740
1033
1614
1723
1281
1149
1137
1040
848
479
549
645
600
597
451
521
535
667
910
1203
851
951
526
786
599
867
840
804
Other
2
1
3
2
4
28
50
263
271
277
298
298
312
229
204
339
501
539
394
292
363
544
357
5
15
1
1.38
2
3
0
0
0
Total
reported
landings
21467
19957
18940
19934
12934
13829
13363
14495
26543
27608
26004
29775
31291
28780
21199
13741
19742
21634
20929
18351
15969
17138
17828
15579
11933
13800
13435
NA
12129
10990
11752
13291
12547
12203
ICES total
landings
21579
24927
26839
24248
18201
17368
21590
21805
35120
33513
29341
31491
33002
30467
22651
14901
20868
23475
22641
19944
16945
17920
18757
16355
12594
14635
14071
13952
12603
11485
11602
13137
13060
12867
TAC
21000
20000
20000
22000
20000
14000
14000
14000
25000
27000
25000
32000
32000
28000
23000
18000
19100
22000
22000
19000
16000
15850
17000
18600
17670
15000
12800
14000
14100
14100
16200
14000
11900
11900
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
Published 30 June 2016
Summary of the assessment
Table 6.3.49.10 Sole in Subarea 4 (North Sea). Assessment summary. Weights are in tonnes.
Year
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Recruitment
Age 1
(thousands)
133173
120070
446825
41799
68261
11057
12754
611539
151219
55092
85651
120554
86543
203014
57000
110647
146093
122131
59092
138917
172911
63381
17880
181294
218640
204054
203846
95271
111974
163489
84106
686583
135009
247976
88638
442592
88109
64572
113851
76031
326152
150896
116975
140444
72200
217842
96079
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6
High
156990
142852
531193
50147
81701
13165
15349
745278
189075
72335
113260
159318
117011
272262
75243
145129
185305
154094
75151
176374
224889
81207
22600
234784
287093
270103
272813
121937
140984
203524
103456
852339
165516
302317
109200
547315
109581
81497
143585
96976
423276
192136
146418
173255
87683
266540
117241
Low
112878
100956
375916
34867
57021
9286
10598
502067
120825
41980
64768
91248
63958
151370
43197
84341
115179
96827
46478
109496
133071
49476
14144
140026
166448
154113
152278
74365
88930
131460
68398
552528
110104
203368
71902
357618
70798
51209
90339
59622
251254
118426
93506
113946
59427
178210
78748
Spawningstock
biomass
62928
65375
68284
69492
103720
87064
70159
51556
41217
109817
106122
91237
69397
63714
56001
65080
47830
46208
46806
45552
37143
43159
52765
39168
25990
37887
49563
51530
47927
38037
34507
42206
38607
125120
91008
88799
59020
85156
64557
38480
32375
24075
48060
40595
34640
35489
27520
High
71209
73525
75999
77012
114838
96252
77627
58197
47732
125893
118156
100788
77025
71310
62722
73200
53508
51644
52080
50308
40406
47817
59454
42662
28171
43202
56093
58364
53897
41458
38027
46916
42273
145880
101096
97193
63707
95328
71797
41597
35546
26478
55757
45519
38191
39122
30093
Low
54647
57225
60569
61972
92602
77876
62691
44915
34702
93747
94084
81686
61769
56118
49280
56960
42152
40772
41532
40796
33880
38501
46076
35674
23809
32572
43033
44696
41957
34616
30987
37496
34941
104360
80920
80405
54333
74984
57317
35363
29204
21672
40363
35671
31089
31856
24947
Landings
13181
13235
15479
17466
27981
28290
22572
14772
10450
32060
32749
34733
23590
21091
21295
25195
20773
20616
19338
16824
15510
18781
23045
16474
13339
20355
25889
27521
25123
18051
15870
17661
21383
48929
38715
34069
29598
34753
30630
20241
16388
18008
24942
20461
18453
16617
16691
Discards
739
701
937
1260
2777
1481
778
280
895
4723
2668
1819
2116
2200
2700
2221
1631
2120
2178
1631
1658
2233
2133
1040
1740
3565
4071
3874
2846
1841
1950
1996
3764
6398
3537
2956
3671
4031
2296
1749
2045
3556
3937
2610
2247
1817
3007
Fishing
mortality
Ages 2–6
0.213
0.216
0.228
0.257
0.305
0.347
0.338
0.291
0.265
0.297
0.389
0.501
0.542
0.522
0.504
0.525
0.556
0.551
0.505
0.464
0.458
0.483
0.517
0.531
0.536
0.558
0.604
0.646
0.644
0.593
0.534
0.499
0.489
0.491
0.494
0.506
0.534
0.573
0.618
0.654
0.666
0.662
0.647
0.627
0.612
0.603
0.596
High
Low
0.255
0.244
0.259
0.291
0.339
0.391
0.382
0.328
0.307
0.342
0.438
0.569
0.606
0.585
0.574
0.582
0.62
0.615
0.556
0.52
0.509
0.532
0.579
0.585
0.59
0.624
0.661
0.711
0.711
0.644
0.589
0.548
0.533
0.544
0.539
0.551
0.587
0.618
0.669
0.712
0.715
0.725
0.708
0.676
0.668
0.653
0.643
0.172
0.188
0.197
0.222
0.271
0.304
0.295
0.254
0.224
0.253
0.341
0.434
0.478
0.458
0.435
0.468
0.492
0.487
0.455
0.408
0.406
0.435
0.456
0.477
0.482
0.493
0.546
0.581
0.577
0.542
0.479
0.449
0.445
0.439
0.449
0.462
0.481
0.528
0.568
0.596
0.616
0.599
0.586
0.578
0.555
0.554
0.549
9
Published 30 June 2016
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Recruitment
Age 1
(thousands)
52786
51243
188203
69450
79121
103169
217368
228790
58439
132788
240457
194127
59248
ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort
High
63207
61249
223267
82705
95199
124499
265891
288445
77375
185639
360022
361899
Low
44083
42843
158558
58277
65794
85472
177577
181632
44160
95077
160505
104076
Spawningstock
biomass
39574
31191
25213
18415
36219
31630
31029
30767
38452
48012
45163
49142
64312
High
Low
44315
34147
27280
19861
40422
34919
34272
34695
44462
56644
55058
60909
34833
28235
23146
16969
32016
28341
27786
26839
32442
39380
35268
37375
Landings
17420
12936
10577
9460
13352
12399
11971
11997
14339
15059
13302
12630
Discards
2800
1535
1078
1576
1836
1480
1596
2015
2147
1602
1398
1663
Fishing
mortality
Ages 2–6
0.575
0.53
0.485
0.458
0.451
0.447
0.425
0.384
0.335
0.286
0.24
0.201
High
Low
0.63
0.573
0.529
0.504
0.492
0.499
0.485
0.45
0.408
0.351
0.298
0.266
0.519
0.487
0.44
0.413
0.411
0.394
0.366
0.319
0.263
0.221
0.182
0.137
Sources and references
Aarts, G., and Poos, J. J. 2009. Comprehensive discard reconstruction and abundance estimation using flexible selectivity
functions. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 763–771.
Cardinale, M., and Hjelm, J. 2012. Short term loss and long term revenue in a size-selective fishery. Marine Policy, 36: 903–
906.
EU. 2007. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 676/2007 of 11 June 2007 establishing a multiannual plan for fisheries exploiting
stocks of plaice and sole in the North Sea. Official Journal of the European Union L 157/1. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32007R0676&from=EN.
ICES. 2010. Request from the Netherlands on the evaluation of the long-term management plan for sole and plaice in the
North Sea (part 2). In Report of the ICES Advisory Committee, 2010. ICES Advice 2010, Book 6, Section 6.3.3.4.
ICES. 2014. Report of the Joint ICES–MYFISH Workshop to consider the basis for FMSY ranges for all stocks (WKMSYREF3), 17–
21 November 2014, Charlottenlund, Denmark. ICES CM 2014/ACOM:64. 147 pp.
ICES. 2016a. Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK),
26 April–5 May 2016. ICES CM 2016/ACOM:14.
ICES. 2016b. Report of the Working Group on Mixed-Fisheries Advice for the North Sea (WGMIXFISH), 23–27 May 2015. ICES
CM 2015/ACOM:22 ‡
ICES. 2016c. General context of ICES advice. In Report of the ICES Advisory Committee, 2016. ICES Advice 2016, Book 1,
Section 1.2.
Napier, I. R. 2014. Fishers’ North Sea stock survey 2014. NAFC Marine Centre, Shetland, Scotland. http://nsss.eu.
‡
Version 2: Reference added
10
ICES Advice 2016, Book 6