Huygens Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
Citation:
H. Kamerlingh Onnes & Weber, S., Investigation of the viscosity of gases at low temperatures. II.
Helium, in:
KNAW, Proceedings, 15 II, 1912-1913, Amsterdam, 1913, pp. 1396-1399
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1396
The eorrespondenee is satisfactory as far as the temperature of
redueed oxygen. We shall l'etmn to this question in the foll~wing
paper nbout tbe viseosity of helium, in whieh we shall fnrthet' den!
with the elmnge of tbe nuclells ,~lllme b" witIJ the tempel'atnre, as it f0110ws from our expel'iments.
Physics. - "Investigntion of tite viscositlj ~l ,qases at low tem11eratw'es. Il. Helium". Ey Prof. KAl\mRUNGH ONNES nnd SOPHTJS
WEBER. Communirntion N°. 134b fl'om tbe physicnl Lnbora-tOlT at Leiden by Prof. H. Kt\MERT.INGR ONNES.
§ 1. Rfsult~. With the salne npparatl1s as wns used for the
in vestigation of the \'i8r08i ty of hydrogen 1), a sel'Îes of measnre(
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H.
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C. DORSMAN and
Comm N°. 134a.
KAMERLINGH ONNES,
SOPHUS WEBER:
J
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1397
ments were made for helium. According to REYNOWS the critical
ve:ocity wonld be 2960 cm/SOL'; in our experiments the gren.test
velociJy was 105 cm/sec. All our obsel'vations are brought together
in Table I. The nota/,lOns are the same as in the previous paper
about hydrogen.
Again the first two experiments were used fOI' the calibration
of the apparatus, for which plll'pose we assumed as K. SUHMI'l"l' 1)
does, 1]0 • 10 7
1887 and C in SUTHERLAND'S formuJa
78.2. In this
7
way we got the vallles given under 1]0 • j 0 • These were corrected
=
=
R4
with the temperature anel for the gliding. The
L
for the change in -
I
corrected values stand in column 7 under 1].10 7•
As ~an be seen, most of the meaSlll'ements were made under a
mean pressure of 40 cm. mercUl'y. At 20°.1 K. we nlso took some
measurements at 12 cm. mercn!'y pl'essnre. A glance at the table
shows that the dscosity does not depend upon the density.
TABLE 1.
Vlscosity of helIum at about normal density, observations
and results.
TC K.
" PCmHg! PcmHg
0
I
l'
sec.
7
! i:l PCmHg! 1]' . 10 1 11
I
I
. 107
1.565
1.370
-
( 1994
9540.5
1.539
1806
1788
45.65
7828.5
1.622
1591
1564
8.522
42.60
7191.2
1.851
1420
1392
89.7
89.8
10.173
8.480
41.07
44.60
3201.0
2933.4
2.709
2.241
943.7
945.6
917.9
919.2
75.5
74.7
9.744
7.037
42.57
45.30
1828.1
3220.0
1.999
2.810
841.8
838.2
817.6
813.2
20.17
20.15
20.20
5.121
5.566
4.540
41.61
39.49
40.10
921.1
881.0
846.8
4.600
4.516
4.540
362.5
364.6
360.0
349.9
352.0
347.6
20.16
20.16
4.528
4.530
11.15
12.28
1788.8
1967.2
2.113
2.573
362.9
362.0
351.5
350.7
15.00
15.00
15.00
3.374
3.962
1.270
42.73
40.31
41.55
922.8
821.4
1514.1
5.010
4.921
2.981
304.1
305.2
307.5
293.1
294.2
296.4
10.83
7.892
36.81
44.43
13475
13372
250.3
9.870
42.98
203.1
8.471
170.5
.
294.50
294.55
j
j
,----.
1)
K.
SOHMITT:
Ann. d. Phys. 30, 1909, p. 393.
91
Proceedings Royal Acad. Amsterdam. Vol. XV,
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1398
In Table II Ollr measurements are placed togethel' wHh fhose made
at Halle by SOHIERLOH and SCHMITT, whieh al'e marked with an
asterisk. Fl'om this table and from fig. 1 it ean be seen tqat our l'esults
eOl'l'espond very wen with the previous onefl. Only SCHMITT'S result
in liquid air seelllS to be too high, whieh perhaps lllay be explained,- as in KOPSCH'S cxperiments with hydl'ogen, by the gas not being
sllffIciently eooled before it came into the capillary tube.
TAB L E Il.
Viscosity of helium at about norma! density
and representation of the dep enden ce on the
temperature by empirica! formu!ae.
1
'Jlobs.·
107
1
456.8"
2681
2682
2632
372.9·
2337
2345
2309
1994
1982
294.5
291.8"
1980
1979
1970
290.7*
1967
1974
1965
250.3
1788
1771
1783
212.2*
1587
1563
1603
203.1
1564
1513
1558
194.6*
1506
1460
1516
170.5
1392
1317
1389
•
89.75
918.6
745
918.5
[[79.9*
894.7
659
852.1]
75.5
817.6
628
821.3
74.7
813.2
621
815.5
20.17
349.8
135
348.9
15.00
294.6
92
288.7
\
§ 2. Rep1'esentation
0/
the observations by a j01'mula. In the same
107
iable lUlder 'Jls.
the values are given which SUTHEHLAND'S forml/la gives with Lhe assllmed val nes of 'Jlo and O. SOIIMI'fT has all'êj,dy
founcl that at Ule tempemt m'e of liquid alL' a distinct deviation appeal's.
For tIlÎs ohservation the same is true as we said about that of
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:1399
Kopson with l'egard io the deviation fl'om SUTHERLAND'S fOl'mula of
the obsel'vations on hydrogen fit liquid fiit' tempel'atures.
At hydl'ogen tempel'atul'es SUTHERIJAND'S formula is shown to be
entÎl'ely unsuitable for expI'essing our results. Ii gives a_ vaille two
or thl'ee times too smal!. We have tl'Îed to represent the series of
measurements by another fOl'mllla, and in column 4 UIlder 'tIcale . 101
we have given the values which we have caJculated by the
following formula.
..!= (~)O.647
'1'/0
273.1
As can be seen, this empirical form'ula agl'ees remaJ'lmbly weIl
with the values found over the whole extensive field of temperatures.
In a following paper wc shall discuss the values fol'
'1]0
Vl'
VT o
--'l'/t
which follow from our experiments, anel fUl'thel' the vi8eo~ities at
various temperatures for different substances in connection with tlle
law of the corl'esponding states.
Physics. - "Investz:c;ation oJ the viscosity oJ gases at Zow tempe1'f1,tU1'es. lIl. Compa1'isol1 of the 1'esults obtainecl with the Zaw
oJ corresponcling states" . By H. KAMERLINGH ONNES and
SOPHUS WEBER. Oommunication N°. 134c from the Physiea,l
,Labol'atol'y at Leiden by PL'of. H. KAMERI.INGH ONNES.
§ 1.
Depenclence of tiw viscosity upon tem,pel'atUl'e.
We have
all'eady discussed this in our previous papers. It was shown that
SUTHERLAND'S fOl'mula in no way cOl'l'esponried to the observations
al, low temperature, eithel' for hydrogen or fol' helium 1). REINGANUM'S
formula althollgh founded upon accepialJle hypotheses about the
cO~lstitlltion and mlltual action of the molecules, js even worse so
long as we l'egal'd C in it as constant. 'fhis can be easily nnderstooel
when we consider that SUTHERTJ.\ND'S fOl'mula can be taken as a
fh'st approximation to REINGANUl\f'S, and that the terms 1eft out must
lead tó a fl1rthel' divel'gence fl'om the observations. Neither is it
possible to rome to an even appl'oximate agreement at low tem1) Shortly aftel' our paper an important article by Eu eKEN appeared in the
Phys. ZeÏtsrhrift (April 15th 1913) m which observations concerning the viscosity of helium and hydl'ogen taken fl'Om an us yet unpublished paper by VOGEL
were ,communicated. Within lhe limils of accul'acy, which in VMEL'S observations
are gil'en at 5% at hydl'ogcn lemperature, these confil'm oar measUlement'3 j of
which the accuracy at hydl'Ogen lemperatures is to be put at about 1%.
9im
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