Electron Configuration and the
Periodic Table C-SE-TE
Richard Parsons, (RichardP)
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Printed: November 23, 2014
AUTHOR
Richard Parsons, (RichardP)
www.ck12.org
Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE
C HAPTER
1
Electron Configuration and
the Periodic Table C-SE-TE
C HAPTER O UTLINE
1.1
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
1.2
Families and Periods of the Periodic Table
1.3
Multimedia Resources for Chapter 8
1.4
Worksheets for Chapter 8
1.5
Extra Reading for Chapter 8
1.6
Assessment for Chapter 8
Lessons and Number of Activities for Lessons
TABLE 1.1: Lessons and Activities for Lessons
Lesson
No. of Labs
No. of Demos
No. of Worksheets
1. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
2. Families and Periods of the Periodic
Table
0
0
0
No. of Extra Readings
0
0
0
1
1
1
1.1. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
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1.1 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Student Behavioral Objectives
The student will:
• identify the person credited for organizing the periodic table.
• state the basis for the organization of Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Timing, Standards, Activities
TABLE 1.2: Timing and California Standards
Lesson
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Number of 60 min periods
1.0
CA Standards
None
Activities for Lesson 1
Laboratory Activities
1. None
Demonstrations
1. None
Worksheets
1. None
Extra Readings
1. None
Answers for Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (L1) Review Questions
• Sample answers to these questions are available upon request. Please send an email to [email protected]
to request sample answers.
2
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Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE
1.2 Families and Periods of the Periodic Table
Student Behavioral Objectives
The student will:
• identify groups in the periodic table.
• state the number of valence electrons for each A group in the periodic table.
• explain the relationship between the chemical behavior of families in the periodic table and their electron
configuration.
• identify periods in the periodic table.
• describe the similarities among elements in the same period in the periodic table.
Timing, Standards, Activities
TABLE 1.3: Timing and California Standards
Lesson
Families and Periods of the Periodic Table
Number of 60 min periods
1.5
CA Standards
1b, 1c, 1f
Activities for Lesson 2
Laboratory Activities
1. None
Demonstrations
1. None
Worksheets
1. The Periodic Table and Electron Configuration Worksheet
Extra Readings
1. The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table
Answers for Families and Periods of the Periodic Table (L2) Review Questions
• Sample answers to these questions are available upon request. Please send an email to [email protected]
to request sample answers.
3
1.3. Multimedia Resources for Chapter 8
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1.3 Multimedia Resources for Chapter 8
The following websites explore the history behind the periodic table.
• http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm
• http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm
The following video is an introduction to the electronic organization of the periodic table.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MMWpeJ5dn4
This website provides an interactive periodic table with basic information about each element.
• http://www.chemicalelements.com/ http://www.chemicalelements.com/ http://www.chemicalelements.com/
This video describes the organization and family properties within the periodic table.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rD0maRGQhU8
This website provides a dynamic periodic table that also provides information about the orbitals and electron
configurations of the elements.
• http://www.dayah.com/periodic
This website reviews the different groups in the periodic table.
• http://www.chemtutor.com/perich.htm
This website has lessons, worksheets, and quizzes on various high school chemistry topics. Lesson 3-4 is on the
periodic table.
• http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson34.htm
This video is a ChemStudy film called “Transuranium Elements.” The film is somewhat dated but the information is
accurate.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpQSEN1n4HE
This video is a ChemStudy film called “Inert Gas Compounds.” The film is somewhat dated but the information is
accurate.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QASDy4bLQxs
4
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Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE
1.4 Worksheets for Chapter 8
Copy and distribute the lesson worksheets. Ask students to complete the worksheets alone or in pairs as a review of
lesson content.
The Periodic Table and Electron Configuration Worksheet
When Mendeleev organized the periodic table, he placed the elements in vertical columns according to their chemical
behavior. That is, elements were placed in the same vertical columns because they behaved similarly in chemical
reactions. All the alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb,Cs) react with water to produce heat, hydrogen gas, and the metal
hydroxide in solution. Essentially, the only difference in the reactions is that the larger alkali metals react faster than
the smaller ones. The vertical columns of elements are frequently referred to chemical “families” because of their
similar chemical characteristics.
When quantum theory generated electron configurations which demonstrated that the elements in the same family
have the same outer energy level electron configuration, the reason these elements behaved similarly became clear.
Since chemical behavior is determined by outer energy level electron configuration, it was clear that elements that
behaved similarly should have similar electron configuration.
TABLE 1.4: The Electron Configuration of Family 1A Elements
Element
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s1
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s1
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p6 4s1
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 5s1
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 5s2 4d 10 5p6 6s1
TABLE 1.5: The Electron Configuration of Family 7A Elements
Element
F
Cl
Br
I
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p5
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p5
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p5
1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 5s2 4d 10 5p5
Exercises
1. If the outermost energy level electron configuration of an atom is ns2 np1 ,
a. to which family does it belong?____________
b. is the atom a metal, metalloid, non-metal, or a noble gas? ____________
c. how many valence electrons does it have? ____________
2. If the outermost energy level electron configuration of an atom is ns2 np4 ,
a. to which family does it belong? ____________
b. is the atom a metal, metalloid, non-metal, or a noble gas? ____________
5
1.4. Worksheets for Chapter 8
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c. how many valence electrons does it have? ____________
3. If the outermost energy level electron configuration of an atom is ns2 np6 ,
a. to which family does it belong? ____________
b. is the atom a metal, metalloid, non-metal, or a noble gas? ____________
c. how many valence electrons does it have? ____________
4. The electron configuration of an element is [Ar]4s2 3d 3 .
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is the identity of the element? ____________
In what period does the element belong? ____________
In what group does the element belong? ____________
Is the element a main group element, a transition element, a lanthanide, or an actinide? ____________
5. Write the electron configuration of only the outermost energy level for an element that is in family 5A of the
fifth period of the periodic table. ____________
6. Write the electron configuration of only the outermost energy level for an element that is in family 8A of the
third period of the periodic table. ____________
Answers to Worksheets
• The worksheet answer keys are available upon request. Please send an email to [email protected]
to request the worksheet answer keys.
6
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Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE
1.5 Extra Reading for Chapter 8
The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table has been acknowledged as one of the most influential keys to understanding modern chemistry.
A wealth of information is organized into a readily interpretable array of essential atomic data. Since the days of
Dmitri Mendeleev, who is credited with arranging our modern periodic table on the basis of physical similarities,
atomic physicists have drastically extended the number of elements by the preparation of artificial elements. These
are atoms not found naturally on Earth due to radioactive decay instability but have been created synthetically by
atomic bombardment and collisions.
The very first synthetic element was the result of many years of searching for the elusive missing element to be
inserted between molybdenum and ruthenium, an omission noted and a space left open by Mendeleev. Many efforts
claiming to have identified element #43 were made but not substantiated. Conclusive evidence for the production of
a new element was made by Emilio Segré and Carlo Perrier in 1937 after they collided molybdenum atoms with the
heavy isotope of hydrogen known as deuterium. Later trace amounts of technetium were identified among the decay
products of uranium fission. The name technetium was chosen from the Greek word for artificial.
The next synthetic element, #61, promethium, was produced by a similar method. Jakob Marinsky and Larry
Glendenin at MIT bombarded neodymium atoms with neutrons obtained as byproducts of uranium decay. Their
1946 announcement named the new element after the mythological Prometheus, who, according to legend was
responsible for bringing fire to mankind.
The decade of the 1940’s also marked the creation of the first trans-uranium element. Neptunium was the result
of Berkeley scientists Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson colliding uranium with neutrons as was the concurrent
production of element 94, named plutonium in the sequence correlating with the modern group of solar system
planets. One name suggested for element 94 was “extremium” offering the proposition that this artificially produced
element was the upper limit or heaviest possible atom.
Since that time, the quest for producing super-heavy elements has continued with the question of where and when
that upper limit, if it exists, will be reached. Currently, (2009) the as-yet unnamed Element 118, a member of the
noble gas family, maintains its status as the heaviest element. Three atoms of element 118 were reportedly created
by fusing californium atoms with calcium atoms in 2006 at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. In the last year, claims
suggesting the existence of Element 122 have also been reported but as yet, experimental replications have failed to
reproduce this evidence.
Is there an upper limit to the periodic table? The intrinsic instability with respect to nuclear decay appears to limit
the production of elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium. Most of the trans-uranium elements
have extremely short half-lives and very limited production quantities. Attempting to load the tiny atomic nucleus
with 100+ protons appears to provide a barrier that may have reached its synthetic limit.
7
1.6. Assessment for Chapter 8
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1.6 Assessment for Chapter 8
• The chapter quiz and answer key are available upon request. Please send an email to [email protected]
to request the material.
8