Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures
ATLAS OF ATOMIC NUCLEAR STRUCTURES
Stoyan Sarg
The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (ANS) is one of the major output results of the Basic Structures
of Matter – Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG), based on an alternative concept of the physical
vacuum. The atlas of ANS illustrates the material structure of the elementary particles and atomic nuclei
as they are revealed in BSM-SG. While they exhibit the same interaction energies as the Quantum
Mechanical models, they are not point-like structures. The atlas also provides information about the spatial arrangement of the protons and neutrons in the atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules. The Z-number
trend of the nuclear build-up follows a shell structure that complies strictly with the row-column pattern
of the Periodic table, while obeying the Hund’s rules and Pauli exclusion principle. The nuclear structures
of the stable isotopes exhibit a higher degree of symmetry. The trend of faster increase of the number of
neutrons in comparison to the protons in heavier elements and their spatial positions play a role in redistribution of the repulsive Coulomb forces between protons. The proposed physical models could find
applications in different fields, such as the chemistry, nanotechnology, biomolecules and deeper understanding of the nuclear stability and reactions.
1. S. Sarg © 2001, “Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures”, monograph
Archived in the National Library of Canada (April 2002)
http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/amicus/index-e.html
(AMICUS No. 27106037)
Canadiana: 2002007655X
ISBN: 0973051515
Classification:
LC Class no.: QC794.6*
Dewey: 530.14/2 21
2. S. Sarg, “Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures According to the Basic Structures of Matter Theory, Journal of Theoretics, Extensive papers, 2003.
http: www.journaloftheoretics.com
Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg
A-1
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures
Tables of contents
Page
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................A-1
2. Part I: Structure of the elementary particles...................................................................I-1
3. Part II: Atomic nuclear structure of the elements...................................................(see Table 1)
4. View of the nuclei of some elected elements................................................................II-21
Table 1: Page location of the elements
Z
Page
Z
Notes: The symbols used for notation of the protons and neutrons and their connections in the
atomic nucleus are given in Page II-).
Page
1-2
II-1
53 - 56
II-11
3-7
II-2
57 - 61
II-12
8 - 13
II-3
62 - 67
II-13
14 - 18
II-4
68 - 72
II-14
19 - 24
II-5
73 -78
II-15
24 - 29
II-6
79 - 84
II-16
30 - 35
II-7
85 - 89
II-17
36 - 40
II-8
90 - 95
II-18
41 - 46
II-9
96 - 101
II-19
47 - 52
II-10
102-103
II-20
Notations:
Z- number of protons in the nucleus
N - number of neutrons in the nucleus
Note: BSM-SG Periodic Table of Atomic Nuclei is included at the end (300dpi resolution). Higher resolution Periodic Table is available upon request.
References:
[1]. S. Sarg, Basic Structures of Matter Supergravitation Unified Theory, monograph, ISBN 9781412083874, Amazon.com,
also in http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/amicus/index-e.html (AMICUS No. 27105955) LC Class no.: QC794.6*; Dewey: 530.14/2
21, (first edition, 2002); second edition, 2005)
[2]. S. Sarg, New approach for building of unified theory about the Universe and some results,
http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0205052 (2002)
[3]. S. Sarg, Brief introduction to BSM theory and derived atomic models, Journal of Theoretics, (2003).
http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/Links/Papers/Sarg.pdf
[4]. S. Sarg, A Physical Model of the Electron According to the Basic Structures of Matter Hypothesis, Physics Essays (An
international journal dedicated to fundamental questions in Physics), v. 16, No. 2, 180-195, (2003), viXra:1104.0051
[5] Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory Based on an Alternative Concept of the Physical Vacuum,
viXra:1104.0046
Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg
A-2
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures
Introduction
The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (ANS) is one of the major output results of the Basic
Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG), based on an alternative concept of the
physical vacuum. While the physical structures of the elementary particles obtained by analysis according to the BSM-SG theory exhibit the same interaction energies as the Quantum Mechanical models, they
allow unveiling the spatial configurations of the atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules. The unveiled structural features of the atomic nuclei provide explanation about the particular angular positions of the chemical bonds. Such features are in good agreement with the VSEPR model used in the chemistry. Other
intrinsic features defined by the structural composition of the nuclei provide strong evidence that the proposed models are real physical atomic structures. The arguments for this claim are presented in the BSMSG theory and more particularly in Chapter 8. The proposed physical models allows understanding the
stability of the isotopes and the radioactivity. The nuclear models could be useful in different fields, such
as chemistry, nanotechnology, biomolecules and deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions.
The atlas of ANS contains two parts. Part I illustrates the geometry and the internal structure of
the basic atomic particles, built of helical structures. (The helical structures are building blocks of all elementary particles. Their type and classification are shown in §2.7, Chapter 2 of BSM). Part II illustrates
the three dimensional atomic nuclear structures of the elements in a range of 1 < Z < 103, where Z is the
number of protons in the nucleus. Only the stable isotopes given in the Periodic table are shown. In order
to simplify the complex views of the nuclei they are shown as plane projections of symbols. For this purpose two types of symbols are used: symbols for hadron (nucleon) particles (proton, neutron and He
nucleus) and symbols for the type of the nuclear bonding of the nucleons. The symbolic views contain the
necessary information for presenting the real three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei by different sectional views. This is demonstrated in page 21 of the atlas, where nuclear sectional views of some
selected elements are shown.
The rules according to which the protons and neutrons are arranged in shells in the nuclei are discussed in Chapter 8 of BSM-SG. The trend of consecutive nuclear building by Z-number follows a shell
structure that complies strictly with the row-column pattern of the Periodic table. The periodic law of
Mendeleev appears to reflect not only the Z-number, but also the shell structure of the atomic nuclei. The
latter becomes apparent in the BSM-SG analysis. The protons (also deuterons) shells get stable completion at column 18 (noble gases). The separate rows of the Lanthanides and the Actinides are characterised
by a consecutive grow and completion of different shells. The nuclear structures of all stable elements
(isotopes) possess a clearly identifiable polar axis of rotational symmetry. One or more He nuclear structures are always positioned along this axis. The most abundant sub-nuclear compositions are deuterons,
tritium and protons. The strong SG forces hold them together, while the proximity E-fields play a role for
their orientations. The identified different types of bonds are shown in the atlas by symbolic notations.
For more details, see Chapter 8 of BSM-SG. In the same Chapter, the conditions for instability of the
short-lived isotopes are also discussed. They are partly apparent from the Atlas drawings - especially for
the alpha decay. The stability limit for elements with a high Z-number is apparent from the nuclear shelf
completion overal shape. The strong SG forces falls fast with the distance.
The electronic orbits are not shown in the nuclear drawings, but their positions are defined by the
spatial positions of the nucleons. The Hund's rules and the Pauli exclusion principle are both identifiable
features related to the available positions and mutual orientations of the quantum orbits. The quantum
velocity of the orbiting and oscillating electron, defines the length trace of any quantum orbit (see §3.12,
Chapter 3; §7.7, Chapter 7 of BSM-SG)
Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg
A-3
BSM
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I
A
109.5 o
109.5
109.5
d abcd
prism
Core node from prisms of same type
(building element of the helical structure)
Note: The twisted prisms model is used
Fig. 2.8.B
60 o
prism
right handed
109.5 o
A
A-A
left handed
Page I-1
60
o
Fig. 2.6
re
e+
se
rp
Rc
RL(T)+ structure
RL(T)- structure
Electron structure geometrical parameters
Oscillating electron
protoneutron
2(Rc+rp)
Lpc
π
rp
2Rc
Lpc
proton
neutron
Lpc/2π
Wp
Lp
Shape and envelope structure of proton and neutron
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
November 12, 2001
Page I-1
BSM
Page I-2
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I
(+ ) e x tern a l
shell
a.
π+
π−
rp
K0L
b.
Fig. 2.15.B. Axial sectional view of proton (neutron) showing the external positive shell (envelope) and the internal elementary particles - pions and kaon. All of them are formed by
helical structures possessing internal RL structures (not
shown).
Fig. 2.16 Axial (a) and radial (b) section geometry of the
internal RL structure of FOHS (not twisted). The real
number of radial layers is large since the prism’s length is
much smaller than the boundary radius r.
(+) external
shell
re
π−
CL space
RL(T)+
rp
re
2Rc
K0L
rp
π+
RL+
RL-
E-field lines
Fig. 2.15.A. Radial sectional view of a proton (neutron) core
with internal elementary particles and their internal RL structures. The RL structures are not twisted for the kaon, partly
twisted for the pions and fully twisted for the external shell.
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Central (-) core
Fig. 2.29.E. Radial section of positive FOHS with twisted internal RL(T)+ structure generating E-field in CL space. The
radial section of the FOHS envelope core and the central core
is formed of 7 prisms. rp - is a radius of the FOHS envelope.
November 12, 2001
Page I-2
BSM
Page I-3
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I
Deuteron with Balmer series orbital
p - proton; n - neutron; e- - electron
He nucleus
Lqo(n)
Lq(n)
Simple quantum orbit (n - is the subharmonic
number)
Idealized shape of stable (quantum) orbit defined by the quantum magnetic line conditions. The peripheral and axial magnetic lines are generated by the screw-like confined motion of
the electron in CL space (see §7.7 in Chapter 7 of BSM)
The equation of the quantum orbit trace length, Lq o is
derived in §3.12.3 (Chapter 3 of BSM).
λ
2πa
L q o ( n ) = -----------o- = ------cαn
n
(3.43.i)
where: n is the subharmonic number of the quantum
orbit; λ c - is the Compton wavelength; α - is the fine structure constant; 2πao - is the length of the boundary orbit ( a o is the Bohr model radius)
The shape of the orbit is defined by the proximity Efield of the proton. The most abundant quantum orbit has a
shape of Hippoped curve with a parameter a = 3 . Orbits of
such shapes serve also as electronic bonds connecting the atoms in molecules (see Chapter 9 of BSM).
The trace length Lq o and the long axis length Lq of
the possible simple quantum orbits (formed by single
quantum loops) are given in Table 1.
The estimated distance between the CL nodes in
– 20
abcd axis is: d a bcd ≈ 0.549 ×10
(m).
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Table 1:
L q o [A]
n
L q [A]
e- energy [eV]
1
3.3249
1.3626
13.6
2
1.6625
0.6813
3.4
3
1.1083
0.4542
1.51
4
0.8312
0.3406
0.85
5
0.665
0.2725
0.544
6
0.5541
0.2271
0.3779
The calculated geometrical parameters of the stable
atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron and positron are
given in Table 2. The last reference column points to the
BSM chapters, related to the calculations and cross validations of these parameters.
November 12, 2001
Page I-3
BSM
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I
Page I-4
Table 2:
Parameter
Value
Description
Calculations and
cross validations in:
L PC
1.6277
(A)
proton (neutron) core length
Chapters 5 and 6
LP
0.667
(A)
proton length
Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9
WP
0.19253
(A)
proton (neutron) width
Chapters 6, 7 ,8 ,9
re
8.8428E-15 (m)
small radius of electron
Chapters 3, 4, 6
se
1.7706E-14 (m)
electron( positron) step
Chapter 3
rp
5.8952E-15 (m)
small radius of positron
Chapters 3, 4, 6
2 ( Rc + r p )
7.8411E-13 (m)
thickness of proton (neutron)
Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9
Notes:
– 13
(1) R c = 3.86159 ×10
(m)
(2) 1A = 10 ×10
Copyright
– 10
(m)
- is the Compton radius of
the electron.
- is the Amstrong unit for length
2001, by S. Sarg
November 12, 2001
Page I-4
BSM-SG
Shape symbols of nuclear atomic structures
Simple quantum orbits (QOs)
Polar section of Ar nucleus
n
p
D
T
He
(2)
(3) (4) (5) (6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
first harmonic QO (13.6 eV)
second subharmonic QO (3.4 eV)
third subharmonic QO (1.51 eV)
fourth subharmonic QO (0.85 eV)
fifth subharmonic QO (0.544 eV)
sixth subharmonic QO (0.377 eV)
Sketch symbols of nuclear atomic structures
D
T
H2 ortho molecule
Connection symbols
He
Polar section of Ar nucleus
embedded in a heavier nucleus
EB
GBclp
PC
GBpc
bottom
view
bottom view
(1)
front
view
p
front view
n
(1)
Example A
Example B
scale for structures and quantum orbits
Example A: Two pairs of Ds connected by EB bonds
Example B: Two pairs of Ds conncted by GBclp bonds
1A
H2 para molecule (two electrons share a common orbit)
Notations:
n - neutron
p - proton
D - deuteron
T - Tritii
He - Helium
Ar - Argon
Copyright
EB - electronic bond (weak)
GB - (intrinsic) gravitational bond (strong)
GBclp - (proton) club proximity GB
GBpc - polar clamped GB
PC - polar connection or clamp for Ar polar GB
2001, by S. Sarg
(1)
Note: QOs for para and ortho states of H2 are normal to the proton's quasiplanes
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-0
BSM-SG
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-1
BSM-SG
6
7
Li
Z=3
Copyright
N=3
Z=3
2001, by S. Sarg
Li
9
N=4
Z=4
11
Be
N=6
Z=5
B
12
N=6
Z=6
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
14
C
N=6
Z=7
N
N=7
Page II-2
BSM-SG
16
Z=8
O
Copyright
19
N=8
Z=9
2001, by S. Sarg
F
20
N=10
Ne
Z=10
23
N=10
Na
Z=11
24
N=12
Mg
Z=12
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
N=12
27
Z=13
Al
N=14
Page II-3
BSM-SG
28
Si
Z=14
31
N=16
Z=15
P
32
N=16
Z=16
S
35
N=16
Z=17
Cl
40
N=18
Z=18
Ar
40
N=22
Ar
Z=18
N=22
(Ar)
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-4
BSM-SG
39
K
Z=19
40
N=20
(Ar)
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Ca
Z=20
(Ar)
Sc
45
N=20
Z=21
Ti
48
N=24
(Ar)
Z=22
V
51
N=26
(Ar)
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Z=23
N=28
(Ar)
Page II-5
BSM-SG
52
Cr
55
Z=24
N=28
Z=25
(Ar)
Copyright
Mn
2001, by S. Sarg
(Ar)
56
N=30
Fe
Z=26
(Ar)
59
N=30
Co
Z=27
(Ar)
Ni
59
N=32
Z=28
(Ar)
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
63
N=31
Cu
Z=29
N=34
(Ar)
Page II-6
BSM-SG
65.4
Zn
Z=30
Ga
69.7
N=36
Z=31
(Ar)
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
(Ar)
72.6
N=39
Ge
Z=32
(Ar)
74.9
N=41
As
Z=33
(Ar)
79
N=42
Se
Z=34
(Ar)
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
79.9
N=45
Br
Z=35
N=45
(Ar)
Page II-7
BSM-SG
Kr
84
Z=36 N=48
84
Kr
Z=36 N=48
(Ar)
(Ar)
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
(Ar)
85
Rb
Z=37 N=48
88
Sr
Z=38 N=50
89
Y
Z=39
91
Zr
Z=40
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-8
BSM-SG
92.9
Z=41
Copyright
Nb
N=52
95.9
Z=42
Mo
N=54
98.9
Z=43
Tc
N=55
101.1
Z=44
Ru
N=57
102.9
Rh
Z=45
N=58
106.4
Z=46
Pd
N=60
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
2001, by S. Sarg
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-9
BSM-SG
107.9
Ag
Z=47
112.4
N=61
Z=48
Cd
N=64
114.8
Z=49
In
118.7
N=66
Z=50
Sn
N=69
121.7
Sb
Z=51
N=71
127.6
Z=52
Te
N=76
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-10
BSM-SG
126.9
I
131.3
Z=53
N=74
Z=54
(Ar)
(Ar)
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Xe
131.3
N=77
Xe
132.9
Cs
137.3
Ba
Z=54 N=77
Z=55 N=78
Z=56 N=81
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-11
BSM-SG
138.9
La
Z=57
Copyright
140.1
N=82
Ce
Z=58
140.9
N=82
Pr
Z=59
144.2
N=82
Nd
Z=60
N=84
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
(Ar)
2001, by S. Sarg
145
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Z=61
Pm
Page II-12
BSM-SG
150.4
Z=62
Sm
Copyright
152
Z=63
2001, by S. Sarg
Eu
157.2
Z=64
Gd
158.9
Z=65
Tb
162.5
Z=66
Dy
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
164.9
Z=67
Ho
Page II-13
BSM-SG
Er
167.3
Z=68
Copyright
Tm
168.9
Z=69
2001, by S. Sarg
173
Z=70
Yb
175
Z=71
Lu
178.5
Z=72
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Hf
178.5
Z=72
Hf
Page II-14
BSM-SG
180.9
Z=73
Copyright
Ta
183.5
Z=74
2001, by S. Sarg
W
186.2
Z=75
Re
190.2
Z=76
Os
192.2
Z=77
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Ir
195.1
Z=78
Pt
Page II-15
BSM-SG
197
Z=79
Au
Copyright
200.6
Z=80
2001, by S. Sarg
Hg
204.4
Z=81
Tl
207.2
Z=82
Pb
209
Z=83
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Bi
209
Z=84
Po
Page II-16
BSM-SG
(210)
Z=85
At
Copyright
(222)
Z=86
2001, by S. Sarg
Rn
(222)
Z=86
Rn
(223)
Z=87
Fr
226
Z=88
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Ra
(227)
Z=89
Ac
Page II-17
BSM-SG
232
Z=90
Th
Copyright
231
Z=91
2001, by S. Sarg
Pa
238
Z=92
U
237
Z=93
Np
244
Z=94
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Pu
243
Z=95
Am
Page II-18
BSM-SG
(247)
Z=96
Cm
Copyright
(247)
Z=97
2001, by S. Sarg
Bk
(251)
Z=98
Cf
(252)
Z=99
Es
(257)
Z=100
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Fm
(258)
Z=101
Md
Page II-19
BSM-SG
(259)
Z=102
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
No
(262)
Z=103
Lr
(262)
Z=103
Lr
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-20
BSM-SG
Z=2
O
Ne
Z=8
Z=10
Pojection views of selected elements
Ar
Z=18
Ca
Z=20
Kr
Z=36
Ag
Z=54
4 section
(a)
Z=47 Xe
8 sections
8 sections 8 sections
He
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures
8 sections
(b)
8 sections
BSM
Ce
Z=58
Gd
Z=64
W
Z=74
Au
Z=79
Hg
Z=80
Rn
Z=86
(a)
Note: (a) and (b) are polar sections of the nucleus with two selected planes. The angle between them is 22.5 deg
Copyright
2001, by S. Sarg
Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II
Page II-21
1
2
3
1.008
+
Z=1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
4.003
+H
Periodic Table of atomic nuclear structures (according to BSM-SG)
N=0
18
Z=2
N=2
1
Shape symbols of nuclear atomic structures
n
/L
6.94
Z=3
N=4
9.01
p
D
T
Simple quantum orbits (QOs)
Polar section of Ar nucleus
He
(2)
(3)
%H
Z=4
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1) first harmonic QO (13.6 eV)
(2) second subharmonic QO (3.4 eV)
(3) third subharmonic QO (1.51 eV)
(4) fourth subharmonic QO (0.85 eV)
(5) fifth subharmonic QO (0.544 eV)
(6) sixth subharmonic QO (0.377 eV)
(1)
N=6
10.8
%
Z=5
N=6
&
12
Z=6
N=6
14
Z=7
1
N=7
2
16
Z=8
N=8
19
Z=9
)
20.18
N=10
Z=10
1H
N=10
Sketch symbols of nuclear atomic structures
n
p
T
D
He
EB
GBclp
PC
GBpc
(1)
bottom
view
front view
embedded in heavier nuclei
front
view
Polar section of Ar nucleus
2
H2 ortho molecule
Connection symbols
bottom view
1D
23
Z=12 N=12
0J
24.3
Z=12 N=12
27
1A
4
40
&D
Z=20 N=20
$U
47.88
50.9
Z=22 N=26
Z=23 N=28
$U
$U
$U
9
52
&U
Z=24 N=28
54.9
0Q
Z=25 N=30
5E
Z=37 N=48
5
$U
$U
$U
&V
)U
(226)
5D
91.22
=U
Z=40 N=51
1E
92.91
Z=41 N=52
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
/D
+I
178.5
Z=72
74.9
78.96
Z=33 N=42
Z=34 N=45
35
&O
Z=17 N=18
55.8
)H
Z=26 N=30
58.9
&R
Z=27 N=32
58.7
1L
Z=28 N=31
63.5
&X
Z=29 N=34
65.4
=Q
Z=30 N=36
69.7
*D
Z=31 N=39
72.6
*H
Z=32 N=41
$V
(2)
(2)
$U
$U
6H
79.9
%U
Z=35 N=45
7D
180.9
Z=73
0R
95.94
Z=42 N=54
7F
Z=43 N=55
:
183.9
5X
101.1
Z=44 N=57
$U
$U
5H
186.2
Z=75
102.9
5K
Z=45 N=58
$U
$U
$U
Z=74
$U
$U
98.9
$U
$U
2V
190.2
Z=76
106.4
3G
Z=46 N=60
$U
$U
$U
$U
,U
192.2
Z=77
$U
3W
195.1
Z=78
$U
107.9
$J
Z=47 N=61
197
Z=79
$U
112.4
&G
Z=48 N=64
$U
114.8
,Q
Z=49 N=66
118.7
6Q
Z=50 N=69
121.7
6E
Z=51 N=71
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$U
$X
+J
200.6
Z=80
7O
204.4
Z=81
3E
207.2
Z=82
209
Z=83
%L
$U
127.6
7H
Z=52 N=76
126.9
,
Z=53 N=74
$U
3R
(209)
Z=84
$W
(210)
Z=85
Hg
W
Gd
7
140.1
8
&H
140.9
Z=59
$U
9
7K
231
3D
144.9
Z=61
3P
150.4
Z=62
6P
152
Z=63
(X
157.2
Z=64
*G
158.9
Z=65
7E
162.5
Z=66
'\
164.9
Z=67
+R
167.3
Z=68
(U
168.9
Z=69
7P
173
Z=70
<E
175
Z=71
/X
$U
$U
Z=91
1G
$U
$U
$U
232
144.2
Z=60
$U
$U
Z=90
3U
$U
238
Z=92
8
237
Z=93
1S
(242)
Z=94
3X
(243)
Z=95
$P
(247)
Z=96
&P
%N
(247)
Z=97
(251)
Z=98
&I
(252)
Z=99
(V
)P
(257)
Z=100
0G
(258)
Z=101
1R
(259)
Z=102
(Ar)
131.3
;H
Z=54 N=77
$U
$U
$U
$F
Z=58
.U
$U
$U
$U
(227)
83.8
Z=36 N=48
$U
$U
Z=89
$U
40
Z=18 N=22
(1)
$U
$U
Z=88
<
138.9
Z=71
$U
$U
(223)
88.9
Z=39 N=50
$U
$U
Z=87
%D
137.3
Z=56
$U
6
6U
Z=38 N=50
$U
132.9
Z=55
87.6
6
32
Z=16 N=16
$U
$U
85.5
3
31
Z=15 N=16
Note: QOs for para and ortho states of H2 are normal to the proton's quasiplanes
Z=21 N=24
7L
6L
H2 para molecule (two electrons share a common orbit)
EB - electronic bond (weak)
GB - (intrinsic) gravitational bond (strong)
GBclp - (proton) club proximity GB
GBpc - polar clamped GB
PC - polar connection or clamp for Ar polar GB
44.96
6F
28
Z=14 N=16
Example A: Two pairs of Ds connected by EB bonds
Example B: Two pairs of Ds conncted by GBclp bonds
n - neutron
p - proton
D - deuteron
T - Tritii
He - Helium
Ar - Argon
.
$O
Z=13 N=14
Notations:
39.1
Example B
scale for structures and quantum orbits
3
Z=19 N=20
(1)
Example A
/U
(260)
Z=103
5Q
(222)
Z=86