Status of the
Limber Pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV)
in Alberta
Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 62
Status of the Limber Pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV)
in Alberta
Prepared for:
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (SRD)
Alberta Conservation Association (ACA)
Prepared by:
David W. Langor
This report has been reviewed, revised, and edited prior to publication.
It is an SRD/ACA working document that will be revised and updated periodically.
Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 62
June 2007
Published By:
i
Publication No. T/140
ISBN: 978-0-7785-6487-4 (Printed Edition)
ISBN: 978-0-7785-6488-1 (On-line Edition)
ISSN: 1206-4912 (Printed Edition)
ISSN: 1499-4682 (On-line Edition)
Series Editors: Sue Peters, Robin Gutsell, Nyree Sharp and Lisa Matthias
Illustrations: Brian Huffman
Maps: Nicole Hopkins
For copies of this report, visit our web site at:
KWWSVUGDOEHUWDFD¿VKZLOGOLIHVSHFLHVDWULVN
and click on “Detailed Status”
OR
Contact:
Information Centre - Publications
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development
Main Floor, Great West Life Building
9920 - 108 Street
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2M4
Telephone: (780) 422-2079
This publication may be cited as:
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 2007. Status
of the limber pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Wildlife
Status Report No. 62, Edmonton, AB. 17 pp.
ii
PREFACE
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reviews the general status of wildlife species in Alberta. These overviews, which have been
conducted in 1991 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 1996 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 2000
(The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2000), and 2005 (The General Status of Alberta Wild
Species 2005DVVLJQLQGLYLGXDOVSHFLHV³UDQNV´WKDWUHÀHFWWKHSHUFHLYHGOHYHORIULVNWRSRSXODWLRQV
that occur in the province. Such designations are determined from extensive consultations with
professional and amateur biologists, and from a variety of readily available sources of population
data. A key objective of these reviews is to identify species that may be considered for more
detailed status determinations.
The Alberta Wildlife Status Report Series is an extension of the general status exercise, and
provides comprehensive current summaries of the biological status of selected wildlife species
in Alberta. Priority is given to species that are At Risk or May Be At Risk in the province, that are
of uncertain status (Undetermined), or that are considered to be at risk at a national level by the
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).
Reports in this series are published and distributed by the Alberta Conservation Association and
the Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. They are intended
to provide detailed and up-to-date information that will be useful to resource professionals for
managing populations of species and their habitats in the province. The reports are also designed to
provide current information that will assist Alberta’s Endangered Species Conservation Committee
in identifying species that may be formally designated as Endangered or Threatened under Alberta’s
Wildlife Act. To achieve these goals, the reports have been authored and/or reviewed by individuals
with unique local expertise in the biology and management of each species.
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Limber pine (3LQXV ÀH[LOLV) is distributed from southwestern Alberta and southeastern British
Columbia to northern Arizona and New Mexico and southern California. In Alberta it exists in
disjunct stands, and plans for the detailed mapping of the location and boundaries of limber pine
stands are underway. This report summarizes existing information on limber pine in Alberta to
assist in assessing its status in the province.
In Alberta, the species is found in montane and lower subalpine areas on xeric-to-subxeric, exposed
and wind-swept sites. It is a pioneer species and colonizes disturbed sites, and thrives in harsh
environments. Its seeds are dispersed mainly by Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), and
this mutualistic relationship is critical to the long-term viability of limber pine.
An invasive alien fungus, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), causes high mortality and
is largely responsible for the decline of limber pine throughout most of its range in Alberta. High
mortality coupled with often-poor regeneration provides a poor prognosis for limber pine.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assistance of several people greatly aided the preparation of this report, and is gratefully
acknowledged: Bev Wilson (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Forest Management
Branch) provided data on the distribution of limber pine in Alberta; Cyndi Smith (Parks Canada,
Waterton, AB) provided data on the distribution of limber pine and the impact of white pine blister
rust in the national parks; Brian Klinkenberg (Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC) and Del Meidinger (B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria,
BC) provided distribution data for limber pine in BC; Roger Brett (Canadian Forest Service,
Edmonton, AB) helped with production of maps; Ken Greenway (Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development, Edmonton) provided information about regulations on harvesting of limber pine;
and Dale Simpson (Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB) provided information concerning
optimal harvesting of limber pine cones. This report was greatly improved by comments made
by Sue Peters (Alberta Conservation Association, Edmonton, AB) and Lisa Matthias (Alberta
Sustainable Resource Development, Edmonton), Brendan Wilson (Selkirk College, Castlegar,
BC), Peter Achuff (Parks Canada, Waterton) and Cyndi Smith.
Preparation of this report was funded by the Alberta Conservation Association and the Fish and
Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.
v
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................v
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
HABITAT.............................................................................................................................1
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY.............................................................................................2
DISTRIBUTION..................................................................................................................4
1. Alberta....................................................................................................................4
2. Other Areas ............................................................................................................6
POPULATION SIZE AND TRENDS .................................................................................6
1. Alberta....................................................................................................................6
2. Other Areas ............................................................................................................8
LIMITING FACTORS.........................................................................................................9
1. Insects and Diseases...............................................................................................9
2. Vertebrate Herbivores ............................................................................................9
3. Cattle Grazing ......................................................................................................10
4. Seed Dispersal Agents..........................................................................................10
5. Climate Change....................................................................................................10
:LOG¿UH ................................................................................................................10
STATUS DESIGNATIONS ...............................................................................................10
1. Alberta..................................................................................................................10
2. Other Areas ..........................................................................................................10
RECENT MANAGEMENT IN ALBERTA.......................................................................11
SYNTHESIS ......................................................................................................................11
LITERATURE CITED.......................................................................................................12
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vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 The distribution of limber pine in Alberta ............................................................5
Figure 2 The distribution of limber pine in North America................................................7
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Figure 1: The distribution of limber pine in Alberta. Data at the “Limber pine research
sites” were collected by the Canadian Forest Service (CFS; Edmonton) and Parks Canada
(Waterton Lakes National Park; WLNP). “Other inventory data” includes the Alberta
Vegetation Inventory and other polygons of inventory data collected by CFS.
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2.
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6.
Wildfire. – Fire appears to be the
primary means of causing local extinction of
limber pine, but it rarely does because trees
are scattered and often found in areas where
there is little fuel (Webster and Johnson 2000).
Also, after a fire, the Clark’s nutcracker quickly
uses burned sites for seed caching, thereby
contributing to rapid regeneration (Webster and
Johnson 2000). If anything, declining incidence
of fire as a result of effective fire management
may be more of a limiting factor for limber pine.
Fire can benefit limber pine in mixed stands
by setting back succession, thereby favouring
early colonizers such as limber pine. If wildfires
become more frequent and extensive as a result
of climate change, limber pine may benefit, but
only if the fire return interval is longer than the
age of limber pine reproductive maturity, and
if the size of burned areas is sufficiently small
to be fully utilized for seed caching by Clark’s
nutcracker.
3.
Cattle grazing. – Throughout the
Montane Subregion limber pine usually grows
in open stands on what are otherwise grasslands.
Many of these stands are on private land that is
used for cattle ranching. As well, cattle grazing
leases are in effect for many parts of the Green
Zone, especially in the Porcupine Hills. As a
result, most limber pine stands in the Montane
Subregion have regularly experienced cattle
grazing. Although there are no data to indicate
that this grazing negatively affects limber pine,
it is possible that regeneration may be affected.
This is a potential limiting factor that requires
further study.
4.
Seed dispersal agents. – The heavy
reliance of limber pine upon Clark’s nutcracker
for long distance seed dispersal and for
colonization of newly disturbed sites means
that the viability of limber pine is tightly linked
to the viability of the nutcracker (Blouin 2004).
In 2005, the general status of Clark’s nutcracker
in Alberta was ranked as Sensitive (up from
Secure in 2000), because of its dependency
on declining species such as limber pine and
whitebark pine (Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development 2007). It may also be susceptible
to the West Nile virus (Blouin 2004).
STATUS DESIGNATIONS*
1.
Alberta. – Limber pine is not listed under
Alberta’s Wildlife Act. The Alberta Natural
Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC) ranks
limber pine as S2 (Gould 2006). Beardmore et
al. (2006) lists limber pine as a species that is
in need of conservation in Canada. The general
status of limber pine is May Be At Risk because
of extensive mortality from white-pine blister
rust within parts of its Alberta range, as well
as additional mortality and risk from mountain
pine beetle outbreaks (Alberta Sustainable
Resource Development 2007).
5.
Climate change. – As limber pine is
very tolerant of dry conditions and has evolved
to persist in harsh habitats, it may be expected
that increased temperatures and decreased
moisture associated with climate change will
not affect limber pine as much as other less
tolerant tree species inhabiting the montane
areas of southwestern Alberta. It also may be
that the lowered ability of some tree species
to grow under climate change scenarios may
increase the temporal persistence of limber pine
by slowing or eliminating succession. Overall,
it may be expected that climate change may
promote geographic range extension of limber
pine; however, this may be offset by the impact
of other limiting factors.
2.
Other Areas. – The global status for
limber pine is G5, and the status was last
reviewed in October 1984 (NatureServe 2006).
The national status for limber pine in Canada
is N3/N4, and in the United States is N5
(NatureServe 2006). Beardmore et al. (2006)
lists limber pine as a species that is in need of
* See Appendix 1 for definitions of selected status
designations.
10
conservation in Canada. In British Columbia,
limber pine is ranked S3/S4 and the list status
is yellow, which means that the species is
apparently secure and not at risk of extinction
(B.C. Conservation Data Centre 2006). In the
United States, limber pine is ranked S1 in
South Dakota, North Dakota and Nebraska, S4
in Oregon, and S5 in Wyoming; the other states
in which limber pine occurs have not ranked
the species (NatureServe 2006).
tens of thousands. However, the significant
and growing mortality caused by WPBR,
commonly coupled with poor regeneration, has
caused a steep downward trend in many (and
probably most) limber pine stands in Alberta.
The fact that WPBR is present in almost all
stands of limber pine means that the severe
impacts already observed in the southern half
of the range of limber pine in Alberta will
likely eventually be experienced throughout
the range. Monitoring of limber pine health
should be periodically implemented to assess
trends and rates of change.
RECENT MANAGEMENT IN ALBERTA
In Alberta there are no regulations against
harvesting of limber pine (K. Greenway, pers.
Comm.). In WLNP, an experiment was recently
initiated to assess the survival of limber pine
seeds and seedlings (Poll et al. 2006).
The apparent association of low regeneration of
limber pine with severe WPBR incidence needs
detailed investigation to ascertain whether this is
a cause-effect relationship. As the most severely
infected stands occur mainly in montane areas
where cattle are often present in limber pine
stands, it is hypothesized that grazing activity
is also linked to poor regeneration success.
SYNTHESIS
Assessment of the status of limber pine
requires detailed information on its distribution
and population levels. Although the general
distribution of limber pine in Alberta is known,
the boundaries of the many disjunct stands have
not been mapped. As well, tree densities have
not been estimated for most regions of Alberta.
Future work should be focused on delimiting
limber pine distribution and estimating
population sizes.
Understanding of the genetic structure of limber
pine in Alberta will provide some guidance
for management. Identification of genetically
unique populations can identify priorities for
application of conservation measures and can
direct seed collection for in vitro conservation.
Ongoing genetics work will contribute towards
this, but this work will have to be expanded to
include more disjunct northern populations that
have the highest probability of having a unique
genetic profile.
Limber pine still exists in many stands in Alberta,
and its numbers can likely be measured in the
11
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A. The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005after Alberta Sustainable Resource Development 2007
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B. Alberta Wildlife Act/Regulation
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16
Appendix 1FRQWLQXHG
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17
List of Titles in This Series
(as of June 2007)
No. 1
Status of the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott. 19 pp. (1997)
No. 2
Status of the Wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Alberta, by Stephen Petersen. 17 pp. (1997)
No. 3
Status of the Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis) in Alberta, by M. Carolina Caceres and M.
J. Pybus. 19 pp. (1997)
No. 4
Status of the Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordii) in Alberta, by David L. Gummer. 16 pp. (1997)
No. 5
Status of the Eastern Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) in Alberta, by Janice D.
James, Anthony P. Russell and G. Lawrence Powell. 20 pp. (1997)
No. 5 Update 2004. Status of the Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable
Resource Development. 27 pp. (2004)
No. 6
Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) in Alberta, by Sheri M. Watson and Anthony P.
Russell. 26 pp. (1997)
No. 7
Status of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Alberta, by Susan E. Cotterill. 17 pp. (1997)
No. 8
Status of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Alberta, by Petra Rowell and David P.
Stepnisky. 23 pp. (1997)
No. 9
Status of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Alberta, by Greg Wagner. 46 pp. (1997)
No. 9 Update 2003. Status of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 61 pp. (2003)
No. 10
Status of the Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott. 14 pp. (1997)
No. 11
Status of the Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea) in Alberta, by Troy I. Wellicome. 21 pp.
(1997)
No. 11 Update 2005. Status of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 28 pp. (2005)
No. 12
Status of the Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys) in Alberta, by Ian M. Hamilton, Joann L. Skilnick, Howard
Troughton, Anthony P. Russell, and G. Lawrence Powell. 30 pp. (1998)
No. 13
Status of the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) in Alberta, by Cameron L. Aldridge.
23 pp. (1998)
No. 14
Status of the Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) in Alberta, by Janice D. James. 26 pp. (1998)
No. 15
Status of the Plains Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus nasicus) in Alberta, by Jonathan Wright and
Andrew Didiuk. 26 pp. (1998)
No. 16
Status of the Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus) in Alberta, by Dorothy P. Hill. 20 pp. (1998)
No. 17
Status of the Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) in Alberta, by Janice D. James. 21 pp. (1998)
No. 18 Status of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) in Alberta, by Josef K. Schmutz. 18 pp. (1999)
No. 18 Update 2006. Status of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 22 pp. (2006)
No. 19
Status of the Red-tailed Chipmunk (7DPLDVUX¿FDXGXV) in Alberta, by Ron Bennett. 15 pp. (1999)
No. 20
Status of the Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium gnoma californicum) in Alberta, by Kevin C. Hannah. 20
pp. (1999)
No. 21
Status of the Western Blue Flag (Iris missouriensis) in Alberta, by Joyce Gould. 22 pp. (1999)
No. 21 Update 2005. Status of the Western Blue Flag (Iris missouriensis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 29 pp. (2005)
No. 22
Status of the Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Alberta, by Karen L. Graham and G.
Lawrence Powell. 19 pp. (1999)
No. 23 Status of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) in Alberta, by Michael R. Norton. 24 pp.
(1999)
No. 24 Status of the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in Alberta, by David R. C. Prescott and Ronald R.
Bjorge. 28 pp. (1999)
No. 25 Status of the Plains Spadefoot (Spea bombifrons) in Alberta, by Richard D. Lauzon. 17 pp. (1999)
No. 26 Status of the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) in Alberta, by M. Lynne James. 21 pp. (2000)
1R 6WDWXVRIWKH3\JP\:KLWH¿VKProsopium coulteri) in Alberta, by William C. Mackay. 16 pp. (2000)
No. 28 Status of the Short-eared Owl ($VLRÀDPPHXV) in Alberta, by Kort M. Clayton. 15 pp. (2000)
No. 29 Status of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) in Alberta, by Bryan Kulba and W. Bruce
McGillivray. 15 pp. (2001)
No. 30 Status of the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Alberta, by Elston Dzus. 47 pp. (2001)
No. 31 Status of the Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis) in Alberta, by Bonnie Smith. 12 pp. (2001)
No. 32 Status of the Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea) in Alberta, by Michael Norton. 21 pp. (2001)
No. 33 Status of the Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina) in Alberta, by Michael Norton. 20 pp. (2001)
No. 34 Status of the Whooping Crane (Grus americana) in Alberta, by Jennifer L. White. 21 pp. (2001)
No. 35 Status of Soapweed (Yucca glauca) in Alberta, by Donna Hurlburt. 18 pp. (2001)
No. 36 Status of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Alberta, by Beth MacCallum. 38 pp. (2001)
No. 37 Status of the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, by John L. Kansas. 43 pp. (2002)
No. 38 Status of the Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae) in Alberta, by Jonathan A. Mitchell and C. Cormack
Gates. 32 pp. (2002)
No. 39 Status of the Bull Trout (6DOYHOLQXVFRQÀXHQWXV) in Alberta, by John R. Post and Fiona D. Johnston. 40 pp.
(2002)
No. 40 Status of the Banff Springs Snail (Physella johnsoni) in Alberta, by Dwayne A.W. Lepitzki. 29 pp. (2002)
No. 41 Status of the Shortjaw Cisco (Coregonus zenithicus) in Alberta, by Mark Steinhilber. 23 pp. (2002)
No. 42 Status of the Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) in Alberta, by Dale Paton. 28 pp. (2002)
No. 43 Status of the American Badger (Taxidea taxus) in Alberta, by Dave Scobie. 17 pp. (2002)
No. 44 Status of the Yucca Moth (Tegeticula yuccasella) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.
21 pp. (2002)
No. 45 Status of the White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca deglandi) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 15 pp. (2002)
No. 46 Status of the Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 30 pp. (2002)
No. 47 Status of the Western Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus argyritis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 24 pp. (2003)
1R 6WDWXVRIWKH6PDOOÀRZHUHG6DQG9HUEHQDTripterocalyx micranthus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable
Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003)
No. 49 Status of the Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.
30 pp. (2003)
No. 50 Status of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 25 pp. (2003)
No. 51 Status of the St. Mary Shorthead Sculpin (provisionally Cottus bairdi punctulatus) in Alberta. Alberta
Sustainable Resource Development. 24 pp. (2003)
No. 52 Status of the Stonecat (1RWXUXVÀDYXV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 22 pp.
(2003)
No. 53 Status of the Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 23 pp. (2004)
No. 54 Status of the Tiny Cryptanthe (Cryptantha minima) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 39 pp. (2004)
No. 55 Status of the Slender Mouse-ear-cress (Halimolobos virgata) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development. 27 pp. (2005)
No. 56 Status of the Barred Owl (Strix varia) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. 15 pp.
(2005)
No. 57 Status of the Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.
41 pp. (2005)
No. 58 Status of the Weidemeyer’s Admiral (Limenitis weidemeyerii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 13 pp. (2005)
No. 59 Status of the Porsild’s Bryum (Bryum porsildii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development
and Alberta Conservation Association. 30 pp. (2006)
No. 60 Status of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 29 pp. (2006)
No. 61 Status of the Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisii) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable
Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 34 pp. (2006)
No. 62 Status of the Limber Pine (3LQXVÀH[LOLV) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and
Alberta Conservation Association. 17 pp. (2007)