Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
Section 4
1. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. Someone who is "versatile"
embraces a variety of subjects, fields, or skills. If one
were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "Edmund White is a versatile author: he
has written novels, essays, short stories, a travel
book, and a biography." The colon indicates that the
information listed in the second part of the sentence
will support the claim made in the first part. A writer
who dabbles in so many genres can certainly be
described as "versatile."
Choice (A) is incorrect. Someone who is
"demonstrative" is given to open expressions of
emotion. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "Edmund White is a
demonstrative author: he has written novels, essays,
short stories, a travel book, and a biography." This
term does not fit within the context of the sentence,
because an emotional author will not necessarily write
many different kinds of works.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Nebulous" means vague or
indistinct. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "Edmund White is a
nebulous author: he has written novels, essays, short
stories, a travel book, and a biography." A list of the
different genres in which an author writes offers no
support for a claim that the author is vague.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Meticulous" means extremely
careful or precise. If one were to insert this term into
the text, the sentence would read "Edmund White is
meticulous author: he has written novels, essays,
short stories, a travel book, and a biography." While a
meticulous author may write a number of different
things, there is no inherent connection between these
two ideas.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Metaphoric" means relating
to metaphors or figures of speech that make an
implicit comparison. If one were to insert this term into
the text, the sentence would read "Edmund White is
metaphoric author: he has written novels, essays,
short stories, a travel book, and a biography." The fact
that White has written several different types of
literature is unrelated to whether or not he writes
metaphorically. All of the genres listed could be
written perfectly well with or without the use of
metaphors.
2. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. "Indisputable" means
unquestionable. If one were to insert this term into the
text, the sentence would read "The archaeologist
believed the coin she unearthed was indisputable
evidence, unquestionable proof that the site dated to
the fourth century." The comma in the sentence
separates two synonymous phrases. Only
"indisputable evidence" has the same meaning as
"unquestionable proof."
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Immaterial" means
unimportant. If one were to insert this term into the
text, the sentence would read "The archaeologist
believed the coin she unearthed was immaterial
evidence, unquestionable proof that the site dated to
the fourth century." The sentence implies that the
archaeologist's discovery is significant, so it would be
illogical to call the evidence "immaterial."
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Potential" means possible. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "The archaeologist believed the coin she
unearthed was potential evidence, unquestionable
proof that the site dated to the fourth century." A
discovery that could potentially provide evidence
about an archaeological site is a far cry from
"unquestionable proof."
Choice (C) is incorrect. Something that is
"incriminating" shows evidence of a crime or fault. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "The archaeologist believed the coin she
unearthed was incriminating evidence,
unquestionable proof that the site dated to the fourth
century." The term "incriminating" is inappropriate in
this sentence because the coin does not prove
anyone guilty of wrongdoing.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Nominal" means insignificant.
If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read "The archaeologist believed the
coin she unearthed was nominal evidence,
unquestionable proof that the site dated to the fourth
century." "Nominal," or skimpy, evidence would never
be described as "unquestionable proof."
3. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. "Physical" means something
involving or characterized by vigorous bodily activity.
"Demanding" in this context means requiring much
effort or attention. If one were to insert these terms
into the text, the sentence would read "Although the
rigors of ballet dancing are primarily physical, this art
is also emotionally and spiritually demanding." The
words "although" and "also" indicate that the sentence
will compare two related ideas. In this case, they set
up a logical contrast between ballet's physical and
non-physical demands.
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Illusory" refers to something
that is based on illusion or that is deceptive. "Taxing"
means burdensome or difficult. If one were to insert
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
"Although the rigors of ballet dancing are primarily
illusory, this art is also emotionally and spiritually
taxing." The first clause of this sentence implies that
ballet is not as physically challenging as it appears,
so it does not make sense to then claim that its
emotional and spiritual elements are "also . . . taxing,"
or difficult.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Exaggerated" means
overstated. "Balanced" means equal or equivalent. If
one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read "Although the rigors of ballet
dancing are primarily exaggerated, this art is also
emotionally and spiritually balanced." The claim that
ballet is emotionally and spiritually balanced is in no
way related to the claim that its rigors are
exaggerated.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Appealing" means attractive
or inviting, and "indulgent" means lenient. If one were
to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would
read "Although the rigors of ballet dancing are
primarily appealing, this art is also emotionally and
spiritually indulgent." It makes little sense to describe
the rigors of ballet as attractive, especially in
connection to a claim about ballet's emotional and
spiritual "indulgence."
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Strenuous" means requiring
great effort, energy, and exertion. "Dubious" means
fraught with uncertainty or doubt. If one were to insert
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
"Although the rigors of ballet dancing are primarily
strenuous, this art is also emotionally and spiritually
dubious." It is somewhat redundant to describe rigors
as strenuous, and this claim is unrelated to the
assertion that ballet is emotionally and spiritually
"dubious," or doubtful.
4. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. "Longevity" means of great age
or great span of life. "Hampered" means to impede in
motion or progress. If one were to insert these terms
into the text, the sentence would read "Studies of
longevity among turtles are sometimes hampered by
the fact that the subjects live so long that researchers
retire before the studies can be completed." The
sentence explains that the lengthy lifespan of turtles
can cause problems for researchers. "Longevity" fits
the description "lives so long." That turtles outlive the
careers of the scientists studying them would certainly
hamper, or impede, the study.
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Extinction" means the
process of becoming extinct. "Enhanced" means
improved, or advanced in qualities. If one were to
insert these terms into the text, the sentence would
read "Studies of extinction among turtles are
sometimes enhanced by the fact that the subjects live
so long that researchers retire before the studies can
be completed." It is illogical to claim that a study could
be enhanced, or improved, by the inability of
researchers to complete it.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Behavior" means the
manner in which something functions. "Belied"
means pictured falsely or misrepresented. If one
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence
would read "Studies of behavior among turtles are
sometimes belied by the fact that the subjects live so
long that researchers retire before the studies can be
completed." It makes some sense to say that a study
could be belied, or misrepresented, by the problem of
researchers retiring, but it is unclear why a behavior
study would be affected by this problem.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Mortality" means death rate.
"Bolstered" means supported or propped up with. If
one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read "Studies of mortality among
turtles are sometimes bolstered by the fact that the
subjects live so long that researchers retire before the
studies can be completed." A study on turtle mortality
would not be bolstered, or propped up by, the
retirement of the researcher.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Reproduction" means the act
of reproducing. "Confirmed" means strengthened or
made valid. If one were to insert these terms into the
text, the sentence would read "Studies of
reproduction among turtles are sometimes confirmed
by the fact that the subjects live so long that
researchers retire before the studies can be
completed." The fact of researchers retiring would do
nothing to confirm, or prove, anything about
reproduction.
5. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. "Temperate" in this context
refers to moderation in the indulgence of appetite. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "A model of temperate behavior,
Cunningham never ate or drank to excess." The
comma indicates that the second half of the sentence
will illustrate Cunningham's behavior. Someone who
never consumes too much does indeed exhibit
"temperate behavior."
Choice (B) is incorrect. Someone who is "laconic"
speaks using a minimum of words. If one were to
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
"A model of laconic behavior, Cunningham never ate
or drank to excess." A tendency for reserved speech
has nothing to do with a moderate appetite.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Duplicitous" behavior is
marked by deceptiveness. If one were to insert this
term into the text, the sentence would read "A model
of duplicitous behavior, Cunningham never ate or
drank to excess." Deceptiveness is not necessarily
related to eating and drinking habits.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Aesthetic" means
appreciative of beauty. If one were to insert this term
into the text, the sentence would read "A model of
aesthetic behavior, Cunningham never ate or drank to
excess." One's appreciation of beauty does not
necessarily affect one's appetite.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Someone who is "voluble" is
marked by a ready flow of speech. If one were to
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
"A model of voluble behavior, Cunningham never ate
or drank to excess." It is illogical to claim that a
talkative person always eats and drinks in
moderation.
6. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. "Prescience" means foresight. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "The entrepreneur had a well-deserved
reputation for prescience, having accurately
anticipated many changes unforeseen by established
business leaders." The part of the sentence following
the comma describes the missing term. It is logical for
a person who can frequently predict "unforeseen"
events to develop a reputation for "prescience."
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Sincerity" means
genuineness and honesty. If one were to insert this
term into the text, the sentence would read "The
entrepreneur had a well-deserved reputation for
sincerity, having accurately anticipated many changes
unforeseen by established business leaders."
Sincerity is not linked to one's ability to anticipate
changes.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Avarice" means greed. If one
were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "The entrepreneur had a well-deserved
reputation for avarice, having accurately anticipated
many changes unforeseen by established business
leaders." The entrepreneur may be a greedy person,
but this sentence describes a different trait.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Complicity" refers to a
person's participation in a questionable act or a crime.
If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read "The entrepreneur had a welldeserved reputation for complicity, having accurately
anticipated many changes unforeseen by established
business leaders." This sentence offers no evidence
that the entrepreneur has a reputation for conniving
behavior
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Mendacity" means
untruthfulness. If one were to insert this term into the
text, the sentence would read "The entrepreneur had
a well-deserved reputation for mendacity, having
accurately anticipated many changes unforeseen by
established business leaders." The description in the
second half of this sentence does not support the
claim that the entrepreneur was dishonest.
7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. "Conjecture" means guesswork
or predicting from incomplete or uncertain evidence.
"Empirical" means by experiment or according to
experience. If one were to insert these terms into the
text, the sentence would read "Scientists require
observable data, not conjecture, to support a
hypothesis; sound science is grounded in empirical
results rather than speculation." It makes sense to
contrast "observable data" with "conjecture" and
"empirical" with "speculation." Scientific criteria
usually require hypotheses to be grounded in
"empirical results" and "observable data," not
"conjecture" and "speculation."
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Induction" means the process
of deriving general principles from particular facts or
instances. "Diminutive" means tiny. If one were to
insert these terms into the text, the sentence would
read "Scientists require observable data, not
induction, to support a hypothesis; sound science is
grounded in diminutive results rather than
speculation." It makes no sense to say that sound
science is grounded in "diminutive," or tiny, results.
Nor does it make sense to contrast tiny results with
"speculation."
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Experimentation" means the
act of testing under controlled conditions. "Pragmatic"
means practical. If one were to insert these terms
into the text, the sentence would read "Scientists
require observable data, not experimentation, to
support a hypothesis; sound science is grounded in
pragmatic results rather than speculation."
"Experimentation" can provide "observable data"; the
two are not opposites.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Intuition" means immediate
cognition. "Fiscal" means relating to finances. If one
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence
would read "Scientists require observable data, not
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
intuition, to support a hypothesis; sound science is
grounded in fiscal results rather than speculation."
While "intuition" is clearly distinguished from
"observable data," science is supposed to rely on the
physical results of experimentation regardless of the
"fiscal," or financial, results the experimentation may
involve.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Bombast" means pompous
speech or writing. "Theoretical" means based on
theory. If one were to insert these terms into the text,
the sentence would read "Scientists require
observable data, not bombast, to support a
hypothesis; sound science is grounded in theoretical
results rather than speculation." "Theoretical results"
can be described as speculative; however, theoretical
results and speculation are not mutually exclusive.
8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. "Lugubrious" means mournful,
and a "dirge" is a song of grief. If one were to insert
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
"The director complained that the sitcom's theme
song was downright lugubrious, having no more pep
and vigor than a dirge." In this sentence, the
information following the comma supports the claim
preceding the comma. The director's complaint that
the song was "lugubrious" is perfectly supported by
calling it a "dirge."
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Tedious" means boring.
"Jingle" is a piece of light singsong verse or rhyme. If
one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read "The director complained that
the sitcom's theme song was downright tedious,
having no more pep and vigor than a jingle." A "jingle"
is a light or catchy song, thus it makes no sense to
complain that a song has no more pep than a jingle.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Inchoate" means in an initial
or early stage. "Lullaby" is a soothing song with which
to lull a child to sleep. If one were to insert these
terms into the text, the sentence would read "The
director complained that the sitcom's theme song was
downright inchoate, having no more pep and vigor
than a lullaby." It does not make complete sense to
complain that a song lacks "pep and vigor" because it
is in its early stages of development.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Facetious" means joking or
humorous. "Ballad" means a song of a romantic or
sentimental nature. If one were to insert these terms
into the text, the sentence would read "The director
complained that the sitcom's theme song was
downright facetious, having no more pep and vigor
than a ballad." A facetious song would most likely be
witty or joking, and would not likely be lacking pep.
Furthermore, many ballads could be described as
vigorous.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Sprightly" means full of spirit
and vitality. "Eulogy" is a speech praising someone
who has died. If one were to insert these terms into
the text, the sentence would read "The director
complained that the sitcom's theme song was
downright sprightly, having no more pep and vigor
than a eulogy." A sprightly, or lively, song would
certainly have more pep than a eulogy, or funeral
speech.
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. As the author explains in the
text, "No one questioned the necessity or value of our
school education, but . . . it wasn't the only education
I would need." References to "deer-hunting
weekends" and "powwows" make it clear that the
author received an important cultural education
outside the classroom.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author indicates that
education can take on different forms but does not
express a preference for any academic subject.
Choice (B) is incorrect. While the author claims to
have learned the "song of the loon" and the "intricate
language of a beaver's teeth and tail," the only
spoken language mentioned in the passage is
English.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author implies that both
forms of education described in the passage are
important but does not indicate a preference for one
over the other.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage compares what
the author learned both in school and outdoors.
"Family trips and tribal activities" account for only the
latter.
10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The author is clearly
"thankful" (line 6) for having had the opportunity to
supplement a school education with outdoor lessons.
Choice (A) is incorrect. While the author is clearly
pleased to have received two complementary forms
of education, the tone of the passage never elevates
to a level of "jubilation," or rejoicing.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author expresses
"frustration" in neither content nor tone.
Choice (C) is incorrect. While the author seems to
enjoy learning, his primary tone is not one of
"curiosity."
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author writes with
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
confidence, not "uncertainty."
11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. Suggestions that "life is
overflowing with mundane mental events" and that
"thoughts and perceptions . . . flow by" produce an
implicit comparison between people's daily
experiences and an "unobstructed stream."
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author's description of
"mundane" and "monotonous" thoughts directly
contrasts with the turbulence associated with "an
emotional roller coaster."
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author lists several
different images in the first paragraph but does not
suggest that any of them are repetitive.
Choice (D) is incorrect. While the author asserts that
particular perceptions can evoke old memories, it
would be inaccurate to claim that all thoughts are
linked to nostalgia.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author implies that most
daily perceptions are boring, not "diverting," or
amusing.
12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The passage mainly serves to
highlight the "complexity of perceptual processes"
that might otherwise be taken for granted.
Choice (A) is incorrect. While the author seems to
marvel at the underlying complexity of everyday
perceptions, the passage's tone is more analytical
than celebratory.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Far from "convey[ing] the
overwhelming confusion of everyday life," the
passage in fact shows how our perceptions render
everyday life easy and "monotonous."
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage does not discuss
people's decisions, only their perceptions.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage does allude to
the scientific study of perception, but it does not
present actual "scientific analysis" of any kind.
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The author suggests that more
time should be spent reviving students' interest in
reading, not debating what they should read in
school.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The text suggests that the
frenzy regarding English curricula is misplaced, but it
does not imply that there is an excessive push for
system-wide change.
Choice (B) is incorrect. It is more likely that the author
would argue for increased efforts “to make literature
seem relevant,” and therefore appealing, to students.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author refers to different
writers but does not assess the relative quality of their
work.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author mentions several
classic novels in the passage but does not imply that
the merits of these books are debated.
14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The author asserts that the
debate swirling around academic reading lists widely
ignores the crucial fact that modern youth have a
deteriorating relationship with books.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The first two paragraphs
allude to various arguments, but they do not indicate
that any of the arguments lack evidence.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author argues that the
debate ignores a key issue. At no point, however,
does the passage suggest that the debate's
participants "ignore" opposing viewpoints.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage contains an
example drawn from United States history, but the
author does not suggest that either side of the debate
lacks "historical perspective."
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author imagines a world
in which reading is a valuable domestic tradition,
passed from one generation to the next, but does not
claim that both sides of the debate have dismissed
any traditions.
15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. Lines 9–10 set up a "parallel,"
or comparison, between the modern debate about
reading lists and historical debates concerning
property rights and electoral procedures. All, the
author argues, fail to address crucial issues.
Choice (A) is incorrect. A mere mention of the
"Founding Fathers" may ignite a spark of "patriotism"
in some readers, but the text does not suggest that
this is the author's purpose in employing the phrase.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author argues that the
modern debate over reading lists is reminiscent of the
early American debate regarding “direct versus
legislative elections.” The role of legislation in the
passage, however, does not extend beyond this
reference.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the passage implies
that ideas often change over time, the author's
reference to "the Founding Fathers" does not indicate
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
that attitudes regarding the state of reading in the
United States will change in the future.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Progress" may be compatible
with certain traditions, but the author does not make
such a claim at any point in the passage.
16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. "State" in this context refers to a
condition or mode of being. The author suggests
throughout the passage that the "state" of Americans'
relationships with books is deteriorating.
Choice (A) is incorrect. While the term "state" refers to
a mode of government in some cases, this definition
is inappropriate in the context of line 18.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "State" can mean a territorial
unit, but this meaning is unlikely within the context of
the text.
Choice (D) is incorrect. It would be illogical to suggest
that the author would refer to the "scale," or unit of
measurement, of reading.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "State" can mean a mental or
an emotional "condition," but activities such as
reading cannot be described as having either.
17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. "Comatose" can also mean
lethargic or apathetic. In creating a parallel between
the "coma" in line 23 and the "state of reading" in line
18, the author is suggesting that Americans'
enthusiasm for books is "slipping deeper and deeper."
Choice (A) is incorrect. Debate participants may be
"hot under the collar," but the text makes no reference
to upset or rebellious students.
Choice (C) is incorrect. There is little evidence in the
passage to support the claim that books on academic
reading lists are "scarce," or in short supply.
Choice (D) is incorrect. There is no mention of
"archaic language" at any point in the text.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Certain books reflect popular
culture, but the author does not draw any
comparisons between "popular media" and a
comatose patient.
18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. Lines 24–27 describe an
imagined world in which children routinely observe
their parents reading for "pleasure."
Choice (A) is incorrect. Reading may expose people
to new interests or activities, but the author does not
address this possibility.
Choice (C) is incorrect. While children who notice
their parents' enjoyment of books may be more likely
to read at an early age, the author makes no such
claim.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage does not
describe "many activities" shared between adults and
children, only reading.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Reading and writing skills are
often linked, but lines 24–27 address only the former.
19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. In lines 30–39, the author
describes a "happy land" where students are
encouraged to explore books that represent different
eras, languages, and cultures.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author encourages
students to read culturally diverse texts in line 39 but
does not imply that “diversity” is more important than
“tradition.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. The selected lines construct a
world in which the canon debate does not exist.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The students mentioned in the
quoted passage may “reflect critically” on literature
and culture, but the passage does not describe them
analyzing the nature of the American educational
system.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the students
mentioned in the quoted passage may be able to
differentiate between classic and modern works, this
ability is not discussed in the passage.
20. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The third paragraph describes
an idealized reality "in which reading was a popular
voluntary activity." The author suggests that in this
world students read books so voraciously that the
distinction between books read for school and books
read for pleasure becomes blurred.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Although Jane Eyre and Judy
Blume novels were composed centuries apart, the
passage does not mention these two authors to
suggest that young readers are incapable of
"distinguishing between literature of different eras."
Choice (C) is incorrect. Jane Eyre's popularity has
endured through time, but the author does not refer to
this nineteenth-century classic in an assertion that
modern novels, such as those written by Judy Blume,
have only short-term appeal.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Certain literary classics such
as Jane Eyre may appeal to "even reluctant readers,"
but lines 33–34 are concerned with only "voluntary,
active, self-determined" readers.
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author suggests that
students may forget the impetus behind their reading
of Jane Eyre or of Judy Blume novels but does not
imply that Jane Eyre and the works of Judy Blume are
interchangeable.
21. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. "Eclectic" means made up of
elements from a variety of sources. An education
supplemented by the independent discovery of books
"in the library, in bookstores, on the shelves of
friends" and beyond would indeed be "eclectic."
that students would "protest" the exclusion of any
book.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Though the exclusion of a
book from the author's ideal canon could affect what
students read in school, lines 60–64 are more
concerned with the influence that such an exclusion
would have on a writer's reputation.
Choice (D) is incorrect. While "conservative parents"
may support the exclusion of "heady" or "daring"
authors from academic reading lists, lines 60–64
make no reference to parents at all.
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Elitist" means snobbish, or
privileged, but the education illustrated in these lines
is available to the masses.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Lines 60–64 say nothing
about the "fans" of any particular book.
Choice (B) is incorrect. It is illogical to describe the
education illustrated in the passage as
"philanthropic," or charitable.
Choice (A) is correct. The main goal of the passage is
to shift the reading debate's focus from the content of
academic reading lists to ways that Americans' ailing
relationships with books might be improved.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Methodical" means
systematic. The education described in the passage,
however, is more loosely structured.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The education mentioned in
the quoted passage is hardly "rudimentary," or basic.
22. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The reading list described in
lines 54–60 comprises books that do not address "the
issues most immediately at stake in modern life" and
that thus are “not obviously relevant.”
Choice (A) is incorrect. Some readers may find the
books described in lines 54–60 “interesting,” but the
author does not imply that they are particularly
engaging. In fact, the author says they are “offputting” and “cold.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. The ideal literary canon
described in the final paragraph may include
“celebrated” books, but the author does not address
their popularity.
Choice (C) is incorrect. While the passage suggests
that academic reading lists have caused a good deal
of controversy, the author does not discuss whether
or not the books on an ideal list would be
controversial.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not indicate
how inspirational the books on an ideal reading list
would be.
23. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. Lines 60–64 suggest that
exclusion from the list would contribute to an author's
reputation for being "daring" and "exciting."
Choice (B) is incorrect. Lines 60–64 give no indication
24. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is incorrect. Instead of promoting "one
side" of an existing debate, the author suggests that
both sides are ignoring "the most interesting and
important feature of the whole discussion."
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage provides less of
a practical solution to a problem than a new
perspective from which to view the problem.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author makes no attempt
at reviving "a discredited idea" at any point in the
passage.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author's focus is on
reading rather than on writing.
Section 7
1. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. “Establish” means to cause to
be recognized and accepted. “Prominent” means
widely and popularly known. If one were to insert
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
“The success of Notes of a Native Son established
author James Baldwin as one of the most prominent
essayists of his time.” The success of Notes of a
Native Son gave Baldwin recognition and acceptance
within literary circles.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Buoyed” means supported or
uplifted. “Irrelevant” means unrelated or insignificant.
If one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read “The success of Notes of a
Native Son buoyed author James Baldwin as one of
Page 7 of 19
Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
the most irrelevant essayists of his time.” Success
can enhance a writerʼs reputation, but it is illogical to
claim that it would cause Baldwin to become
insignificant.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Surrendered” means
abandoned. “Prolific” means to produce abundant
works or results. If one were to insert these terms into
the text, the sentence would read “The success of
Notes of a Native Son surrendered author James
Baldwin as one of the most prolific essayists of his
time. Many successful authors are prolific, but it does
not make sense to say that success abandoned
Baldwin as a “prolific” essayist.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Decried” means denounced
or belittled. “Cynical” means negative or pessimistic. If
one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read “The success of Notes of a
Native Son decried author James Baldwin as one of
the most cynical essayists of his time.” Some critics
may have criticized Baldwin for being cynical, but a
book cannot denounce its author.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Categorized” means
classified, and “mundane” means ordinary. If one
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence
would read “The success of Notes of a Native Son
categorized author James Baldwin as one of the most
mundane essayists of his time.” It is unlikely that
success would classify or label an author as ordinary.
2. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. "Supplementary" means
something added or in addition to. If one were to
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
"In many parts of the world, people use rice as a
central rather than a supplementary part of their daily
diets." The phrase "rather than" indicates that the
blanked word will mean the opposite of the word
"central." In this context, "supplementary" does
indeed have the opposite meaning of "central."
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Pivotal" means being of vital
or significant importance. If one were to insert this
term into the text, the sentence would read "In many
parts of the world, people use rice as a central rather
than a pivotal part of their daily diets." "Pivotal" and
"central" are synonymous, thus it makes little sense to
claim that people use rice as a central rather than a
"pivotal" part of their diet.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Ritualistic" means advocating
or practicing ritual. If one were to insert this term into
the text, the sentence would read "In many parts of
the world, people use rice as a central rather than a
ritualistic part of their daily diets." A "ritualistic," or
ceremonial, use of rice does not necessarily mean
that the rice is not a "central" part of the diet.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Salient" means prominent. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "In many parts of the world, people use
rice as a central rather than a salient part of their daily
diets." A "salient" part of a diet would be an important
part. It is illogical to contrast the use of rice as a
"central" part of the diet with the use of rice as an
important part of the diet.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Solemn" means somberly or
gravely impressive. If one were to insert this term into
the text, the sentence would read "In many parts of
the world, people use rice as a central rather than a
solemn part of their daily diets." It makes little sense
to describe rice as a "solemn," or somber, part of a
diet.
3. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. "Ruffian" describes a person
who is a hoodlum or bully. If one were to insert this
term into the text, the sentence would read "Victor
gained a reputation for being a ruffian because he
constantly bullied other children." Bullying other
children is precisely the behavior that would give
Victor a reputation as a ruffian.
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Bungler" describes a person
who is clumsy or inept in behavior. If one were to
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
"Victor gained a reputation for being a bungler
because he constantly bullied other children." The
claim that Victor had a reputation for being a
"bungler" does not fit with the claim that "he bullied
other children," as a bully is not necessarily clumsy.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Stickler" describes a person
who insists on something unyieldingly. If one were to
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
"Victor gained a reputation for being a stickler
because he constantly bullied other children."
Although Victor may be a "stickler," or perfectionist,
his reputation is based on his tendency to bully other
children.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Daredevil" describes a
person who is recklessly bold. If one were to insert
this term into the text, the sentence would read "Victor
gained a reputation for being a daredevil because he
constantly bullied other children." While Victor may be
a "daredevil," or risk taker, the sentence offers no
evidence of this.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Naysayer" describes a
person who opposes in order to take a pessimistic
view. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
Page 8 of 19
Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
sentence would read "Victor gained a reputation for
being a naysayer because he constantly bullied other
children." The sentence offers no evidence that Victor
is a "naysayer," or contrarian.
and wisdom of the people, but she often spoke with a
disdainful air of superiority." "Moderate," or middleground, and "reactionary" are not the polar opposites
implied by the term "paradoxically."
4. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Partisan" is a supporter or
proponent of a party, cause, faction, person, or idea.
A "snob" looks down on people he or she regards as
socially inferior. If one were to insert these terms into
the text, the sentence would read "Paradoxically, the
senator was both a partisan and snob: she publicly
defended the rights and wisdom of the people, but
she often spoke with a disdainful air of superiority."
While a "snob" would speak with an air of superiority,
it makes little sense to contrast a "snob" with a
"partisan," or someone favoring a particular political
party. Furthermore, a partisan would not necessarily
defend the rights of the common people.
Choice (C) is correct. A "populist" is an advocate for
the interests and rights of the common people. An
"elitist" believes that certain persons deserve favored
treatment by virtue of their perceived superiority. If
one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read "Paradoxically, the senator was
both a populist and an elitist: she publicly defended
the rights and wisdom of the people, but she often
spoke with a disdainful air of superiority." The term
"paradoxically" indicates that the two missing terms
will be contradictory. The senator's behavior is
inconsistent because she supports common people
publically, while believing in the superiority of certain
classes of people.
Choice (A) is incorrect. A "demagogue" is a leader
who obtains power by means of impassioned appeals
to the emotions and prejudices of the populace. A
"maverick" is one that resists adherence to a group. If
one were to insert these terms into the text, the
sentence would read "Paradoxically, the senator was
both a demagogue and a maverick: she publicly
defended the rights and wisdom of the people, but
she often spoke with a disdainful air of superiority." A
"demagogue," a person who stirs up emotion, can
also be a "maverick" or independent politician. The
two are not necessarily opposed to one another, and
so the behavior of a person who exhibits both of
these characteristics would not logically be described
as paradoxical.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Conservative" is one favoring
traditional values and views. "Anarchist" is an
advocate of political disorder and confusion. If one
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence
would read "Paradoxically, the senator was both a
conservative and an anarchist: she publicly defended
the rights and wisdom of the people, but she often
spoke with a disdainful air of superiority." A
"conservative" politician does not necessarily defend
the rights of the common people. An "anarchist"
opposes the idea of government and is unlikely to
hold a government office.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Moderate" is one who holds
average views or opinions. "Reactionary" means an
opponent of progress or liberalism. If one were to
insert these terms into the text, the sentence would
read "Paradoxically, the senator was both a moderate
and a reactionary: she publicly defended the rights
5. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. "Inundated" means to cover
completely as in a flood. If one were to insert this term
into the text, the sentence would read "The geologist
speculated that eons ago, before the area was
inundated, the present-day island was actually a
hilltop in a vast forest." The words "before" and
"actually" in this sentence suggest that something
happened to transform the hilltop into an island. An
inundation of water would be the most logical cause
of such a transformation.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Situated" means having a
location. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "The geologist speculated
that eons ago, before the area was situated, the
present-day island was actually a hilltop in a vast
forest." The location, or where the island is "situated,"
has not changed.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Rejuvenated" means
restored to an original or new condition. If one were
to insert this term into the text, the sentence would
read "The geologist speculated that eons ago, before
the area was rejuvenated, the present-day island was
actually a hilltop in a vast forest." While parts of the
area may have been rejuvenated, or restored, this
would not have turned the area from a hilltop into an
island.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Supplanted" means
displaced and substituted for. If one were to insert this
term into the text, the sentence would read "The
geologist speculated that eons ago, before the area
was supplanted, the present-day island was actually a
hilltop in a vast forest." The information in the
sentence does not support the idea that the area was
supplanted, or displaced.
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Excavated" means removed
or exposed by digging. If one were to insert this term
into the text, the sentence would read "The geologist
speculated that eons ago, before the area was
excavated, the present-day island was actually a
hilltop in a vast forest." Although the area may have
been excavated, or exhumed, this does not explain
how the hilltop became an island.
6. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. Both passages discuss the
difficulty of accurately estimating how many people
the Earth can support. Passage 1 asserts that
estimating the Earth's "carrying capacity" is a "dark
art," and Passage 2 explains why such estimates are
problematic.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 2 asserts that
biologists' estimations of the Earth's "carrying
capacity" for humans cover a broad range, but neither
author claims that these existing "estimates" are too
low.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Nothing in these passages
suggests that the debate regarding human "carrying
capacity" is a new one.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Both passages clearly
question the value of estimating the Earth's "carrying
capacity" for humans. Passage 1 declares that
"anyone with any sense stays away" from the
concept, and Passage 2 says that "it makes little
sense to talk about carrying capacity in relationship to
humans."
Choice (E) is incorrect. The first passage does not
discuss recent "technological innovations" at all, and
the second passage supports this conclusion
indirectly at best.
7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The author of Passage 1
contrasts the ease of calculating how many animals
an area can support with the difficulty of making such
a calculation for people. The use of the word "any"
conveys the author's belief that predicting an animal
population's "carrying capacity" is a relatively simple
task for biologists.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not include
any reference to the "general public."
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author questions
biologists' ability to accurately estimate the Earth's
"carrying capacity" for humans but makes no
reference to "beliefs" of any kind.
but the author of Passage 1 makes no such claim.
Choice (E) is incorrect. While one might infer that the
biologists mentioned in Passage 1 need to be skilled
in mathematics, this is certainly not a point of
emphasis in the passage.
8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. Passage 2 highlights the
"elasticity" of scientists' "estimates," suggesting that
such figures are fundamentally "unreliable." The
author of Passage 1 echoes this assertion in
describing the estimation of the Earth's "carrying
capacity" for humans as an inexact science.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 2 asserts that
biologists' estimations of the Earth's "carrying
capacity" for humans cover a broad range, but neither
author claims that these existing estimates are too
high.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither author claims that the
"estimates" in Passage 2 are generally
"undocumented."
Choice (C) is incorrect. While the authors question
the accuracy of certain carrying capacity "estimates,"
there is no suggestion that these figures have been
"misunderstood."
Choice (D) is incorrect. Neither author ascribes a
political motivation to the scientists responsible for the
"estimates" mentioned in Passage 2.
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. Passage 1 claims that
estimating the Earth's "carrying capacity" for humans
is "not an exact science." Passage 2 elaborates on
this point by explaining how "carrying capacity" is a
subjective concept when applied to humans.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 2 supports, not
refutes, the claim made in Passage 1 that scientists
should stay away from "carrying capacity" estimates.
Choice (B) is incorrect. While the notion that human
sustainability can be easily estimated may be a
popular misunderstanding, Passage 2 counters,
rather than exemplifies, such a "misconception."
Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 criticizes
scientists who attempt to calculate the Earth's
"carrying capacity" for humans, but the author of
Passage 2 agrees with this criticism.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 contains nothing
that resembles an "anecdote," or retelling of an
interesting incident.
Choice (D) is incorrect. It may be true that the
majority of biologists care about "wildlife mortality,"
Page 10 of 19
Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The passage mainly discusses
the process by which the author comes to realize that
Black women are a worthy subject of historical study.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author explains that she
did not discover her interest in Black women's history
until she was already a tenured historian. It was only
after her discussions with Herd and Downey that the
author became interested in the subject.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Although the author does
mention that she "went to graduate school to become
a historian in order to contribute to the Black Struggle
for social justice," the passage was not written to
support this claim.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author may have honed
her research skills while preparing for her book, but
the primary purpose of the passage is to show the
development of her beliefs as a historian.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not mention
Herd's educational credentials.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author gives no
indication that she thinks historians should avoid
controversy.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author does not
specifically mention whether she had any other timeconsuming commitments.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not indicate
that Herd explicitly discussed a "struggle for social
justice."
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The author's admonishment
indicates that she was not accustomed to undertaking
academic projects upon request.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not mention
the issue of payment at any point in the passage.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the author does
mention the impact of Herd and Downey on her
project, there is no indication that her collaboration
with them enhanced her status as a historian.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not imply that
historians are modest about their work. On the
contrary, these lines reflect her initial arrogance
regarding Herd's proposed project.
11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is incorrect. While historians may spend
many years working on one project, the hamburger
comparison does not address this idea.
Choice (D) is correct. The author describes her
introduction to Black women's history as
"serendipitous," indicating that she regarded her
"entry" into the field as both unexpected and
fortunate.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author would almost
certainly agree that her entry into Black women's
history was "worthwhile," but the term "serendipitous"
does not suggest that it was particularly
"troublesome."
Choice (B) is incorrect. The first sentence alone does
not support the claim that the author's initiation into
Black women's history was "challenging."
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Serendipitous" means the
opposite of "inevitable," or unavoidable.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author may have been
startled to find so much value in a topic that she had
previously ignored, but "serendipitous" does not mean
"provocative," or stimulating.
12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The author clearly considered
Herd's request "presumptuous" and "intrusive," but
she also believed it to be irrelevant because she "had
never even thought about Black women as historical
subjects."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although it may be rare for a
historian to accept a project idea from a member of
the public, there is no evidence to support the claim
that historians do not "interact with members of the
public" in general.
14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The author tried to excuse
herself from fulfilling Herd's request by professing her
ignorance of Black women's history. Inherent in this
action is the assumption that historians should work
within their areas of expertise.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not imply that
her lack of scholarly training in this previously
neglected subject is a source of embarrassment.
Choice (B) is incorrect. While the author had not
studied any primary sources before accepting Herd's
proposal, she does not imply that she had assumed
they would be difficult to find.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author clearly states that
she had never before "thought about Black women as
historical subjects."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Nothing in this sentence or in
the passage as a whole suggests that Black women's
history was considered to be a mainstream subject.
Page 11 of 19
Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The final two sentences of the
passage clarify the author's original misconception of
Black women's role in history. She writes that she had
been aware of "a universe of Black women" without
comprehending its historical significance.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not indicate
that the book was particularly challenging to write.
Choice (D) is incorrect. While some of the children in
the planetarium audience may look forward to the
show, their general noisiness indicates inattention
more than "anticipation."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Some of the children may act
out of mild boredom, but the narrator does not
suggest that they are largely irritated, or annoyed.
18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage asserts that
Black women's history has been widely neglected by
academics, but ultimately argues that it is a worthy
book topic.
Choice (E) is correct. The word "progress" in this
context means a ceremonial journey. Line 11 refers to
members of British royalty making such a trip to a
famous London cathedral.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not discuss
the history of Black women's political power in these
sentences or elsewhere in the passage.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The term "progress" is
sometimes used to refer to "evolution," or gradual
development, but it is illogical to describe the
"evolution" of a group of people to a place.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The last two sentences are
less about diversity than they are about Black
women's historical significance.
16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The bulk of the passage
recreates the narrator's visit to a planetarium, but the
text switches from "description" to "commentary" in
the final paragraph.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage seems to be a
"reminiscence," or a recollection, of past events, but
there is no indication that the narrator jumps from the
past to the present in either verb tense or content.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The narrator suggests that the
pursuit of "awe" is fundamentally problematic but
does not offer a "solution" of any kind.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The narrator uses a myriad of
details, not generalizations, to depict the sensory
experience created inside of the planetarium.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The only viewpoint presented
in the passage is that of the narrator.
17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. "Restless" means antsy or
excitable. The image of "adults all around . . .
shushing the children" suggests that the children are
too restless to remain quiet in the darkened room.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The adults may feel helpless
in their efforts to quiet the noisy children, but nothing
in these lines indicates that the children themselves
are helpless.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The children's agitation
contrasts with the feelings of "awe" that the
planetarium show is presumably meant to inspire.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Progress" sometimes
indicates a positive change, but it makes little sense
to describe the Royal Family's procession to
Westminster Abbey as an "improvement."
Choice (C) is incorrect. While it may be said that one
who prospers is progressing financially or personally,
this use of the term "progress" does not fit in the
context of line 11.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The term "promotion" typically
refers to a professional progression, which has
nothing to do with the Royal Family's ceremonial
journey.
19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The first paragraph attempts to
recreate the tension that exists in a darkened
planetarium as audience members settle into their
chairs and wait for the show to begin. The author's
evocative description of the domed screen coming to
life as "commanding music" swells under an
"eloquent," disembodied voice contributes to the
feeling of "dramatic anticipation."
Choice (A) is incorrect. At no point does the narrator
appear to be "jaded," or tired, of the planetarium
experience.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The first paragraph is
peppered with adjectives such as "comfortable,"
"splendid," and "eloquent." These terms create a
mood that is neither nervous nor apprehensive.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage does not
suggest that the narrator has any concerns about the
upcoming presentation.
Page 12 of 19
Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
Choice (E) is incorrect. It is unlikely that an author
would describe a mundane, routine event or feeling in
such colorful detail.
20. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator's feelings
regarding Mercury's complicated orbit suggest a
discomfort with "ambiguity," or confusion, not a
preference for it.
Choice (B) is correct. "Stunning facts" illustrating the
immensity of the universe "rolled past" the narrator's
head in the second paragraph, creating a dizzying
web of information. The narrator's mind seems to
dodge and shrink away from the deluge of figures and
concepts. Only when the facts become less abstract
and more familiar is the narrator capable of
mechanically recording information.
22. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is incorrect. The reference to the narrator's
"dodging and shrinking mind" appears in line 34. It is
unlikely that the children who are briefly mentioned in
line 6 are responsible for the narrator's mental state
almost 30 lines later.
Choice (C) is incorrect. A common definition of "fix" is
to "repair," but it is illogical to claim that adults tried to
"repair" children's attention to something.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The narrator readily admits
that the astronomical facts are "troubling" in their
complexity.
Choice (D) is incorrect. No significant mention of
"space travel" appears at any point in the passage.
Choice (A) is correct. "Fix" in this context means to
direct one's attention. Lines 51–55 specifically refer to
the adults' effort to catch the children's attention and
direct it to the planetarium show.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Fix" sometimes means to
"prepare," but this definition is illogical within the
context of line 53.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The term "fix" is occasionally
used to reflect a decision, but a child's attention
cannot be decided on something else.
Choice (E) is incorrect. An event or outcome that has
been improperly influenced is sometimes described
as "fixed," but this sense of the word does not fit the
context of line 53.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the narrator
acknowledges in lines 44–45 that "confident" scientific
information is often revised, nothing in the passage
suggests that the narrator's "dodging and shrinking
mind" is related to any doubts regarding the show's
accuracy.
23. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
21. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is incorrect. Facts that indicate the
vastness of the universe may seem "exaggerated,"
but there is nothing to suggest that the information
presented at the planetarium is overstated.
Choice (C) is correct. The narrator is disappointed to
learn from the planetarium show that Mercury's orbit
is more complicated than once thought. Apparently
the moonless planet rotates three times per every two
trips around the sun, "an odd arrangement" compared
to the outdated theory that Mercury rotates just once
per solar orbit. The narrator's preference for the
simpler "arrangement" implies a preference for
"symmetry," or balance.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Lines 40–43 do not
demonstrate the narrator's sense of "irony."
Choice (E) is correct. The astronomical "realities"
portrayed in the planetarium show suggest a universe
so immense that its sheer size is "incomprehensible"
and horribly intimidating to the narrator.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The presentation does not
focus on "unforeseen," or unexpected, events.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The presentation does not
address a single monstrosity, historical or otherwise.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Nowhere in the passage
does the narrator directly refer to "controversial
debates."
24. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator's reaction to
Mercury's "odd arrangement" may be unusual, but it
does not particularly demonstrate "inventiveness," or
creativity.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The narrator includes
numerous details in the passage but presents them
simply. It is somewhat inaccurate, then, to claim that
the narrator's style as it appears in lines 40–43 is
ornamental, or embellished.
Choice (D) is correct. The narrator criticizes the
show's promoters by suggesting that they used
special effects such as "echo-chamber effects" to
create a mere simulation of "the awe that they.. .
ought to feel" at the immensity of the universe.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator does not imply
that the majority of adults appreciate the universe's
"horrible immensities," but instead suggests that the
adults responsible for infusing the show with special
Page 13 of 19
Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
effects are "immune themselves" to the awesome
realities of the universe.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator does not
speculate about the popularity of planetarium shows
among adults.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Contemporary scientists likely
contributed to the planetarium presentation, but the
narrator does not discuss how these scientists feel
about their work.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The show's creators may have
included special effects to appeal to children, but the
narrator does not mention such a theory. The only
implication is that such effects illustrate the promoters'
immunity to the awesome nature of the universe.
Section 9
1. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. Something that is "effective"
produces a desired effect. "Administered" means
dispensed. If one were to insert these terms into the
text, the sentence would read "The new vaccine is
effective in preventing certain forms of pneumonia
and should, therefore, be more widely administered in
order to prevent outbreaks of the disease." The word
"therefore" indicates that the second part of the
sentence should logically occur, based on the claim
made in the first part. It makes sense to argue that a
successful vaccine should be widely administered.
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Required" means needed or
essential. "Constrained" means to keep within close
bounds. If one were to insert these terms into the text,
the sentence would read "The new vaccine is
required for preventing certain forms of pneumonia
and should, therefore, be more widely constrained in
order to prevent outbreaks of the disease." It makes
no sense to say that a vaccine that is required for
preventing illness should be "constrained," or
restricted.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Unsuccessful" means having
an unfavorable outcome. "Distributed" means
delivered or handed out. If one were to insert these
terms into the text, the sentence would read "The
new vaccine is unsuccessful in preventing certain
forms of pneumonia and should, therefore, be more
widely distributed in order to prevent outbreaks of the
disease." It is illogical to argue that an unsuccessful
vaccine should be distributed or passed out more
widely.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Instrumental" means serving
as a means or agency. "Reconstituted" means
provided with a new structure. If one were to insert
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
"The new vaccine is instrumental in preventing certain
forms of pneumonia and should, therefore, be more
widely reconstituted in order to prevent outbreaks of
the disease." An instrumental or helpful vaccine does
not need to be reconstituted, or remade, because it is
already effective.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Unverified" means lacking
proof or substantiation. "Disseminated" means
dispersed throughout. If one were to insert these
terms into the text, the sentence would read "The new
vaccine is unverified for preventing certain forms of
pneumonia and should, therefore, be more widely
disseminated in order to prevent outbreaks of the
disease." It makes no sense to argue that an
unverified or unproven vaccine should be
disseminated or dispensed more widely.
2. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. "Salvage" means to save from
ruin, and "floundering" means struggling. If one were
to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would
read "In an effort to salvage the floundering theater,
the troupe members contributed thousands of dollars
to keep the playhouse operating." The fact that the
theater required thousands of dollors to maintain
operations implies that it was floundering and needed
to be salvaged.
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Qualify" means to describe or
to modify. "Obsolete" means no longer in use. If one
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence
would read "In an effort to qualify the obsolete theater,
the troupe members contributed thousands of dollars
to keep the playhouse operating." The second half of
the sentence indicates that the theater is failing, but
not yet obsolete. Furthermore, the verb "qualify" does
not make sense in this context.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Exacerbate" means to make
worse, and something that is "defunct" has ceased to
exist. If one were to insert these terms into the text,
the sentence would read "In an effort to exacerbate
the defunct theater, the troupe members contributed
thousands of dollars to keep the playhouse
operating." It is illogical to assert that actors would
donate money to a struggling theater in an effort to
make its problems worse.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Revitalize" means to give
new life to, and "prosperous" means marked by
economic well-being. If one were to insert these terms
into the text, the sentence would read "In an effort to
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
revitalize the prosperous theater, the troupe members
contributed thousands of dollars to keep the
playhouse operating." A "prosperous," or wealthy,
theater would not need to be revitalized through
financial donations.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Commandeer" means to take
by force, and "lucrative" means profitable. If one were
to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would
read "In an effort to commandeer the lucrative theater,
the troupe members contributed thousands of dollars
to keep the playhouse operating." It is unlikely that
actors would attempt to forcibly take over a playhouse
or that a "lucrative" theater would be in need of
financial donations.
3. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. "Multiplicity" means a great
number. "Variety" means something varying from
others of the same general kind. If one were to insert
these terms into text, the sentence would read "In her
writings about language, the poet Gloria Anzaldúa
celebrates the multiplicity of English and Spanish
dialects spoken by Mexican Americans, arguing that
such variety lends an empowering flexibility to
expression." The word "such" suggests that the two
blanked words are synonyms, both describing a
celebrated feature of Mexican American speech.
"Multiplicity" and "variety" describe Mexican American
language in the same way. Multiple and various forms
of speech would also give Mexican Americans the
"empowering flexibility of expression" Anzaldúa refers
to.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Proliferation” means to
increase at a rapid rate. “Moderation” means being
within reasonable limits. If one were to insert these
terms into the text, the sentence would read “In her
writings about language, the poet Gloria Anzaldúa
celebrates the proliferation of English and Spanish
dialects spoken by Mexican Americans, arguing that
such moderation lends an empowering flexibility to
expression.” A “proliferation,” or rapid increase, of
dialects would not be described as a “moderation.” It
is also unlikely that moderation could give someone
flexibility of expression.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Ambivalence" means
uncertainty or indecisiveness. "Focus" means a
center of interest or activity. If one were to insert these
terms into text, the sentence would read "In her
writings about language, the poet Gloria Anzaldúa
celebrates the ambivalence of English and Spanish
dialects spoken by Mexican Americans, arguing that
such focus lends an empowering flexibility to
expression." "Ambivalence," or conflicting feelings,
would tend to take away from a person's focus.
Furthermore, the two words are not synonyms.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Dearth" means a lack of or
scarce supply. "Depletion" means the act of depleting.
If one were to insert these terms into text, the
sentence would read "In her writings about language,
the poet Gloria Anzaldúa celebrates the dearth of
English and Spanish dialects spoken by Mexican
Americans, arguing that such depletion lends an
empowering flexibility to expression." While "dearth"
and "depletion" both refer to a lack of something, it is
illogical to state that a lack of ways of speaking would
lend "flexibility to expression."
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Abridgment" means the act of
reducing or shortening. "Imitation" means something
derived or copied from an original. If one were to
insert these terms into text, the sentence would read
"In her writings about language, the poet Gloria
Anzaldúa celebrates the abridgment of English and
Spanish dialects spoken by Mexican Americans,
arguing that such imitation lends an empowering
flexibility to expression."An "abridgment" is a
reduction or shortening of something, a concept that
has little to do with either "imitation" or "flexibility of
expression."
4. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. "Serpentine" means winding. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "The mountain road was distinctly
serpentine: it twisted back and forth along the
contours of the hillside." The colon indicates that the
second part of the sentence will illustrate the meaning
of the missing term. "Serpentine" fits the sentence
because a winding road does indeed twist "back and
forth."
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Panoramic" refers to a
complete view of a surrounding area. If one were to
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
"The mountain road was distinctly panoramic: it
twisted back and forth along the contours of the
hillside." A winding road will not necessarily offer
"panoramic" views.
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Precipitous" means extremely
steep. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read "The mountain road was
distinctly precipitous: it twisted back and forth along
the contours of the hillside." There is no indication
that the winding road in the sentence is particularly
steep.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Circumscribed" refers to
something that is constricted or surrounded by a
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
boundary. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "The mountain road was
distinctly circumscribed: it twisted back and forth
along the contours of the hillside." The statement after
the colon does not indicate that the road is
"circumscribed" in any way.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Retrograde" means moving
backward. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "The mountain road was
distinctly retrograde: it twisted back and forth along
the contours of the hillside." It does not make sense
to describe the road as moving in a backward
direction.
5. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. "Antithesis" means exact
opposite. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "At the family reunion Hiroko
found her cousin charming and gentle, the antithesis
of his formerly rude and overbearing self." The
sentence indicates that Hiroko's cousin has changed
dramatically. He was once "rude and overbearing,"
and is now "charming and gentle." "Antithesis"
connotes this dramatic change perfectly.
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Mainstay" means a chief
support or foundational influence or characteristic. If
one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "At the family reunion Hiroko found her
cousin charming and gentle, the mainstay of his
formerly rude and overbearing self." Hiroko's cousin
was exhibiting characteristics that seemed new, not
foundational, to how his cousin previously knew him.
6. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. "Gaffe" means a blunder. If one
were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read "His conduct at the state dinner was a
cavalcade of blunders, one gaffe following another
until the evening ended." The comma indicates that
the missing term is synonymous with blunder. Both
"blunder" and "gaffe" can be used to refer to a social
error.
Choice (A) is incorrect. A "query" is a question or
inquiry. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read "His conduct at the state dinner
was a cavalcade of blunders, one query following
another until the evening ended." It is inaccurate to
equate a blunder, or mistake, with a query.
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Remnant" means a
remainder. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "At the family reunion Hiroko
found her cousin charming and gentle, the remainder
of his formerly rude and overbearing self." It makes
no sense to say that "charming and gentle" qualities
would be the "remnant," or remainder, of a "formerly
rude and overbearing self."
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Gibe" means a derisive
remark. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read "His conduct at the state
dinner was a cavalcade of blunders, one gibe
following another until the evening ended." The use of
gibes at a formal dinner could certainly be considered
to be a social faux pas, but a blunder does not always
appear in the form of a taunt.
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Consequence" means the
relation of a result to its cause. If one were to insert
this term into the text, the sentence would read "At
the family reunion Hiroko found her cousin "charming
and gentle," the consequence of his formerly rude
and overbearing self." It is illogical to claim that
charming and gentle behavior could be a
consequence of "rude and overbearing" behavior.
This sentence suggests that Hiroko's cousin's
behavior is different from what it once was, not that it
is the result of what it once was.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Tryst" typically refers to a
romantic meeting. If one were to insert this term into
the text, the sentence would read "His conduct at the
state dinner was a cavalcade of blunders, one tryst
following another until the evening ended." The term
"tryst" is not a synonym of "blunder."
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Extremity" means the
farthest point. If one were to insert this term into the
text, the sentence would read "At the family reunion
Hiroko found her cousin charming and gentle, the
extremity of his formerly rude and overbearing self."
Hiroko's cousin's new behavior is not an extreme
expression of her cousin's former self, it is completely
different.
Choice (E) is incorrect. A "tribute" is an
acknowledgment of gratitude, respect, or admiration.
If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read "His conduct at the state dinner
was a cavalcade of blunders, one tribute following
another until the evening ended." It's not likely that a
tribute at a state dinner would be described as a
social error.
7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. Passage 1 examines the issue
of dog intelligence from a primarily objective
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
perspective, while Passage 2 is infused with the
author's first-hand experiences.
credit the dogs they love with a depth of intelligence
that they may not possess.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 relies heavily on
"scientific" evidence. Passage 2 does not.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 suggests that the
belief expressed in line 25 is not scientifically valid, or
misguided. The italics in this sentence do not,
however, indicate that public opinion on canine
intelligence is changing or going away.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Unlike the author of Passage
1, the author of Passage 2 provides little "historical"
background information.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 does
not provide "statistical evidence."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Both authors use direct
quotations to develop their arguments.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not discuss
the scientists' attitudes regarding the general public at
any point in the passage.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author alludes to dog
owners' opinions but does not criticize them by
placing the word "believe" in italics.
8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. The author suggests that
Darwin's example of animal intelligence was
intentional. His readers' tendency to hold dogs in high
regard made them more likely to accept his theory of
evolutionary continuity.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The use of italics does not
indicate whether or not dog owners' beliefs are
controversial.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Darwin's theory does in fact
account for the similarities between dogs and
humans.
Choice (A) is correct. The author uses the word "old"
in the phrase "the old in-group, out-group story" to
suggest that this explanation is a familiar one.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The phrase "[i]t was no
accident" has no connection to the question of
whether or not intelligence is a matter of luck.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The word "old" can certainly
mean "historic" in certain contexts, but the author of
passage 1 does not indicate that this "story" has
historical significance of any kind.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not mention
Darwin's opinions regarding previous depictions of
dogs.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Darwin's focus is on
supporting his argument, not on celebrating animals.
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. Darwin describes dogs as "the
very type of fidelity and obedience," implying that they
are a "model," or ideal example, of these qualities.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Dogs may embody "fidelity
and obedience," but it is illogical to claim that they are
a "category," or division, of specific behavioral traits.
Choice (C) is incorrect. While Darwin implies that
dogs exemplify certain traits, it would be illogical to
claim that they are a "designation," or name, of
"fidelity and obedience."
Choice (D) is incorrect. Dogs may have played a
"role" in Darwin's theories regarding animal
intelligence, but it would make little sense to say that
they are the "very role" of certain behavioral traits.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The term "figure" is not
typically used in this context.
10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. Italics draw attention to the
word "believe," emphasizing people's willingness to
11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is incorrect. This story is hardly "fictitious,"
or false; on the contrary, the author suggests that it
accurately describes the bond between humans and
dogs.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not suggest
in any way that the "story" referred to is "tiresome."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Something that is "outdated"
is no longer current, but the author suggests that "the
old in-group, out-group story" is just as useful in the
present as it was in the past.
12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. Darwin's descriptions of dogs'
supreme "fidelity and obedience" and Meek's
tendency to bestow a "'supercanine intelligence'" on
the dogs in his stories support the claim that these
writers idealize dog behavior.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Darwin's efforts to make "the
idea of evolutionary continuity palatable" indicate that
some of his theories may have been "unpopular."
There is no indication, however, that Meek's
viewpoints were not well received.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Although Darwin was a
researcher, Passage 2 only indicates that Meek was a
writer of "many dog stories."
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
Choice (C) is incorrect. There is no indication that
either Darwin or Meek deliberately misled the public
about canine intelligence, and nothing in these
passages suggests that the men were malicious.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Darwin might qualify as an
authority on animal intelligence, but Meek seems to
be a fiction writer.
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. Writers sometimes place
quotation marks around a word or phrase to cast
doubt on its accuracy. The learning theory experts'
"shocking" assessment of canine intelligence prompts
the author of passage 2 to diminish the credibility of
the learning theorists by placing the word "experts" in
quotation marks.
Choice (A) is incorrect. It can be argued that the
author's use of quotation marks expresses disbelief or
even annoyance, but there is no conveyance of an
extreme emotion such as anger.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The use of quotation marks
around the word "experts" is a sign of skepticism, not
"respect."
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author may view the
experts' theories with uncertainty, but there is no
reason to question the straightforward use of the word
"experts" in this context.
Choice (D) is incorrect. It is not surprising to
encounter the term "experts" within a discussion of a
particular scientific theory.
14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. This is a prime example of
"anthropomorphizing," or attributing human feelings to
animals.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The veterinarian's motivation
for refusing to treat the animal would need to be
specified to suggest anthropomorphization.
Choice (C) is incorrect. There is no indication that the
dog owner is unwilling to punish her dog because she
believes her dog has human feelings.
Choice (D) is incorrect. "A zoologist who places the
interests of people before those of animals" would not
be guilty of the sin mentioned in line 58
("anthropomorphizing").
Choice (E) is incorrect. A horse trainer's inability to
recognize that his horse is hungry has nothing to do
with attributing human feelings to animals.
15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
have "high-level mental abilities, whether they have
earned those extra intelligence points or not." The
"experts" mentioned in Passage 2 contribute to the
argument that people exaggerate canine intelligence
by claiming that dogs "have no real reasoning ability."
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 2 implies that Meek
tried to keep his canine characters "believable,"
though he may not have always succeeded, and the
author of Passage 1 does not mention fiction writers
at all.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Both the author of Passage 1
and the "experts" cited in Passage 2 seem to find the
comparison between "the intelligence of dogs" and
"that of chimps" to be worthwhile.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Unlike the author of Passage
1, the "experts" do not mention the "emotional
attachment" of people to dogs.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the "experts" cited in
Passage 2 specialize in "learning theory," there is no
mention of how familiar people are with their field of
study.
16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The author of Passage 1
concedes that "dogs can be noble, charming,
affectionate, and reliable" but suggests that they may
not have "earned those extra intelligence points." In
comparison, the description of "pure intelligence
shining in the face of a border collie" in lines 63–67
may be interpreted to be an overestimation based on
the writer's fondness for dogs.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1
would most likely consider the author of Passage 2 to
be emotionally attached to dogs and therefore
incapable of assessing their intelligence objectively.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Lines 63–67 reflect a
subjective perspective on canine intelligence. They do
not suggest that the author of Passage 2 is
particularly knowledgeable about research on the
topic.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2
seems to eschew the results of scientific studies in
favor of personal experience, but lines 63–67 do not
reflect a disrespect for "traditional" research.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The two writers may have
differing views regarding the extent to which dogs are
capable of reasoning, but it would be extreme to claim
that the author of Passage 2 has a limited
comprehension "of what constitutes intelligence."
Choice (D) is correct. The author of Passage 1
asserts that many people like to believe that dogs
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Test 9: Explanations to Critical Reading
17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. In admitting that chimps are
superior to canines in some traditional measures of
intelligence, the author anticipates a possible
objection to the argument that dogs possess an
unmatched ability to work and communicate with
people.
Choice (A) is incorrect. A chimp's ability to navigate a
maze faster than a dog can does not contradict any
theories mentioned in the passage.
Passage 1 alludes to the "cleverness of a highly
intelligent primate."
Choice (C) is incorrect. At no point does the author of
Passage 2 delve into the ethics of measuring animal
intelligence.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Neither author directly
discusses assumptions about whether intelligence is
"innate" or "acquired."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Neither author argues that
intelligence is a static or dynamic trait in animals.
Choice (B) is incorrect. A "digression" is a departure
from the main argument in a text. Lines 67–68,
however, are very much related to the author's claim
that dogs possess a keen intelligence.
Choice (C) is incorrect. On the contrary, the author's
use of concession in Passage 2 is meant to clarify the
argument made in favor of canine intelligence.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Lines 67–68 make no attempt
to discredit a scientific theory. Instead, they attempt to
place the results of a specific scientific finding in
context.
18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The author of Passage 1
suggests that chimpanzees are more intelligent than
dogs, while the author of Passage 2 argues that the
two animals exhibit different types of advanced
intelligence.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2
does not discuss how "the public" views chimpanzee
intelligence.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Both authors refer to
chimpanzees' reasoning abilities, but neither
discusses the emotions of primates.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1
asserts that people have a generally flawed
understanding of animal intelligence, and the author
of Passage 2 doesn't discuss public opinion at all.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Neither author mentions
chimpanzees in reference to "an eccentric scientific
claim."
19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The author of Passage 1
seems to recognize a single form of intelligence by
which all animals may be evaluated. The author of
Passage 2, however, argues that dogs exhibit an
intelligence that is different from that of chimpanzees,
but no less useful.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Both authors clearly believe
that animals can possess intelligence. The author of
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