City Resilience Framework,
an update
Braulio Eduardo Morera | Arup International Development
Resilient Cities 2014 Conference
“By April 2014, to articulate urban resilience in a measurable, evidencebased and accessible way that can inform urban planning, practice, and
investment patterns which better enable urban communities (e.g. poor and
vulnerable, businesses, coastal) to survive and thrive multiple shocks and
stresses.”
Opportunity Statement, February 2013
3
4
“In order to get a grip on it, one must be able to relate resilience to other
properties that one has some means of ascertaining, through observation.”
Martin-Breen & Andries (2011) Resilience: A literature review. The Rockefeller Foundation: New York City, p. 11
5
• resilience is not an antonym for vulnerability, or substitute for DRR
• urban resilience has limitations to address: power relations, the poor,
unexpected impacts
• city resilience is about performance: ability of a ‘system of systems’ to
continue function
6
Seattle
New York
Detroit
Chengdu
New
Orleans
Cali
Quito
Lima
Rio de
Janeiro
Concepción
Primary data
Secondary data
7
Doha
Surat
Kampala
Brazzaville
Dar es Salaam
Cape Town
Hong Kong
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh
City
Semerang
Delivers
basic needs
Safeguards
human life
Protects,
maintains
and
enhances
assets
Facilitates
sociocultural
identity and
human
relationships
Promotes
information
education
and
innovation
Defends
rule of law,
justice and
equity
Supports
livelihoods
Stimulates
economic
progress
Epidemic
Power failure
Economic
crisis
Lawlessness
violence
Floods
Illiteracy
Explosion
8
Unemployment
180
Delivers
basic needs
160
140
Factors of resilience from secondary sources
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
City functions
9
Safeguards
human life
Protects,
maintains
and
enhances
assets
Facilitates
sociocultural
identity and
human
relationships
Promotes
information
education
and
innovation
Defends
rule of law,
justice and
equity
Supports
livelihoods
Stimulates
economic
progress
Seattle
New York
Detroit
Chengdu
New
Orleans
Cali
Quito
Lima
Rio de
Janeiro
Concepción
Primary data
Secondary data
10
Doha
Surat
Kampala
Brazzaville
Dar es Salaam
Cape Town
Hong Kong
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh
City
Semerang
“In Concepción we had two earthquakes: the 8.8 one and the social earthquake –
looting, arson… I think the last one affected our soul most violently.”
Mayor of Concepción, Chile
Alto Rio Building – February 2010
Army patrol in Greater Concepcion – February 2010
“Things that initiated the positive trajectory in the development of our city were
better management , projects, and trust in our Mayor”
Private sector representative, Cali, Colombia
“How do we help? We try to get where the state is unable to reach. We listen, we
support, and work with the social fabric of our community.”
Fundación Paz y Bien volunteer, Cali, Colombia
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20
21
A ‘resilient city’ is a city where there is or are…
• Minimal human vulnerability
• Diverse livelihoods and employment
• Adequate safeguards to human life and health
• Reduced physical exposure and vulnerability
• Continuity of critical services
• Reliable communications and mobility
• Collective identity and mutual support
• Social stability and security
• Availability of financial resources and
contingency funds
• Effective leadership and management
• Empowered stakeholders
• Integrated development planning
People
Minimal human vulnerability
Indicated by the extent to which everyone’s basic
needs are met.
Diverse livelihoods and employment
Facilitated by access to finance, ability to accrue
savings, skills training, business support and
social welfare.
Adequate safeguards to human life and health
Relying on integrated health facilities and
services, and responsive emergency services.
Place
Reduced physical exposure and
vulnerability
Indicated by environmental stewardship;
appropriate infrastructure; effective land
use planning; and enforcement of planning
regulations.
Continuity of critical services
Indicated by diverse provision and active
management; maintenance of ecosystems and
infrastructure; and contingency planning.
Reliable communications and mobility
Indicated by diverse and affordable multimodal
transport systems and information and
communication technology (ICT) networks;
and contingency planning.
Organisation
Collective identity and mutual support
Observed as active community engagement,
strong social networks and social integration.
Social stability and security
Including law enforcement, crime
prevention, justice, and emergency management.
Availability of financial resources and
contingency funds
Observed as sound financial management,
diverse revenue streams, the ability to
attract business investment, adequate
investment, and emergency funds.
Knowledge
Effective leadership and management
Involving government, business and civil
society, and indicated by trusted individuals;
multi-stakeholder consultation; and evidencebased decision-making.
Empowered stakeholders
Indicated by education for all, and access to upto-date information and knowledge to enable
people and organisations to take appropriate
action.
Integrated development planning
Indicated by the presence of a city vision; an
integrated development strategy; and plans that
are regularly reviewed and updated by cross
departmental working groups.
Reflective
Robust
Redundant
Flexible
Resourceful
Inclusive
Integrated
Reflective systems are accepting of the inherent and ever-increasing
uncertainty and change in today’s world.
Robust systems include well-conceived, constructed and managed physical
assets.
Redundancy refers to spare capacity purposely created within systems so
that they can accommodate disruption.
Flexibility implies that systems can change, evolve and adapt in response
to changing circumstances.
Resourcefulness implies that people and institutions are able to rapidly find
different ways to achieve their goals or meet their needs during a shock or
when under stress.
Inclusion emphasises the need for broad consultation and engagement of
communities, including the most vulnerable groups.
Integration and alignment between city systems promotes consistency in
decision-making and ensures that all investments are mutually supportive
to a common outcome.
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)
-
4 sub-indices
12 indicators
50 sub-indicators
119 variables
168 metrics
Strengths
- More holistic
- Response and recovery
- Strength of economy
- Law enforcement
- Skills training and higher education
- Community engagement and integration
- Business support
- Continuity planning for infrastructure
- ICT
- Transportation
…. a holistic framework that enables
dialogue and knowledge sharing
Weaknesses
- Not as specific
- Risk assessment/scenario planning
- CCA and DRR activities
- Regulation enforcement
- Food/agriculture
- Solid waste and sanitation
- Economic sustainability of utilities
… can integrate sectoral measurement
methods or metrics
… could be tailored to regional
variations or sectors - materiality
100resilientcities.org
rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/current-work/resilience
arup.com/cri