11/6/11
Week 11
Catarrhines
!
Haplorhine Infraorders
  Platyrrhines: New World Monkeys
  Catarhines
  Cercopithecoidea: Old World Monkeys
  Hominoidea: Apes (and humans)
New World!
Old World!
Catarrhines
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Catarrhine Distributions
Cercopithecoids!
Hominoids!
Cercopithecoids
(Old World Monkeys)
  More biochemically and
physically similar to
humans than New World
Monkeys
  Occupy a wide range of
environments
  Large range of social
structures
Baboons
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Baboons
  One of the largest nonhominoid primates
  Live in large groups
called troops (up to
250)
  Male-dominated
  Very aggressive
Here s a picture you probably
didn t want to see!
  Apes
& Humans
are more similar to humans
than any other animal
  Apes
- Broad noses!
- Broad palates!
- Larger brains!
- Long arms (except humans)!
- No tails!
- Short trunk!
Homonoidae
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Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimps
Bonobos
Pongidae
  1.
Long arms
Chimpanzee
arms are 7x
stronger than
human arms
Ape characteristics
  2.
flexible wrists
Ape characteristics
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  3.
hands & fingers form a hook
Allows for
knuckle-walking
Ape characteristics
  4.
rounded humeral head
Ape characteristics
•  5.#wide,#flat#chest#
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  6.
no tail
Ape characteristics
Orangutans
Pongo borneo
Female
Orangutan sexual dimorphism
Male
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  Orangutans are agile
climbers and hangers
and are largely
arboreal.
  They slowly rock the
tree they are on in
the direction of the
next and move over
when they are close
together.
  Practice “dispersed
polygyny”
Orangutans
F
F
Male Territory
F
Dispersed polygyny
  Orangutans tend to be
solitary.
  Their primary social
group consists of mother
and infant.
  Males are not needed for
protection.
  There is little danger of
predation.
Orangutan social
behavior
  Small group size may
reflect an environment
with widely scattered
food resources.
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Gorillas
(Gorilla gorilla / Gorilla beringei)
This is how we often view gorillas
Gorillas are
commonly
hunted for sport or
for “medical
reasons”
Poaching and
encroachment by
humans has
caused their range
to rapidly
disappear.
Gorillas are endangered
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Gorilla#
distribu5on#
◦  Gorillas
  The gorilla is the largest living
primate.
  They are found only in
equatorial Africa.
  They are predominantly
terrestrial and are knucklewalkers (walk on all fours with
the weight of the arms resting
on the knuckles of the
hands).
Gorillas
  Gorillas are found only in the
forested areas in Africa.
  Gorillas live in small social
groups of an adult (silverback)
male, several adult females,
and their immature offspring.
  The adult silverback is dominant
(female choice polygyny).
  Despite many myths concerning
their desire for human flesh,
they eat a diet of primarily
leaves and fruit.
  Because of their size, gorillas
have few problems with
predators (except for armed
humans).
Gorillas
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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
  Chimpanzees are perhaps the best
known of all nonhuman primates.
  Most of us experience captive or
trained chimpanzee behavior and
consider it as being “just like
human.”
  There is a difference between trained
behavior and conscience choicedriven behavior
Chimpanzees
  Chimpanzees are found in
Africa in rainforests or in
mixed forest-savanna
environments.
  Like gorillas, they are
knuckle-walkers with longer
arms than legs, but they are
more agile than gorillas.
  They are both terrestrial and
arboreal.
  Their diet consists of fruit,
leaves, seeds, nuts, insects,
and meat (small animals like
monkeys).
Chimpanzees
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  Chimpanzees live in large
communities of 50 or more
individuals.
  Their social structure
constantly changes.
  They recognize and interact
with others in thee group.
  The most important social
behaviors revolve around
mother and infant.
  Adult males are generally
dominant.
  Fission-fusion arrangement
Chimpanzees
  Multiple
females and males live together in
one group
◦  When resources are abundant, group stays
together
◦  When resources are scarce, parties divided by
sex
  Males
create territories based on kinship
  More complex inter-sex relationships
◦  Teasing, Laughter, Embraces, Display
Fission-fusion society
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
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  Bonobos are the least
well known of the
African apes.
  They are closely related
to the chimpanzee, and
commonly considered a
separate species of
chimpanzee known as
“pygmy chimpanzee.”
  They are unique to a
restricted rainforest
region of Zaire, central
Africa.
Bonobos
  They eat a leaf and plant
diet.
  Bonobos are distinguished
from chimpanzees by their
relatively longer legs,
narrower chest, and higher
center of gravity.
  Their forehead and face are
also shaped differently.
  They can walk upright more
easily than other apes.
Bonobos
  It has been suggested that
the first hominoids may have
been quite similar in many
ways.
  Bonobos live in large
multimale / multifemale
groups like chimpanzees
  Strongest social bonds exist
between adult females.
  Bonobos are known to
practice polyandry
  Females withhold sex from
males in return for less
aggressive behavior
Bonobos
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Orangutan http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=IFACrIx5SZ0
Bonobos -
videos
Slide
37
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