!"#$"%&'
What is Mitochondria ?
Origin of Eukaryotic Cell
Dan Au, James Ton, Nguyen Vo, Mico Yap
()'*+,-).//.'0*1)2'3)'/-+,.')145.+'3)'4*67'8.//6'
9*):.+7';**2'7*'(<='
>7?.+'34@*+7-)7'+*/.6A'@+*218B*)'*0'8?*/.67.+*/'-)2'?.4.'
C*D'232'437*8?*)2+3-'.:*/:.E'
!!
F:-)'G-//3)'3)'%H#IA'J+67'@.+6*)'+.8*,)3K.2'437*8?*)2+3-'-6'2.68.)2-)76'*0'
.)2*6L453*B8'5-87.+3-'''
!!
9-+/'G*.6.'3)'%HM!A'6.N1.)8.2'437*8?*)2+3-/'64-//'6151)37'+OP('Q%IR'+OP(''
9*)B)1.2S
!! T37*8?*)2+3-'<*2-L'*)/L'8*)7-3)'-'0.D'?1)2+.2',.).6A'IUV'
WX@+*7.*5-87.+3-/',.).6'.Y3676Z''
!! [*67'8*4@/.7./L'*+'7?.',.).6'7+-)60.++.2'3)'7?.')18/.16Z'
R343/-+37L'5.7D..)'T37*8?*)2+3-'-)2'WX
=+*7.*5-87.+3-'
!!
•R343/-+'63K.'-)2'6?-@.''
!!
•93+81/-+',.)*4.'
!!
•<+-)68+3@B*)'-)2'7+-)6/-B*)'-+.'8*1@/.2'7*,.7?.+'
!!
•<?.'8*2*)'\]('.)8*2.6'0*+'7?.'-43)*'-832'<+L@7*@?-)'
!!
•^3:32.'-)2'+.@/38-7.'3)2.@.)2.)7/L''
Relationship Between Chloroplast and
Cyanobacteria
Chloroplast
Cyanobacteria
%'
!"#$"%&'
Cyanobacteria
Chloroplast
!!
Unicellular
!!
Aquatic
!!
Contain photosynthetic pigments
!!
Shaped the course of evolution and ecological change throughtout earth's
history
!!
Generated oxygen atmosphere
!!
Contributed to orgin of plants
How are they related?
!!
Organelles responsible for photosynthesis
!!
Reduces nitrate (NO2) to ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen --> organic compounds
!!
All green plants contain chloroplast
!!
Decendant from cyanobacterial symbiosis
G?-7'-5*17'7?.'_1`-+L*B8'P18/.16E'
•! Endosymbiosis - "Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells"
•! Endo - "inside"
•! Symbiosis - "working together"
•! One organism engulfs another and incorperates it into its own body
or cells
•! Prokaryotic cell engulfs cyanobacteria
Chloroplast
•! Chloroplast has own genome
>+3,3)'*0'7?.')18/.16'36'6B//'1)`)*D)'
!! T-)L'7?.*+3.6'+.,-+23),'7?.'*+3,3)'*0'7?.')18/.16'
!! <?.')18/.16'?-6'-'2*15/.X4.45+-).'
•<?.*+L'%A'('@+*`-+L*B8'8-)'@+*218.'-)'
-223B*)-/'4.45+-).'7?-7'61++*1)2.2'7?.'
8?+*4*6*4.Z''
•<?.*+L'#A'.)2*8L7*636'*0'-'8*4@/.Y'^P('
:3+16'a:3+-/'.1`-+L*,.).636b''
•<?.*+L'UA'.)2*6L453*B8'.:.)7'
#'
!"#$"%&'
<?.*+L'UA.)2*6L453*B8'.:.)7'
!!<?.*+L'%A'
!!;163*)'5.7D..)'(+8?.-)'-)2'_15-87.+3-Z'
!!7?.+4*-832*@?3/'-+8?.5-87.+314'8*1/2'*0'
@+*:32.2'7+-)6/-B*)'4.8?-)364'
!!4*B/.'.15-87.+3-'8*1/2'*0'@+*:32.2'
!!<?.*+L'#A'
438+*7151/.'*+,-)3K3),'8.)7.+6c'?.-7'6?*8`'
@+*7.3)6c'-)2'*7?.+'@+*7.3)6'
!!9/-7?+3)c'2L)-43)'-)2'8/-7?+3)'-66*83-7.2'
@+*7.3)6'*+3,3)-7.2'./6.D?.+.'
<?.*+L'UA.)2*6L453*B8'.:.)7'
Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer
Trend & Process
!!>+,-).//.6'-)2'*5/3,-7.'3)7+-8.//1/-+'5-87.+3-'
236@/-L'6343/-+'@-d.+)6'*0',.)*4.'.:*/1B*)''
!!].).'+.218B*)'X'53*6L7?.636c'4.7-5*/364c'
^P('+.@-3+'.78Z'
!!T3)34-/'].)*4.'9*)8.@7'e',.).'6.7'7?-7'36'
61f83.)7'0*+'/30.'1)2.+'67+.66X0+..'-)2'
)17+3.)7X+38?'8*)23B*)6Z
''
Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer
Example & Mechanism
Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer
More examples
to Nucleus: 7OP('.)8*2.2'
0+*4'437*8?*)2+3-/',.).6Z'
!!Reverse transcription (mRNA --> cDNA)
!!<+-)60.+'*0',.)*438'47^P('7*')18/.16'
D37?*17'-'8^P('3)7.+4.23-7.'-+.'*g.)'
)*)01)8B*)-/''
!! Nucleus
!!Mitochondria
to Mitochondria: 7?.'4364-78?X+.@-3+',.).'
3)'47^P('*0'8*+-/'!"#$%&'()%*+,-".$./Z''
!! =/-6B26'7*'T37*8?*)2+3-A''(+-532*@636'47^P('?-6'63Y'
7OP(',.).6'7?-7'*+3,3)-7.'0+*4'7?.'8?/*+*@/-67'
,.)*4.Z'
U'
!"#$"%&'
Mitochondria, monophyletic or
polyphyletic?
!!
!!
mt-animal
mt-plant
mt-protist
Animal - typically small (14-17 kbp), circular, intronless
genes
Plant - largest known mtDNA (180-2400 kbp), but less than
half as many genes as animal, contain introns and
insertion from chloroplast
!!
Fungal - variable in size, structure, content of genes and
introns
!!
Protist - resembles bacterial genome, encode substantially
larger gene set than animal, plant, and fungal
Summary
mt-fungal
mt-fungal mt-animal
mt-plant
!!
T37*8?*)2+3-'.:*/:.2'0+*4'!- proteobacteria via endosymbiosis
!!
9?/*+*@/-67'.:*/:.2'0+*4'9L-)*5-87.+3-':3-'.)2*6L453*636'
!!
>+3,3)'*0'7?.')18/.16'36'6B//'1)`)*D)'-)2'7?.+.'-+.'6.:.+-/'
8*[email protected]),'7?.*+3.6'.-8?'D37?'7?.3+'*D)'h-D6Z
!!
47^P('*0'-)34-/c'@/-)7c'01),-/c'-)2'@+*B67'-+.'-//'23i.+.)7'3)'
63K.6'-)2'8*4@*63B*)'61,,.6B),'41/B@/.'*+3,3)6'*0'
437*8?*)2+3-Z'
mt-protist
Questions
!!
What evidence might you need to conclude that
mitochondria of different eukaryotic cell are monophyletic
group?
!!
What evidence might you need to conclude that
mitochondria of different eukaryotic cell are polyphyletic
group?
!!
Which theory do you believe best explain the origin of the
nucleus?
Key to Question
!!
You would need to know that all mtDNA generally have similar genome
suggesting that they inherited it from a recent common ancestor before you
can conclude that mitochondria are monophyletic group.
!!
You would need to know that all mtDNA generally have different genome
suggesting that they evolved independently to conclude that mitochondria are
polyphyletic group.
References
!!
!"#$%&#'()*(+,--./(01%(234%5#%("&2(26&"738(#95:89:5%(;<(="89%53">(?%&;7%#*(@&&:*(A%4*(B%&%9*(CD'(
CC-ECFF*(
!!
G5"&H(@*(!*'(@7353'(I*'("&2(@&2%5##;&()*B*J*(+DKKD/(B%&;7%(2%9%53;5"L;&M(>;##(;<(5%N%"9%2(#%O:%&8%#(
"&2("88:7:>"L;&(;<($:&H(PQ@*(B%&%L8"(,,R'(,E,D*(
!!
!;4%>>;'(S*)*'("&2(B5"6'(T*U*(+,--D/()3>%&9(739;81;&253">("&2("8L4%(&:8>%"5(?%&%#(<;5(#:=:&39(D(;<(
869;815;7%(8(;V32"#%(3&(#;6=%"&M(%432%&8%(<;5(AQ@E7%23"9%2(?%&%(95"&#<%5*(JTWX(Y*(,,'(C.,REC.DK*(
!!
Q:?%&9'(Y*T*'("&2(S">7%5'(Y*P*(+,--,/(AQ@E7%23"9%2(95"&#<%5(;<(91%(?%&%(8;VZZ(<5;7(91%(
739;81;&253;&(9;(91%(&:8>%:#(2:53&?([;\%53&?(N>"&9(%4;>:"L;&*(!%>>(]]'(^FCE^.,*(
!!
T;:53%5'(0*'(I"&#%&'(@*Y*'(U3>>%5#>%4'(J*'("&2(@589"&2%5'(S*(+DKK,/(01%(I:7"&(B%&;7%(S5;$%89(5%4%">#("(
8;&L&:;:#(95"&#<%5(;<(>"5?%(739;81;&253">(<5"?7%&9#(9;(91%(&:8>%:#*(T;>*(W3;>*(_;>*!"#c'%MUUX%MU$Z'
!!
M, Jonathan. "On the Origin of Mitochondria: Reasons for Skepticism on the Endosymbiotic Story."
Evolution News & Views. N.p., 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 27 May 2014.
!!
Palazzo, Alex. "The Origin of the Nucleus." Transcription and Translation. N.p., 3 Mar. 2006. Web. 27
May 2014.'
&'