Photo: Anders Ryman/Corbis
Chapter 13
Adapting tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to
climate change: Management measures, policies and
investments
Johann D Bell, Neil L Andrew, Michael J Batty, Lindsay B Chapman,
Jeffrey M Dambacher, Brian Dawson, Alexandre S Ganachaud, Peter C Gehrke,
John Hampton, Alistair J Hobday, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Johanna E Johnson,
Jeff P Kinch, Robert Le Borgne, Patrick Lehodey, Janice M Lough,
Timothy D Pickering, Morgan S Pratchett, Aliti Vunisea and Michelle Waycott
‘Fisheries policy makers should now turn their attention to the development and
implementation of climate change adaptation strategies.’ (Davis 2010)i
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Contents
804
Page
13.1 Introduction
805
13.2 Existing management regimes and approaches
13.2.1 Oceanic fisheries
13.2.2 Coastal fisheries
13.2.3 Freshwater and estuarine fisheries
13.2.4 Aquaculture
13.2.5 A human rights approach
806
806
808
810
811
812
13.3 A framework for selecting adaptations
812
13.4 Recommended adaptations and suggested supporting policies
13.4.1 Adaptations for economic development and government
revenue (E)
13.4.2 Supporting policies for economic development and
government revenue (E)
13.4.3 Adaptations for maintaining the contribution of fish
to food security (F)
13.4.4 Supporting policies for maintaining the contribution
of fish to food security (F)
13.4.5 Adaptations for maximising sustainable livelihoods (L)
13.4.6 Supporting policies for maximising sustainable livelihoods (L)
813
815
819
821
832
834
837
13.5 Interactions among adaptations
838
13.6 Planning needed to implement key adaptations
840
13.7 The need for monitoring
843
13.8 Gaps in knowledge
13.8.1 Knowledge needed to improve the understanding of vulnerability
13.8.2 Knowledge needed to implement adaptations effectively
844
845
852
13.9 Investments required
853
13.10 Considerations for financing adaptations
863
13.11 Concluding remarks
864
References
867
Appendix
875
CHAPTER 13
13.1 Introduction
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13.2 Existing management regimes and approaches
13.2.1 Oceanic fisheries
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Measure
Key features
National tuna fishery
development plans
Promotes sustainable national tuna fisheries, using the ecosystembased approach to fisheries management16,118,119.
Nauru Agreement
Specifies terms and conditions for tuna purse-seine fishing licences in
the region. The agreement has various implementing arrangements,
including the FSM Arrangement and Palau Arrangement.
FSM Arrangement*
Provides for preferential access by vessels sponsored by the Parties of
the Nauru Agreement (PNA) to each others’ EEZs120.
Palau Arrangement*
Provides a suite of measures for cooperative management of the purseseine and longline fisheries in the EEZs of PNA members, including
the vessel day scheme (VDS), as well as agreed policies on licensing
conditions, crewing and the operation of vessel monitoring schemes
and observer programmes63.
US Treaty
A multilateral fisheries access agreement between FFA members and
the USA, which provides fishing opportunities for up to 40 US-flagged
purse-seine vessels (and up to an additional five vessels under joint
venture arrangements) in the treaty area, in return for funding.
Monitoring, Control
and Surveillance
Agreed policies for the detection and deterrence of illegal, unregulated
and unreported fishing. The tools include the Pacific Islands Regional
Fishery Observer Programme, the Regional Vessel Monitoring System,
the Regional Register of Fishing Vessels and the Niue Treaty for
cooperation in fisheries surveillance and information sharing121,122.
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Adaptation
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Adaptations to safeguard habitats producing fish
F1
Manage and restore vegetation in catchments
W-W
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F2
Foster the care of coastal fish habitats
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Provide for landward migration of coastal fish habitats
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Allow for expansion of freshwater habitats
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Adaptations to optimise catches from coastal demersal and freshwater fish stocks
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Sustain production of coastal demersal fish and invertebrates
L-W
F6
Diversify catches of coastal demersal fish
L-W
F7
Manage freshwater and estuarine fisheries to harness opportunities L-W
F6, F7, F13, F18
F6, F13, F18
Adaptations to fill the gap in fish needed for food security
F8
Increase access to tuna for urban and rural populations
W-W
F8–F13, F18
F9
Develop pond aquaculture to diversify the supply of fish
W-W
F13–F16, F18
F10
Develop coastal fisheries for small pelagic fish
W-W? F13, F17, F18
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Diversify production of coastal aquaculture commodities
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Attributes of coastal and inshore environment
Coastal fisheries expected
to meet future demand*
Areas suitable for
FADs
Areas suitable for
pond aquaculture
Yes
Vulnerability
Very low
No
Yes
a
Yes
Very low – low
No
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Yes
Low
No
Yesa
No
Low – medium
No
Yes
b
No
Medium
No
No
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CHAPTER 13
13.8.1 Knowledge needed to improve the understanding of vulnerability
13.8.1.1 Surface climate and tropical Pacific Ocean
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CHAPTER 13
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CHAPTER 13
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CHAPTER 13
References
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