Ass.Prof. Manja Kitek Kuzman
University of Ljubljana, Department of Wood Science and Technology
Prof. Dick Sandberg
Luleå University of Technology
March,10 2016
Comparison of Timber-House Technologies
in Slovenia and in Sweden
SWST International Conference , Curitiba | Forest Resource and Products: Moving Toward a Sustainable Future
Wood Architecture in Slovenia and Sweeden
In the building traditions of other countries it may be fine
stones and hand-made tiles - in Slovenia and Sweeden,
that status is given to wood. The knowledge about this
age-old building material is actively preserved and applied
with a contemporary twist.
Different approaches, but similar use of building techniques with wood which is today
described as the “exponent and guarantee (material) of building that looks to the future”.
Introduction - Slovenian and Swedish wood
Slovenia and Sweden
many similarities in terms of the importance of forests for their society
Slovenia’s and Sweden's forests in numbers year 2014
Slovenia
Surface area of
productive/total forested land
1.2 total forested land
(million hectare)
Forested area of country (%)
58.4
Number of naturally
71
occurring tree species
Total standing volume on
340
productive forest land
3
(million m standing volume*)
Annual forest increment in all
8.4
3
land use classes (million m
standing volume*)
Annual cut
5.75
3
(million m standing volume*)
Hardwoods (%)
53
Softwoods (%)
47
The most important wood
Beech 32%, spruce 32%
species
oak 7%, fir 7%
*stem volume over bark from stump to tip
Slovenia Pokljuka
Sweden
22.4/28.2
57.0
3.016
123
91.5
21
79
Scots pine 39%, Norway
spruce 42%, birch 12%
Consumption of sawn wood and wood based panels
in selected countries per capita 2006-2008
(Forest Products Statistics 2004–2008, 2009)
Sweden Västerbotten in north Sweden
3
Vernicular architecture
Tradition - a proof of the craftsmanship of woodmasters
Diferent traditiona typs of wooden houses
Paying attention to the
tradition of construction in
the planning of the new,
improved and modern is
the only path towards
preserving a nation’s
culture and the features
of the cultural landscape.
⌂ Farmstead
in Gorenjska, SI
Stave church
Grandhult church,
Småland, S
⌂
⌂ Wooden shipard house, Velika planina, SI
Traditional l swedish
house | falun red, S
4
⌂
Vernicular architecture
Tradition - a proof of the craftsmanship of woodmasters
Diferent traditiona typs of wooden houses
slovenian landscape
Architecture
belongs to culture,
not to civilization.
Alvar Aalto
Slopping walled barn
in Svensbynroom for hay.
⌂ Wooden hayreck, Studor, SI
⌂ The oldest wooden house
in Sweden, about 1230.
5
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Frame-Panel construction
Dominant methods of timber construction
1
2
3
5
4
www.archdaily.com/498686/molle-by-the-sea-elding-oscarson
timber gird
insulation material
inserted between the
studs
6 realisation
vertical stud
Mölle by the sea, Mölle, Sweden, 2013
sheating board
staples
Nominated for Swedish Timber Prize “Träpriset, 2016
faced inside with
gypsum- or woodbased panel
materials
6
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Solid Timber Construction (SCT)
http://clta.jp/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/20131024_SCHICKHOFER
Innovation based on tradition
Source: Prof. G. Schickhofer | Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology| Graz University of Technology: CLT Forum 2013 in Tokyo
7
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
CLT for supporting framework
Solid laminated wood panels are: ‘... the concrete of the 21st century.’
⌂ Wall unit on its way at Hyttkammaren in Falun
⌂
Michael Green Architect (2012)
Assembly of floor structures at Limnologen in Växjö
Gerhard Schickhofer, Institute of Timber Engineering
and Wood Technology, TU Graz
Thistleton's Murray Grove, London
⌂
⌂ The wooden form of Waugh
Global production of CLT
1995-2015:
35 production sites worldwide,
95% of production volume in
Central Europe :
Austria 65%, Germany 26%,
Switzerland 6%
1 Mio. m3 of productiom
potential worldwide can be
expected at latest of 2015
8
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Vila Eder- Hederus
www.generalarchitecture.se/projects/villa-eder-hederus/
Nominated for Swedish Timber price 2016
Nominated for:
12th Swedish Timber Prize, in Sweden entitled
“Träpriset” 2016
Lage | Kummelnas, Nacka
Ansvariga Arkitekter
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Wood – Frame Construction
Vila Emils Backe, Smedstrop, Trosa, Sweden, 2014
A system of columns and beams,
where glulam is used to a large
extent for the load-bearing
structure.
Läge: Smedstorp, Trosa
Typ av byggnad: Villa
Byggherre: Ekologiska byggvaruhuset
genom Erik Hedenstedt
Ansvarig arkitekt: Arkitektstudio Widjedal
Racki
Medverkande arkitekter: Håkan Widjedal,
Natasha Racki
Byggnadsentreprenör: Hedenstedt
Konstruktör: Limträteknik i Falun
Byggår: 2014
http://www.emilsbacke.se/
11
12
13
14
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
The dominant frame system for single-family timber houses
Sweden
timber grid
⌂ Several modern timber-house
Façade covering:
can be brick, plaster or solid
timber.
companies manufacture building elements,
such as roof trusses, joist floors and wall
units, themselves.
insulation
vertical studs
gypsum, wood-
based panel mat
⌂ The method of producing
a house or parts of a house in
an industrial production
environment is termed
“prefabrication,” and this is
the dominant method of
building single-family timber
houses in Sweden.
15
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
The dominant frame system for single-family houses
Sweden
Sandgrind, Kungsängen
Byggår: 2008
Beställare: Skanska
Fakta: 6 hus.
Leverans: Modul.
Övrigt: Ett projekt med
ekologiska förtecken i ett
enastående vackert landskap
med utsikt över Mälaren.
Single-family timber housing
businesses employ one of two
strategies for the final stage:
1. manufacturing plane
elements in the plant and
transporting them to the site
for final assembly or
2. assembling the plane
elements in the factory and
then shipping them as
complete volumes to the final
building site.
Fickuret, Örby
Byggår: 2012
Beställare: Arcona AB
Fakta: 17 radhus, 2 hustyper på 120 m2
respektive 135 m2.
Leverans: Planelement, stomleverans inkl
montage ovan färdig grund.
Övrigt: Öppen planlösning krävde
avancerad projektering, produktionsteknik
och montage. Färdigt resultat är ett
modernt boende med uttryck.
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Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Modern timber-house companies
Sweden
⌂ On site assamble: Martinsons’ dwelling house with a frame of CLT can be delivered
including complete electricity and HVAC installations.
⌂ A few manufacturers use CLT systems.
The most appealing
reason for using the
CLT system is that
the wall units and
joist floors have a high
load-bearing capacity and
stiffness.
During the manufacture of the unit, the shapes are
trimmed, openings are left for windows, doors, etc.,
and the thickness is levelled if necessary.
Prefabricated CLT panels are delivered directly to the
construction site. The producers of houses with CLT
systems do not have their origins in the tradition and
company culture associated with single-family timber
houses.
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Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Construction on site
The oldest method of construction
⌂ A wood framed construction
⌂ CLT panels delivered to the construction site
The method requires a great deal of
organization and planning on the building site.
Risks associated with damage to materials
and prefabricated structural components,
due to moisture must be overcome .
Linnaeus University is ˝Hus N˝
Location | Växjö
Type of building | building for education
Year of construction | 2011
Architect | Mats White
Main contractor | Videum AB
Construction company | Södra
Construction description |
visible glue-laminate framework
Area | 6.320 m2
Fasad | modified wood fasade
Client | Linnaeus University
! European Green Building
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Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Construction on site
The oldest method of construction
⌂
With the on-site
building technique,
wall components are
generally assembled
resting on joists or the
ground and then
erected manually.
19
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Off site prefabrication
The trend toward a higher degree of prefabrication
Examples of off-site prefabrication:
a building with prefabricated panels or
modules is faster, less weather
dependent and provides better control
over costs.
www.trabyggnadskansliet.se
Prefabricated modules for single family house are
assembled on-site.
www.marles.com/hise/en
Prefabricated window is assembled on-site
⌂ Far more common today is the
prefabrication of various components: off-site
building, which is regarded and accepted as a
high-qualitative and less expensive production
method.
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21
Modul system
Modular system
Prefabricated components of wood
princip
Camp Wildalpen, Camp Passail
Vir:“Holzbox”
Foto: W. Luttenberger
Working with modular systems is
a huge help, since it is difficult to
design traditionally and then
translate the design to an
industrial context.
22
Modul system - Sweeden
Spatial cells Residential appartments Skagersvägen
Stockholm
Long facade in innovative modules
To achieve the unbroken vertical lines that run
up the facade, the architect designed the
cladding piece by piece.
Type of building | residential, 33 appartments
Location | Skagersvägen 22-26, Årsta, Stockholm
Building year | december 2013
Architect | OWC Björn Ahrenby, Joan Anguita, Anna Montagut
Construction company | Moelven (Moelven’s modular system)
www.martinsons.se
Construction description | 112 box units built around a
spruce frame - prefabricated modules
Energy performance | energy class: low-energy
Area | 4817 m2
Number of floors | 3 floors
Fasad | untreated ceder wood panel
Owner of the building | Åke Sundvall Projekt AB
Price | The Nominated for the 2016 Swedish Timber Price
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Modul system - Sweeden
Ekorrn District
Skellefteå
The advantages of
industrial construction
in wood:
less time on the building
site,
less transport,
less disruption for
neighbours,
good cost control and
no drying time compared
with that for in situ
concrete.
Residential building
Location | Södra Lasarettsvägen 10, Skellefteå
Construction type | residential block, 54 apartments
Building year | 2009
Architect | Magnus Silfverhielm, architect at AIX Arkitekter
Construction company | Plusshus, www.setragroup.com
Construction | Setra’s Trälyftet building system with
Glulam (modular system)
Energy performance: energy class | low-energy, operational
energy use: 25 kWh/(m2a)
Number of floors | 5 storey
Modified wood used in building | no
Fasad | untreated ceder wood panel
Owner of the building | Brf Ekorren
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Sweeden – modul system
Additional stories or extensions to roof
Timber - great potential for modernizing older buildings
Effective additional floors of CLT
Martinsons’ construction system in
glulam and CLT offers unique
possibilities for additional floors to
existing buildings. Thanks to the
construction parts’ strength compared
to their low weight, additional floors
can be made without expensive and
time-consuming frame reinforcements
which are often required with the use
of other materials.
Additional floors on existing buildings
I believe that the
material doesn’t need to
be strong to be used to
build a strong structure.
The strength of the
structure has nothing to
do with strength of the
material.
– Shigeru Ban
Timber offers great potential for changing and modernizing existing, older buildings which are often constructed
from concrete, mainly through additional stories or extensions to roofs.
25
Sweeden – modul system
Additional stories or extensions to roof
Timber - great potential for modernizing older buildings
UMEÅ
Timber offers great potential for changing
and modernizing existing, older buildings
which are often constructed from concrete,
mainly through additional stories or extensions
to roofs. The simplest method is to fit the old
building with a new roof designed so that a
number of apartments can be built into the
attic space.
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27
Renovation
Fabricated large-scale façade wooden moduls
Thermal modernisation
Residential area Dieselweg 4 _Graz, Austria
Key technologies
• Solar façade
• Pre-fabrication of facade modules
• Energy concept based on renewable
energy sources
• New heating- and DHW supply system
installed between the façade and existing
wall
• Decentralized ventilation systems with
heat recovery
• Control and remote maintenance via
internet
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Renovation
Fabricated large-scale façade wooden moduls
Thermal modernisation
Winter
Summer
29
Renovation
Fabricated large-scale façade wooden moduls
Thermal modernisation – concept of prefabrication
Assembly of the lowest
module
Sequence of assembly of the
façade modules [Kulmer Bau].
First module is the lowest one;
it is mounted on steel-bearing
angles, which are fixed on the
plinth. All other modules rest
on the previous one.
Therefore all joints are
horizontally designed.
Sequence of prefabrication
procedure in the fabrication
hall [Gap-Solution GmbH]
Module dimension:
12 x 3 m
Dimension of modules
is fixed by the line of
the intermediate floor
and the window lintel.
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Present stage of multy-storey buildings
Multy-storey Buildings
→ 1995-2005 3 - 5 storey buildings in several european countries,
i.e. 4 - 5 storey buildings in Sweden (Växjö, Uppfinnar)
→ 2008
→ 2009
→ 2011
→ 2012
→ 2013
→ 2013
8 - storey condominiums in Växjö, Sweden
9 - storey condominiums in London, UK
7 - storey multy-family house in Berlin, Germany
8 - storey condominium in Bad Aibing, Germany
9 - storey apartment building, Milano, Italy
10 - storey building in Melbourne, Australia
→ 2020 ??
→ 2025 ??
30 - storey building proposed for Canada
34 - storey building proposed for Stockholm, Sweden
34-storey Wooden Skyscraper is presented by architect CF Møller
Wooden Sky Scrapers
Extensive research has shown that material-neutral building regulations are preferable and,
for over a decade, function-based regulations have been common in many countries.
31
Multy-storey Buildings: Limnologen
Multy-storey Buildings
www.forum-holzbau.ch/pdf/ihf09_Serrano.pdf
Växjö - Limnologen in Växjö consists of four 8-storey high residential buildings
Acoustics and vibrations
Connection between interior
wall and floor (Martinsons)
Residential building
Location | Växjö
Construction type | residential blocks, 134 apartments
Building year | 2008
Architect | Arkitektbolaget Kronoberg
Total area | 10.700 m2
Total building time| Approx 17 months per stage
One storey erection time | 10 days
Construction | Midroc Property Development
with Midroc Projects AB as main contractorr
Structural engineers | Martinons Byggsystem
Energy performance: energy class | low-energy
Number of floors | 4 8-storey buildings
Type of ownership| Tenant-ownership
32
Multy-storey Buildings
Multi-residence building, Älvsbacka Strand
Skellefteå - 6-storey high residential buildings
Factors of increase:
-a lower cost of wood-building
-advantages of using wood
in industrial building,
-growing environmental
awareness,
-a renewable material,
-reduces CO2 emissions,
-timber is harvested in forests
where sustainable forestry,
with replanting and
management plans,
is practiced.
Residential building
Location | Skellefteå
Construction type | residential, 3 houses
Year of construction | 2008, 2009, 2010
Architect | White arkitekte
Construction company | Martinsons
www.martinsons.se
Construction description | solid timber construction CLT
Energy performance | energy class: low-energy
Number of floors | 6
Modified wood used in building | no
Fasad | timber panel facades
Owner | Brf Älvsbacka Strand
33
Multy-storey Buildings
Portvakten residential building
Växjö - two 8-storey houses with wooden framework and passive house technology
⌂ Weather protection. All assembly work takes place under protection against weather.
⌂ Passive house installations.
Draft of installation system.
Residential building
Location | Växjö
Type of building| residential building,
64 apartments
Year of construction | 2009
Architect | BSV Arkitekter
Construction company | Martinsons,
www.martinsons.se
Construction description | glue laminate system
solid wood frame
Project | project »Energy efficient Växjö«
Area | 64 apartments in 2 buildings
Energy performance: energy class:
passive house,
operational energy use: 15 kWh/(m2a)
Number of floors | 8 floors
www.martinsons.se
34
Multy-storey Buildings
Car park, Ekorren District
Skellefteå – Sweden's first timber framed multi-storey car park
⌂ The car park has six floors, of which two are underground.
⌂ The glulam and CLT building sections
have created aesthetic opportunities, where
the visible wood elements contribute to a
natural wood feeling.
Multy-storey car park
Location | Nygatan 24-28, Skellefteå
Construction type | infrastructure, car park
Building year | 2009
Architect | Magnus Silfverhielm, architect at AIX Arkitekter
Construction company | Martinsons, www.martinsons.se
Construction description | Martinsons’ concept is based on a column
and beam frame in glulam combined with a bearing cassette joist
made of CLT
Area | 700 m2
Number of floors | 4 floors
Fasad | ribbed facade panels
Owner of the building | Fastighets AB Polaris
35
Multy-storey Buildings
Multy-storey Buildings
The next generation of wood-based construction
The ideal project does not exist, each time there
is the opportunity to realize an approximation.
Paulo Mendes da Rocha
The allowable numbers of storeys in Slovenia and Sweden depending
on whether or not a sprinkler system is installed
Building properties
Sprinkler
Load-bearing structure
YES
Load-bearing structure
NO
Wooden façade claddings
YES
Wooden façade claddings
NO
Wall and ceiling linings in flats
NO
(surface linings of ordinary wood)
Wall and ceiling linings of
NO
untreated wood in escape routes
Wall and ceiling linings of fireNO
retardant treated wood in flats
Wall and ceiling linings of fireNO
retardant treated wood in escape routes
Sweden1)
5
5
5
≥1
≥1
Slovenia2)
5
3
max. 63)
max. 33)
--4)
≥1
--4)
≥5
--4)
≥5
--4)
1)
Mahapatra and Gustavsson (2009); 2) RS, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (2010);
3) See Table 8 and 4) see Table 5 in reference 2) RS, Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (2010)
36
Surprise is key in all art.
Oscar Niemeyer
Architecture begins
where engineering
ends.
Walter Gropius
38
Attitudes towards wood construction
Promotion use of wood
The next generation of wood-based construction
Architecture is invention.
Oscar Niemeyer
→ different perception,
→ Sweden: wide range of programs to promote multi-storey wooden
buildings; Swedish National Wood Construction Strategy and its
Continuing Training Programm, Swedish Timber Prize,....
→ Slovenia: Green Public Procurement (GPP): The regulation of GPP
aims to reduce the negative environmental impact.
39
Promotion use of wood
Promotion of Energy-efficient buildings
Low-energy building, Nearly Zero energy building, Passive house, Active house,...
Passive house
 Passive Houses require less than 15 kWh/(m²yr) for heating or cooling
.
(relating to the living space).
 The heating/cooling load is limited to a maximum of 10 W/m2.
 Primary energy use may not exceed 120 kWh/(m²a).
 Passive Houses must be airtight with air change rates being limited to n50 = 0.6/h.
 In warmer climates and/or during summer months, excessive temperatures may not
occur more than 10 % of the time.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
19th Century
20th Century
21th Century
AIMS
reduction of
energy demand
and GHG emissions
GIVEN CONDITIONS
climate
locattion
BUILDING COMPONENTS
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
OPERATION / USE
ACTIVE SYSTEMS
Basic principles of eenergy-efficient design
40
Conclusion
Promotion use of wood
We see opportunities for further development and future trends in:
→ High prefabrication,
→ Partnership and increased responsibilities for planning and construction,
→ Improved and systematic feedback of experiences,
→ Demonstration projects are vital,
→ Team coopertion
As an architect,
you design for the present,
with an awareness of the past,
for a future which is essentially
unknown.
Norman Foster
Skellefteå, 17.2.2015
Linear time is an invention of the West, time is
not linear - it is marvellous tangle in which, at
any moment, ends can be chosen and solutions
invented, without beginning or end.
Lina Bo Bardi, in Marcelo Carvalho (ed) – Lina Bo Bardi
Bardi Institute, São Paulo, 1993
Substances. The Architecture of Lina Bo Bardi
Thank you!
Welcome in Slovenia
SWST 2016
Ass. Prof. Dr. Manja K.Kuzman, architect
Department of Wood Science and Technology
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
[email protected]
„Brazil was, is, and will be in fashion.”
Gilberto Gil