1 Colonialism, Disease and Medicine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Megan Vaughan Wednesdays 2pm-­‐4pm Course requirements: 1. Active participation in all classes (20%) 2. Each student will be responsible for two short class presentations. We will assign these during the first session. You will prepare short analytic papers for each of these two classes, critically reviewing the literature on the reading list. These papers will be circulated to instructor and classmates in advance of the class. (40%) 3. Longer paper (c5000words) on a topic of your choice. Topics to be discussed with me in advance. Papers due 21st May. Week 1 (29th January): Introductory meeting : Debates and defining the field. Introduction to the field. Organisation of class presentations for the semester. Please read some or all of the following and be prepared to discuss them in class: Frantz Fanon, ‘Medicine and colonialism’ in A Dying Colonialism, New York, 1965 Shula Marks, ‘What is colonial about colonial medicine? And what has happened to imperialism and health?’, Social History of Medicine, 1997; 10:205-­‐219 David Arnold, ‘Introduction’ to Arnold ed., Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, 1998: 1-­‐26 Richard C. Keller, ‘Geographies of Power, Legacies of Mistrust: Colonial Medicine in the Global Present’, Historical Geography, 2006, 34: 26-­‐48 Megan Vaughan, ‘Healing and Curing: Issues in the Social History and Anthropology of Medicine in Africa’, Social History of Medicine, 1994, 7: 283-­‐295 Warwick Anderson, ‘Where is the post-­‐colonial history of medicine?’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1998, 72: 522-­‐30 Week 2 (5th February): Colonial medicine and the ‘tropics’ before 1850 In this class we’ll look back at the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, at the theories of climate and the ‘tropics’ that informed western medicine, at the vulnerability of Europeans in tropical environments and at exchanges and 2 interactions between western and other medical traditions. We’ll examine how war and colonial expansion acted as stimuli to medical innovation. David Arnold, ‘Introduction’, Warm Climates and Western Medicine, 1996, 1-­‐20 Peter Boomgard ‘Dutch Medicine in Asia, 1600-­‐1900’, in Arnold ed, Warm Climates, 42-­‐65 Michael A. Osborne, ‘Resurrecting Hippocrates: Hygienic Sciences and the French Scientific Expeditions to Egypt, Morea and Algeria’, Arnold, ed., Warm Climates, 80-­‐98 Kenneth Kiple, ‘Race, War and Tropical Medicine in the Eighteenth-­‐Century Caribbean’, in Arnold ed. Warm Climates, 20-­‐41 Mark Harrison, Climates and Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment and British Imperialism in India, 1600-­‐1850, 1999, chapters 1-­‐2 Mark Harrison, ‘Tropical Medicine in Nineteenth Century India’, British Journal for the History of Science, 1992, 25: 299-­‐318 Nancy Leys Stepan, Picturing Tropical Nature add ps Michael Worboys, ‘Tropical Diseases’ in W.F. Bynam and R.Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopaedia of History of Medicine, 1993: 512-­‐36 [12th Feb: Holiday : no class) Week 3 ( 19th Feb): The bacteriological ‘revolution’: germ theory and empire. What difference did the ‘bacteriological revolution’ make to the practice of colonial medicine and its role in colonial regimes? In this class we trace the impact of germ theory and the Pasteur Institutes overseas. Michael Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865-­‐1900, 2000, Introduction Bruno Latour, The Pasteurization of France, 1988: 3-­‐153 Pratik Chakrabarti, Bacteriology in British India: Laboratory Medicine and the Tropics, 2012: 1-­‐60 Anne-­‐Marie Moulin, ‘Patriarchal Science: the Network of Overseas Pasteur Institutes’ in Sciences and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion ed Patrick Petitjean, Catherine Jami and Anne-­‐Marie Moulin, 1992: 307-­‐22 3 Anne Marcovich, ‘French colonial medicine and colonial rule: Algeria and Indochina’, in Roy McLeod and Milton Lewis eds., Disease, Medicine and Empire, 1988: 103-­‐119 Molly Sutphen, ‘Not What but Where: Bubonic Plague and the Reception of Germ Theory in Hong Kong and Calcutta’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1997, 52: 81-­‐113 Week 4 (26th Feb): Colonial medicine and the politics of epidemic disease Epidemic disease posed a major challenge to colonising powers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is in this arena, above all, that colonial medicine often looks like a powerful arm of colonial power. To what extent is this the case? On BUBONIC PLAGUE: Sutphen (as above) Arnold, Colonizing the Body, chapter 5 (200-­‐240) Raj Chandavarkar, ‘Plague Panic and Epidemic Politics in India, 1896-­‐1914’, in Chandarvarkar, Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India c 1880-­‐1950, 1988, 234-­‐266 Nancy Gallagher, Medicine and Power in Tunisia, 1780-­‐1940 (1983), 14-­‐40. Myron Echenburg, Plague Ports: the Global Urban Impact of Bubonic plague, 1894-­‐1901,, 2007: 1-­‐79 Myron Echenburg, Black Death, White Medicine: Bubonic Plague and the Politics of Public Health in Colonial Senegal, 2001. Maynard Swanson, ‘The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900-­‐1908’, Journal of African History, 18, 3 (1977): 387-­‐410 See also on TYPHUS in South Africa: Shula Marks and Neil Anderson, ‘Typhus and Social Control: South Africa, 1912-­‐
50’ in Mc Leod and Lewis eds., Disease, Medicine and Empire On SLEEPING SICKNESS: Maryinez Lyons, ‘Sleeping Sickness, Colonial Medicine and Imperialism: Some Connections in the Belgian Congo’ in McLeod and Lewis eds., Disease, Medicine and Empire, 242-­‐256 4 Helen Tilley, ‘Ecologies of Complexity: Tropical environments, African trypanosomiasis and the science of disease control in British Central Africa, 1900-­‐1940, Osiris, 19 (2004), 21-­‐38 W.U. Eckart. ‘The colony as laboratory: German sleeping sickness campaigns in German East Africa and Togo, 1900-­‐1914, Hist.Phil Life Sciences, 24, 1 (2002), 69-­‐
89. On SMALLPOX in India: David Arnold, Colonizing the Body, 116-­‐159 Week 5 (5th March) : Public health, race and the colonial body Colonial science and medicine were both informed by, and active in formulating ideas about race and difference. In this class we examine the role of race in public health in a variety of colonial contexts. To what extent did race dominate the thinking of colonial scientists and in what ways did it intersect with other markers of difference? W. Ernst and Bernard Harris eds., Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-­‐1960, (1999) esp chapters 1, 6 and 7. David Arnold, Colonizing the Body, 11-­‐61 Paula Michaels, Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia (2003), Ch 1 Leonore Manderson, Sickness and the State: Health and Illness in Colonial Malaya, 1870-­‐1940, 1996 : 66-­‐127 Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race and Hygiene in the Philippines, 2006. Read Introduction and ‘Excremental Colonialism’, 104-­‐130 Jean Comaroff, ‘The Diseased Heart of Africa: Medicine, Colonialism and the Black Body’ in Shirley Lindenbaum and Margaret Lock (eds), Knowledge, Power and Practice: the Anthropology of Medicine and Everyday Life, 1993, 305-­‐29 Megan Vaughan, Curing their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness, 1991, 1-­‐29 Alison Bashford, Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health, 2004 Randall Packard, White Plague, Black Labour: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of health and disease in South Africa, 1989, 1-­‐22 and 33-­‐67. 5 Week 6 (12th March): Gender, sex and colonial medicine Population, reproduction and sex were abiding concerns of colonial authorities and of colonial medical regimes. Why, and with what consequences, did colonial medicine intervene in the gender and sexual relations of colonised peoples? Ann Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power, 2002, chapters 3 and 4 Philippa Levine, ‘Venereal Disease, Prostitution and the Politics of Empire : The Case of British India’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4, 4 (1994) Lauren Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science and US Imperialism in Puerto Rico, 1001, chapters 1 and 3 Manderson, Sickness and the State, chapters 6 and 7 Michaels, Curative Powers, chapter 5 Karen Jochelson, The Colour of Disease: Syphilis and Racism in South Africa, 1880-­‐
1950 (2001), Intro and Chapter 1 Lynn Thomas, Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction and the State in Kenya, 2003, 1-­‐51 Megan Vaughan, Curing their Ills, 129-­‐154 Nancy Hunt, A Colonial Lexicon: of birth, medicalisation and mobility in the Congo, 1999: 196-­‐281 Ellen Amster, Medicine and the Saints: Science, Medicine and the Colonial Encounter in Morocco, 1877-­‐1956, 2013, chapters 5 and 6. Hibba Abugideiri, Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt, 2010: 1-­‐21 and 115-­‐159 Week 7 (19th March): Labour, medicine and the colonial body The mobilisation of labour lay at the heart of many colonial economies but created contradictions and dilemmas for colonial authorities, not least in terms of its health consequences. In this class we examine those consequences and the responses of colonial medical systems to them. Manderson, Sickness and the State, chapter 5 6 Michaels, Curative Powers, chapter 6 Nandini Bhattacharya, Contagion and Enclaves: Tropical Medicine in Colonial India, 2012, chapter 6 Alice Conklin, ‘Public Works and Public Health: Civilization, Technology and Science (1902-­‐1914) in A Mission to Civilise: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-­‐1930, 1997: 38-­‐72. On mine labour in South Africa: Packard, White Plague, Black Labour Randall Packard, ‘The invention of the tropical worker: Medical Research and the Quest for Central African Labour on the South African gold mines’, Journal of African History, 34 (1993), 271-­‐292 Randall Packard, ‘Agricultural development, migrant labour and the resurgence of malaria in Swaziland’, Social Science and Medicine, 22, 8 (1986), 861-­‐867 Karen Jochelson, The Colour of Disease, chapter 5 Shula Marks, ‘The silent scourge? Silicosis and respiratory disease and gold mining in South Africa’, in R. Cohen (ed), Migration and Health in Southern Africa, 2002, 107-­‐141. Week 8 (26th March): Colonial knowledge: a case study – primary sources to follow Week 9 (2nd April): Colonising the mind? In this class we examine the uses of psychiatry and psychological theories in the management of colonial regimes. How much influence did colonial psychiatry have in defining both the ‘normal’ and the ‘pathological’ mind of the colonised subject, and what were the political consequences? Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, chapter 4 Sloan Mahone and Megan Vaughan eds., Psychiatry and Empire, 2007. Waltrund Ernst and Thomas Mueller eds., Transnational Psychiatries, 2010, chapters 2 and 3 Eric Lindstrom, ‘The Politics of Psychology in the British Empire’, Past and Present, 215,1: 195-­‐233 7 Waltrund Ernst, Mad Tales from the Raj: Colonial Psychiatry in South Asia, 1800-­‐
58, 2010, chapters 1 and 2 Richard Keller, ‘Madness and Colonialism: Psychiatry in the British and French Empires, 1800-­‐1962’, Journal of Social History, 35, 2 , (2001), 295-­‐326 Richard Keller, Colonial Madness: Psychiatry in French North Africa, 2007, esp chapters 3, 4. 5. Matthew Heaton, Black Skins, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization and the Globalization of Psychiatry, 2013, chapters 1,2,3. Week 10 (9th April): Godly Medicine: medical missionaries Much colonial medicine was, in practice, delivered by Christian missionaries. This is particularly the case for Africa, but they were also influential elsewhere. What were the characteristics of missionary medical practice? We’ll begin by viewing parts of a film on leprosy made by a Catholic missionary society in the 1940s. FILM: Medical Missionaries of Mary : Leprosy in Nigeria David Hardiman, Missionaries and their Medicine: a Christian Modernity for Tribal India, 2008 David Hardiman, Healing Bodies, Saving Souls: Medical Missions in Asia and Africa, 2006, chapters 2, 11. Terence Ranger, ‘Godly Medicine: The Ambiguities of Medical Mission in Southeastern Tanzania, 1900-­‐1945, in Feierman and Janzen eds, The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa, 256-­‐285. Mark Harrison, Margaret Jones and James Sweet eds, Hospitals Beyond the West,From Western Medicine to Global Medicine, 2009, chapters 5, 6, 10,11 Walima Kalusa, ‘Language, medical auxiliaries and the re-­‐interpretation of missionary medicine in colonial Mwinilunga, Zambia, 1922-­‐51’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1,1 (2007): 57-­‐78 [16th April: No Class] 8 Week 11 (23rd April) : Beyond biomedicine: pluralism, syncretism, and appropriation. It would be a mistake to assume that biomedicine became hegemonic in colonial settings. In some cases its lack of penetration of medical cultures is striking; in others pluralism, syncretism and appropriation mark the uneven relationship between pre-­‐existing and imported forms of medical practice. Waltrund Ernst ed., Plural Medicine, Tradition and Modernity, 1800-­‐2000, 2002, Chapters 1, 4, 6, 11. Ellen Amster, Medicine and the Saints: Science, Islam and the Colonial Encounter in Morocco, 1877-­‐1956, 2013, Introduction, Chapters 1 and 5. Ruth Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-­‐Port China, 2004, chapters 1,3,4. Sokhieng Au, Mixed Medicines: Health and Culture in French Colonial Cambodia, 2011, chapters1-­‐3 Steven Feierman and John Janzen eds, The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa, 1992, chapters 7, 13, 15. Karen E. Flint, Healing Traditions: African Medicine, Cultural Exchange and Competition in South Africa, 1820-­‐1948, 2008, chapters 3,4,5. Week 12 (30th April) : Postcolonial?: International health and global medicine. In this class we examine the transformation of colonial medicine into ‘international health’ and ‘global medicine’. What is the legacy of colonialism for global health and how far can today’s patterns of health inequality be traced back to the colonial period? Sunil Amrith, Decolonizing International Health: India and Southeast Asia, 1930-­‐
65, (2006), Introduction and chapters 1,2,3. Richard C. Keller, ‘Geographies of Power, Legacies of Mistrust: Colonial Medicine in the Global Present’, Historical Geography, 34 (2006), 26-­‐48 Randall Packard, ‘Visions of postwar health and development and their impact on public health interventions in the developing world’, in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard eds, International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (1997) Marcus Cueto, ‘A Return to the Magic Bullet?: Malaria and Global Health in the Twenty-­‐First Century’, in Joao Biehl and Adriana Petryna eds, When People Come First: Critical Studies in Global Health (2013), :30-­‐54 9 James Pfeiffer, ‘The Struggle for a Public Sector: PEPFAR in Mozambique’, in Biehl and Petryna eds, When People Come First: 166-­‐182 Claire Wendland, A Heart for Work: Journeys through an African Medical School, 2010. Amy Moran-­‐Thomas, ‘A Salvage Ethnography of the Guinea Worm: Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic in a Disease Eradication Program’ in Biehl and Petryna eds,: 207-­‐243. Guillaume Lachenal, ‘Franco-­‐African familiarities: a history of the Pasteur Institute of Cameroun, 1945-­‐2000’ in Harrison, Jones and Sweet eds., Hospitals Beyond the West: from Western Medicine to Global Medicine (2009), ch 14 Michael Jennings, ‘Chinese Medicine and Medical Pluralism in Dar-­‐es-­‐Salaam: Globalisation or Glocalisation?’, International Relations, 19 (2005), 457-­‐473. Week 13 (7th May) Postcolonial?: new epidemics and chronic disease In this second class on postcolonial medicine we examine the history of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the ‘emerging’ epidemic of chronic diseases in the postcolonial world. We’ll examine the role of medical research, the big pharmaceuticals and racial science in its new guises. John Iliffe, The African AIDS Epidemic, 2006, 65-­‐111, 138-­‐157 Paul Farmer, AIDS and accusation : Haiti and the geography of blame, 2006. Cecilia van Hollen, Birth in the Age of AIDS: women, reproduction and HIV/AIDS in India, 2013. Randall Packard and Paul Epstein, ’Epidemiologists, Social Scientists and the Structure of Medical Research on AIDS in Africa’, Social Science and Medicine, 33 (1991), 771-­‐794 Susan Whyte, ‘Treating AIDS: the dilemma of unequal access in Uganda’ in Adriana Petryna, Andrew Lakoff and Arthur Kleinman eds., Global Pharmaceuticals, Ethics, Markets and Practices, 2007, 240-­‐262 Julie Livingtson, ‘AIDS as Chronic Illness: Epidemiological Transition and Health Care in Southeastern Botswana’, African Journal of AIDS Research,1, 2004: 15-­‐22 Ian Whitmarsh, ‘The ascetic subject of compliance: the turn to chronic diseases in global health’, in Biehl and Petryna eds, When People Come First, 302-­‐325 Ian Whitmarsh, Biomedical Ambiguity: Race, Asthma and the Contested Meaning of Genetic Research in the Caribbean, 2008 10 Michael Montoya, Making the Mexican Diabetic: Race, Science and the Genetics of Inequality, 2013, chapters 2 and 3. Julie Livingston, Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an emerging epidemic, 2012. [14th May : No class] Week 14 (21st May) Final meeting. Final papers due.