1
Old Tests
Fall 2008
Fall 2008, Test 1
1.
Introduction (4)
Clearly state two of the objectives of this course.
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
1.
Planet Earth (16)
How did the earth grow to its present size?
_______________________________ (2)
2.
What is the significance of the number 2.5 Ga in the history of the earth?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
3.
Give the compositional layers of the earth and their lithologic (rock) makeup.
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ (6)
4.
Provide an annotated cross-section (2D) showing the behavioral layering of the earth. (4)
1.
Give the following…
US % of world population ____________
US % of world petroleum use __________
US daily oil consumption _____________
Amount of this that is imported ________
2.
What does OPEC stand for and what % of world oil production comes from OPEC?
____________________________________________________ (1)
3.
Where does gasoline come from?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
_______________________________ (2)
Oil and Gas (30)
_________ (1)
2
4.
Give the first four steps in the petroleum business. Give in correct order a-b-c-d.
a. _____________________________
(1)
b. _____________________________
(1)
c. _____________________________
(1)
d. _____________________________
(1)
5.
How is the mineral rights owner compensated by oil and gas companies?
_______________________________ (1)
6.
What are the essential elements of a petroleum system?
_______________________________ (1)
_______________________________ (1)
_______________________________ (1)
_______________________________ (1)
7.
How is the organic material in a source rock converted into petroleum?
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
8.
What two functions does a reservoir perform?
________________________________(2)
9.
What rocks form most conventional reservoirs?
_______________________________ (1)
_______________________________ (1)
_______________________________ (2)
_______________________________ (1)
10. How is crude oil converted into the products we use every day?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
11. What is the major source of atmospheric pollutants in the US?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
Barnett Shale (10)
1.
What is a sedimentary basin?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
How thick are the rocks in the Fort Worth basin?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
3
3.
What are the recoverable reserves of natural gas in the Fort Worth basin?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
Name two general concerns Fort Worth residents have about urban drilling.
_______________________________ (1)
5.
Who ultimately controls how much drilling will occur within the city limits of Fort Worth?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
_______________________________ (1)
Doing Geology Today (20)
1.
What is actualism?
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ (4)
2.
Using actualism to study the earth, leads to three important conclusions. These are…
a. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ (3)
b. _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ (3)
c. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
What is the assumption of uniformity of process used for by geologists?
_____________________________________________________________________ (3)
4.
Why must geologists sometimes reason from spatial to temporal sequences?
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ (4)
4
1.
Deep Time (20)
What was James Hutton’s most important contribution to geology.
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
What are the two aspects of geologic time/age?
_______________________________ (1)
3.
What natural process provides the basis for nuclear clocks?
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
What is a half-life? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ (2)
5.
what is the parent:daughter ratio after…
two half-lives? __________________
(1)
6.
What numbers are needed to make an age determination?
a. _____________________________
(2)
7.
If the half-life is 5,000,000 and the parent:daughter ratio is 1/7, how old is the rock?
______________________________________________________________________ (3)
8.
Why is the carbon 14 clock used so much in archeological and historical studies?
a. ____________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ____________________________________________________________________ (1)
_______________________________ (1)
three half-lives? __________________
(1)
b. _____________________________
(2)
5
Fall 2008, Test 2
Matter and Minerals (20)
1. Why are the chemical elements of interest to geologists?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2. How or in what are the native elements usually found in nature?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
3. What are the two most common elements in the earth’s crust?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
4. Clearly and concisely explain what it means to be crystalline.
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
5. What is a crystal?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
6. What are the most most important mineral groups? and why?
_____________________ (1)
_____________________________________________ (1)
_____________________ (1)
_____________________________________________ (1)
7. What is shared by all the silicate minerals? (What makes a mineral a silicate?)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
8. Given their low abundance, how do the nonsilicates manage to provide so many of our
mineral resources. Give two reasons.
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
Around the Rock Cycle (12)
1. What is texture?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
6
2. What does texture reveal about a rock?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
3. What powers the external earth processes involved in the rock cycle?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
4. How do rocks that form deep underground come to be exposed at the surface?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5. What are the similarities and differences between weathering and metamorphism?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
Igneous Rock (17)
1. What, specifically, does texture reveal about an igneous rock?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2. Name two common types of magma and give the general geologic setting of each.
_____________________ (1)
_____________________________________________ (2)
_____________________ (1)
_____________________________________________ (2)
3. Why does each major magma type have two different rocks associated with it?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
4. How are intermediate magmas produced in subduction zones?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5. Name and characterize one type of volcanic eruption.
________________________
________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
6. What does discordant mean with respect to plutons. Include a drawing. (2)
Weathering and Sedimentary Rock (17)
1. What is the most important weathering process and why?
________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2. What lesson learned by using actualism to the study of the earth is exemplified by physical
weathering?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
3. How does physical or mechanical weathering facilitate chemical weathering?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
4. Give one of general weathering products of weathering. ___________________________
(1)
5. Where do clay minerals come from? And, where do they usually end up?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
6. What does the word lithify mean? ____________________________________________
(1)
7. How are sedimentary rocks lithified? ___________________
(1)
8. How do loose sand grains come to be cemented together? (2)
________________
(1)
8
Metamorphic Rock (13)
1. Give two of the three common changes rocks undergo during metamorphism?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
2. Give two of the three factors that control reorganization into metamorphic rock.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
3. Which type of metamorphism produces foliate rocks, and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
4. Briefly characterize contact metamorphism and tell why it is important.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.
Slides (15)
type of volcanic accumulation? ______________________________________________
2.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
3.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
4.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
5.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
6.
magma type?
______________________________________________
7.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
8.
magma type?
______________________________________________
9.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
10. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
11. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
12. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
13. type of metamorphism?
______________________________________________
14. type of metamorphism
______________________________________________
15. type of metamorphism?
______________________________________________
9
Fall 2008, Test 3
Running Water and Streams (12)
1. Give two of the three elements that make up a stream.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
2. Give two of the three components of stream load.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
3. Give the two components of stream discharge and indicate the source of each.
_________________________________ (1)
source: __________________________
(1)
_________________________________ (1)
source: __________________________
(1)
4. What is the relationship between the frequency and magnitude of floods?.
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5. In general, how do streams respond to a fall in base level?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Groundwater (12)
1. Give the formula for the hydrologic cycle. Which component is the source of groundwater?
(3)
2. What are the two types of aquifers
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
and what is the major difference between them?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
3. What does texture reveal about a rock?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
4. What is an aquifer?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
10
5. Explain what happens to the water table with seasonal change in rainfall.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
Waves and Coasts (12)
1. Give two of the three factors that determine the size of wind waves?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
2. Show and briefly comment on the movement of water in a deep-water wave. (4)
3. Show the nearshore circulation system. (3)
4. What is the major component of beach sand movement other than longshore drift?
_______________________________________________________________________ (1)
5. What are the two reasons for most coastal engineering structures?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Glaciers and Glaciation (12)
1. When do glaciers form?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2. In what places are glaciers most likely to form?
_________________________________ (1) _________________________________ (1)
3. What determines the amount of ice in a glacier?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
11
4. What is the snowline?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Coping with Stress (15)
1. Briefly characterize elastic behavior and give a geologic example.
__________________________________________________________ (2)
_______ (1)
2. Briefly characterize plastic behavior and give a geologic example.
__________________________________________________________ (2)
_______ (1)
3. Briefly characterize brittle behavior and give a geologic example.
__________________________________________________________ (2)
_______ (1)
4. Use a cross section (2D) to show the difference between normal and reverse faults. (4)
5. What are the two broad categories of features produced by plastic behavior?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Earthquakes and the Earth’s Interior (16)
1. Choose either P-waves or S-waves (circle one) and tell me the…
wave type and motion ______________________________________________________
(1)
approximate velocity ______________________________________________________
(1)
material it travels through ___________________________________________________
(1)
Now clearly show and briefly explain the reason for its shadow zone. (4)
2. What type(s) of seismic waves are responsible for…
a. tsunamis (tidal waves) ___________________________________________________
(2)
b. earthquakes ____________________________________________________________
(2)
c. shadow zone 105° to 180° from epicenter_____________________________________ (2)
3. Give the compositional layers of the earth from the outermost (a) to the innermost (c).
a. ____________________
(1) b. ____________________
(1) c. ________________
(1)
12
1.
Slides (25)
Why are they called floodplains?______________________________________________
2.
Stage of stream development?
______________________________________________
3.
Stage of stream development?
______________________________________________
4.
Name this feature.
______________________________________________
5.
What caused it to form?
______________________________________________
6.
Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
7.
Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
8.
Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
9.
What is this a picture of?
______________________________________________
10. What are these?
______________________________________________
11. What is this feature?
______________________________________________
12. What is this feature?
______________________________________________
13. What is this feature?
______________________________________________
14. What is this feature?
______________________________________________
15. What are these features?
______________________________________________
16. What caused them?
______________________________________________
17. What type of glacier is this?
______________________________________________
18. What type of glacier is this?
______________________________________________
19. What type of glacier is this?
______________________________________________
20. Which valley and why?
______________________________________________
21. Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
22. Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
23. Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
24. Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
25. Identify this feature.
______________________________________________
13
Spring 2008, Test #1
Planet Earth (15)
1. What is the significance of the numbers 4.6 Ga and 2.5 Ga in the history of the
earth?
4.6 Ga ____________________________________________________________ (2)
2.5 Ga ____________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
Provide a detailed, annotated sketch of a lithospheric plate showing its make-up
and the material it rests on. (5)
3.
Give three general ways in which plate boundaries differ from one another?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
4.
What three major geologic phenomena are byproducts of plate motion?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Doing Geology Today (15)
1.
What is uniformity of law?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
How is it justified? ___________________________________________________________
(1)
3.
What role might a modern coral reef play in explaining the ancient rock record?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (5)
14
4.
Other than the great age of the earth, what two major conclusions result from
applying actualism to the rock record?
a. ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
b. ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
Deep Time (30)
Explain the difference between relative age and absolute age?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
2.
Clearly show and briefly explain one way of determining relative age. (4)
3.
What natural process provides the conceptual basis for determining absolute age?
4.
5.
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
What technological advance was necessary in order to determine absolute ages?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
What types of radioactive decay are of most interest to geologists?
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
6.
7.
Circle a or b in #5 and explain how that type of decay changes a nucleus.
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
What two numbers are needed to calculate a radiometric age?
a. _______________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(2)
15
8.
9.
Where do the numbers come from? (Make sure the letters match those in #7.)
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
Indicate the number of elapsed half-lives for the following ratios of P/D.
1/3 ______________________________
(1)
1/7 ______________________________
(1)
10. Why can Carbon-14 be used to date recent events?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
11. Identify the location seen on the slide and give it’s significance to geology.
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
Matter and Minerals (20)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are the two most important mineral groups?
a. _______________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(2)
Why is each group important? (Make sure the letters match those in #1.)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
How are individual minerals defined
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What feature is common to all the common silicates?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What is the difference between being crystalline and exhibiting crystals?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
16
6.
1.
How can nonsilicates provide most of our mineral resources if they make up only 8% of
the crust?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
Our Modern Stone Age (20)
What are the two largest components in the U. S. diet of rock and mineral materials?
a. ____________________________________________________
(1)
_______
% (1)
b. ____________________________________________________ (1)
_______ % (1)
2.
In what major industries are this material used? (Make sure letters match #1.)
a ______________________________________________________________________
(1)
b ______________________________________________________________________ (1)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is an intermediate chemical?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Name the two most widely used intermediate chemicals in order of importance.
#1 ______________________________ (1)
#2 ______________________________ (1)
Give two major uses of limestone based on its physical properties.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two major uses of limestone based on its chemical properties.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What are the two components of concrete?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two lessons to be learned from the long list of industrial rocks and minerals
viewed in class
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
17
Spring 2008, Test #2
1.
2.
3.
Around the Rock Cycle (20)
By what two criteria are rocks defined?.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What does texture reveal about a rock
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
Show the rock cycle. (15)
Igneous Rock (20)
1.
2.
How are igneous rocks formed?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Specifically, what does texture reveal about an igneous rock?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
3.
Name two common types of magma and give the general geologic setting in which each is
found.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
4. What is pyroclastic debris?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5.
Give two common types of volcanic eruptions and the magma type associated with each.
eruption __________________________
(1)
magma __________________________
(1)
eruption __________________________
(1)
magma __________________________
(1)
18
6.
7.
8.
What is a pluton?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
How do plutons come to be seen at the earth’s surface?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What are the two major types of plutons?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Weathering and Sedimentary Rock (25)
1.
Give the three types of chemical weathering discussed in class.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
Which type of chemical weathering is most important, and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
3.
How does physical weathering promote chemical weathering?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
4. Compare weathering and metamorphism.
________________________________________________________________________ (6)
19
5. Give the three general products of weathering reactions and provide an example
of a sedimentary rock produced from each one.
_________________________________ (1) _________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Metamorphic Rock (20)
1. What are the three common changes rocks undergo during metamorphism?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
2.
Give the two major types of metamorphism, their typical geologic setting and
the reason they are important.
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
geologic setting ___________________________________________________________
(2)
importance ______________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
geologic setting ___________________________________________________________
(2)
importance ______________________________________________________________
(2)
4.
Which type of metamorphism produces foliate rocks, and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (5)
20
Slides (15)
1.
type of accumulation?
______________________________________________
2.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
3.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
4.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
5.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
6.
magma type?
______________________________________________
7.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
8.
magma type?
______________________________________________
9.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
10. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
11. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
12. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
13. metamorphic setting
______________________________________________
14. metamorphic setting?
______________________________________________
15. type of metamorphism?
______________________________________________
21
Spring 2008, Test #3
1.
2.
Mass-Wasting (10)
Give two major variables that must be evaluated when interpreting landscapes?.
_________________________________ (1)
What must be considered when evaluating how processes shape landscapes?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
3.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What is creep and why is it important?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
4.
1.
What is the most common trigger of mass-wasting events (slides, slumps, etc.)?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Running Water (10)
Show two fully annotated stream hydrographs, one before and one after
urbanization. Briefly explain the changes. (8)
2. How do streams respond to falling base level? __________________________________
(1)
1.
How do stream respond to a rising base level? __________________________________
(1)
Groundwater (20)
What is groundwater? Where does it come from?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
3.
What is an aquifer?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What are the two kinds of aquifers?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
22
4.
What are the major differences between them?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
5.
How does the water table respond to changes in rainfall?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
6.
Provide an annotated diagram showing the elements of an artesian aquifer. (5)
7.
How do springs form in ordinary aquifers?
8.
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
How do springs form in artesian aquifers?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Waves and Coasts (15)
1. What powers longshore transport? ___________________________________________
(1)
2.
3.
How does this (your answer above) arise? _____________________________________
(1)
What component of sand movement operates almost all the time?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
What component of sand movement operates on an annual cycle?
_______________________________________________________________________ (2)
What causes this movement?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
How is it manifested? [What do you see as a result of this movement?]
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
23
4.
What is the difference in how water moves in shallow- and deep-water waves?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
5.
6.
1.
2.
What marks the boundary between deep-water and shallow-water waves?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Why are headlands eroded so rapidly?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Glaciers and Glaciation (15)
What has happened to the world’s ice sheets over the last two million years?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
How can this be explained?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
Where are glaciers most likely to form?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
4.
5.
What are the two types of glacial drift?
a. _______________________________
(2)
Circle either a or b in #5 above and give two characteristics of those deposits.
_________________________________ (1)
Also tell how that type of drift was formed.
b. _______________________________
(2)
_________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
24
Slides (30)
1.
type of mass-wasting?
______________________________________________
2.
type of mass-wasting?
______________________________________________
3.
type of mass-wasting?
______________________________________________
4.
why called floodplains?
______________________________________________
5.
stage of development?
______________________________________________
6.
stage of development?
______________________________________________
7.
evidence for rejuvenation?
______________________________________________
8.
evidence for rejuvenation?
______________________________________________
9.
what is it?
______________________________________________
10. what is it?
______________________________________________
11. what is it?
______________________________________________
12. why concentrated?
______________________________________________
13. what is it?
______________________________________________
14. what is it?
______________________________________________
15. what is it?
______________________________________________
16. purpose?
______________________________________________
17. purpose?
______________________________________________
18. what is it?
______________________________________________
19. purpose?
______________________________________________
20. what is it?
______________________________________________
21. what is it?
______________________________________________
22. what is it?
______________________________________________
23. what is it?
______________________________________________
24. what is it?
______________________________________________
25. which valley?
______________________________________________
26. type of glacial drift?
______________________________________________
27. type of glacial drift?
______________________________________________
28. type of glacial drift?
______________________________________________
29. what is it?
______________________________________________
30. what is it?
______________________________________________
25
Fall 2007, Test #1
1.
Introductory Lecture (8)
Clearly state the objectives of this course.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Planet Earth (17)
Give two characteristics shared by the inner planets other than their location.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
How did the earth grow to its present size?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What is the significance of the number 2.6 Ga in the history of the earth?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Contrast oceanic and continental crust. (3)
___________________________________________________________________________
5.
Provide a detailed, annotated sketch of a lithospheric plate showing its make-up
and the material it rests on. (5)
6.
What three major geologic phenomena are byproducts of plate motion?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Doing Geology Today (15)
1.
What is uniformity of law?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
26
How is it justified? ________________________________________________________
(1)
What does it permit? _______________________________________________________
(1)
3.
What is the assumption of uniformity of process used for by geologists?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
What three conclusions result from applying actualism to the rock record?
a. ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
b. ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
c. ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
Deep Time (25)
What was James Hutton’s most important contribution to geology?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Explain the difference between relative and absolute ages?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
3.
4.
5.
Give one way of determining relative age.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What natural process provides the basis for determining absolute age?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What is a half-life?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
27
6.
What two numbers are needed to calculate a radiometric age?
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
6.
How are these numbers obtained? Make sure the letters match those in #6.
a. _______________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(2)
What two attributes of the C14 clock make it useful in archeological studies?
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
What is the primary use of the mass spectrometer in radiometric dating?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Matter and Minerals (15)
What are the two most common elements in the earth’s crust?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two reasons for studying minerals.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two of the characteristics shared by all minerals.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
How are individual minerals defined
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What feature is common to all the common silicates?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
How can nonsilicates provide most of our mineral resources if they make up only 8% of
the crust?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
28
1.
Our Modern Stone Age (20)
What are the two largest components in the U.S. diet of rock and mineral materials?
a. _______________________________
(1)
_______________________________
% (1)
b. _______________________________ (1)
_______________________________ % (1)
2.
In what major industries are this material used? Make sure letters match #1.
a ______________________________________________________________________
(1)
b ______________________________________________________________________ (1)
3.
Why is the use of nonmetals in the manufacturing and processing industries not
obvious to consumers?
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name the two most widely used intermediate chemicals in order of importance.
#1 ______________________________ (1)
#2 ______________________________ (1)
Give two major uses of limestone based on its physical properties.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two major uses of limestone based on its chemical properties.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What are the two components of concrete?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give one lesson to be learned from the long list of industrial rocks and minerals
viewed in class
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
29
Fall 2007, Test #2
1.
2.
Around the Rock Cycle (20)
By what two criteria are rocks defined?.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What is texture?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What does texture reveal about a rock?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What provides the energy for external earth processes in the rock cycle?
_________________________________ (1)
What provides the energy for internal earth process in the rock cycle?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
How do rocks that form deep underground come to be exposed at the surface?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Give the three sets of processes that lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
8.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
How is magma generated?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Igneous Rock (20)
1.
How are igneous rocks formed?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
30
2.
Name the three common types of magma and give the general geologic setting
in which each is found.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
3.
What type of magma is associated with…
deep sea trenches?
oceanic ridges and rises?
4.
_________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What are the two major types of plutons?
a. _______________________________
(1)
7.
_________________________________ (1)
What is a pluton?
6.
_________________________________________________
(2)
What are the two most common gases emitted by volcanoes?
5.
______________________________________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(1)
Give an example of each. Make sure the letters match those in #6.
a _______________________________
(1)
b _______________________________
(1)
Weathering and Sedimentary Rock (25)
Characterize weathering.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
Give three common types of chemical weathering and the types of rock(s) and/or minerals
typically involved in each.
reaction
_________________________________ (2)
rock(s)/minerals
_________________________________ (1)
31
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (1)
3.
Explain the cooperative relationship between physical and chemical weathering.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
4.
Give the three general products of weathering reactions and provide an example
of a sedimentary rock produced from each one.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
5.
By what two mechanisms are sediments lithified (turned to stone)?
a. _______________________________
(1)
which one is the most important? ____________________________________________
(1)
1.
b. _______________________________
(1)
Metamorphic Rock (20)
What controls the reorganization of preexisting rock into metamorphic rock?.
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
2.
What are the three common changes rocks undergo during metamorphism?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
32
3.
Give the two major types of metamorphism, their typical geologic setting and
the reason they are important.
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
geologic setting ___________________________________________________________
(2)
importance ______________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
geologic setting ___________________________________________________________
(2)
importance ______________________________________________________________
(2)
4. What causes foliation?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
1.
type of accumulation?
Slides (15)
______________________________________________
2.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
3.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
4.
type of volcano?
______________________________________________
5.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
6.
magma type?
______________________________________________
7.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
8.
magma type?
______________________________________________
9.
type of eruption?
______________________________________________
10. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
11. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
12. type of pluton?
______________________________________________
13. metamorphic setting
______________________________________________
14. metamorphic setting?
______________________________________________
15. type of metamorphism?
______________________________________________
33
Fall 2007, Test #3
1.
2.
3.
Mass-Wasting (10)
Give two variables that must be evaluated when interpreting landscapes?.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two ways of triggering mass-wasting events.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What is the most important mass-wasting process? and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
4.
Show a situation in which planes of weakness in a rock may contribute to slope
failure and a situation in which the planes retard slope failure. (2)
1.
Where is the world’s water?
Running Water (10)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
What changes take place in a stream hydrograph after urbanization? and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (5)
3.
Give two features of streams that indicate a fall in base level (rejuvenation).
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
34
1.
2.
Groundwater (20)
Give the long version of the formula for the hydrogeologic cycle.
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
What is groundwater?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
3.
5.
What is an aquifer?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What are the two kinds of aquifers?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
6.
Show the zonation of an ordinary aquifer. (3)
7.
Show the components of an artesian aquifer. (4)
8. How do spring form in artesian aquifers?
9.
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
What is karst topography?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
1.
Waves and Coasts (15)
Give two factors that determine the size of wind waves?.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
35
2.
What is the ultimate source of beach sand?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
3.
Show and explain the motion of water in a deep-water-wave. (4)
4.
Show the nearshore circulation system. (3)
5.
Why are most coastal engineering structures built?
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
Glaciers and Glaciation (15)
1. When do glaciers form?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What controls the amount of ice in a glacier?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What determines when ice will flow?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Where are glaciers most likely to form?
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
What are the two types of glacial drift?
a. _______________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(2)
Circle either a or b in #5 above and give two characteristics of those deposits.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
36
Slides (30)
1.
type of mass-wasting?
______________________________________________
2.
type of mass-wasting?
______________________________________________
3.
type of mass-wasting?
______________________________________________
4.
why called floodplains?
______________________________________________
5.
stage of development?
______________________________________________
6.
stage of development?
______________________________________________
7.
evidence for rejuvenation?
______________________________________________
8.
evidence for rejuvenation?
______________________________________________
9.
what is it?
______________________________________________
10. what is it?
______________________________________________
11. what is it?
______________________________________________
12. why concentrated?
______________________________________________
13. what is it?
______________________________________________
14. what is it?
______________________________________________
15. what is it?
______________________________________________
16. purpose?
______________________________________________
17. purpose?
______________________________________________
18. what is it?
______________________________________________
19. purpose?
______________________________________________
20. what is it?
______________________________________________
21. what is it?
______________________________________________
22. what is it?
______________________________________________
23. what is it?
______________________________________________
24. what is it?
______________________________________________
25. which valley?
______________________________________________
26. type of glacial drift?
______________________________________________
27. type of glacial drift?
______________________________________________
28. type of glacial drift?
______________________________________________
29. what is it?
______________________________________________
30. what is it?
______________________________________________
37
Spring 2007, Test #1
1.
2.
3.
Planet Earth (14)
Briefly characterize the group of planets to which the Earth belongs.
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
Give the two types of crust
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Contrast the two types of crust.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
4.
What is a lithospheric plate?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
5.
What is the asthenosphere?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
1.
2.
Doing Geology Today (18)
What two assumptions underlie the practice of geology today?
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
What is uniformity of law and how is it justified?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
What is actualism?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
38
4.
What three conclusions result from applying actualism to the rock record?
a. ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
b. ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
c. ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
Keeping Deep Time (24)
Briefly characterize relative age.
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
3.
4.
How does an absolute age differ from a relative age?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What natural process provides the basis for determining absolute age?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What is a half-life?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5.
What types of radioactive decay are of most interest to geologists?
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
6. Circle either a or b in #5 and tell how it affects atomic mass and atomic number.
7.
_______________________ a. atomic mass (1)__________________ atomic number (1)
What two numbers are needed to calculate a radiometric age?
a. _______________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(2)
39
9.
How old is a crystal if the parent:daughter ratio is 1:7 and the half-life is three million
years? Show your work. (2)
6.
What two attributes of the C14 clock make it useful in archeological studies?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
7. What is the primary use of the mass spectrometer in radiometric dating?
1.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Matter and Minerals (20)
Why are the chemical elements of interest to geologists?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
2.
Give four of the characteristics shared by all minerals.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
4. How are individual minerals defined
5.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What two mineral groups are of most interest to geologists?
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
Why? (Make sure the letters match those above.)
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(1)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (1)
6.
How can nonsilicates provide most of our mineral resources if they make up only 3% of
the crust? (4)
40
1.
2.
Our Modern Stone Age (24)
What is the U.S. annual per capita consumption of rocks and minerals?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What is the largest component of the U.S. diet of rock and mineral materials?
_________________________________ (2)
_______________________________ % (1)
3. In what major industries is this material used?
4.
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
What is an intermediate chemical?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name the two most widely used intermediate chemicals in order of importance.
#1 ______________________________ (2)
#2 ______________________________ (2)
What is the most widely and commonly used stone?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
Give two reasons why it is used so much?
a. _______________________________
(2)
b. _______________________________
(2)
What are three most important things to remember about industrial rocks and minerals?
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
c. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
41
Spring 2007, Test #2
1.
2.
Around the Rock Cycle (25)
By what two criteria are rocks defined?.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What is texture?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
What does texture reveal about a rock?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
Provide a detailed, annotated drawing of the rock cycle. Be sure to show the P-T
conditions and energy sources in each realm. (18)
1.
How are igneous rocks formed?
Igneous Rock (25)
2.
3.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What does crystal size reveal about igneous rock?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Name the three common types of magma and give the general geologic setting
in which each is found.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
4.
List two of the three common types of volcanic eruptions and identify the type
of magma with which each one is associated.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
42
5.
Identify the features seen on the following slides…
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
c. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
d. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
e. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
f. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
1.
Weathering and Sedimentary Rock (25)
Characterize weathering.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
What is the single most important weathering reaction, and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
Explain the cooperative relationship between physical and chemical weathering.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
4.
What lesson learned from applying actualism to the study of the earth is re-enforced by a
study of physical weathering?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
43
5.
Give the three general products of weathering reactions and provide an example
of a sedimentary rock produced from each one.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (1)
6.
By what two mechanisms are sediments lithified (turned to stone)?
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
which one is the most important?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
Metamorphic Rock (25)
1.
Characterize metamorphism.
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
Give the two major types of metamorphism and the typical geologic setting of each.
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
geologic setting ___________________________________________________________
(1)
b.______________________________________________________________________ (2)
geologic setting ___________________________________________________________
(1)
3.
Tell why each of the types of metamorphism in #4 above is of interest to geologists.
Make sure the letters (a,b) match.
a. ______________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. ______________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
Characterize contact metamorphism.
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (6)
44
5. Characterize regional metamorphism.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (6)
45
Spring 2007, Test #3
1.
2.
3.
1.
Shaping the Surface (6)
Give two of the three variables that control the look of the landscape.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Give two of the four agents of geologic change.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Identify two of the three types of geologic work performed by these agents.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Mass-Wasting (9)
What is the most important type of mass-wasting, and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identify two common triggers for mass-wasting events.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
Give two factors that must be evaluated when considering slope stability.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Rivers and Streams (15)
Give the formula for the hydrologic cycle. Identify the terms in the equation.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What are the two components of runoff?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
What are the two components of stream flow?
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
What is the source of each? Make sure the letters match those in #3.
a. _______________________________
(1)
b. _______________________________
(1)
46
5.
6.
What happens when discharge exceeds channel capacity?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What changes take place in stream flow (discharge) after urbanization?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
7.
_________________________________ (1)
How do flood control measures modify stream flow?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Groundwater (15)
1.
What is an aquifer?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
2.
What is the water table?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (3)
3.
4.
What determines the elevation of the water table in an unconfined aquifer?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
What are the major differences between ordinary and artesian aquifers?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (4)
5.
6.
How do springs form in confined aquifers?
________________________________________________________________________ (1)
What is karst topography?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
47
1.
Waves in the Coastal Ocean (15)
Give two factors that determine the size of wind waves.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
2.
Show and briefly describe the motion of water is a deep-water wave. (4)
3.
What happens to wave energy on a coast as a result of wave refraction.
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
Show the nearshore circulation system. (5)
1.
What is a beach? (2)
Rocky Coasts and Sandy Shores (10)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
3.
4.
Give two of the major credits for the budget of beach sediment.
_________________________________ (2)
_________________________________ (2)
Why are most coastal engineering structures built?
_________________________________ (1)
Show the typical profile of a storm beach. (2)
_________________________________ (1)
48
Glaciers (10)
What climate conditions are required for glaciers to form?
1.
_________________________________ (1)
2.
Where are piedmont glaciers formed?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
3.
What is glacial drift?
________________________________________________________________________ (2)
4.
Give two differences between till and stratified drift.
_________________________________ (1)
5.
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Name two features formed from till?
_________________________________ (1)
_________________________________ (1)
Slides (20)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________