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PREFACE
L
aw Enforcement in the 21st Century is the first book to examine the “linkage blindness” in the criminal justice system—the lack of connection between
theories of policing and what actually happens in police departments. The text
makes linkages between theory and police practice through problem-solving and
crime mapping applications.
At the time the authors conceived of Law Enforcement in the 21st Century,
the intention was to present a fresh, new approach to presenting introductory
law enforcement material in a way that could be both practical for the future law
enforcement officer and intellectually rewarding for the reader entering a whole
new field of study. To meet these two important needs, the text provides a comprehensive overview of research and practice. In response to many challenges
facing law enforcement in a post-911 world, all material is presented within the
context of several important themes:
●
The need for information-sharing across law enforcement and other
criminal justice agencies is a core theme from the first to the last chapter of the text.
●
The text focuses on linkages between law enforcement strategies and the
causes of crime.
●
The impact of terrorism on the field is woven throughout the chapters,
including areas such as major re-organization efforts currently underway in government, constitutional implications of the war on terror, and
technology developments.
●
The text constantly seeks to engage the reader in critically thinking
around the role of law enforcement within these changed global contexts, and the extent to which public security interests themselves
should and/or do outweigh the personal liberties we also value so
strongly as a society.
xxi
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PREFACE
Developmental Presentation of the Course Material
Rather than the standard presentation of the material, this text is organized
in a developmental framework.
●
Part I introduces readers to law enforcement’s place within the criminal
justice system, the origins of policing as a profession, and traditional
models of policing.
●
Part II covers core aspects of police work, such as organizational structure and units, field operations, and investigations.
●
Part III discusses major challenges in policing, including discussions of
corruption and use of force, discretion, and multicultural policing.
●
Part IV includes an expansive overview of community policing and important new technological applications that are currently transforming
the nature of law enforcement. The authors then look ahead to proactive
strategy development in a practical way with specific case examples, as
well as theoretical insights, woven throughout.
Thematic Pedagogy
The authors recognize the importance of making the material clear for
the reader. Each chapter begins with a Chapter Outline that provides
an overview of what is to come. Chapter Objectives lay out the specific goals
for each chapter, and an Introduction grabs readers’ attention.
Introdu
ction
Law
a
ment in y
t
Enforce
ie
c
o
S
ratic
Democ
r 1
Chapte
xxii
2/23/2004
Followi
ng the
catacly
Septem
smic ev
ber 11,
ents of
many pe
the wo
ople ar
rld aske
preven
ound
Chapter Outline
d them
t or resp
this ha
selves,
ond to
ppen?”
(Flynn
“How di
terroris
Despite
2001).
d
t threat
INTRODUCTION
as the 19
Moreove
su
ch
s
ernmen
inciden
95 bom
r, a 1999
THEMES OF THE BOOK
ts
t report
bing of
Federal
govprofiled
the Mur
Buildin
terroris
THE POLICE FUNCTION: SOCIAL CONTROL AND
rah
the leadi
g
ts
in
and ter
most Am
Oklahom
ng
THE USE OF FORCE
rorist gr
specified
ericans
a City,
oups an
have vi
the kind
POLICING WITHIN THE RULE OF LAW: THE
ism as
d
ewed ter
s of ris
a problem
isted an
CHALLENGES OF DISCRETION
ks that
rord how
that take
somew
exfuture
s place
here ov
THE DELICATE BALANCE: CRIME CONTROL
occur, de
acts migh
er ther
monstr
t
Israel,
VERSUS DUE PROCESS
e, such
ating th
Norther
telligen
as
in
at
the U.S.
n Irelan
ce com
THE LEVELS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
People
munity
d, or Rw
inin the Un
pletely
was no
Municipal Agencies
anda.
Chapter Objectives
blind to
ited Stat
t comways ta
the poten
es have
County Agencies
ken prid
attack
altial thre
(Hudso
e in the
vidual
State Agencies
● Describe the concept of linkage
at of
n 1999
immen
rights an
th
).
e
se
Ho
wa
indiwever,
ke of th
blindness and its importance in the
d freed
Federal Agencies
have, wh
in
e destr
oms th
America
ich are
uction
criminal justice system.
at they
Department of Justice
often vi
of 9/11
ns are
fundam
U.S. Marshal Service
now su
,
ewed as
ental pr
with a
ddenly
the
● Understand the police role in
new se
emises
Federal Bureau of Investigation
faced
this coun
nse of
upon wh
vulnerab
insecurit
maintaining social control.
try was
Immigration and Naturalization Service
ich
ility. Th
built. In
y and
America
Department of the Treasury
is will
fact,
delicate
ns have
impact
● Explain why discretion is a necesbalance
generally
Drug Enforcement Administration
th
of exten
e
the coun
disappro
sive do
ways kn
sary aspect of policing.
Bureau of Customs
try has
mestic
ved
own be
trude on
alefforts
Secret Service
tween
vidual
the ease
that in
order an
● Explain what is meant by the rule of
freedom
Internal Revenue Service
of their
d indiactiviti
s, which
day-to-d
es, prefe
aspects
law.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
will affec
ay
rring, fo
of publi
press ch
Firearms
t all
r exam
c and pr
eck-ins
particu
ple, exivate lif
● Understand the role of law enforceU.S. Postal Service
lar
at
,
th
it will tra
complete
e. In
e airpo
ment in the criminal justice system.
rt over
ture an
nsform
baggage
Tribal Agencies
d functio
the nachecks
Prior to
LINKAGES AND LAW
n of ho
.
and cond
w we vi
the atta
● Contrast the crime control and due
ENFORCEMENT: An Introduction
uct law
cks on
Trade Ce
ew
to the Linkage-Blindness Phenomenon
enforcem
the Wor
process models.
subject
nter an
ld
en
of
d
t,
th
th
the
ther th
e Pentag
is book
REORGANIZATION: THE
e averag
. Federa
tion su
on, nei● List the different levels of law enCREATION OF THE
e Amer
ch as th
l legislathe gove
ican cit
e USA
DEPARTMENT OF
forcement.
of 2001 1
rnmen
izen no
PATRIO
DETERMINING ce
GUILT:
t was pa
r
HOMELAND SECURITY
formall
T Act
rned wi
rticular
y acknow
THE ROLE OF THE
shift by
th the pr
ly conLINKAGES AND LAW
● Explain how the events of
led
sig
ge
os
nifican
COURTS
tional ter
s this
pect of
ENFORCEMENT:
September 11 changed the structure
tly wide
vestiga
interna
rorism
Coordination and Information
ning th
tive au
ADMINISTERING
on U.S.
the case
of law enforcement jurisdictions.
e inthority
Sharing Between Law
soil. Th
PUNISHMENT AND
ment ag
even th
of law
is was
Enforcement and the Rest of
ough a
encies
enforceports, su
REFORMING THE OFFENDER:
across
the Criminal Justice System
numbe
The US
the coun
r of reTHE ROLE OF CORRECTIONS ch as the
A
Ha
PA
try
FROM SUSPECT TO
Commiss
TRIOT
rt–Rudm
.
Chapter
CHAPTER SUMMARY
ion on
Act is de
an
CHARGE: THE ROLE
Nationa
7.
tailed in
e Tw
OF THE POLICE
LINKINGth
THE
DOTSenty
l Securit
Despite
-First Ce
y in
cluded
federal,
ntury,
that th
had conquiries
state, an
e U.S. go
, law en
d local
no orga
vernmen
forcem
innizatio
nal justi
en
t had
t
an
nal capa
ce expe
d crimicity to
rts argu
single ag
either
e that no
ency ca
n be bla
4
ing to an
med fo
ticipate
r
failthe Sept
ember
11 at-
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PREFACE
xxiii
Practical applications and case examples are used to introduce new material
and make abstract concepts understandable. The book’s Linkages in Law
Enforcement text boxes highlight the book’s central themes of inter- and intraagency sharing, balancing public safety and individual interests, and proactive
strategy developments. Practical applications related to the war on terrorism are
emphasized in the linkage boxes. These practical and concrete exercises in every
chapter challenge the reader to relate current material to earlier concepts, reinforcing the text’s developmental emphasis.
the
ation of
The Cre
ization:
Reorgan
w
es in La
Linkag
ent
Departm
of Ho
ment
Enforce
n
rmatio
nd Info forcement
ation a
En
System
existing
Coordin Between Law minal Justice each branch to maintain
of
g
ri
al
desire
d cultur
by the
Sharin Rest of the C issue
ctices.
tional an o affect
als
rking pra to these institu
ls
nt
e
wo
ua
rta
ion
impo
s,
individ
, and in
and th
In addit
system
isdiction
t only an
made by
ganize
be in
ande
n. Fo
ing la
vo
d by
r
d
a high ws. Typic sexual ex lved in th example,
ally
m
e
-ranki
pl
ng co , in larg oitation, prevention embers of
Linkages in Law Enforcement
s
tice
ben is no
ent jur
jusdecision
minal jus
tinction
unicatio
enforcem the criminal
factors,
the dis
Comm
of the cri
oss law
other
t of
inal
rkings
dermine
and acr
the res
lice and
the wo
thecrim
may un
within
tical to
The po
aking,
tile, altances
nches.
also cri
examp
adly spe encies and ins
some ins
but it is
s or
ferent bra
not, for
well. Bro
ag
dif
do
me
rk
of
as
s
its
cri
n
wo
cie
g
t
tem
lectio
tween
igatin
t agen
in
tice sys
s and tha
,
is a col
cemen
to invest
hments
system
minal law United States
Posse Comitatus was passed in the post–Civil War
law enfor t themselves
ary punis
justice
force cri
the
detric
Summ
main
me. In
that en
rranted
era in response to a general fear that the new fedways res ing suspects.
of three
vent cri
tutions
t
or unwa the police
consists
and pre
hend
cemen
atings
of
for
be
pre
uce
tem
eral government would interfere with state goven
les
ap
cal
sys
red
mp
to
tice
h
physi
the
er law
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are all exa d assuming
form of
vices suc
and oth
ls
ernments and use the military against its own
ser
the
cel
lice
l
an
po
na
the crimi
the
vices. It
se
in police
rectio
daries
nents:
h of the
tional ser eed citizens. Nevertheless, there are a number of exand cor
ir boun
tention
;
Eac
.
rec
the
rts
compo
d
ms
cor
yon
the
es exc
tice
s; the cou
n progra
rts and
going be
o at tim
nal jus
. ceptions to Posse Comitatus:
cou
agencie and probatio
wh
mi
,
tem
the
cri
ver
ity
of
bil
the
s
howe
tice sys
powers
responsi are
r-● National Guard forces operating under the
a role in
nal jus
police,
as prison
of
ys
ove
mi
the
y
as
t
cri
pla
ma
le,
tions
ular are
utors
is not jus rity within the
examp
institu
s partic
ry, prosec e him or her to state authority are exempt from the Act’s relice, for
s
tho
and ha
judicia
The po
g crime
their au
rag
process
by law.
ce, in the
estigatin
to encou the charge to strictions.
mined
ey do
k of inv
For instan pect in order
as deter
the tas
l syspects. Th
reducing
t an
a sus
d with
nal sus
rectiona ● The President of the United States can use
in (thus
s abou
charge
entruste
the cor
ing crimi
a barga
decision nd down
or re- federal troops to “quell” domestic violence
tted). In
prehend least—make
ept a ple
mi
ha
ap
acc
granting
or
d
com
an
nce
at
d
al act
nce thesituations.
ough the
theory
or innoce ons are carrie
ay influe
the origin officials—thr
not—in
r’s guilt
ges—m
d out or
functi
son
play a
offende
al privile
is carrie
tem, pri
● dAerial photography and visual searches are ald, these
do not
ce
orm
tea
alleged
rts
ten
inf
Ins
y
of
’s sen
wers an
ents.
y, the cou t instead rel
striction
inmate
h the po are delowed
if for the purpose of assisting civilian law
punishm courts. Equall
, bu
which an
. Althoug
tem
the
evidence them.
way in
the sys
al length
out by
ring of
e
ticeenforcement.
within
eventu
nal ser
nal jus
the gathe ng cases befor
agents
even its
role in
correctio
bri
the crimi affect
● ho
ities of
Anwexception to the Act, created by Congress, alto
of
jus
the
bil
l
d
ge
lice
na
nsi
t
an
sta
po
crimi
respo
every
ions tha
courts,
, in the military to offer training, equipment,
on the
lows
to as the nally
law, at
uence
ke decis
lice, the
by
ed
seq
po
ma
ed
err
e
ls
fin
Th
ua
ely ref
e. As a con tice and advice in the “war on drugs.”
anizatio
ss individ
collectiv
practic
y are org
an ideal
proxce
minal jus that alerates in
vices are
cause the n purpose. In
tem op
w the cri
ber ● The Coast Guard is exempt from the provisions
tem be
mo
y, appre
the sys
and ho
tice sys
to remem , much of
ve a com rk in harmon
hunderst
of the Act.
portant
and ser
d punis
wo
order to
ucture
it is im
linked
would
guilt, an
rules,
mal str
works,
ormal The
all three , determining
has a for
ordance
process
acc
tem
ues, inf ● ter
world,
l
val
sys
ize Navy can assist a Coast Guard vessel in
cts
ful
the
the
nal jus
rac pursuit.
suspe
and in
though
pends on
that cha
the crimi
hending
de
iciently
,
n
ses
eff
ver
tio
rs
ces
ha
pro
howe
ende
its opera
ing off
te in suc due to
-making
practice,
bethere
.
era
In
ion
.
Today,
is talk of adding further exceptions
rts
op
cis
tem
law
and de
nent pa
tice sys
t always In part, this is
with the
compo
nal jus
d con- Comitatus in order to reduce linkage
does no
to
Posse
its
its
n.
mi
an
of
to
cri
hio
n
tem
h
ing
the
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tice sys
ured fas
l
estigatio
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cess of
d hislice inv
works
rectiona
or struct
The pro
ture, an
smooth
from cor
initial po
h branch
nal cul
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release
with an
s
cor
t that eac organizatio
ser
n’s
d
a
fac
gin
rso
an
of
pe
the
e
rts,
es,
with a
made up
tinct rul police, the cou together as
successiv
cludes
cess is
own dis
At each
the
tiThe pro
to work
stages.
olved is
hough
and ins
services.
elated,
required
ual inv
tory. Alt
l styles
t interr
individ
peravices are
to defen
izationa
tinct, bu
cess, the
gency coo
tional ser ferent organ
suspect
correcthe pro
ke intera on possessed
, dif
ed—from , courts, and
stage of
partners orities can ma
nsform
ati
lice
r
tra
orm
y
po
er
ula
inf
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oth
rtic
graduall ender—as the
instance, y available to
tutional
their pa
l
For
rge
.
ma
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es
ult
cha
to
dil
for
vic
fic
the
h dis
dant
ays rea
tion dif
tional ser omoutlines
vices eac
is not alw encies; correc
tional ser ities. Figure 1.4
ment rec imby police
ent ag
bil
to imple
forcem
orts to
ources
responsi
law en
and eff
the res
rmined
courts;
t have
de
no
the
un
y
ma
y be
de by
ons ma
nges ma
mendati
wide cha
system
plement
e depa
as w
mman
a
of pr
ell
rt
ding
os
Linka
office ments, ea as the en tituti
forc
r who
ch
ges i
answ division emen
ers di
is
n
rectly com
Law
Impli
to th
Enfo
e
Coop cations o
rcem
fC
eratio
ent
n for ross-Age
Posse Comitatus Today
w
es in La
Linkag
blindness between military and civilian law enforcement agencies and to expedite investigations of suspected terrorists. In light of the threat
The ch
posed by bioterrorism and nuclear terrorism,
al
partic lenges
some reformers have even proposed eliminating
of
ul
served arly acro interage
Posse Comitatus altogether. Such a change
ncy co
ss le
vels
ture, through
of go mmunic
would free the Department of Defense to treat
th
desig
ation,
vern
n. Su e task fo
men
terrorism as a national security issue rather than ful with
t, are
crim ch an ap rce, or m
stall,
drug
be
and
a law enforcement issue and would put the militraffic es as dive proach ha atrix stru st
no
plish
Box
ki
crs
s been
ng
e
ed as thing m
5.2)
as
tary in charge of investigating domestic terrorist
, seria
eaning
succes
a resu
Task
l mur organize
forces . Howev
sFo
fu
lt. Ea
er, th
d crim
incidents.
der,
to be
and
rly FB l ever be
tent, rces wer
ere is
ipan
e,
te
e
in
soun
I
ts co come en
rr
a
orism
dang
d proa one such Countert g accom
ming
ds in
help
er fo
(see
s the
erroris
exam
them
to th
ct
r
Questions
ta
divers ive lead
e mee
selves
pl
sk
spea
ership e. To th m
king
e grou
,
ting
to
table with part
is requ is eximpl
emen the issue ps to focu
ic
to gr
ired
1. How would eliminating Posse Comitatus
ipe an t soun
s on
of th
at ha
the da that
d
e task
nd
d
change the balance between crime control and
ta
Chap
force strategies and to
de
ter 12
mod
.
due process?
el will Additiona velop an
.
d
l
be th
e subj examples
2. What, if any, conditions do you think could warect of
rant the elimination of Posse Comitatus?
n
Orga
nizat cy
iona
l Stru
cture
Page
11
“Poli 9 from C
ci
h
Unit ng Funct apter 5,
s”
ions
and
3. How would local law enforcement be helped or
hindered by the elimination of Posse
Comitatus?
4. Where do you think Americans should draw the
line between crime control and due process in
the war on terrorism?
Page 42 from Chapter 2,
“Origins and Development
of Law Enforcement”
1, “Law
iety”
hapter
from C emocratic Soc
3
2
e
g
Pa
D
in
t
emen
Enforc
At the end of each chapter, a Chapter Summary provides a recap of the key
points. A list of Key Terms follows that includes the page reference where the
terms was introduced and defined.
30
54
Chapter
Law
ment of
Develop
ns and
2: Origi
ent
Enforcem
mary
r Sum
Chapte
Chap
ter 1:
Law
Enfo
rcem
theref
ent in
a Dem
nent ore discre
ocratic
tion
of la
w
Societ
enforc is a ne
The
y
cessar
ru
emen
ity an le of law
y com
t.
d
refers
poare ap justice
to
th
ar
● A
dard plied equa e insepara e ideas th
s a re
th
at
the cr at guides lly to ever ble and th equaltacks, sult of th
yo
im
at law
e
ne. It
inal ju decision
● T
Depar the govern Septem
s
is
he cr
stice
m
be
system aking th the stanpose tment of ment crea r 11 terr
forcem ime cont
roug
orist
Hom
of th
.
ted th
ro
hout
is
atel
ligen
this ap ent over l model
ce an departm and Secu e
em
in
en
d
war
ri
power proach em dividual phasizes
on te law enfo t is to co ty. The
rights
s,
la
ph
rr
rc
m
w
lim
ordina puror
as
emen
ent w
quick
enism
ize ex
. Adv
ited ri
the ag ill result . The crea t resour te intelmodel and spee ghts for tensive po ocates of
ce
encies
in a
dy
su
● A
major tion of th s in the
strict emphasiz process. spects, lice
w
ith
ll
is
of
an
re
in th
io
es in
T
e fede organiza departdue pr ns on po
dividu he due pr d a
system the agenci
tio
ral go
lic
quality ocess mod e power al rights ocess
gether are inte es within
vern n of
with
ment.
. Su
rl
the cr
el
of ar
● T
renent to ensure inked an
imin
rests focus on pporters
here
s
d
over
ci
of th
polic of the crim justice. T must wor al justice
quan vil liber
e
federa are six le
e,
he
k
tie
tit
in
th
to
thre
s and
y.
al
e cour
are th
and l, state, co vels of la
ts, an justice sy e compo
e
tribal
w
fir
un
enforc
st ag
stem
proces
d corr
ty, m
. The
forcem
en
ar
em
un
charge s and, on ts within ections. T e the
jurisd ent is m largest ca icipal, to ent:
ce
he
wns
unicip
te
ictions
crim of taking a crime the crimin police
al, w gory of la hip,
.
e, arre
occu
al just
a repo
ith ov
w en
rs
su
st
,
ic
in
rt
sp
th
e
,
er 40
g
ec
ey
in
,000
gate t. The m a suspect, vestigatin are in
cr
et
and ho imes will hods by and book g the
w
in
nal ju w the ca have an im hich they g the
se pr
stice
in
pa
ve
ct on
ocee
a conv
stisy
iction stem and ds throug whether
of
in th
h the
e case ten whe
ther crimi.
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ALBQ63_Illustrated_Pref_.qxd
xxiv
2/23/2004
11:12 AM
Page xxiv
PREFACE
Linking the Dots exercises at the end of each chapter challenge the reader
to relate current material to earlier concepts. These exercises provide yet
another opportunity for readers to build their knowledge and to make
connections.
Hi
of
Association
International
Dots
Linking the
nt’s
of the governme
the benefits
1. What are
homeland secuanization for
proposed reorg
drawbacks?
the
are
t
ss
rity? Wha
d by due proce
police be boun
2. Should the
terrorism?
investigating
afconstraints when
y to use force
the police’s abilit
3. How does
unity?
comm
the
actions with
fect their inter
Chapter 1
Page 31 from
ddiscretion accor
e curtail their
4. Do the polic
law? Explain.
of the rule of
ing to the ideal
nced
sharing be enha
t information
ic5. How migh
jurisd
nt
s law enforceme
within and acros
nal justice
rest of the crimi
tions? With the
system?
(
Dots
Linking the
all of its weak
consideration
UCR
1. Taking into
fits of using
are the bene
nesses, what
ze crime?
data to analy
medilaw,
as
such
s
to profession
2. Compared
consider polic
nting, do you
cine, and accou
or why not,
profession? Why
ing to be a
to make your
ia do you use
criter
what
and
determination?
Chapter 3
Page 78 from
D
apment 000
Entrreduce
ls do not
ns 000
ate that patro
Flat organizatio
3. Studies indic
do you suppose
of crime. Why
crime or fear
case?
the
is
that
relars improve their
office
e
polic
4. How can
avoiding the
the public while
tionship with
during the powas rampant
corruption that
litical era?
Policies 000
Dots
Linking the
een an opera
difference betw
4. What is the
polinistrative unit?
een a goal, a
and an adm
difference betw
tional unit
functions of
of
ions
1. Explain the
basic
decis
the
the
ibe
dure. How are
Name and descr
administraicy, and a proce
ed by policies
l units and two
e officers guid
two operationa
individual polic
s?
tive units.
of a police
and procedure
statement?
basic outcomes
ose of a mission
t are the eight
purp
Wha
5.
the
is
t
e
2. Wha
s help to shap
ion statement
complaint?
S.W.A.T. unit?
How do miss
e department?
function of a
polic
basic
a
of
the
re
is
t
6. Wha
should only be
the working cultu
een a police divithat such units
difference betw
Do you think
3. What is the
are the funce unit? What
reactive?
sion and a polic
tions of each?
Supplementary Materials
Chapter 5
Page 136 from
Instructor’s Resource Manual and Test Bank
This invaluable instructor resource includes the following tools for each chapter: the chapter-opening and chapter-ending pedagogy from the text for quick
and easy reference; instructional ideas and aids; lecture launches and discussion
topics; sample syllabi; handouts, and activities.
TestGen EQ Computerized Test Bank
This computerized version of the test bank is available with Tamarack’s easy-touse TestGen software, which lets you prepare tests for printing as well for network and online testing. Full editing capability for Windows and Macintosh is
available.
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations
With approximately 15-25 slides per chapter, these PowerPoint lecture presentations help guide your lectures.
Companion Web Site
An online study guide available for free at www.ablongman.com/grant1e offers
students quizzing opportunities.
ESRI GIS and Crime Mapping Software
Available with Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, this crime mapping software in a Windows-friendly format allows researchers and analysts to provide
visual representations of any data format (i.e. crimes, demographics, etc.) that
can be married to a spatial data format. For example, one could look at a visual
representation of all registered sex offenders in an area, by all child day care centers, schools, parks etc. Such discussions are woven into the text, and are especially relevant to Chapter 12. Visit www.ablongman.com/grant1e for more
information on how to make this software available for your students or contact
your Publisher’s Representative.