IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
Effect of Selected Isometric and Isotonic Exercise on the
Playing Ability Cricket Players
Research Scholar: Maya Yadav
Dr. Mangat Singh Khichi
School of Applied & Social Sciences
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY PACHERI VARI, JHUNJHUNU (RAJ.) INDIA
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate and Isometric exercise on cricket playing
ability. The criterion measure selected for cricket playing abilities were batting, bowling and
fielding performances.
The subjects were 90 male school and college cricket player of Jodhpur. The age of the
player ranged from 16 to 22 years.
Key Words: Isometric, Isotonic Exercise, Playing Ability, Cricket Players.
Introduction: All the subjects and training treatments were assigned to the groups using random
group design. The two experimental groups participated in the training for a period of Eight
weeks. The first group (A) performed Isotonic exercises, the second group (B) performed
Isotonic exercises and the third group (C) Which was not allowed to do any exercise served as
the control group. All the three groups, however, kept participating in the school & college/
University physical education programme.
Each subjects of all the experimental groups and control groups were tested at the
beginning and at the conclusion of an experimental period of eight week to obtain pre-test and
post-test scores. Training was carried out thrice a week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
The signification differences between the pre-test and post test means of the two
experimental and control groups was analyses and post-test means of the two experimental and
control groups was analysed by applying ANOVA and among the groups for analysing final
means by applying ANCOVA. The level of significance chosen was 0.05.
The analysis of variance exhibited that the resistance by Isotonic and Isometric exercises
in terms of Experimental and control groups brought significant improvement in
strength/strength endurance on playing ability skills in cricket.
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
The analysis of covariance for batting, bowling and fielding skills indicated the resultant F-ratio
in the case of pre-test means and post-test means were significant. The difference between the
adjusted final means for groups was however, significant. The critical difference for adjusted
means revealed that the mean gain made by all experimental groups showed statistically
significant difference between experimental group and control group in bating and bowling
performance. In fielding performance the critical differences for adjusted means showed that the
mean gain made by experimental groups showed statistically significant difference among
experimental group and control group.
COLLECTION OF DATA
The data was collected for cricket playing ability skill by administering batting,
bowling and fielding test. The test was administered at the field of barkattulah khan
stadium and lachoo college cricket field during evening hours.
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA
In order to study the effects of the resistance by Isotonic and Isometric exercise on
muscular strength/endurance, ANOVA and ANCOVA was applied at .05 level of
significance. The ANOVA was applied to study the significance of difference between
pre-test and post-test means for all the groups.
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY
The statistical analysis of data collected on Ninety male cricket players belonging to
three different groups has been presented is this chapter. The subjec ts were divided into
three groups, consisting of thirty subjects each out of which two acted as experimental
groups and one control group. Group A-Isotonic Groups B- Isometric and Groups Ccontrol Group A & B were trained by different set of Isotonic and Isometric exercises
and groups C served as the control group.
To find out the difference between pre-test and post-test mean examined by
applying analysis of variance as well as by analysis of co -variance. (F-ratio) to see the
actual effects of training if any on all the three groups as random group design was
employed in this study.
Level of Significance
To find out the differential effects of the treatments using the analysis of co variance, the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence which was
considered adequate and appropriate for the purpose of the study.
Findings
To find out the effect of Isometric & Isotonic exercises on Cricket playing ability
skill performance descriptive statistics was used and the descriptive analysis is
presented is table-1 comparison of pre and post Test Means of selected Groups.
To find out the significance differences between the pre-test and post-test means
of the two experimental and control groups on the performances of the subjects in the
Cricket skills i.e., batting, bowling and fielding. The 'F' ratio was applied. The findings
pertaining to it are presented in Table 1 to 8.
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
Table - 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IN RELATION TO ISOTONIC & ISOMETRIC
EXERCISES OF CRICKET PLAYING ABILITY SKILL
Skill
Exercise
N
Mean
Batting Pre
Isotonic
30
58.5000
10.59847
40.00
80.00
Isometric
30
59.9667
8.42199
44.00
72.00
Control
30
51.1333
3.85722
40.00
55.00
Total
90
56.5333
8.92566
40.00
80.00
Isotonic
30
65.9667
11.96398
44.00
84.00
Isometric
30
67.8333
10.06559
48.00
84.00
Control
30
52.2000
4.23776
40.00
58.00
Total
90
62.0000
11.60395
40.00
84.00
Isotonic
30
56.3000
10.63225
36.00
75.00
Isometric
30
60.8000
8.67179
40.00
75.00
Control
30
49.5000
5.23088
38.00
59.00
Total
90
55.5333
9.59541
36.00
75.00
Bowling
Isotonic
30
64.6333
11.69581
43.00
85.00
Post
Isometric
30
67.4667
9.51490
45.00
80.00
Control
30
50.9000
5.41613
41.00
59.00
Total
90
61.0000
11.68597
41.00
85.00
Isotonic
30
64.8333
6.67514
50.00
74.00
Isometric
30
68.7667
5.81130
60.00
80.00
Control
30
52.1667
5.50914
43.00
60.00
Total
90
61.9222
9.28116
43.00
80.00
Fielding Post Isotonic
30
74.5000
6.29587
62.00
85.00
Isometric
30
75.0667
5.73515
66.00
86.00
Control
30
53.2333
5.80537
45.00
62.00
Total
90
67.6000
11.79106
45.00
86.00
Batting Post
Bowling Pre
Fielding Pre
Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
*Significant of .05 level of confidence 2, 87 = 3.101
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
Table -2
COMPARISON OF PRE-TEST MEANS AND POST-TEST MEANS OF THE
PERFORMANCE OF CRICKET PLAYERS
Skill
Batting Pre
Batting Post
Bowling Pre
Exercise
Mean
Squares
df
Square
F
Between Groups
1344.467
2
672.233
10.178*
Within Groups
5745.933
87
66.045
Total
7090.400
89
Between Groups
4374.067
2
2187.033
Within Groups
7609.933
87
87.470
Total
11984.000
89
Between Groups
1941.800
2
970.900
Within Groups
6252.600
87
71.869
Total
8194.400
89
4710.867
2
2355.433
Within Groups
7443.133
87
85.553
Total
12154.000
89
Between Groups
4514.756
2
2257.378
Within Groups
3151.700
87
36.226
Total
7666.456
89
9292.867
2
Within Groups
3080.733
87
Total
12373.600
89
Bowling Post Between Groups
Fielding Pre
Sum of
Fielding Post Between Groups
25.003*
13.509*
27.532*
62.313*
4646.433 131.215*
35.411
In the entire above variable, it was noted that the comparison between pre -test
and post-test mean existed and the experimental groups improved. As the experimental
groups showed a significant increase the data were analysed by applying analysis of co variance to find out if there were significant difference among the groups. The analysis
of co-variance for batting ability performance is shown is Table -3.
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
Table - 3
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE ADJUSTED MEANS OF TWO
EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP IN BATTING ABILITY
PERFORMANCE.
Groups
Isotonic Isometric
Adjusted
means
63.763
Control
Sum of
Squares
D
f
Mean
Square
F
Ratio
58.251
B 514.937
W
395.316
2
8
6
257.46
7
56.011
*
63.986
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
N = 90, B = between group variance, W = within group variance
'F' = ration needed for significance at 0.05 level of confidence = 3.101.
The analysis of covariance for batting performance indicated that the differences
between the adjusted final means for three groups were found significant, the obtained
F ratio was 56.011, F ratio being 3.101.
Since the difference between the adjusted Final means for three groups were
found significant, the critical difference for adjusted mean was applied to find ou t with
of the differences between the paired adjusted final means were significant. Differences
between the paired adjusted final means are shown in Table-4.
Table - 4
PAIRED ADJUSTED FINAL MEANS & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS FOR THE
TWO EXPERIMENTAL & THE CONTROL GROUP IN BATTING PERFORMANCE.
Isotonic
63.763
63.763
Mean
Isometric
63.986
Control
58.251
58.251
Difference between Means
.222*
5.512*
5.735*
Critical difference
for adjusted mean
1.716
63.986
* Significant at 0.5 Level
It is evident from table-4 that means differences of isotonic and isometric,
isotonic and control group, isometric and control group were found to be significant.
The mean gains made by the two experimental group were significantly greater
than the control group in the performance of batting.
Table -5
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE ADJUSTED MEANS OF TWO
EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP IN
BOWING ABILITY PERFORMANCE
Adjusted
Means
Groups
Isotoni Isometri
c
c
63.829
61.942
Control
57.229
Sum of
squares
df
Mean
square
F
Ratio
B 595.365
W 563.558
2
8
6
297.68
2
6.553
45.427
*
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
N= 90, B= Between group variance, W= within group variance
'F'= Ratio needed for significance at .05 level of confidence=3.101
The analysis of covariance for bowling performance indicated that the
differences between the adjusted final means for three groups were found significant as
the obtained F-ratio was 45.427, F ratio being 3.101.
Since the difference between the adjusted final means for three, groups were
found significant, the critical difference for adjusted means was applied to find which
of the differences between the paired adjusted final means were significant. Differences
between the paired adjusted final means are shown in Table-6.
Table - 6
PAIRED ADJUSTED FINAL MEANS & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS FOR THE
TWO EXPERIMENTAL AND & CONTROL GROUP IN BOWLING PERFORMANCE.
Isotonic
63.829
63.829
It
Mean
Isometric
61.942
Difference
Critical difference
between Means
for adjusted mean
Control
1.887
57.229
6.6*
2.049
61.942
57.229
4.713*
is evident from table-6 that means differences of isotonic and isometric
and control group, isometric and control group were found to be significant.
The mean gains made by the two experimental group did not show statistically
significant differences amongst them. However, the mean gains made by the two
experimental group were significantly greater than the control group in the performance
of bowling.
Table -7
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE ADJUSTED MEANS OF TWO
EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP IN
FIELDING ABILITY PERFORMANCE.
Adjuste
d Means
Groups
Isotoni Isometri
c
c
71.723
68.537
Sum of
squares
Contro
l
62.540 B 765.008
W
212.172
df
Mean
square
2
86
382.504
2.467
F Ratio
155.041
*
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
N= 90, B= between group variance
W= within group variance
'F'= Ratio needed for significance at .05 level of confidence=3.101
The analysis of covariance for fielding performance indicated that the
differences between the adjusted final means for three groups were found significant as
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
the obtained F-ratio was 155.041, F ratio being 4.85.
Since the difference between the adjusted means for three, groups were found
significant, the find critical difference for adjusted means was applied to find which of
the differences between the parried adjusted final means were significant. Differences
between the parried adjusted final means are shown in Table-8.
Table - 8
PAIRED ADJUSTED FINAL MEANS & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS FOR THE
TWO EXPERIMENTAL & THE CONTROL GROUP IN FIELDING PERFORMANCE.
Mean
Difference between Critical difference
Isotonic
Isometric
71.723
68.537
71.723
68.537
Control
Means
for adjusted mean
3.186*
62.540
9.183*
62.540
5.997*
1.257
It is evident from table-8 that means differences of isotonic and isometric,
isotonic and control group, isometric and control group were found to be significant.
The mean gains made by the two experimental groups were significantly greater
than the control group in the performance of fielding.
Discussion of Findings
Under taking strength load regularly brings about the listed changes in the muscle,
which lead to the development of the strength.
1. Increased number and size of myofibrils/muscle fiber.
2. Increased total amount of contractile protein, particularly in the myosin filament.
3. Increased capillary density per fiber.
4. Increased amount and strength of connective tendinous and leguminous tissues.
5. Increased number of fiber resulting from longitudinal fiber splitting.
Some of the above mentioned changes might have been induced in the muscles due to
different type of strength training exercises, which resulted in improved muscular
strength & endurance of the experimental groups. On the other hand control group
subjects even though did not participate in strength training programms but also showed
improvement in strength which was much less in comparison to experimental gro ups,
simply reflects that these subjects were also engaging in normal play and school/college
physical education programme.
The results of the study indicate that the muscular strength/endurance is
improved by different mode of resistance training i.e. b y Isotonic and Isometric
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
exercises. The changes observed in muscular strength & endurance are attributed to the
progressive resistance training programme which was administered every alternate days
for eight weeks.
The improvement may be because of the recreative and competitive nature of the
activity, the subjects would have participated whole heartedly in Isometric exercises
and the individual has to apply his optimum strength and endurance throughout the
duration where one works. It is mostly of static nature forcing maximum number of
motor units to contract, leading to better strength and strength endurance gains.
The familiarity and practice of the technique might be the factor which may also
contributed for the better performance.
The results of study are in consonance with the finding of Ferris, Danielson and McKetan
Discussion of Hypothesis
Therefore the hypothesis that training by employing different resistance means will not
improve strength/ strength endurance significantly and there will not be significant differences in
the effects of different types of training resistance due to Isotonic and Isometric exercises on
strength/strength endurance on the performance of batting, bowling and fielding is rejected as the
training imparted by employing resistance (Isotonic & Isometric) brought significant
improvement.
Conclusions
On the basis of findings and within limitations of the study, the following conclusions
may be drawn1. In bating performance the two experimental treatments, Isotonic (A) and Isometric (B)
have produced significant training effect.
2. In bowling performance the two experimental treatments, Isotonic (A) and Isometric (B)
also had produced significant training effect.
3. In fielding performance the two experimental treatments, Isotonic (A), Isometric (B) and
control group (C) have produced significant effect.
4. All the two resistance training methods i.e. Isotonic & Isometric in cricket playing ability
skills proved superior as compared to the control group.
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IMEJ: 2277-4262. SJIF:4.762.Author- Maya Yadav, Dr. Mangat Singh.(17-25)
Recommendations
On the basis of conclusions drawn, the following recommendations have been made:
1. All the two resistance training means i.e. Isotonic & Isometric exercises may be adopted
for training purposes to developed cricket playing skills.
2. To developed muscular strength and endurance the competitive type of exercise means
may be employed involving resistance offered by other individuals or by one’s own body
weight.
3. The same study may be repeated by involving more numbers of experimental treatments
and criterion measures.
4. The same study may be repeated by employing younger and older as the subjects.
5. The similar study may be repeated by employing females as the subjects.
6. The same study may be employed on the other sports and games evaluating their skills.
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