581.4 BOL 2nd ed.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
V
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
1
XXlll
XXVII
1
Introduction
The Divisions of Plant Science
1
The Origin and Development of Living Things
The Classification of Plants
2
5
Introduction to Algae; Cyanophycophyta
Algae, General Features
Division Cyanophycophyta
General Features
Illustrative Types
Unicellular
phon 13
Filamentous
Scytonema,
phon 16
9
9
Definition of Algae 9
Habitat 9
Organization 0/ the Plant Body
Classification of Algae 10
10
10
10
13
Genera: Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa, and Chamaesi·
Colonial Genera: Polycystis and Merismopedia 16
Genera: Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Anabaena, Nostoc,
Rivularia, Gloeotrichia, Calothrix, and Hapalosi.
Summary and Classification
3
3
21
24
Division Chlorophycophyta
General Features
24
I. Motile Unicellular and Colonial Organisms
A. Unicellular Types
B. Colonial Types
26
26
31
xiii
II. Nonmotile Unicellular and Colonial Organisms
A. Unicellular Types
34
7
34
1. Zoospore Producers
35
2. Forms Lacking Zoospores
B. Nonmotile Colonial Organisms
1. Zoospore Producers
spores 41
41
III. Filamentous Organisms
39
39
2. Colonial Organisms Lacking Zoo·
42
A. Filamentous Organisms with Flagellate Stages
42
B. Filamentous Organisms Lacking Flagellate Reproductive Cells
Desmids
53
V. Coenocytic and Tubular Organisms
Summary and Classification
57
9
60
Illustrative Genera
Filamentous Type: Ectocarpus
60
62
Other Kelps
65
The Rockweeds: Fucus and Sargassum
Summary and Classification
66
69
Division Rhodophycophyta
General Features
10
84
11
73
Summary and Classification
82
Divisions Charophyta, Euglenophycophyta,
and Pyrrhophycophyta
Introduction
71
71
Illustrative Genera
6
60
60
General Features
5
54
Division Phaeophycophyta
The Kelps
8
51
IV. Membranous Organisms
4.
49
84
Division Charophyta
84
Division Euglenophycophyta
88
Division Pyrrhophycophyta 90
xiv
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
7
Division Chrysophycophyta
Introduction
93
Class Xanthophyceae
93
Class Chrysophyceae
97
Class Bacillariophyceae
Summary
9
8
99
103
105
Pigmentation and Storage Products
Organization of the Plant Body
Reproduction 106
Economic Aspects of Algae
Fossil Algae
9
Nutrition
114
118
119
121
Myxomycetes
121
Illustrative Genera
Acrasiomycetes
121
125
Summary and Classification
125
127
Division Phycomycota
Introduction
127
Illustrative Types
Chytrids 127
Albrigo 135
127
Allomyces 130 The Water Molds 133
Rhizopus Stolonifer and Related Molds 137
Summary and Classification
CONTENTS
121
Division Myxomycota
Introduction
TS
112
112
The Actinomycetes
11
107
112
Sexuality
84
106
108
Division Schizomycota
10
106
Introduction to Fungi; Division Schizomycota
Introduction
71
105
The Algae: Recapitulation
Classification
60
93
140
xv
12
Division Ascomycota
Introduction
142
142
Illustrative Types
142
The Yeasts 142
Brown, Green, and Pink Molds
Powdery Mildews 148
Cup Fungi 149
Summary and Classification
13
155
155
Illustrative Types
155
Rusts 155
Smut Fungi 161
Mushrooms 162
Other Basidiomycota
165
Summary and Classification
168
Deuteromycota; Predaceous Fungi; Lichens;
Recapitulation of the Fungi
Deuteromycota
Lichens
170
173
Fossil Fungi
177
Recapitulation of the Fungi
179
Introduction to the Land Plants;
Division Hepatophyta
Introduction to the Land Plants
I
Division Hepatophyta
~
170
170
Predaceous Fungi
15
153
Division Basidiomycota
Introduction
14
143
Class 1. Hepatopsida
Introduction 184
Order 1. Marchantiales
183
183
183
184
]
]
184
(
Family 1. Ricciaceae 184
Family 2. Marchantiaceae 189
xvi
1
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Order 2. Sphaerocarpales
142
198
Family 1. Sphaerocarpaceae
Family 2. Riellaceae 201
Order 3. Jungermanniales
198
201
Suborder 1. Metzgerineae 202
Family 1. Metzgeriaceae 202
Suborder 2. J ungermannineae 207
Family 1. Jungermanniaceae 207
Order 4. Calobryales
212
Family 1. Calobryaceae
Order 5. Takakiales
155
212
213
Family 1. Takakiaceae. 213
Class 2. Anthocerotopsida
Introduction 213
Order 1. Anthocerotales
213
214
Family 1. Anthocerotaceae
Fossil Hepatophyta
214
219
Summary and Classification
16
170
Division Bryophyta
Introduction
225
225
Class 1. Sphagnopsida
Order 1. Sphagnales
225
225
Family 1. Sphagnaceae
Summary
Summary
225
229
Class 2. Mnionopsida
229
242
Class 3. Andreaeopsida
Order 1. Andreaeales
183
220
242
242
Family 1. Andreaeaceae
Summary
242
244
The Relationship of Liverworts and Mosses
Fossil Bryophyta
244
245
Phylogenetic Considerations
Classification of Bryophyta
245
246
Theoretical Aspects of Alternation of Generations
CONTENTS
247
xvii
17
250
Introduction to Vascular Plants
I. Classification of Vascular Plants
250
II. Organization of the Vascular Plant Body
A. The Stem
20
251
251
(2) Nodal Anat.
(1) Ontogeny of the Primary Stem 251
omy 258
(3) Steles 259
(4) Secondary Growth 261
B. The Root
262
C. The Leaf 263
18
268
Psilophyta
Order 1. Psilotales
268
Family 1. Psilotaceae
Summary
268
21
275
Order 2. Psilophytales
II
275
Cl
Family 1. Psilophytaceae 275
Family 2. Asteroxylaceae 276
Family 3. Rhyniaceae 277
19
II
Division Microphyllophyta
280
Su
Class 1. Aglossopsida
281
Order 1. Lycopodiales
281
Family 1. Lycopodiaceae
Summary
22
281
286
Di
Ch
Class 2. Glossopsida
287
Order 1. Selaginellales
(
287
Family 1. Selaginellaceae 287
Order 2. lsoetales
297
Family 1. Isoetaceae
Summary
301
Fossil Microphyllophyta
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
302
Sun
1. Protolepidodendrales 302
2. Lycopodiales 303
3. Lepidodendrales 303
4. Selaginellales 307
5. I soetales 307
6. Pleuromeiales 308
Summary
xviii
297
The
23
Dil
0,
308
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
20
310
Division Arthrophyta
Order 1. Equisetales
310
Family 1. Equisetaceae
Summary
310
319
320
Fossil Arthrophyta
Order 1. Hyeniales
320
Order 2. Calamitales
321
Order 3. Sphenophyllales
Order 4. Equisetales
323
324
Summary of Fossil Arthrophyta'
21
326
Division Pterophyta-I
Introduction
326
Class 1. Eusporangiospida
Order 1. Ophioglossales
326
326
Family 1. Ophioglossaceae
Order 2. Marattiales
326
330
Family 1. Marattiaceae
330
Summary and Classification
22
324
333
335
Division Pterophyta-II
Class 2. Leptosporangiopsida
Order 1. Filicales
335
Family 1. Polypodiaceae
Other Filicales
335
335
347
Family 2. Osmundaceae 347
Family 3. Schizaeaceae 353
Family 4. HYmenophyllaceae 353
Families 5 and 6. Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae
Summary of Filicales
The Fern Life Cycle
23
355
356
Division Pterophyta-III
Order 2. Marsileales
CONTENTS
360
360
Family 1. Marsileaceae
S
354
360
xix
Summary of Marsileales
Order 3. Salviniales
Fossil Pterophyta
366
27
367
368
Order 1. Protopteridiales 369
Order 2. Cladoxylales 369
Order 3. Coenopteridales 371
Order 4. Marattiales 372
Orders 5, 6. Filicales and Salviniales
372
Classification and Summary of Pterophyta
24
374
The Vascular Cryptogams:· Recapitulation
The Life Cycle
378
The Sporophyte
(
380
Vegetative Organs
380
Sporogenous Tissue
381
28
The Gametophyte 382
The Embryo 382
Phylogenetic Considerations
25
Introduction to Seed Plants
Class 1. Cycadopsida
Order 1. Cycadales
29
388
R,
389
403
Some Primitive Fossil Seed Plants
Class 1. Pteridospermopsida
Class 2. Cycadeoidopsida
Class 3. Cycadopsida
408
413
Division Ginkgophyta
413
Summary and Classification
D
11
404
409
Fossil Precursors 0/ Ginkgo
xx
30
404
410
Class 1. Ginkgopsida
G
G
389
Summary of Extant Cycadopsida
26
s
388
389
Family 1. Cycadaceae
I
c
383
Introduction to Seed Plants;
Division Cycadophyta
Classification
,
378
422
422
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
27
Class 1. Coniferopsida
Order 1. Coniferales
Other Abietaceae
Family 2.
Family 3.
Family 4.
Family 5.
424
425
Family 1. Abietaceae
425
438
Taxodiaceae 439
Cupressaceae 440
Araucariaceae 440
Podocarpaceae 441
Class 2. Taxopsida
Order 1. Taxales
441
441
Class 3. Cordaitopsida
442
Classification and Summary
28
424
Division Coniferophyta
447
449
Division Gnetophyta
Class 1. Gnetophyta
Order 1. Ephedrales
449
449
Orders 2 and 3. Gnetales and Welwitschiales
Summary and Classification
29
461
463
Gymnosperms: Recapitulation
Comparison of Vegetative Attributes
Reproduction in the Gymnosperms
30
458
463
464
466
Division Anthophyta-I
The Vegetative Organization of Anthophyta
466
The Leaf 466
The Stem 467
The Root 468
Reproduction
468
Gross Morphology of the Flower 468
The Reproductive Process 476
3
(1) Microsporogenesis 477
(2) Megasporogenesis 478
(3) Development of the Male Gametophyte 479
(4) De­
(5) Pollina­ velopment of the Female Gametophyte 480
tion and Fertilization 483
(6) Development of the Em­
bryo, Seed, and Fruit 485
CONTENTS
xxi
I. Simple Fruits
A. Dry Fruits
490
490
B. Fleshy Fruits
490
II. Aggregate Fruits 490
III. Multiple Fruits 491
Summary
31
Pre
to tl
493
495
Division Anthophyta-II
The Origin and Fossil Record of Angiosperms
The Origin of Angiospermy
In the it
498
The Nature of Primitive Flowers
502
504
General Summary
Introduction
(June,19f
plant scien
continue ~
sidered in
area of bit
500
The Origin of Other Angiospermous Attributes
32
495
504
Vegetative Organization
504
Form and Growth 504
Differentiation 506
Nutrition and Habitat 507
Reproduction 508
The Fossil Record, Classification and Phylogeny
Glossary
Index
511
519
531
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xxii
CONTENTS