10/18/16
TheWestwardMovement
!  TheAmericanWest-themosttypicallyAmericanpartof
America
!  YoungAmerica-halfofallAmericanswereundertheage
of30
!  LifeintheWestwasgrimforAmericanfamilies
!  Poorlyfed
!  Ineffectivehousing
!  Disease,depressionandearlydeath
!  Self-reliance
ShapingtheWestern
Landscape
!  KentuckyBluegrass-perfectforlivestock
!  Annihilationofbeaver,bison,otter-“ecological
imperialism”?
!  GeorgeCatlin-proposedcreationofnationalparks-
ledtoYellowstonein1872
TheMarchofMillions
!  Around1850thepopulationwasdoublingevery25years.
!  By1860therewere33states.Americawasthefourthmost
populousnationintheworld.
!  Citieswererapidlydevelopingaswereproblemsof
sanitationandsewageremoval.
!  IrishandGermanimmigrantspouredintoAmericainthe
late1840s.Theyfledfamineandpersecutionandsought
jobs,land,food,freedomofreligionandnoaristocracy.
!  Newtransatlanticsteamersbroughtpeopleherein12days.
TheGerman48ersandIrish
Immigrants
Germanimmigration
IrishImmigration
!  MillionscametoAmerica
!  Cameasaresultof“Black
from1830-1860sbecauseof
cropfailuresandpolitical
revolutions
!  Oftensettledinthemidwest
!  Abolitionist
!  Supportersofpublic
education(Kindergarten)
!  Bier
!  Didnotassimilatequickly
Forties”andIrishPotato
Famine
!  Movedtoeasterncities
(Boston/NewYork)
!  Gotquicklyinvolvedin
politics
!  Oftenilliterate/Catholics
!  Builttherailroads
!  SetupancientOrderof
Hibernians
Flare-upsofAnA-foreignism
!  “Nativists”wereagainst
thenewAmericans
!  TheIrishwere
discriminatedagainstin
theworkplaceandwere
forcedintotheworst
jobs
!  Catholicchurchesand
schoolsburnedin
Philadelphiain1844
1
10/18/16
American
Party
• TheAmericanor
Know-Nothing
Partyfoughtfor
immigration
restriction
• Massviolence
IndustrializaAon
!  TookAmericaanentire
generationtobeginIndustrial
Revolution-whysoslow?
!  TheWarof1812andvarious
tariffsencouragedthe
developmentoffactoriesand
manufacturing
!  Englandwouldattemptto
dumpcheapgoodsonAmerica
andtriedtomaintaina
monopolyonmanufacturing
technology
“Outward Bound,
The Quay of Dublin”
“Homeward Bound,
The Quay of New York”
MarvelsofManufacturing
!  SamuelSlater,“The
FatheroftheAmerican
FactorySystem”built
firstmill(1791)in
Pawtucket,RIwith
supportofMosesBrown
!  1stefficientAmerican
machineryforspinning
cottonthread
!  Onlyproblem?
EliWhitney’sCoGonGin
!  Builtin1793(only10days
tobuild)
!  50timesmoreeffective
thanpickingcottonby
hand
!  KingCotton:increased
demandforcotton=
increasedneedformore
slaves
!  BothNorthandSouth
prospered.EXPLAIN.
2
10/18/16
IndustrialRevoluAoninNew
England:Why?
!  NewEnglandfavoredasanindustrialcenterformany
reasons:
!  Soildiscouragedfarming,manufacturingmoreattractive
!  Densepopulationwouldprovidelaborandaccessible
markets
!  Shippingbroughtincapital,seaportskeyforimports/
exports
MarvelousInvenAons
!  InterchangeableParts
!  EliWhitney
!  MassproductionofmusketsfortheU.S.Army
!  Widelyadoptedby1850
!  Becamethebasisofmodernmass-production(assemblyline)
!  DidWhitney’sinventionsmaketheCivilWarinevitable?
!  Rapidrivers(Merrimack)providedwaterpowerfor
machines
!  By1860-400millionlbsofsoutherncottonthroughNew
England
!  SewingMachine
!  EliasHowein1846,perfectedbyIsaacSinger
!  BoosttoNorthernindustrialization-becamethefoundationforthe
clothingindustry
!  Telegraph
!  SamuelMorsein1844(WashingtonDCtoBaltimore)
!  ByeveofCivilWar-telegraphwiresspannedthecontinent-
revolutionizedcommunication
!  1790-1800:306newpatentsoninventions
!  1850-1860:28,000newpatents
ReviewQuestion#2
Allofthefollowingcontributedtoanincreasedinfluxof
newimmigrantstoAmericainthenineteenthcentury
EXCEPTthat
A.Europewasrunningoutofroomforitsrapidlyexpanding
population.
B.newtechnologiesmadetransatlantictravelfasterand
cheaper.
C.lettersfromAmericanlovedonesbeckonedfamilytojoin
them.
D.companiesseekingworkersofferedlucrativeincentives.
E.Americawasperceivedasthelandofopportunity.
ReviewQuestion#1
Thefirstnationalpark,Yellowstone,wastheproductof
A.anemergingconservationmovementthatbeganinthe1830s.
B.adesiretomakeaccesstosomewesternlandsavailableto
theentirepublic.
C.anefforttokeepminersfromexploitingandabandoningthe
soilthere.
D.PresidentHarrison’sloveofnature.
E.earlyovercrowdingofpeopleandanimalsonwesternlands.
ReviewQuestion#3
AmericanslaggedbehindtheBritishinindustrializing
largelybecausethey
A.fearedtheycouldnotcompetewiththequalityofBritish
manufacturing.
B.preferredtoimportratherthanmanufacturegoods.
C.associatedthefactorysystemwiththeworstqualitiesof
Europeansociety.
D.werenotinterestedinshiftingfromhand-madegoods.
E.lackedthecapitalandinfrastructurenecessarytosupportthe
factorysystem.
3
10/18/16
ReviewQuestion#4
WhoisconsideredthefatheroftheAmericanfactorysystem?
A.MosesBrown
B.EliWhitney
C.SamuelSlater
D.FrancisCabot
E.IsaacSinger
EarlyWorkingcondiAonsin
factories
!  Factorysystemledtoimpersonal
relations
!  Wageswerelow,hourswerehigh
!  Immigrantsworkcheaply
!  Unsanitaryconditions
!  Childlabor(1820-halfofall
workersundertheageof10)
!  Only24strikesbefore1835,why?
!  Unionswerenotstrong(lotsof
scabsused)
!  1842Commonwealthv.HuntMass.
SupremeCourtcaselegalized
unions,woulddevelopslowly
WesternFarmers
andtheBreadbasketoftheWorld
!  TheMidwest-America’s
breadbasket.
!  Cincinnatiwasthe
“porkopolis”oftheWest
!  JohnDeere
!  Steelplowin1837
ReviewQuestion#5
NewEnglandwaswellsuitedtobecominganindustrial
centerforallofthereasonsbelowEXCEPTthat
A.itslandwastoorockyanddifficulttofarm.
B.itsdensepopulationprovidedareadylaborforceand
customerbaseforfactory-producedgoods.
C.itsseaportsmadeimportingrawmaterialsandexporting
finishedgoodseasier.
D.itsfast-flowingriversprovidedtheperfectpowersourcefor
factorycogs.
D.itwashardesthitbythelackofimportedgoodsduringthe
Warof1812.
WomenandtheNewEconomy
!  “Factorygirls”
!  Womenworkedinmills
beforemarriage
!  Otheropportunitieswere
innursing,domestic
service,teaching
!  Rolesofwomenchanging:
!  Marryforlove,not
“chosenbyparents”
!  Familiesbecamesmaller,
morechild-centered
!  “Cultofdomesticity”
EffectsofFarming
!  West-Movefromsubsistencefarmingtolargescale
specializedcash-cropagriculture
!  WouldbeharvestingalargercropthantheSouth
!  Problem-Westwaslandlocked,neededtransportation
togetthegoodstotheEast.
!  Sharpandlightweight
(replaceoxenw/horses)
!  CyrusMcCormick
!  Mechanicalmower-reaper
!  Workload-5menin1
4
10/18/16
ChangingTransportaAon
tomovegoodsWesttoEastandSouth
!  LancasterTurnpike
(hardsurfacedroad)
broughtgoodsfrom
Philadelphiato
Lancaster,Pa.
!  Federalgovernment
builtCumberlandor
NationalRoadfrom
MarylandtoIllinois
“Clinton’sBigDitch”
!  TheErieCanal
connectedLakeErie
toHudsonRiver.
!  Reducedfoodprices
andledtocitiestobe
developedinNew
Yorkarea
!  BirthofSyracuseand
Rochester,NY
ClipperShipsandthePonyExpress
!  ClipperShips-couldoutrunanysteamer(w/a
breeze)
!  PonyExpress-establishedin1860-St.Joseph,
MOtoSacramento,CA
Fulton’s
Folly
• RobertFulton
inventedthe
steamboat
(Clermont)in
1807.
• Causedan
increaseintrade
&openedupthe
West&South
LocomoAves
• Thefirstrailroadwas
introducedin1828-
BaltimoreandOhio
railroad.
By1860-30,000milesof
tracklaid,mostlyin
North
• Bettergauges,better
brakes,safety,andthe
Pullman“sleeping
palace”
EffectsoftheTransportaAonRevoluAon
!  Acontinentaleconomyhademerged
!  EachregioninUShadnowspecializedina
particulartypeofeconomicactivity
!  South-cottonforexporttoNewEngland&GB
!  Diedoutafter18months
!  West-Grain&livestocktofeedfactoryworkersin
!  East-machinesandtextilesfortheSouth&West
theEast&Europe
!  ClipperShipsandPonyExpresssymbolizeda
dyingtechnologyofwindandmuscle-thefuture:
machines…
5
10/18/16
TheMarketRevoluAon
!  Subsistencefarmingofthecolonialdaysintoa
nationalnetworkofindustryandcommerce
!  Americansbuyingmoregoodsthanmaking
!  Homewasnowaplaceofrefugefromwork
insteadofcenterofeconomicproduction
!  Wideningthegapbetweenrichandpoor
!  Largeamountofimmigrantstofind
“opportunities”
ReviewQuestion#7
Thenineteenthcenturycultofdomesticityisbest
definedasthe
A.ideathatwomenshoulddeterminefamilysize
B.beliefthatwomenshouldonlyworkashousehold
help,maids,andcooks
C.notionthatuponmarriage,womenshouldleave
theirpaidjobs
D.celebrationofwomen’sroleswithinthehome
E.newinnovationsthatsimplifiedhouseworkand
freedupwomen’stime
ReviewQuestion#6
Despitepoorworkingconditions,therewereonly
24recordedstrikesbefore1835.Why?
A.Itwasagainstthelawforworkerstoorganizefor
betterwages
B.Oftenpoor,workerscouldnotaffordtowalkoff
theirjobs
C.Manyoftheworkerswerechildren
D.Workersusedtheirnewlyacquiredrighttovoteto
effectchangeinstead
E.Workersdistrustedgroupactivismandpreferred
toactasindividuals
ReviewQuestion#8
RobertFulton’sdevelopmentofthesteamboatwas
significantforallofthefollowingreasons
EXCEPTthatit
A.helpedfuelfurtherdevelopmentoftheWest
B.reliedonmakingthebestuseofcurrents
C.shortenedtraveltimeandloweredcosts
D.transformedstreamsintotwo-waytransportation
arteries
E.facilitatedtradewithinteriorandsouthernregions
6