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Discovering Computers
Technology in a World of Computers,
Mobile Devices, and the Internet
• Never put off until tomorrow, what you
should have done the day before
yesterday.
Chapter 12
• Benjamin Franklin
Information Systems
and Program
Development
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Program Development
Step 1 – Analyze Requirements
• Program development consists of a series of steps
programmers use to build computer programs
• To initiate program development, programmer:
– Reviews the requirements
– Meets with the systems analyst and users
– Identifies input, processing, and output
• IPO chart
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Step 2 – Design Solution
Step 2 – Design Solution
• Design a solution algorithm
• In structured design, the programmer typically
begins with a general design and moves toward a
more detailed design
• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show
program modules graphically
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Step 2 – Design Solution
Step 2 — Design Solution
• Program flowchart
Graphically shows logic
in solution algorithm
• The sequence control
structure shows one or
more actions following
each other in order
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Step 2 – Design Solution
Step 2 – Design Solution
• The selection control
structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If-then-else
– Case
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Step 2 – Design Solution
Step 2 – Design Solution
• The repetition control structure enables a program to
perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met
• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic
in a solution algorithm
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Step 5 – Test Solution
The goal of program testing is to ensure the
program runs correctly and is error free
• Errors include syntax errors and logic errors
• Debugging the program involves removing the bugs
• A beta is a program that has most or all of its
features and functionality implemented
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Computer Programs and Programming Languages
Computer Programs
and Programming Languages
• What are low-level languages and procedural (or high-level)
languages ?
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
Low-level
language
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language
Machine-dependent
runs only on one type of computer
Machine and assembly languages
are low-level
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Procedural
language
Often machine-independent
can run on many different
types of computers and operating
systems
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Low-Level Languages
Low-Level Languages
• Assembly language is the
second generation of
programming languages
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language
• Machine language is
the first generation of
programming languages
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes
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Procedural Languages
Procedural Languages
• What is a procedural language?
• What is a compiler?
Programmer writes
instructions that tell
computer what to accomplish
and how to do it
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Uses series of English-like
words to write instructions
Often called third-generation
language (3GL)
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Program that
converts entire
source
program into
machine
language
before
executing it
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Procedural Languages
Procedural Languages
• What is an interpreter?
Program that
translates and
executes one
program code
statement at
a time
Does not produce
object program
• The C programming language is used to write
many of today’s programs
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Procedural Languages
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is
designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English-like statements
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler converts the bytecode into
machine-dependent code
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Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• C++ is an extension of
the C programming
language
• C# is based on C++ and
was developed by
Microsoft
• F# combines the
benefits of an objectoriented language with
those of a functional
language
Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of
program development tools
Visual C# combines
Visual Basic is
the programming
based on the BASIC Visual C++ is based elements of C++
on C++
programming
with an easier,
language
rapid-development
environment
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Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
Ada
ALGOL
APL
BASIC
Forth
FORTRAN
HyperTalk
LISP
Logo
Modula-2
Pascal
PILOT
PL/1
Prolog
RPG
Smalltalk
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– One popular 4GL is SQL
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Other Programming Languages
Other Programming Languages
• RPG (Report Program Generator)
Nonprocedural language used for generating reports,
performing computations, and updating files
Fortran – FORmula TRANslation
– Used in situations where complex mathematic
calculations are required.
– Good for small amounts of input and output data
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Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
Other Programming Languages
• RPG (Report Program Generator)
Nonprocedural language used for generating reports,
performing computations, and updating files
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
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Web Page Development
Web Page Development
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
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Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
Web Page Development
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
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Used to create Web pages
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Web Page Development
Web Page Development
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
• Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
Used to create Web pages
Allows developers to
include more graphical
interest and interactivity
in Web page
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Web Page Development
Discovering Computers
Technology in a World of Computers,
Mobile Devices, and the Internet
• Web page authoring software can create
sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Dreamweaver
Flash
Expression
Web
Chapter 12
Information Systems
and Program
Development
SharePoint
Designer
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Chapter 12 Complete
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