UNIVERSITY OF PANNONIA
DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Use of siliceous algae in the environmental reconstruction in the
Carpathian Region
Ph.D. theses
Éva Soróczki-Pintér
Supervisors:
Prof. Dr. Judit Padisák
Head of Department
Professor, Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Department of Limnology, Institute of Environmental Sciences
University of Pannonia
dr. Krisztina Buczkó
museologist
Hungarian Natural History Museum
Department of Botany
Veszprém
2015
Use of siliceous algae in the environmental reconstruction in the
Carpathian Region
Ph.D. theses
Éva Soróczki-Pintér
Supervisors:
Prof. Dr. Judit Padisák
Head of Department
Professor, Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Department of Limnology, Institute of Environmental Sciences
University of Pannonia
dr. Krisztina Buczkó
museologist
Hungarian Natural History Museum
Department of Botany
2
1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
In the recent decades palaeolimnological researches have been achieving an increasing role in
the past climate change studies. The long-time history of lake can be reconstructed by
revealing the physical, chemical and biological processes in lake sediment using biotic and
abiotic proxies. The arctic and alpine lake sediments, which accumulate slowly over time and
can be well determined, are ideal for palaeoecological studies. Especially being aware of the
alpine habitats are considered one of the most vulnerable areas of the biosphere regarding the
climate change (e.g. Tinner & Kaltenrieder 2005).
The entire lake history back to thousands of years including hydrology, in-lake
productivity and vegetation development on catchment area can be reconstructed using
successional pattern of biological microfossils (e.g. Davidson & Jeppesen 2013).
Diatoms are one of the most commonly used biotic groups (called proxy) of
palaeoenvironmental studies focusing on environmental- and the climate change. Diatoms are
clear favored taxonomic group, ecological optima and tolerance values of the species are
known. Silicon diatom frustules are well preserved for a long time in the sediments. Diatom
preparations are durable and can be stored in a small space (Charles et al. 1994). Additionally,
diatom community is one of the five indicator organism groups (phytoplankton, phytobenthos,
macrophytes, macrozoobenthos, fish) and the most important element of the phytobenthos
used for biological water qualification in surface waters (Water Framework Directive
Implementation in Hungary, 2000).
Chrysophytes are known as a diverse group of freshwater algae consisting of over 1000
described species (Duff et al. 1995). They are most common in nutrient-poor, acidic,
oligotrophic waters (Duff et al. 1995). By mixotrophic nutritional strategy (Sandgren 1988)
chrysophytes able to adapt to extreme physical or chemical conditions (e.g. Zeeb & Smol
1995). All chrysophytes during unfavorable environmental conditions can produce siliceous
resting stages, called stomatocysts. The cysts are often well preserved in the sediments of
most lakes due to resistance to dissolution. Currently more than 800 morphotypes are known
according to literature and database (Duff et al. 1995, Facher & Schmidt 1996, Wilkinson
2001, Pla 2001, Kamenik et al. 2001, Kamenik 2010).
In recent decades the cysts have high potential in palaeoecological studies. Some cysts are
characterized by well-defined ecological optimum values showing a tight tolerance to
physical (e.g. temperature, ice cover periods) and chemical (e.g. pH, salinity, conductivity)
variables (Dixit et al. 1989, Pla & Anderson 2005). The cysts have been used to reconstruct
winter and early spring temperature (e.g. De Jong & Kamenik 2011) and unique ice cover
length, lake mixing and stratification patterns triggered by seasonality (e.g. Pla-Rabes &
Catalan, 2011). Additionally, in recent decades studies focusing on taxonomic and
morphological cyst characteristics have been carried out intensively in arctic, subarctic (e.g.
Pla & Anderson 2005) and temperate mountain lakes (e.g. Lotter et al. 2002, Schmidt et al.
2006, Facher & Schmidt 1996, Pla 2001) as well as large lowland lakes (Firsova et al. 2012).
The knowledge on geographical distribution of stomatocysts has generally been scarce, but in
Carpates cyst taxonomy has been relatively well documented (e.g. Péterfi 1967, Cabała &
Piàtek 2004, Cărăuş).
Palaeoenvironmental studies in the Central and Eastern European region, including
Southern Carpathians, are poor (Lotter & Hofmann 2003). To overcome this lack in 2007
leading dr. Enikő Magyari a Late Quaternary complex, multi-proxy study started using
palaeoecological and palaeolimnological methods in four glacial lakes (Lake Brazi, Lake
Gales, Lake Bukura and Lake Lia) of Retezat Mountains in the Southern Carpathians to
understand the Late-glacial and Holocene environmental changes.
3
In this study, as part of a Late Quaternary multi-proxy project my research focused on
siliceous algae microfossils (diatoms and Chrysophycean cysts) analysis from Lake Gales.
This research using high resolution diatom and low resolution cyst analyses was focused on
ecosystem reponses during late-glacial and Holocene periods which were triggered by
climatic changes. The high resolution diatom analysis and inferred lake-level reconstruction,
additionally preliminary cyst-database are niche studies for the Southern Carpathians.
2. MAIN OBJECTIVES
(1) The primary goal of my research was to determine the fossil diatom taxa in sediment of
Lake Gales situated on the northern slope of the Retezat Mountains.
(2) Based on the previous point, my goal was to describe successional development of
diatom flora of Lake Gales regarding to late-glacial and Holocene periods.
(1) Further goal was to reconstruct the lake water level changes in Lake Gales based on the
dominant diatom taxa and changes in lifeform. The questions to be answered were:
i.
Can you detect the changes or increases in water level in ontogeny of Lake
Gales?
ii.
What is the main factor that determines appearance or dominance/absence of
the diatom taxa?
iii.
Is it possible to infer an environmental/climatic event which triggered the
change in diatom composition?
iv.
Is it possible to infer any regional or global scale climatic event/anomaly?
v.
If so, is there a regional or global level in time, or delayed climate change
having similar amplitude and similar response of biotic proxy?
(3) My research was extended to analyse the chrysophycean cysts having silica skeleton; my
goal was to determine the cyst:diatom frustules ratio (C:D) in every sample of the core to
estimate in-lake trophity approximately.
(4) Further goal was to estimate the distribution of the cysts and to describe the dominant
morphotypes throughout the core by low-resolution cyst analysis. The questions were:
i.
Is it possible to discover typical cyst morphotypes in the late-glacial and the
Holocene period?
ii.
Can a typical cyst morphytype(s) appear parallel with the dominant diatom in
high lake level of the lake history?
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling site
The Retezat Mts. are one of the wettest alpine regions of the Romanian Carpathians because
of the combined effect of Mediterranean and oceanic influences. Along the peaks the
temperature is below 0 °C most of the year, in the summer months sometimes occurs snowfall
(Jancsik 2009). After retreat of the glacials formed in late-glacial period various glacial lakes
were formed in the subalpine and alpine belts, and their basins (Urdea, 1993, 2000;
Vespremeanu-Stroe et al., 2008).
4
The studied Lake Gales (Lacul Galeş) is located on the northern slope in the Retezat
Mountains (Southern Carpathians) at 1,990 m a.s.l., 150 meters above the timberline zone
consisting spruce (Pinus abies) and stone pine (Pinus cembra), at the bottom of Gales glacialvalley. Lake Gales is the third deepest lake of the Retezat Mts., the maximum water depth is
20.5 meters and the surface area is 3,68 ha. The lake is fed with a stream inlet on the south
side and in the opposite side Stream Gales flows across the entire valley.
Methods
The sediment core from Lake Gales was obtained with a modified Kullenberger piston corer
in the deepest part of the lake at a water depth of 19.5 m in August 2007. The 328 cm
sediment core was taken in one drive and was stored at 2 oC in the lab until further treatment.
The analyses of the following components were carried out: macrofossils-, stomata-, pollen-,
siliceous algae (diatom and chrysophycean cysts), major and trace elements, organic matter,
micro-, and macro charcoal components and then in 2013 biogenic silica content was
determined. A chronological framework of sediments Gales-3 was established using 9 AMS
14
C age determinations: on four terrestrial plant macrofossils and five Cladocera remains
(mainly eggs) were analyzed. Four tie-points obtained by comparing the pollen spectra of
Gales-3 with Lake Brazi (TDB-1) were also used for age-depth modelling in late-glacial (for
details see Magyari et al. 2012). The results of the radiocarbon dating, age-depth modelling,
sediment stratigraphy, organic content measurements (LOI), sediment accumulation rates
(SAR) in Lake Gales were described in Magyari et al. (2009b, 2012).
The digestion of siliceous algae (chrysophycean cysts and diatoms) followed standard
methods (Battarbee 1986). For siliceous algae analyses samples were taken from every 4 cm.
After the acid digestion by HCl and H2O2, the aliquot suspensions were evaporated and
embedded in Zrax (R.I=1.7) or Pleurax (R.I=1.73). At least 300 valves were counted in the
samples using a light microscope (LEICA DM LB2 with 100x HCX Plan Apo objective),
converted to relative frequency percentages. To reduce the taxonomic uncertainties scanning
electron microscope (Hitachi S-2600N) was used. Taxonomy follows Krammer and LangeBertalot (1986-1991), Lange-Bertalot & Krammer 1989, Lange-Bertalot 2001, Lange-Bertalot
és Metzeltin 1996, Spaulding et al. 2010, Lowe et al. 2014, Hamilton et al. 2014 and we used
the following on-line taxonomy web site, http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu of Institute of
Arctic and Alpine Research (USA). We controllod the current nomenclature of diatom taxa
ont he web page http://www.algaebase.org (Guiry & Guiry 2014).
The counting of Chrysophyta cysts occurred at the same time with counting of diatom
frustuls per sample. Total chrysophycean stomatocysts (C) were expressed as a ratio with
respect to the number of counted diatom frustules(D), the C:D ratio informs the in-lake
productivity. The study of cyst flora was studied along the high-resolution diatom zones
(DAZ), in selected samples per zone 200 cysts were counted and used SEM and where
possible LM for ensuring taxonomic consistency and accuracy. The low resolution cystdatabase can be applied for comparison of other Retezat lake’s flora. New cysts with „C”
prefix referring to the „Carpathians” were described following the International Statospore
Working Group (ISWG) guidelines (Cronberg & Sandgren 1986). Cyst taxonomy follows
Duff et al. (1995), Facher & Schmidt (1996), Wilkinson et al. (2001) and Pla (2001) and
„Stom@ocyst”-called online cyst database by Kamenik (2010).
The converted relative frequencies of diatom frustules were illustrated using Psimpoll 3.00
program (Bennett 2005) to determine diatom assemblages zones (DAZ) of Gales-core. For
stratigraphical analysis was prepared on different diatom dataset to achieve the most accurate
information of DAZ zones. The validation of varied databased diatom zones was carried out
with pvclust package in R program (R Development Core Team). By Principal
5
ComponentAnalysis (PCA) in prcomp package (R program) we defined the separation of
fossil diatom community using different diatom dataset.
4. THESIS POINTS
(1) Diatom assemblages in Lake Gales
A high resolution diatom analysis was carried out on the 328 cm long lacustrine sediment core
in Lake Gales (45°23'6"N, 22°54'33"E). I distinguished 178 diatom taxa sampled whole
sediment core.
Two diatom species, Pinnularia julma Krammer & Lange-Bertalot and Navicula detenta
Hustedt proved to be new data for algal flora of Romania.
(2) Diatom succession in the sediment of Lake Gales, window to lake level changes
Diatom-based lake level reconstruction at the first phase of lake onthogeny (Bølling/Allerød)
referred to a shallow but permanent lake with increasing lake level.
At the onset of cold and dry Younger Dryas (~12,900 cal. yr BP) I detected a sharp change in
siliceous algae record, the siliceous remains were scarce and aerophytic taxa became
dominant inferring seasonal aridity or dessication of the lake due to the sudden climatic
deterioration.
Between 12,500-11,700 cal yr BP, in the second part of YD benthic and periphytic diatoms
were dominant suggesting a minor lake level increase and shallow lake conditions.
From 11,700 cal yr BP likely coinciding with the onset of Holocene I detected a rapid
diversified siliceous algae assemblages. Aquatic and terrestrial vegetation productivity
(organic material content) sharply increased inferring, warm climatic conditions.
The most remarkable changes in diatom record have been detected between 9500-9000 cal yr
BP, when a spine like, lightly silicified diatom, Fragilaria gracilis Østrup became dominant
having 70% relative abundance at 9210 cal yr BP. Fragilaria gracilis-peak was a unique,
peculiar and well-dated event in diatom record inferring high lake level during the onthogeny
of Lake Gales. The special diatom composition, minimum of LOI inferred organic content
and decrease of C:D ratio suggested increasing erosion activity and decreasing in-lake
productivity. The decrease of in-lake-productivity can be linked to the 9.2-ka widespread and
significant climatic anomaly triggered by a meltwater pulse (MWP) into the North Atlantic
resulted in the slowdown or shutdown of the thermohaline circulation (THC) at high - and
midlatitudes on the Northern Hemisphere.
After 9150 cal yr BP a shift started, the relative frequencies of Aulacoseira species increased
gradually replaced the fragilaroid diatoms meaning high lake level but from ~5500 kal. yr BP
periphytic, benthic taxa were prominent elements in diverse diatom profil.
After ~3,700 cal. yr BP a sharp and determinative change was detected in diatom record:
(tycho)planktonic Aulacoseira taxa became dominant elements in record replaced previously
dominant fragilaroid taxa indicating high lake level and in-lake productivity.
(3) Chrysophycean stomatocysts in Lake Gales (Southern Carpathian, Romania)
Lake Gales was characterized by 83 cyst morphotypes knowing as cold tolerant, generally in
slightly acidic and oligotrophic habitat-prefering types. I determined that the cyst record with
various morphology in Lake Gales was very abundant. The flora showed some differences
between Late-glacial and Holocene record. In the Lateglacial section the unornamented and
6
larger cyst forms were typical forms, the flora was diverse in early Holocene, while in the
younger part of core ornamented forms became more abundant, but the small, simple forms
were dominant in every sample of the core with the exception of the sample ~ at 9200 cal yr
BP.
I determined an abrupt shift in cyst record ~ at 9200 cal yr BP, when the density of C072 form
showed a sharp peak.
Following the International Statospore Working Group (ISWG) guidelines (Cronberg &
Sandgren 1986) I described and documented seven new cyst morphotypes such as C500,
C501, C502, C503, C504, C505, C506. The new cysts are enumerated from ”500” and “C”
prefix referring to the “Carpathians”.
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chronology of glacial lake sediments in the Retezat Mts (S Carpathians, Romania): a
window to Lateglacial and Holocene climatic and palaeoenvironmental changes. Central
European Geology 52: 225-248.
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Pla˗Rabes, S. & Catalan, J. (2011) Deciphering chrysophyte responses to climate seasonality.
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Sandgren, C.D. (1991) Chrysophyte reproduction and resting cysts: a paleolimnologist’s
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to 4,000 years ago in the Austrian Central Alps tracked by sedimentological and
biological proxies of a lake sediment core. Journal of Paleolimnology 35: 491-505.
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Holocene environmental changes in the Swiss Alps. Journal of Ecology 93: 936-947.
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október 23.) a vízpolitika terén a közösségi fellépés kereteinek meghatározásáról.
Wilkinson, A.N., Zeeb, B. & Smol, J.P. (2001) Atlas of Chrysophycean Cysts, Volume II.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 180 pp.
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inferring lakewater salinity using chrysophycean stomatocysts from lakes in western
Canada. International Journal of Salt Lake Research 4: 1-23. DOI: 10.1007/BF01992411
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6. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY
PAPERS RELATED TO THE TOPICS OF THE THESES
Padisák, J., É. Soróczki-Pintér & Zs. Rezner (2003) Sinking properties of some
phytoplankton shapes and relation of form resistance to morphological diversity of plankton an experimental study. Hydrobiologia 500: 243-257.
K. Buczkó, E. Magyari, É. Soróczki-Pintér, K. Hubay, M. Braun M. Bálint (2009) Diatombased evidence for abrupt climate changes during the Lateglacial in the Southern-Carpathian
Mountains. Central European Geology 52: 249-268. DOI: 10.1556
Soróczki-Pintér É., Buczkó K., Braun M., Magyari E. (2012) Késő-glaciális és Holocén
vízszintváltozások a Retyezátban egy gleccsertó kovaalga összetétele alapján. Hidrológiai
Közlöny 92: 64-67.
Soróczki˗Pintér, É., Pla˗Rabes, S., Magyari, E.K., Stenger-Kovács, Cs. & Buczkó, K. (2014)
Late Quaternary Chrysophycean stomatocysts in a Southern Carpathian mountain lake,
including the description of new forms (Romania). Phytotaxa 170: 169-186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.170.3.3
ABSTRACTS RELATED TO THE TOPICS OF THE THESES
Buczkó, K., Soróczki-Pintér, É., Braun, M., Hubay, K., Magyari, E.K. (2011) Az elmúlt 15
ezer év környezeti változásainak lenyomata két retyezáti gleccsertó kovaalgáin. In: Bosnakoff
M., Dulai, F. & Pálfy J. (eds): Program, előadáskivonatok, kirándulásvezető 14. Magyar
Őslénytani Vándorgyűlés. Magyarhoni Földtani Társulat. Szeged, 2011. június 2-4. pp. 11-13
Buczkó, K., Magyari, E.K., Soróczki-Pintér, É., Braun, M., Hubay, K., Tóth, M., Korponai,
J.(2011) Response to cooling: Late-glacial and Holocene changes of diatom assemblages and
lake acidity in mountain and lowland lakes in the Carpatian Basin. In: Mindrescu, M., Veres,
D. & Onac B.P. (eds) Climate change in the Carpathian-Balkan region during late Pleistocene
and Holocene. Suseava, Romania, 9-12 June 2011. pp: 39-40.
Soróczki-Pintér, É., Magyari, E.K. & Buczkó, K. (2013) Preuve fondée sur les algues
siliceuses de l’augmentation du niveau d’eau et du refroidissement à court terme autour de
9.2-ka dans les Carpates du Sud, Roumanie. (Siliceous algae based evidence for short-term
lake level increase and cooling around 9.2-ka BP in the South Carpathian Mountains,
Romania). In.: Rimet, F., Bouchez, A., Ector, L. & Montuelle, B. (eds.): INRA Science and
Impact, 7th Central European Diatom Meeting (CE-Diatom) - 32nd meeting of the FrenchSpeaking Diatomists Association (ADLaF), Thonon-les-Bains, France, 16-20 sept. 2013.
ISSN 978-2-7466-6166-0. pp. 77 -80.
PRESENTATIONS RELATED TO THE TOPICS OF THE THESES
Soróczki-Pintér
É.
(2010)
Kovaalgák
jelentősége
a
paleolimnológiai
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