Sources:
Textbook: William F. Ganong. Review of
Medical Physiology (22th or later edition).
http://www.phys.szote.u-szeged.hu/index.php?lap=2&id=en&kf=p
Learning objectives
Lecture notes
Password: notesph
Requirements (for successful semester)
Visiting practises are obligatory.
Succesful first two interim demonstrations (MCQ).
Improve at the next week of the semester.
Page 1
Demonstrations
1. October 17
17--21: control theory,
theory,cell,
cell, membrane physiology
(transports,
transports, intercellular communication,
communication, synaptic and
junctional transmission),
transmission), muscle,
muscle, body fluid compartments,
compartments,
blood
2. November 1414-18: sensory neuron, autonomic nervous system,
system,
heart,, circulation (general + humoral regulation)
heart
regulation)
3. December 55-9: circulation (neural regulation + organ
circulations),
circulations
), respiratory system,
system, kidney,
kidney,– for exception
Exception at the end of the first
semester:
Who performed both of the demonstrations at first
trial and the sum of two tests should be at least 3,
may sit a third one.
The student will be excepted with 4 or 5 mark, if the
sum of these three tests reaches 3.2 (0.5 for active
attendance) the marks below:
3.73.7-4.5 =4
>4.5 =5
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Exams
Semi--final exam:
Semi
exam:
Written MCQ (50).
(attending the lectures >75%: + 2 points
points))
After the third unsuccesful written test, oral exam is available
available..
Final exam:
exam:
Orally. 3 topics
Orally.
topics..
All of them should be at least passed.
passed.
Attending the lectures >75% (during
(during the second semerster
semerster):
): 1 topic can be
changed
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Physiology
The goal of physiology is to explain the
physical and chemical factors that are
responsible for the origin, development
and progression of life. In human
physiology we attempt to explain the
specific characteristics and mechanisms
of the healthy human body that make it
a living being.
Homeostasis::
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the property of a system that
regulates its internal environment and tends
to maintain a stable, constant condition of
properties.
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Living cells and the environment IS AN „OPEN
SYSTEM”
Stimuli
Heat
Chemical
Mechanical
Etc.
Metabolism
Heat exchange
Responses
Movement
Change in shape
Change in metabolism
Etc.
Roles of cells
nTransports
Synthesis
Breakdown
Movement
Reproduction
Special functions
•
•
•
•
•
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BLOOD
Circulation
Heart
Blood vessels
Transport
Page 6
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GASE EXCHANGE
Gastrointestinal
tract
Nutrition
Page 7
Urinary tract
Removal of metabolic
end products,
volume balance
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Page 8
MUSCLE
IMMUNE SYSRTEM
Page 9
SENSORY ORGANS
HORMONAL REGULATION
Page 10
NEURAL REGULATION
REPRODUCTION
Page 11
Control systems
Parts of them
Controlled system
Controller (including sensors,
sensors, interventors)
interventors)
Goal
Controller
Judgement,
signal productions
Sensors
Intruders
Interventions
Informations
Controlled system
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Closed and opened chains
Closed chain = control
Opened chain
chain:: guidance
Guidance vs control systems
GUIDANCE
CONTROL
CENTER SET POINT
CENTER
Modify to balance
error
COMMAND
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
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GUIDANCE - CONTROL
chain
Sign back
Backack-effect
GOAL
opened
NO
NO
CONTROL
SYSTEM
closed
available
available
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROL
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CONTROLLED
SIGN
Negative feedback:
most frequent
E.g
E.g..
CO2 ↑ => chemoreceptor activation => CNS => efferentation
=> hyperventillation => CO2 ↓
Blood pressure ↑ => baroreceptor activation => CNS =>
efferentation => vasodilation => Blood pressure ↓
Gain of a control system
Gain = correction
correction//error
Normal blood systolic blood pressure:
pressure: 100 mmHg
Transfusion a lot of blood => Blood pressure increases:
increases: 175
mmHg without control
With control:
control: 125 mm Hg
Gain = 50/25 = 2
Gain for body temperature:
temperature: 33
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Pozitive feedback
Vicious cycles => death
2l blood loss => Blood pressure ↓=> blood flow to the heart ↓ => pump
function ↓ => Blood pressure ↓
Blood vessel rupture => bleeding => Blood vessel rupture => activation of
the first clotting factor ↑ => activation of second clotting factor ↑ =>
Blood clotting => NO bleeding
Child birth:
birth: Uterine contraction ↑=> pushing the baby to the cervix =>
cervix stretch => Uterine contraction ↑↑
Action potential:
potential: Depolarization ↑ => sodium channel permeability ↑ =>
Depolarization ↑ => sodium channel permeability ↑↑
GOAL
CONTROLLING
SYSTEM
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
GUIDANCE
Feed-forward:
Feedforward:
Breathing changes at the beginning of physical activity.
activity.
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CONTROLLED
PARAMETER
Neural control (reflex arch)
(Stimulus) – Receptor - Afferent nerve – Center - Efferent
nerve – Effector - (Response)
Hormonal control
Page 17
Control of thyroid hormone secrtion
Hypothalamus
TRH
Adenohypophysis
TSH
T3 és T4
Page 18
Mixed Control
Human basic data
Male 20 years old
Body height:
height: 172 cm
Body weight:
weight: 70 kg
Body volume:
volume: 66 dm3,
Body surface:
surface: 1.7 m2,
Heart rate:
rate: 72/min
Breathing rate
rate:: 12
12--16
Body muscle ratio: 4040-50 %
Blood pressure:
pressure: 110/70 mmHg
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The living organism contains:
cell and
intercellular substance (fluid)
Cell: the functional unit of living organism.
Composition of
Extracellular
and
Intracellular compartments
Na+: 140 mmol/l
K+: 4 mmol/l
Ca2+: 2.5 mmol/l
Mg2+: 1 mmol/l
Cl-:103 mmol/l
HCO3-: 24 mmol/l
Phosphates: 1 mmol/l
Glucose: 33-6 mmol/l
Urea: 2.52.5-6 mmol/l
Plasma protein: 6060-80 g/l
Interstitial protein: 00-60 g/l
(mean: 10 g/l)
Na+: 10 mmol/l
K+: 160 mmol/l
Ca2+: 0.25 µmol/l
Mg2+: 15 mmol/l
Cl-: 5 mmol/l
HCO3-: 5 mmol/l
Phosphates+organic aniones:
135 mmol/l
Protein : 200 g/l
Page 20
Cell composition
•Water: 70-85%
•Ions:
•potassium
•magnesium
•phosphate
•Sulfate
•bicarbonate (HCO3-)
•sodium
•chloride
•calcium
Cell composition
Proteins: 10Proteins:
10-20%
Fibrillar proteins:
proteins: filaments,
filaments, skeleton,
skeleton,
Globular proteins:
proteins: enzymes,
enzymes, membrane
Lipids 2%
Phospholipids,, cholesterol (membrane),
Phospholipids
membrane), triglycerids
Carbohydrates 1%
Glycogen
Carbohydrates bound to proteins,
proteins, lipids
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Page 22
Structure of cells:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm = cytosol
3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
4. Golgi apparatus
5. Lysosomes
6. Peroxisomes
7. Secretory vesicles
8. Mitochondria
9. Filaments, and tubular structures
10. Nucleus
1. Membranes
Cell membranes, nuclear membrane, membranes of ER,
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
barrier
Cell membrane:
Roles:
Envelops the cell,
connection,
separation,
regulation of the cell composition.
Determination of the form of the cell.
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Structure
Lipid bilayer interpersed with large globular proteins
7,5--10 nm
7,5
Composition:
Proteins (55%)
Lipids:
–
–
–
phospholipids (25%)
cholesterol (13%9
Etc. (4%)
Carbohydrates (3%)
Hydrophilic (water
soluble): phosphates,
OH, glikolipids
LIPIDS
Hydrophobic (lipid
soluble):
fatty acids,
cholesterol
(controls the fluidity)
Page 24
Cell membrane proteins:
Mainly glycoproteins
• Integral (transmembrane) proteins:
–Channels
–Carrier
–Enzymes/pump
–Receptors
–Integrines (attachment of cells)
•Peripheral proteins
–Enzymes
–Controllers of transports
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates combinate with proteins or lipids
(glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids)
Carbohydrate coat: glycocalix
Role of carbohydrates:
Negative electrical charge (repels other negative objects)
Attaching cells to one another
Part of receptors
Immune reaction
2. Cytoplasm
•It contains cell organelles, dispersed particles.
•Cytosol: fluid part of cytoplasm
•Cortex: ectoplasm – cytoskeleton (fibrillar proteins)
•Endoplasm
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3. Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures
connected with nuclear membrane.
–
–
Lipid bilayer
Endoplasmic matrix
Role: Metabolic functions:
–
–
–
Protein synthesis (granular: ribosomes)
Lipid synthesis (agranular)
Breakdown of glicogen (agranular)
Page 27
4. Golgi Apparatus
Closely related to the ER
It is composed of more stacked layers of thin, flat,
enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.
Functions:
– Carbohydrate
synthesis
– Packaging
Page 28
5. Lysosomes
Vesicular organelles (250-750 nm) contain hydrolase enzymes.
Intracellular digestive system
Digest:
damaged cellular structures
ingested food particles
unwanted matters (bacteria)
6. Peroxisomes
Vesicular organelles (250-750 nm) contain oxidase enzymes.
Hydrogen peroxide synthesis (H2O2):
Function: detoxification
7. Secretory vesicles
Secretion of special chemical substances (proenzymes).
Page 29
8. Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell
cell:: energy extraction (ATP
synthesis))
synthesis
Basic structure
outer membrane
inner membrane (infoldings form shelves for oxidative
enzymes))
enzymes
matrix (dissolved enzymes)
enzymes)
DNA: selfself-replicative
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9. Filaments and tubular structures
–Polymerization of fibrillar proteins
–Ectoplasma, cytoskeleton,
–Actin, myosin filaments
microtubules: flagellum (sperm),
centrioles, cilium
Page 31
10. Nucleus
Control center
DNA (genes)
Determination of characteristics of the cell’s protein
Control reproduction
Nuclear membrane
–Two separate bilayer membranes
»continuous with ER
»Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
–Accumulation of RNA and proteins
Page 32
Functional roles of the cell
•Transport,
Transport,
•Ingestion
–Endocytosis
»Pinocytosis, phagocytosis
•Exocytosis
• Breakdown (digestion:
digestion: lysosomes)
lysosomes)
•ATP synthesis
•Synthesis and formation of cellular structures
–ER: proteins, lipids
–Golgi: polysaccharides
•Movement
•Reproduction
•Special functions
Page 33
Extraction of energy from nutritiens (mitochondria)
ATP synthesis
Uses of ATP:
Transport through membranes
Synthesis of chemical compounds
Mechanical work
Page 34
Locomotion
1. Ameboid movement (white blood cells,
cells, fibroblasts
fibroblasts,, embryonic cells
cells))
–Chemotaxis
–Pseudopodium
–Formation of new membrane
–Absorption of membrane
–Attachment of pseudopodium to a surface
– ATP (actin-myosin)
2. Ciliary movement (respiratory airways
airways,, uterine tubes
tubes))
–Whiplike movement of cilia
–ATP + Mg2+ + Ca2+
3. Flagellum (sperm)
sperm)
–Sinusoidal waves movement
–ATP + Mg2+ + Ca2+
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Regulation
Reproduction
Page 37
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!
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